Lidiya a biography
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2011.07.12 22:37 Kingkiller Chronicle
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2018.09.29 20:52 TheIrishML Vyashlav Molotov: The Making of a Revolutionary 1890-1917: Birth and Education
I just found this interesting and that's the reason I'm posting it here is all.
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin, to become better known to the world as Molotov, was born on 9 March (24 February) 1890 in Kukarka, (later Sovetsk), Vyatka gubemiya (province), central Russia. Kukarka, a town of medieval foundations, was an important trading and manufacturing centre, making sledges, carts, baskets and lace. Vyacheslav's father, Mikhail Prokhorovich Skryabin, is described as a prikazchik, a salesman, and his origins are generally acknowledged to be petty bourgeois.; Molotov qualified prikazchik in his memoirs, describing his father as a clerk, who earned sixty rubles a month in 1909. This was considerably above the average yearly wage of 264 rubles for factory workers, equal to that of a teacher in a factory or municipal school, but well below that of 1200 rubles earned by zemstvo (local government authority) doctors. Molotov's mother, Anna Yakovlevna, came from a wealthy merchant family, the Nebogatikovs, who ran a flourishing trading house in Kukarka. She was the daughter of Mikhail, Skryabin's employer, whose three brothers took over the business on their father's death. They were sufficiently wealthy to keep two river steamers.
Vyacheslav was the ninth child of a family of ten, three of whom died in infancy. One daughter and six sons survived to adulthood. The family was cultured. They were distantly related to the composer and pianist Aleksandr Skryabin (1872-1915), well known in Moscow polite society in the late nineteenth century. The physical resemblance between him and Vyacheslav, his second cousin, is quite striking, and long after he was better known as Molotov, Vyacheslav wrote Skryabin in brackets on official documents, perhaps partly to remind the reader of his famous musical connections From an early age, he seems to have displayed the family's musical ability, developing an interest in playing the violin that was to remain with him for the rest of his life. Nikolai, one of his older brothers, became a composer, and although he achieved no prominence, he changed his name to Nolinsk to avoid confusion with the famous Aleksandr Skryabin. Another brother tried to become a painter, and yet another became an army doctor.
It was a conventional late nineteenth century petty bourgeois family: education and religion were important. The father sang in the church choir and remained religious up to his death in 1923, but he also drank and beat his children.
Vyacheslav, who as the result of a serious illness, used spectacles to read from the age of eight, and always suffered from a stammer, was educated initially at the local village school, transferring schools at the age of seven when the family moved to Nolinsk. This town some 40 miles away from Kukarka, again of medieval origins, was the administrative headquarters of the district, and a centre for political exiles. The next year he was sent to the local gymnasium, the type of school where pupils were given a traditional education based on the classics and prepared for university entry. This choice, for a younger son, was indicative of the social ambitions of the Skryabin family. Vyacheslav took the preparatory and junior classes, but in 1902, when he was twelve, he failed his examinations, although his mother gave him an ikon to carry in his pocket to help him. In his memoirs, he confessed to having relied on it, but said it did not give him the answers.
Accompanied by his mother, and a younger brother who was put in the preparatory class, Vyacheslav now became a pupil at the real’noe uchilishche (real school) in Kazan, which three of his elder brothers also attended. At the end of the first year their mother returned to Nolinsk and the brothers shared and rented a room, living with the family of their cousin, Lidiya Petrovna Chirkova, a midwife. She was married to a Ukrainian, A.S. Kulesh, a prominent member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, the main Marxist revolutionary party, which divided into two fractions, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903. Kulesh became a Bolshevik and was active in Kazan. The environment in which he now lived and worked was an important factor in turning Vyacheslav into a revolutionary. In contrast, his brothers always seem to have been on the fringes of revolutionary activity, but never prominent. Nikolai, who was four years older, was the most active of the three.
Real schools, introduced under Count Dimitri Tolstoi’s reforms in the 1870s, were, in 1902, in a phase of rapid expansion. From 1888, after a preliminary year, they offered a general education for the first four years. Modern languages replaced the classical languages of the gymnasium, and pupils who failed languages or mathematics at the gymnasium, were encouraged to transfer to real schools. They were designed to train local officials and managers, as well as agricultural and industrial technicians. In the fifth and sixth year specialisation began; two courses were offered: general education and business. A specialised seventh grade was introduced in 1901, allowing pupils, like those in the gymnasiya, especially those with higher technical education in view, to qualify for university entry.
Vyacheslav, who claimed in his memoirs that he had most ability in mathematics, achieved the top mark ‘five’ or ‘excellent’ in 12 subjects from 14, and the next mark ‘four’ or ‘good’ in the other two, at the end of the sixth grade which he completed in June 1908. He was clearly a very intelligent pupil, for Lenin achieved ‘five’ only in ten subjects, although this was at a gymnasium. When, in exile in 1910, at the age of twenty, Vyacheslav took the examinations at the end of the special seventh grade, he was awarded the top mark in religious studies, German, French, algebra, special course in analytical geometry, physics, history, mathematical geography (cosmography), design and law. He gained the second mark in trigonometry, arithmetic, and Russian language; and the third mark ‘satisfactory’ in only one subject, natural history. With marks of this standard he was in a position to proceed to higher education. If this was not uncommon among Bolshevik leaders of his generation, it was rather unusual for a Bolshevik leader to have been educated in a ‘real school’.
Adapted from Molotov: A Biography by Derek Watson
Sources for it being:
Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (hereinafter Chuev, Sto sorok), Moscow: 1991, will be used
throughout except where it does not contain information contained in Chuev, Sto sorok.
suddenly and deliberately in February 1934. The last decree where Molotov was followed
by the bracketed Skryabin was dated 17 February (SZ, 1934 Part I, 11–68), the first without
25 February (Ibid., 12–70).
appear in the Granat only about 7 were educated in a ‘real school’.
revolutionary activities in this period not supported elsewhere, This work is a reprint,
with minor additions of the entry in the 1st edn, of BSE, vol. 39, Moscow: 1938, columns
721–26. To avoid confusion with entries in other editions of BSE, I have used the kratkaya
biografiya for the purposes of reference in these notes. Cf. Chuev, Molotov, p. 186.
submitted by TheIrishML to u/TheIrishML [link] [comments]
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin, to become better known to the world as Molotov, was born on 9 March (24 February) 1890 in Kukarka, (later Sovetsk), Vyatka gubemiya (province), central Russia. Kukarka, a town of medieval foundations, was an important trading and manufacturing centre, making sledges, carts, baskets and lace. Vyacheslav's father, Mikhail Prokhorovich Skryabin, is described as a prikazchik, a salesman, and his origins are generally acknowledged to be petty bourgeois.; Molotov qualified prikazchik in his memoirs, describing his father as a clerk, who earned sixty rubles a month in 1909. This was considerably above the average yearly wage of 264 rubles for factory workers, equal to that of a teacher in a factory or municipal school, but well below that of 1200 rubles earned by zemstvo (local government authority) doctors. Molotov's mother, Anna Yakovlevna, came from a wealthy merchant family, the Nebogatikovs, who ran a flourishing trading house in Kukarka. She was the daughter of Mikhail, Skryabin's employer, whose three brothers took over the business on their father's death. They were sufficiently wealthy to keep two river steamers.
Vyacheslav was the ninth child of a family of ten, three of whom died in infancy. One daughter and six sons survived to adulthood. The family was cultured. They were distantly related to the composer and pianist Aleksandr Skryabin (1872-1915), well known in Moscow polite society in the late nineteenth century. The physical resemblance between him and Vyacheslav, his second cousin, is quite striking, and long after he was better known as Molotov, Vyacheslav wrote Skryabin in brackets on official documents, perhaps partly to remind the reader of his famous musical connections From an early age, he seems to have displayed the family's musical ability, developing an interest in playing the violin that was to remain with him for the rest of his life. Nikolai, one of his older brothers, became a composer, and although he achieved no prominence, he changed his name to Nolinsk to avoid confusion with the famous Aleksandr Skryabin. Another brother tried to become a painter, and yet another became an army doctor.
It was a conventional late nineteenth century petty bourgeois family: education and religion were important. The father sang in the church choir and remained religious up to his death in 1923, but he also drank and beat his children.
Vyacheslav, who as the result of a serious illness, used spectacles to read from the age of eight, and always suffered from a stammer, was educated initially at the local village school, transferring schools at the age of seven when the family moved to Nolinsk. This town some 40 miles away from Kukarka, again of medieval origins, was the administrative headquarters of the district, and a centre for political exiles. The next year he was sent to the local gymnasium, the type of school where pupils were given a traditional education based on the classics and prepared for university entry. This choice, for a younger son, was indicative of the social ambitions of the Skryabin family. Vyacheslav took the preparatory and junior classes, but in 1902, when he was twelve, he failed his examinations, although his mother gave him an ikon to carry in his pocket to help him. In his memoirs, he confessed to having relied on it, but said it did not give him the answers.
Accompanied by his mother, and a younger brother who was put in the preparatory class, Vyacheslav now became a pupil at the real’noe uchilishche (real school) in Kazan, which three of his elder brothers also attended. At the end of the first year their mother returned to Nolinsk and the brothers shared and rented a room, living with the family of their cousin, Lidiya Petrovna Chirkova, a midwife. She was married to a Ukrainian, A.S. Kulesh, a prominent member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, the main Marxist revolutionary party, which divided into two fractions, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903. Kulesh became a Bolshevik and was active in Kazan. The environment in which he now lived and worked was an important factor in turning Vyacheslav into a revolutionary. In contrast, his brothers always seem to have been on the fringes of revolutionary activity, but never prominent. Nikolai, who was four years older, was the most active of the three.
Real schools, introduced under Count Dimitri Tolstoi’s reforms in the 1870s, were, in 1902, in a phase of rapid expansion. From 1888, after a preliminary year, they offered a general education for the first four years. Modern languages replaced the classical languages of the gymnasium, and pupils who failed languages or mathematics at the gymnasium, were encouraged to transfer to real schools. They were designed to train local officials and managers, as well as agricultural and industrial technicians. In the fifth and sixth year specialisation began; two courses were offered: general education and business. A specialised seventh grade was introduced in 1901, allowing pupils, like those in the gymnasiya, especially those with higher technical education in view, to qualify for university entry.
Vyacheslav, who claimed in his memoirs that he had most ability in mathematics, achieved the top mark ‘five’ or ‘excellent’ in 12 subjects from 14, and the next mark ‘four’ or ‘good’ in the other two, at the end of the sixth grade which he completed in June 1908. He was clearly a very intelligent pupil, for Lenin achieved ‘five’ only in ten subjects, although this was at a gymnasium. When, in exile in 1910, at the age of twenty, Vyacheslav took the examinations at the end of the special seventh grade, he was awarded the top mark in religious studies, German, French, algebra, special course in analytical geometry, physics, history, mathematical geography (cosmography), design and law. He gained the second mark in trigonometry, arithmetic, and Russian language; and the third mark ‘satisfactory’ in only one subject, natural history. With marks of this standard he was in a position to proceed to higher education. If this was not uncommon among Bolshevik leaders of his generation, it was rather unusual for a Bolshevik leader to have been educated in a ‘real school’.
Adapted from Molotov: A Biography by Derek Watson
Sources for it being:
- Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii (hereinafter RGAS-PI),
- Larro, G. M., ed. Goroda Rossii. Entsiklopediya, Moscow: 1994, pp. 428–9.
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/1/,7; Gambarova, Yu. S. et al., eds, Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ russkogo bibliograficheskogo
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/1, 56; Chuev, F., Molotov: poluderzhavnyi vlastelin (hereinafter Chuev, Molotov)
Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (hereinafter Chuev, Sto sorok), Moscow: 1991, will be used
throughout except where it does not contain information contained in Chuev, Sto sorok.
- Eklof, B., Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture and Popular Pedagogy,
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/1, 7.
- Ibid., 82/1/1, 7; Chuev, Molotov, p. 179.
- Bol’shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya (hereinafter BSE), 1st. edn, vol. 151, Moscow: 1945, p. 338.
- See for instance, Sobranie zakonov i rasporyazhenii raboche-krestyanskogo pravitel’stva SSSR
suddenly and deliberately in February 1934. The last decree where Molotov was followed
by the bracketed Skryabin was dated 17 February (SZ, 1934 Part I, 11–68), the first without
25 February (Ibid., 12–70).
- Granat, vol. 41, ch. II, p. 58.
- Chuev, Molotov, pp. 181–3.
- Ibid., pp.179–80.
- Larro, Goroda Rossii, p. 320.
- Alston, P. L., Education and the State in Tsarist Russia, Stanford: 1969, pp. 86–7.
- Chuev, Molotov, p. 185.
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/8, 39.
- Granat, vol. 41, ch. II, p. 58; Chuev, Molotov, pp. 187–8.
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/130, 6.
- Alston, Education and the State, pp. 95–6, 124–5, 160–2.
- Chuev, Molotov, p. 185.
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/8, 13.
- See Service, R., Lenin: a Biography, London: 2000, p. 61.
- RGAS-PI, 82/1/1, 79–80, 106–7, 8, 48. For these marks see Alston, Education and the State,
- Mosse, W. E., ‘Makers of the Soviet Union’, The Slavic and East European Review, vol. XLVI,
appear in the Granat only about 7 were educated in a ‘real school’.
- Service, Lenin, pp. 67–9.
- Granat, vol. 41, ch. II, p. 58. Tikhomirnov, G. A., Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov: kratkaya
revolutionary activities in this period not supported elsewhere, This work is a reprint,
with minor additions of the entry in the 1st edn, of BSE, vol. 39, Moscow: 1938, columns
721–26. To avoid confusion with entries in other editions of BSE, I have used the kratkaya
biografiya for the purposes of reference in these notes. Cf. Chuev, Molotov, p. 186.
- Ibid., p. 188.