Written reference examples
Two Redditors colliding. It's a small world.
2014.12.02 00:19 Poemi Two Redditors colliding. It's a small world.
2redditors1cup! a place where folks across the internet cross ways in an unexpected way! sometimes the world can be incredibly small.
2015.06.08 03:22 tannerhearne Vue.js - The progressive Javascript framework
Vue.js is a library for building interactive web interfaces. It provides data-reactive components with a simple and flexible API.
2014.05.17 18:23 SmokeyPeanutRic DDOI
Welcome to /dontdeadopeninside, it's for signs/media that read as nonsense if read normally: from left to right: HOW EASILY YOU CAN READ IT HAS NO BEARING ON WHETHER OR NOT IT BELONGS. READ THE SIDEBAR, WHICH INCLUDES MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE RULES: http://reddit.com/dontdeadopeninside/about/sidebar first before submitting.
2024.05.29 01:58 Dalanard Jack Brennan and the "Wilderness of Mirrors"
I’m naturally curious about dialogue so I had to go looking for the phrase “wilderness of mirrors” referring to spy craft. The phrase is the title of a book written in 1980 about counterintelligence during the Cold War, specifically the 1960s when the US and UK were routing out Soviet spies.
Could that be a reference to Brennan actually running an op against Valentin or is it wishful thinking that the writers actually put some thought into this?
submitted by Dalanard to GeneralHospital [link] [comments]
Could that be a reference to Brennan actually running an op against Valentin or is it wishful thinking that the writers actually put some thought into this?
2024.05.29 01:48 MirkWorks The Age of the World Picture by Martin Heidegger III
The Age of the World Picture
In metaphysics reflection is accomplished concerning the essence of what is and a decision takes place regarding the essence of truth*1. Metaphysics grounds an age, in that through a specific interpretation of what is and through a specific comprehension of truth it gives to that age the basis upon which it is essentially formed*2. This basis holds complete dominion over all the phenomena that distinguish the age. Conversely, in order that there may be an adequate reflection upon these phenomena themselves, the metaphysical basis for them must let itself be apprehended in them. Reflection is the courage to make the troth of our own presuppositions and the realm of our own goals into the things that most deserve to be called in question Appendix 1).
One of the essential phenomena of the modern age is its science. A phenomenon of no less importance is machine technology. We must not, however, misinterpret that technology as the mere application of modern mathematical physical science to praxis. Machine technology is itself an autonomous transformation of praxis, a type of transformation wherein praxis first demands the employment of mathematical physical science. Machine technology remains up to now the most visible outgrowth of the essence of modern technology, which is identical with the essence of modern metaphysics.
A third equally essential phenomenon of the modern period lies in the event of art's moving into the purview of aesthetics. That means that the art work becomes the object of mere subjective experience, and that consequently art is considered to be an expression of human life*4.
A fourth modern phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that human activity is conceived and consummated as culture. Thus culture is the realization of the highest values, through the nurture and cultivation of the highest goods of man. It lies in the essence of culture, as such nurturing, to nurture itself in its turn and thus to become the politics of culture.
A fifth phenomenon of the modern age is the loss of the gods*5. This expression does not mean the mere doing away with the gods, gross atheism. The loss of the gods is a twofold process. On the one hand, the world picture is Christianized inasmuch as the cause of the world is posited as infinite, unconditional, absolute. On the other hand, Christendom transforms Christian doctrine into a world view (the Christian world view), and in that way makes itself modern and up to date. The loss of the gods is the situation of indecision regarding God and the gods. Christendom has the greatest share in bringing it about. But the loss of the gods is so far from excluding religiosity that rather only through that loss is the relation to the gods changed into mere experience." When this occurs, then the gods have fled. The resultant void is compensated for by means of historiographical and psychological investigation of myth.
What understanding of what is, what interpretation of truth, lies at the foundation of these phenomena?
We shall limit the question to the phenomenon mentioned first, to science [Wissenschaft].
In what does the essence of modern science lie?
What understanding of what is and of truth provides the basis for that essence? If we succeed in reaching the metaphysical ground that provides the foundation for science as a modern phenomenon, then the entire essence of the modern age will have to let itself be apprehended from out of that ground.
When we use the word "science" today, it means something essentially different from the doctrina and scientia of the Middle Ages, and also from the Greek episteme. Greek science was never exact, precisely because, in keeping with its essence, it could not be exact and did not need to be exact. Hence it makes no sense whatever to suppose that modern science is more exact than that of antiquity. Neither can we say that the Galilean doctrine of freely falling bodies is true and that Aristotle's teaching, that light bodies strive upward, is false; for the Greek understanding of the essence of body and place and of the relation between the two rests upon a different interpretation of beings and hence conditions a correspondingly different kind of seeing and questioning of natural events. No one would presume to maintain that Shakespeare's poetry is more advanced than that of Aeschylus. It is still more impossible to say that the modern understanding of whatever is, is more correct than that of the Greeks. Therefore, if we want to grasp the essence of modern science, we must first free ourselves from the habit of comparing the new science with the old solely in terms of degree, from the point of view of progress.
The essence of what we today call science is research. In what does the essence of research consist?
In the fact that knowing [das Erkennen] establishes itself as a procedure within some realm of what is, in nature or in history. Procedure does not mean here merely method or methodology. For every procedure already requires an open sphere in which it moves. And it is precisely the opening up of such a sphere that is the fundamental event in research. This is accomplished through the projection within some realm of what is-in nature, for example-of a fixed ground plan*6 of natural events. The projection sketches out in advance the manner in which the knowing procedure must bind itself and adhere to the sphere opened up. This binding adherence is the rigor of research*7. Through the projecting of the ground plan and the prescribing of rigor, procedure makes secure for itself its sphere of objects within the realm of Being . A look at that earliest science, which is at the same time the normative one in the modern age, namely, mathematical physics, will make clear what we mean. Inasmuch as modern atomic physics still remains physics, what is essential - and only the essential is aimed at here- will hold for it also.
Modern physics is called mathematical because, in a remarkable way, it makes use of a quite specific mathematics. But it can proceed mathematically in this way only because, in a deeper sense, it is already itself mathematical. Ta mathemata means for the Greeks that which man knows in advance in his observation of whatever is and in his intercourse with things ; the corporeality of bodies, the vegetable character of plants, the animality of animals, the humanness of man. Alongside these, belonging also to that which is already-known, i.e., to the mathematical, are numbers. If we come upon three apples on the table, we recognize that there are three of them. But the number three, threeness, we already know. This means that number is something mathematical. Only because numbers represent, as it were, the most striking of always-already-knowns, and thus offer the most familiar instance of the mathematical, is "mathematical" promptly reserved as a name for the numerical. In no way, however, is the essence of the mathematical defined by numberness, Physics is, in general, the knowledge of nature, and, in particular, the knowledge of material corporeality in its motion; for that corporeality manifests itself immediately and universally in everything natural, even if in a variety of ways, If physics takes shape explicitly, then, as something mathematical, this means that, in an especially pronounced way, through it and for it something is stipulated in advance as what is already-known. That stipulating has to do with nothing less than the plan or projection of that which must henceforth, for the knowing of nature that is sought after, be nature: the self-contained system of motion of units of mass related spatiotemporally. Into this ground plan of nature, as supplied in keeping with its prior stipulation, the following definitions among others have been incorporated: Motion means change of place. No motion or direction of motion is superior to any other. Every place is equal to every other. No point in time has preference over any other. Every force is defined according to - i.e., is only - its consequences in motion, and that means in magnitude of change of place in the unity of time. Every event must be seen so as to be fitted into this ground plan of nature. Only within the perspective of this ground plan does an event in nature become visible as such an event. This projected plan of nature finds its guarantee in the fact that physical research, in every one of its questioning steps, is bound in advance to adhere to it. This binding adherence, the rigor of research, has its own character at any given time in keeping with the projected plan. The rigor of mathematical physical science is exactitude. Here all events, if they are to enter at all into representation as events of nature, must be defined beforehand as spatiotemporal magnitudes of motion. Such defining is accomplished through measuring, with the help of number and calculation. But mathematical research into nature is not exact because it calculates with precision; rather it must calculate in this way because its adherence to its object-sphere has the character of exactitude. The humanistic sciences, in contrast, indeed all the sciences concerned with life, must necessarily be inexact just in order to remain rigorous. A living thing can indeed also be grasped as spatiotemporal magnitude of motion, but then it is no longer apprehended as living. The inexactitude of the historical humanistic sciences is not a deficiency, but is only the fulfillment of a demand essential to this type of research. It is true, also, that the projecting and securing of the object-sphere of the historical sciences is not only of another kind, but is much more difficult of execution than is the achieving of rigor in the exact sciences.
Science becomes research through the projected plan and through the securing of that plan in the rigor of procedure. Projection and rigor, however, first develop into what they are in methodology. The latter constitutes the second essential characteristic of research. If the sphere that is projected is to become objective, then it is a matter of bringing it to encounter us in the complete diversity of its levels and interweavings. Therefore procedure must be free to view the changeableness in whatever encounters it. Only within the horizon of the incessant-otherness of change does the plenitude of particularity - of facts - show itself. -But the facts must become objective [gegenstiindlich]. Hence procedure must represent [vorstellen] the changeable in its changing, must bring it to a stand and let the motion be a motion nevertheless. The fixedness of facts and the constantness of their change as such is "rule." The constancy of change in the necessity of its course is "law." It is only within the purview of rule and law that facts become clear as the facts that they are. Research into facts in the realm of nature is intrinsically the establishing and verifying of rule and law. Methodology, through which a sphere of objects comes into representation, has the character of clarifying on the basis of what is clear - of explanation. Explanation is always twofold. It accounts for an unknown by means of a known, and at the same time it verifies that known by means of that unknown. Explanation takes place in investigation. In the physical sciences investigation takes place by means of experiment, always according to the kind of field of investigation and according to the type of explanation aimed at. But physical science does not first become research through experiment; rather, on the contrary, experiment first becomes possible where and only where the knowledge of nature has been transformed into research. Only because modern physics is a physics that is essentially mathematical can it be experimental. Because neither medieval doctrina nor Greek episteme is science in the sense of research, for these it is never a question of experiment. To be sure, it was Aristotle who first understood what empeiria (experientia) means; the observation of things themselves, their qualities and modifications under changing conditions, and consequently the knowledge of the way in which things as a rule behave. But an observation that aims at such knowledge, the experimentum, remains essentially different from the observation that belongs to science as research, from the research experiment; it remains essentially different even when ancient and medieval observation also works with number and measure, and even when that observation makes use of specific apparatus and instruments. For in all this, that which is decisive about the experiment is completely missing. Experiment begins with the laying down of a law as a basis. To set up an experiment means to represent or conceive [vorstellen] the conditions under which a specific series of motions can be made susceptible of being followed in its necessary progression, i.e., of being controlled in advance by calculation. But the establishing of a law is accomplished with reference to the ground plan of the object-sphere. That ground plan furnishes a criterion and constrains the anticipatory representing of the conditions. Such representing in and through which the experiment begins is no random imagining. that is why Newton said, hypothesis non fingo, “the bases that are laid down are not arbitrarily invented.” They are developed out of the ground plan of nature and are sketched into it. Experiment is that methodology which, in its planning and execution, is supported and guided on the basis of the fundamental law laid down, in order to adduce the facts that either verify and confirm the law or deny it confirmation. The more exactly the ground plan of nature is projected, the more exact becomes the possibility of experiment. Hence the much cited medieval Schoolman Roger Bacon can never be the forerunner of the modern experimental research scientist; rather he remains merely a successor of Aristotle. For in the meantime, the real locus of truth has been transferred by Christendom to faith - to the infallibility of the written word and to the doctrine of the Church. The highest knowledge and teaching is theology as the interpretation of the divine word of revelation, which is set down in Scripture and proclaimed by the Church. Here, to know is not to search out; rather it is to understand rightly the authoritative Word and the authorities proclaiming it. Therefore, the discussion of the words and doctrinal opinions of the various authorities take precedence in the acquiring of knowledge in the Middle Ages. The componere scripta et sermones, the argumentum ex verbo, is decisive and at the same time is the reason why the accepted Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy that had been taken over had to be transformed into scholastic dialectic. If, now, Roger Bacon demands the experimentum - and he does demand it - he does not mean the experiment of science as research; rather he wants the argumentum ex re instead of the argumentum ex verbo, the careful observing of things themselves, i.e., Aristotelian empeiria, instead of the discussion of doctrines.
The modern research experiment, however, is not only an observation more precise in degree and scope, but is a methodology essentially different in kind, related to the verification of law in the framework, and at the service, of an exact plan of nature. Source criticism in the historical humanistic sciences corresponds to experiment in physical research. Here the name “source criticism” designates the whole gamut of the discovery, examination, verification, evaluation, preservation, and interpretation of sources. Historiographical explanation, which is based on source criticism, does not, it is true, trace facts back to laws and rules. But neither does it confine itself to the mere reporting of facts. In the historical sciences, just as in the natural sciences, the methodology aims at representing what is fixed and stable and at making history an object. History can become objective openly when it is past. What is stable in what is past, that on the basis of which historiographical explanation reckons up the solitary and the diverse in history, is the always-has-been-once-already, the comparable. Through the constant comparing of everything with everything, what is intelligible is found by calculation and is certified and established as the ground plan of history. The sphere of histriographical research extends only so far as historiographical explanation reaches. The unique, the rare, the simple - in short, the great - in history is never self-evident and hence remains inexplicable. It is not that historical research denies what is great in history; rather it explains it as the exception. In this explaining, the great is measured against the ordinary and the average. And there is no other historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiography remains research, i.e., an explaining. Because historiography as research projects and objectifies the past in the sense of an explicable and surveyable nexus of actions and consequences, it requires source criticism as its instrument of objectification. The standards of this criticism alter to the degree that historiography approaches journalism.
Every science is, as research, grounded upon the projection of a circumscribed object-sphere and is therefore necessarily a science of individualized character. Every individualized science must, moreover, in the development of its projected plan by means of its methodology, particularize itself into specific fields of investigation. This particularizing (specialization) is, however, by no means simply an irksome concomitant of the increasing unsurveyability of the results of research. It is not a necessary evil, but is rather an essential necessity of science as research. Specialization is not the consequence but the foundation of the progress of all research. Research does not, through its methodology, become dispersed into random investigations, so as to lose itself in them; for modern science is determined by a third fundamental event: ongoing activity (Appendix 2).*10
By this is to be understood first of all the phenomenon that a science today, whether physical or humanistic, attains to the respect due a science only when it has become capable of being institutionalized. However, research is not ongoing activity because its work is accomplished in institutions, but rather institutions are necessary because science, intrinsically as research, has the character of ongoing activity. The methodology through which individual object-spheres are conquered does not simply amass results. Rather, with the help of its results it adapts [richtet sich ... ein] itself for a new procedure. Within the complex of machinery that is necessary to physics in order to carry out the smashing of the atom lies hidden the whole of physics up to now. Correspondingly, in historiographical research, funds of source materials become usable for explanation only if those sources are themselves guaranteed on the basis of historiographical explanation. In the course of these processes, the methodology of the science becomes circumscribed by means of its results. More and more the methodology adapts itself to the possibilities of procedure opened up through itself. This having-to-adapt-itself to its own results as the ways and means of an advancing methodology is the essence of research's character as ongoing activity. And it is that character that is the intrinsic basis for the necessity of the institutional nature of research. In ongoing activity the plan of an object-sphere is, for the first time, built into whatever is. All adjustments that facilitate a plannable conjoining of types of methodology, that further the reciprocal checking and communication of results, and that regulate the exchange of talents are measures that are by no means only the external consequences of the fact that research work is expanding and proliferating. Rather, research work becomes the distant sign, still far from being understood, that modern science is beginning to enter upon the decisive phase of its history. Only now is it beginning to take possession of its own complete essence.
What is taking place in this extending and consolidating of the institutional character of the sciences? Nothing less than the making secure of the precedence of methodology over whatever is (nature and history), which at any given time becomes objective in research. On the foundation of their character as ongoing activity, the sciences are creating for themselves the solidarity and unity appropriate to them. Therefore historiographical or archeological research that is carried forward in an institutionalized way is essentially closer to research in physics that is similarly organized than it is to a discipline belonging to its own faculty in the humanistic sciences that still remains mired in mere erudition. Hence the decisive development of the modern character of science as ongoing activity also forms men of a different stamp. The scholar disappears. He is succeeded by the research man who is engaged in research projects. These, rather than the cultivating of erudition, lend to his work its atmosphere of incisiveness. The research man no longer needs a library at home. Moreover, he is constantly on the move. He negotiates at meetings and collects information at congresses. He contracts for commissions with publishers. The latter now determines along with him which books must be written (Appendix 3).
The research worker necessarily presses forward of himself into the sphere characteristic of the technologist in the essential sense. Only in this way is he capable of acting effectively, and only thus, after the manner of his age, is he real. Alongside him, the increasingly thin and empty Romanticism of scholarship and the university will still be able to persist for some time in a few places. However, the effective unity characteristic of the university, and hence the latter's reality, does not lie in some intellectual power belonging to an original unification of the sciences and emanating from the university because nourished by it and preserved in it. The university is real as an orderly establishment that, in a form still unique because it is administratively self-contained, makes possible and visible the striving apart of the sciences into the particularization and peculiar unity that belong to ongoing activity. Because the forces intrinsic to the essence of modern science come immediately and unequivocally to effective working in ongoing activity, therefore, also, it is only the spontaneous ongoing activities of research that can sketch out and establish the internal unity with other like activities that is commensurate with themselves.
The real system of science consists in a solidarity of procedure and attitude with respect to the objectification of whatever is - a solidarity that is brought about appropriately at any given time on the basis of planning. The excellence demanded of this system is not some contrived and rigid unity of the relationships among object-spheres, having to do with content, but is rather the greatest possible free, though regulated, flexibility in the shifting about and introducing of research apropos of the leading tasks at any given time. The more exclusively science individualizes itself with a view to the total carrying on and mastering of its work process, and the more realistically these ongoing activities are shifted into separate research institutes and professional schools, the more irresistibly do the sciences achieve the consummation of their modern essence. But the more unconditionally science and the man of research take seriously the modern form of their essence, the more unequivocally and the more immediately will they be able to offer themselves for the common good, and the more unreservedly too will they have to return to the public anonymity of all work useful to society.
Modern science simultaneously establishes itself and differentiates itself in its projections of specific object-spheres. These projection-plans are developed by means of a corresponding methodology, which is made secure through rigor. Methodology adapts and establishes itself at any given time in ongoing activity. Projection and rigor, methodology and ongoing activity, mutually requiring one another, constitute the essence of modern science, transform science into research.
We are reflecting on the essence of modern science in order that we may apprehend in it its metaphysical ground What understanding of what is and what concept of truth provide the basis for the fact that science is being transformed into research?
Knowing, as research, calls whatever is to account with regard to the way in which and the extent to which it lets itself be put at the disposal of representation. Research has disposal over anything that is when it can either calculate it in its future course in advance or verify a calculation about it as past. Nature, in being calculated in advance, and history, in being historiographically verified as past, become, as it were, "set in place" [gestellt]. Nature and history become the objects of a representing that explains. Such representing counts on nature and takes account of history. Only that which becomes object in this way is - is considered to be in being. We first arrive at science as research when the Being of whatever is, is sought in such objectiveness.
This objectifying of whatever is, is accomplished in a setting-before, a representing, that aims at bringing each particular being before it in such a way that man who calculates can be sure, and that means be certain, of that being. We first arrive at science as research when and only when truth has been transformed into the certainty of representation. What it is to be is for the first time defined as the objectiveness of representing, and truth is first defined as the certainty of representing, in the metaphysics of Descartes. The title of Descartes's principal work reads: Meditationes de prima philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy]. Prote philosophia is the designation coined by Aristotle for what is later called metaphysics. The whole of modern metaphysics taken together, Nietzsche included, maintains itself within the interpretation of what it is to be and of truth that was prepared by Descartes (Appendix 4).
Now if science as research is an essential phenomenon of the modern age, it must be that that which constitutes the metaphysical ground of research determines first and long beforehand the essence of that age generally. The essence of the modern age can be seen in the fact that man frees himself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in freeing himself to himself. But this correct characterization remains, nevertheless, superficial. It leads to those errors that prevent us from comprehending the essential foundation of the modern age and, from there, judging the scope of the age's essence. Certainly the modern age has, as a consequence of the liberation of man, introduced subjectivism and individualism. But it remains just as certain that no age before this one has produced a comparable objectivism and that in no age before this has the non-individual, in the form of the collective, come to acceptance as having worth. Essential here is the necessary interplay between subjectivism and objectivism. It is precisely this reciprocal conditioning of one by the other that points back to events more profound.
[*1. "Reflection" translates Besinnung. On the meaning of the latter, see SR 155 n. 1. "'Essence" will be the translation of the noun Wesen in most instances of its occurrence in this essay. Occasionally the translation "coming to presence" will be used. Wesen must always be understood to allude, for Heidegger, not to any mere "whatness," but to the manner in which anything, as what it is, takes its course and "holds sway" in its ongoing presence, i.e., the manner in which it endures in its presencing. See QT 30, 3 n. 1. "What is" renders the present participle seiend used as a noun, das Seiende. On the translation of the latter, see T 40 n. 6.
*2. der Grund seines Wesensgestalt. Heidegger exemplifies the statement that he makes here in his discussion of the metaphysics of Descartes as providing the necessary interpretive ground for the manner in which, in the subjectness of man as self-conscious subject, Being and all that is and man - in their immediate and indissoluble relation - come to presence in the modern age. See Appendix 9, pp. 150 ff.
*4. Erlebnis, translated here as "subjective experience" and later as "life-experience," is a term much used by life philosophers such as Dilthey and generally connotes adventure and event. It is employed somewhat pejoratively here. The term Erfahrung, which is regularly translated in this volume as "experience," connotes discovery and learning, and also suffering and undergoing. Here and subsequently (i.e., "mere religious experience"), "mere" is inserted to maintain the distinction between Erlebnis and Erfahrung.
*5. Entgotterung, here inadequately rendered as "loss of the gods," actually means something more like "degodization".
*6. Grundriss. The verb reissen means to tear, to rend, to sketch, to design, and the noun Riss means tear, gap, outline. Hence the noun Grundiss, first sketch, ground plan, design, connotes a fundamental sketching out that is an opening up as well.
*7. "Binding adherence" here translates the noun Bindung. The noun could also be rendered "obligation." It could thus be said that rigor is the obligation to remain within the realm opened up.
*10. “Ongoing activity” is the rendering of Betrieb, which is difficult to translate adequately. It means the act of driving on, or industry, activity, as well as undertaking, pursuit, business. It can also mean management, or workshop or factory.]
To be continued...
submitted by MirkWorks to u/MirkWorks [link] [comments]
In metaphysics reflection is accomplished concerning the essence of what is and a decision takes place regarding the essence of truth*1. Metaphysics grounds an age, in that through a specific interpretation of what is and through a specific comprehension of truth it gives to that age the basis upon which it is essentially formed*2. This basis holds complete dominion over all the phenomena that distinguish the age. Conversely, in order that there may be an adequate reflection upon these phenomena themselves, the metaphysical basis for them must let itself be apprehended in them. Reflection is the courage to make the troth of our own presuppositions and the realm of our own goals into the things that most deserve to be called in question Appendix 1).
One of the essential phenomena of the modern age is its science. A phenomenon of no less importance is machine technology. We must not, however, misinterpret that technology as the mere application of modern mathematical physical science to praxis. Machine technology is itself an autonomous transformation of praxis, a type of transformation wherein praxis first demands the employment of mathematical physical science. Machine technology remains up to now the most visible outgrowth of the essence of modern technology, which is identical with the essence of modern metaphysics.
A third equally essential phenomenon of the modern period lies in the event of art's moving into the purview of aesthetics. That means that the art work becomes the object of mere subjective experience, and that consequently art is considered to be an expression of human life*4.
A fourth modern phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that human activity is conceived and consummated as culture. Thus culture is the realization of the highest values, through the nurture and cultivation of the highest goods of man. It lies in the essence of culture, as such nurturing, to nurture itself in its turn and thus to become the politics of culture.
A fifth phenomenon of the modern age is the loss of the gods*5. This expression does not mean the mere doing away with the gods, gross atheism. The loss of the gods is a twofold process. On the one hand, the world picture is Christianized inasmuch as the cause of the world is posited as infinite, unconditional, absolute. On the other hand, Christendom transforms Christian doctrine into a world view (the Christian world view), and in that way makes itself modern and up to date. The loss of the gods is the situation of indecision regarding God and the gods. Christendom has the greatest share in bringing it about. But the loss of the gods is so far from excluding religiosity that rather only through that loss is the relation to the gods changed into mere experience." When this occurs, then the gods have fled. The resultant void is compensated for by means of historiographical and psychological investigation of myth.
What understanding of what is, what interpretation of truth, lies at the foundation of these phenomena?
We shall limit the question to the phenomenon mentioned first, to science [Wissenschaft].
In what does the essence of modern science lie?
What understanding of what is and of truth provides the basis for that essence? If we succeed in reaching the metaphysical ground that provides the foundation for science as a modern phenomenon, then the entire essence of the modern age will have to let itself be apprehended from out of that ground.
When we use the word "science" today, it means something essentially different from the doctrina and scientia of the Middle Ages, and also from the Greek episteme. Greek science was never exact, precisely because, in keeping with its essence, it could not be exact and did not need to be exact. Hence it makes no sense whatever to suppose that modern science is more exact than that of antiquity. Neither can we say that the Galilean doctrine of freely falling bodies is true and that Aristotle's teaching, that light bodies strive upward, is false; for the Greek understanding of the essence of body and place and of the relation between the two rests upon a different interpretation of beings and hence conditions a correspondingly different kind of seeing and questioning of natural events. No one would presume to maintain that Shakespeare's poetry is more advanced than that of Aeschylus. It is still more impossible to say that the modern understanding of whatever is, is more correct than that of the Greeks. Therefore, if we want to grasp the essence of modern science, we must first free ourselves from the habit of comparing the new science with the old solely in terms of degree, from the point of view of progress.
The essence of what we today call science is research. In what does the essence of research consist?
In the fact that knowing [das Erkennen] establishes itself as a procedure within some realm of what is, in nature or in history. Procedure does not mean here merely method or methodology. For every procedure already requires an open sphere in which it moves. And it is precisely the opening up of such a sphere that is the fundamental event in research. This is accomplished through the projection within some realm of what is-in nature, for example-of a fixed ground plan*6 of natural events. The projection sketches out in advance the manner in which the knowing procedure must bind itself and adhere to the sphere opened up. This binding adherence is the rigor of research*7. Through the projecting of the ground plan and the prescribing of rigor, procedure makes secure for itself its sphere of objects within the realm of Being . A look at that earliest science, which is at the same time the normative one in the modern age, namely, mathematical physics, will make clear what we mean. Inasmuch as modern atomic physics still remains physics, what is essential - and only the essential is aimed at here- will hold for it also.
Modern physics is called mathematical because, in a remarkable way, it makes use of a quite specific mathematics. But it can proceed mathematically in this way only because, in a deeper sense, it is already itself mathematical. Ta mathemata means for the Greeks that which man knows in advance in his observation of whatever is and in his intercourse with things ; the corporeality of bodies, the vegetable character of plants, the animality of animals, the humanness of man. Alongside these, belonging also to that which is already-known, i.e., to the mathematical, are numbers. If we come upon three apples on the table, we recognize that there are three of them. But the number three, threeness, we already know. This means that number is something mathematical. Only because numbers represent, as it were, the most striking of always-already-knowns, and thus offer the most familiar instance of the mathematical, is "mathematical" promptly reserved as a name for the numerical. In no way, however, is the essence of the mathematical defined by numberness, Physics is, in general, the knowledge of nature, and, in particular, the knowledge of material corporeality in its motion; for that corporeality manifests itself immediately and universally in everything natural, even if in a variety of ways, If physics takes shape explicitly, then, as something mathematical, this means that, in an especially pronounced way, through it and for it something is stipulated in advance as what is already-known. That stipulating has to do with nothing less than the plan or projection of that which must henceforth, for the knowing of nature that is sought after, be nature: the self-contained system of motion of units of mass related spatiotemporally. Into this ground plan of nature, as supplied in keeping with its prior stipulation, the following definitions among others have been incorporated: Motion means change of place. No motion or direction of motion is superior to any other. Every place is equal to every other. No point in time has preference over any other. Every force is defined according to - i.e., is only - its consequences in motion, and that means in magnitude of change of place in the unity of time. Every event must be seen so as to be fitted into this ground plan of nature. Only within the perspective of this ground plan does an event in nature become visible as such an event. This projected plan of nature finds its guarantee in the fact that physical research, in every one of its questioning steps, is bound in advance to adhere to it. This binding adherence, the rigor of research, has its own character at any given time in keeping with the projected plan. The rigor of mathematical physical science is exactitude. Here all events, if they are to enter at all into representation as events of nature, must be defined beforehand as spatiotemporal magnitudes of motion. Such defining is accomplished through measuring, with the help of number and calculation. But mathematical research into nature is not exact because it calculates with precision; rather it must calculate in this way because its adherence to its object-sphere has the character of exactitude. The humanistic sciences, in contrast, indeed all the sciences concerned with life, must necessarily be inexact just in order to remain rigorous. A living thing can indeed also be grasped as spatiotemporal magnitude of motion, but then it is no longer apprehended as living. The inexactitude of the historical humanistic sciences is not a deficiency, but is only the fulfillment of a demand essential to this type of research. It is true, also, that the projecting and securing of the object-sphere of the historical sciences is not only of another kind, but is much more difficult of execution than is the achieving of rigor in the exact sciences.
Science becomes research through the projected plan and through the securing of that plan in the rigor of procedure. Projection and rigor, however, first develop into what they are in methodology. The latter constitutes the second essential characteristic of research. If the sphere that is projected is to become objective, then it is a matter of bringing it to encounter us in the complete diversity of its levels and interweavings. Therefore procedure must be free to view the changeableness in whatever encounters it. Only within the horizon of the incessant-otherness of change does the plenitude of particularity - of facts - show itself. -But the facts must become objective [gegenstiindlich]. Hence procedure must represent [vorstellen] the changeable in its changing, must bring it to a stand and let the motion be a motion nevertheless. The fixedness of facts and the constantness of their change as such is "rule." The constancy of change in the necessity of its course is "law." It is only within the purview of rule and law that facts become clear as the facts that they are. Research into facts in the realm of nature is intrinsically the establishing and verifying of rule and law. Methodology, through which a sphere of objects comes into representation, has the character of clarifying on the basis of what is clear - of explanation. Explanation is always twofold. It accounts for an unknown by means of a known, and at the same time it verifies that known by means of that unknown. Explanation takes place in investigation. In the physical sciences investigation takes place by means of experiment, always according to the kind of field of investigation and according to the type of explanation aimed at. But physical science does not first become research through experiment; rather, on the contrary, experiment first becomes possible where and only where the knowledge of nature has been transformed into research. Only because modern physics is a physics that is essentially mathematical can it be experimental. Because neither medieval doctrina nor Greek episteme is science in the sense of research, for these it is never a question of experiment. To be sure, it was Aristotle who first understood what empeiria (experientia) means; the observation of things themselves, their qualities and modifications under changing conditions, and consequently the knowledge of the way in which things as a rule behave. But an observation that aims at such knowledge, the experimentum, remains essentially different from the observation that belongs to science as research, from the research experiment; it remains essentially different even when ancient and medieval observation also works with number and measure, and even when that observation makes use of specific apparatus and instruments. For in all this, that which is decisive about the experiment is completely missing. Experiment begins with the laying down of a law as a basis. To set up an experiment means to represent or conceive [vorstellen] the conditions under which a specific series of motions can be made susceptible of being followed in its necessary progression, i.e., of being controlled in advance by calculation. But the establishing of a law is accomplished with reference to the ground plan of the object-sphere. That ground plan furnishes a criterion and constrains the anticipatory representing of the conditions. Such representing in and through which the experiment begins is no random imagining. that is why Newton said, hypothesis non fingo, “the bases that are laid down are not arbitrarily invented.” They are developed out of the ground plan of nature and are sketched into it. Experiment is that methodology which, in its planning and execution, is supported and guided on the basis of the fundamental law laid down, in order to adduce the facts that either verify and confirm the law or deny it confirmation. The more exactly the ground plan of nature is projected, the more exact becomes the possibility of experiment. Hence the much cited medieval Schoolman Roger Bacon can never be the forerunner of the modern experimental research scientist; rather he remains merely a successor of Aristotle. For in the meantime, the real locus of truth has been transferred by Christendom to faith - to the infallibility of the written word and to the doctrine of the Church. The highest knowledge and teaching is theology as the interpretation of the divine word of revelation, which is set down in Scripture and proclaimed by the Church. Here, to know is not to search out; rather it is to understand rightly the authoritative Word and the authorities proclaiming it. Therefore, the discussion of the words and doctrinal opinions of the various authorities take precedence in the acquiring of knowledge in the Middle Ages. The componere scripta et sermones, the argumentum ex verbo, is decisive and at the same time is the reason why the accepted Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy that had been taken over had to be transformed into scholastic dialectic. If, now, Roger Bacon demands the experimentum - and he does demand it - he does not mean the experiment of science as research; rather he wants the argumentum ex re instead of the argumentum ex verbo, the careful observing of things themselves, i.e., Aristotelian empeiria, instead of the discussion of doctrines.
The modern research experiment, however, is not only an observation more precise in degree and scope, but is a methodology essentially different in kind, related to the verification of law in the framework, and at the service, of an exact plan of nature. Source criticism in the historical humanistic sciences corresponds to experiment in physical research. Here the name “source criticism” designates the whole gamut of the discovery, examination, verification, evaluation, preservation, and interpretation of sources. Historiographical explanation, which is based on source criticism, does not, it is true, trace facts back to laws and rules. But neither does it confine itself to the mere reporting of facts. In the historical sciences, just as in the natural sciences, the methodology aims at representing what is fixed and stable and at making history an object. History can become objective openly when it is past. What is stable in what is past, that on the basis of which historiographical explanation reckons up the solitary and the diverse in history, is the always-has-been-once-already, the comparable. Through the constant comparing of everything with everything, what is intelligible is found by calculation and is certified and established as the ground plan of history. The sphere of histriographical research extends only so far as historiographical explanation reaches. The unique, the rare, the simple - in short, the great - in history is never self-evident and hence remains inexplicable. It is not that historical research denies what is great in history; rather it explains it as the exception. In this explaining, the great is measured against the ordinary and the average. And there is no other historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiography remains research, i.e., an explaining. Because historiography as research projects and objectifies the past in the sense of an explicable and surveyable nexus of actions and consequences, it requires source criticism as its instrument of objectification. The standards of this criticism alter to the degree that historiography approaches journalism.
Every science is, as research, grounded upon the projection of a circumscribed object-sphere and is therefore necessarily a science of individualized character. Every individualized science must, moreover, in the development of its projected plan by means of its methodology, particularize itself into specific fields of investigation. This particularizing (specialization) is, however, by no means simply an irksome concomitant of the increasing unsurveyability of the results of research. It is not a necessary evil, but is rather an essential necessity of science as research. Specialization is not the consequence but the foundation of the progress of all research. Research does not, through its methodology, become dispersed into random investigations, so as to lose itself in them; for modern science is determined by a third fundamental event: ongoing activity (Appendix 2).*10
By this is to be understood first of all the phenomenon that a science today, whether physical or humanistic, attains to the respect due a science only when it has become capable of being institutionalized. However, research is not ongoing activity because its work is accomplished in institutions, but rather institutions are necessary because science, intrinsically as research, has the character of ongoing activity. The methodology through which individual object-spheres are conquered does not simply amass results. Rather, with the help of its results it adapts [richtet sich ... ein] itself for a new procedure. Within the complex of machinery that is necessary to physics in order to carry out the smashing of the atom lies hidden the whole of physics up to now. Correspondingly, in historiographical research, funds of source materials become usable for explanation only if those sources are themselves guaranteed on the basis of historiographical explanation. In the course of these processes, the methodology of the science becomes circumscribed by means of its results. More and more the methodology adapts itself to the possibilities of procedure opened up through itself. This having-to-adapt-itself to its own results as the ways and means of an advancing methodology is the essence of research's character as ongoing activity. And it is that character that is the intrinsic basis for the necessity of the institutional nature of research. In ongoing activity the plan of an object-sphere is, for the first time, built into whatever is. All adjustments that facilitate a plannable conjoining of types of methodology, that further the reciprocal checking and communication of results, and that regulate the exchange of talents are measures that are by no means only the external consequences of the fact that research work is expanding and proliferating. Rather, research work becomes the distant sign, still far from being understood, that modern science is beginning to enter upon the decisive phase of its history. Only now is it beginning to take possession of its own complete essence.
What is taking place in this extending and consolidating of the institutional character of the sciences? Nothing less than the making secure of the precedence of methodology over whatever is (nature and history), which at any given time becomes objective in research. On the foundation of their character as ongoing activity, the sciences are creating for themselves the solidarity and unity appropriate to them. Therefore historiographical or archeological research that is carried forward in an institutionalized way is essentially closer to research in physics that is similarly organized than it is to a discipline belonging to its own faculty in the humanistic sciences that still remains mired in mere erudition. Hence the decisive development of the modern character of science as ongoing activity also forms men of a different stamp. The scholar disappears. He is succeeded by the research man who is engaged in research projects. These, rather than the cultivating of erudition, lend to his work its atmosphere of incisiveness. The research man no longer needs a library at home. Moreover, he is constantly on the move. He negotiates at meetings and collects information at congresses. He contracts for commissions with publishers. The latter now determines along with him which books must be written (Appendix 3).
The research worker necessarily presses forward of himself into the sphere characteristic of the technologist in the essential sense. Only in this way is he capable of acting effectively, and only thus, after the manner of his age, is he real. Alongside him, the increasingly thin and empty Romanticism of scholarship and the university will still be able to persist for some time in a few places. However, the effective unity characteristic of the university, and hence the latter's reality, does not lie in some intellectual power belonging to an original unification of the sciences and emanating from the university because nourished by it and preserved in it. The university is real as an orderly establishment that, in a form still unique because it is administratively self-contained, makes possible and visible the striving apart of the sciences into the particularization and peculiar unity that belong to ongoing activity. Because the forces intrinsic to the essence of modern science come immediately and unequivocally to effective working in ongoing activity, therefore, also, it is only the spontaneous ongoing activities of research that can sketch out and establish the internal unity with other like activities that is commensurate with themselves.
The real system of science consists in a solidarity of procedure and attitude with respect to the objectification of whatever is - a solidarity that is brought about appropriately at any given time on the basis of planning. The excellence demanded of this system is not some contrived and rigid unity of the relationships among object-spheres, having to do with content, but is rather the greatest possible free, though regulated, flexibility in the shifting about and introducing of research apropos of the leading tasks at any given time. The more exclusively science individualizes itself with a view to the total carrying on and mastering of its work process, and the more realistically these ongoing activities are shifted into separate research institutes and professional schools, the more irresistibly do the sciences achieve the consummation of their modern essence. But the more unconditionally science and the man of research take seriously the modern form of their essence, the more unequivocally and the more immediately will they be able to offer themselves for the common good, and the more unreservedly too will they have to return to the public anonymity of all work useful to society.
Modern science simultaneously establishes itself and differentiates itself in its projections of specific object-spheres. These projection-plans are developed by means of a corresponding methodology, which is made secure through rigor. Methodology adapts and establishes itself at any given time in ongoing activity. Projection and rigor, methodology and ongoing activity, mutually requiring one another, constitute the essence of modern science, transform science into research.
We are reflecting on the essence of modern science in order that we may apprehend in it its metaphysical ground What understanding of what is and what concept of truth provide the basis for the fact that science is being transformed into research?
Knowing, as research, calls whatever is to account with regard to the way in which and the extent to which it lets itself be put at the disposal of representation. Research has disposal over anything that is when it can either calculate it in its future course in advance or verify a calculation about it as past. Nature, in being calculated in advance, and history, in being historiographically verified as past, become, as it were, "set in place" [gestellt]. Nature and history become the objects of a representing that explains. Such representing counts on nature and takes account of history. Only that which becomes object in this way is - is considered to be in being. We first arrive at science as research when the Being of whatever is, is sought in such objectiveness.
This objectifying of whatever is, is accomplished in a setting-before, a representing, that aims at bringing each particular being before it in such a way that man who calculates can be sure, and that means be certain, of that being. We first arrive at science as research when and only when truth has been transformed into the certainty of representation. What it is to be is for the first time defined as the objectiveness of representing, and truth is first defined as the certainty of representing, in the metaphysics of Descartes. The title of Descartes's principal work reads: Meditationes de prima philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy]. Prote philosophia is the designation coined by Aristotle for what is later called metaphysics. The whole of modern metaphysics taken together, Nietzsche included, maintains itself within the interpretation of what it is to be and of truth that was prepared by Descartes (Appendix 4).
Now if science as research is an essential phenomenon of the modern age, it must be that that which constitutes the metaphysical ground of research determines first and long beforehand the essence of that age generally. The essence of the modern age can be seen in the fact that man frees himself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in freeing himself to himself. But this correct characterization remains, nevertheless, superficial. It leads to those errors that prevent us from comprehending the essential foundation of the modern age and, from there, judging the scope of the age's essence. Certainly the modern age has, as a consequence of the liberation of man, introduced subjectivism and individualism. But it remains just as certain that no age before this one has produced a comparable objectivism and that in no age before this has the non-individual, in the form of the collective, come to acceptance as having worth. Essential here is the necessary interplay between subjectivism and objectivism. It is precisely this reciprocal conditioning of one by the other that points back to events more profound.
[*1. "Reflection" translates Besinnung. On the meaning of the latter, see SR 155 n. 1. "'Essence" will be the translation of the noun Wesen in most instances of its occurrence in this essay. Occasionally the translation "coming to presence" will be used. Wesen must always be understood to allude, for Heidegger, not to any mere "whatness," but to the manner in which anything, as what it is, takes its course and "holds sway" in its ongoing presence, i.e., the manner in which it endures in its presencing. See QT 30, 3 n. 1. "What is" renders the present participle seiend used as a noun, das Seiende. On the translation of the latter, see T 40 n. 6.
*2. der Grund seines Wesensgestalt. Heidegger exemplifies the statement that he makes here in his discussion of the metaphysics of Descartes as providing the necessary interpretive ground for the manner in which, in the subjectness of man as self-conscious subject, Being and all that is and man - in their immediate and indissoluble relation - come to presence in the modern age. See Appendix 9, pp. 150 ff.
*4. Erlebnis, translated here as "subjective experience" and later as "life-experience," is a term much used by life philosophers such as Dilthey and generally connotes adventure and event. It is employed somewhat pejoratively here. The term Erfahrung, which is regularly translated in this volume as "experience," connotes discovery and learning, and also suffering and undergoing. Here and subsequently (i.e., "mere religious experience"), "mere" is inserted to maintain the distinction between Erlebnis and Erfahrung.
*5. Entgotterung, here inadequately rendered as "loss of the gods," actually means something more like "degodization".
*6. Grundriss. The verb reissen means to tear, to rend, to sketch, to design, and the noun Riss means tear, gap, outline. Hence the noun Grundiss, first sketch, ground plan, design, connotes a fundamental sketching out that is an opening up as well.
*7. "Binding adherence" here translates the noun Bindung. The noun could also be rendered "obligation." It could thus be said that rigor is the obligation to remain within the realm opened up.
*10. “Ongoing activity” is the rendering of Betrieb, which is difficult to translate adequately. It means the act of driving on, or industry, activity, as well as undertaking, pursuit, business. It can also mean management, or workshop or factory.]
To be continued...
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2024.05.29 01:44 whereaboutsofaheart "spreading misinformation" meanwhile their only source and argument is "I said so" or "it's in this one singular book which is functionally an extended anecdote which are inherently fallacious arguments unto themselves"
 | context: I literally quoted the definition of non binary and apparently that's somehow misinformation. because god forbid you know what words mean. submitted by whereaboutsofaheart to truscum [link] [comments] |
2024.05.29 01:43 blindingbison Is it concerning that my (23F) boyfriend (27M) refuses any of my pet names but lets his mom (63F) call him whatever she wants?
I am writing this while laying in bed after having an odd conversation with my boyfriend. For context: We are dating around a year now, have been best friends since college a couple of years ago. I am European, he’s half American, grew up in Europe and was raised by his American mother. Part of my love language is finding cute pet names I have a relation to. So for example „Boo“ since King Boo was always one of my favorite video game characters.
Background info:
My boyfriend and his mom always had a VERY close relationship. I knew that. I’ve been to his place often enough to know exactly what I was getting myself into. He studied two different university courses and decided to stay home during this since he couldn’t effort getting his own place because there was no time to work while studying. So he stayed with her up until recently (half year after graduating). So of course I also saw her and their dynamic. She always liked me and treated me like her own child and still does, which I appreciate a lot. BUT … since we are official she turned out to be also THAT type of boy mom that makes a competition about everything regarding her son. It’s always the „but I love him more“-, „but I know him better than you“ and „you are so lucky my son chose you"-passive aggressiveness that she communicates in her subtext.
What both, my boyfriend and I, didn’t know was that their relationship was literally too close. For him it was normal (he doesn’t have much reference since he doesn’t have a lot of social contacts and is not very outspoken) to go on a wellness weekend with his mom instead of his girlfriend because „she has no one else to go with“, cancel plans because his mom wants to do something instead, order sex toys together or let his mom describe him that intimate, that people literally (I was there) ask, if she is talking about her husband oooorrr ??? At the same time they are bitching at each other like crazy … but I feel like this is on of the few things that are normal and relatable here.
There are much more fun stories but this is just a background information, that you can get a glimpse on what is going on.
He once came to me after having another fight with her and told me that he thinks his mom traumatized him all his life and that he has the feeling something is wrong since my mom and me are much more distant but never fight and are always happy about each others company. It was then that I knew he was ready to get out or there. We started the process on getting him out of the apartment and into an own place (we moved in together) and him starting trauma therapy. He started his therapy in February and we got our apartment in April. It really changed him positively, he made a lot of progress so far and I am so happy to see him start his independent life and seeing his mental health skyrocket in that regard. He sets clear boundaries, differs between a relationship to his mother and girlfriend and sets his priorities more fitting to his age and stage in life.
So to my concern:
She still calls him „Darling“, „Sweetheart“, „Honey“, „Baby“ and „Sweetie“. My mom still sometimes calls me „Mouse“ which I tolerate since she likes it so much but I told her often enough since being a teenager to keep it low profile which I, again, think is a very normal thing. He also never says a thing to his mom. But today I called him a pet name and he kind of snapped and went like:“ Why are you always calling me random pet names? You are just like your ex boyfriend who called you made up fantasy names. I just wanna know why you would call me „baby language“ pet names.“.
Beside from being compared to your ex (he apologized for that right away), I was really appalled by the fact he had a problem with that. I explained that he never has a problem with his mom calling him several pet names so I assumed he likes pet names in general. He paused and replied:“ Well maybe I don’t like pet names generally speaking“. I asked him why he then never tells his mom to shut it off but rather me and he just told me that he simply didn’t know and we went to bed kind of unresolved.
I’d like to have your opinion: Could it possibly be a cultural misunderstanding, his ongoing trauma recovery process, retrograde jealousy because of my ex or is it a thing that people generally differ between who’s using pet names?
Thanks in advance!
Tl:dr: My boyfriend lets his mom, who he has a toxic co-dependent relationship to, call him sweet pet names but doesn’t want me to do so.
submitted by blindingbison to relationship_advice [link] [comments]
Background info:
My boyfriend and his mom always had a VERY close relationship. I knew that. I’ve been to his place often enough to know exactly what I was getting myself into. He studied two different university courses and decided to stay home during this since he couldn’t effort getting his own place because there was no time to work while studying. So he stayed with her up until recently (half year after graduating). So of course I also saw her and their dynamic. She always liked me and treated me like her own child and still does, which I appreciate a lot. BUT … since we are official she turned out to be also THAT type of boy mom that makes a competition about everything regarding her son. It’s always the „but I love him more“-, „but I know him better than you“ and „you are so lucky my son chose you"-passive aggressiveness that she communicates in her subtext.
What both, my boyfriend and I, didn’t know was that their relationship was literally too close. For him it was normal (he doesn’t have much reference since he doesn’t have a lot of social contacts and is not very outspoken) to go on a wellness weekend with his mom instead of his girlfriend because „she has no one else to go with“, cancel plans because his mom wants to do something instead, order sex toys together or let his mom describe him that intimate, that people literally (I was there) ask, if she is talking about her husband oooorrr ??? At the same time they are bitching at each other like crazy … but I feel like this is on of the few things that are normal and relatable here.
There are much more fun stories but this is just a background information, that you can get a glimpse on what is going on.
He once came to me after having another fight with her and told me that he thinks his mom traumatized him all his life and that he has the feeling something is wrong since my mom and me are much more distant but never fight and are always happy about each others company. It was then that I knew he was ready to get out or there. We started the process on getting him out of the apartment and into an own place (we moved in together) and him starting trauma therapy. He started his therapy in February and we got our apartment in April. It really changed him positively, he made a lot of progress so far and I am so happy to see him start his independent life and seeing his mental health skyrocket in that regard. He sets clear boundaries, differs between a relationship to his mother and girlfriend and sets his priorities more fitting to his age and stage in life.
So to my concern:
She still calls him „Darling“, „Sweetheart“, „Honey“, „Baby“ and „Sweetie“. My mom still sometimes calls me „Mouse“ which I tolerate since she likes it so much but I told her often enough since being a teenager to keep it low profile which I, again, think is a very normal thing. He also never says a thing to his mom. But today I called him a pet name and he kind of snapped and went like:“ Why are you always calling me random pet names? You are just like your ex boyfriend who called you made up fantasy names. I just wanna know why you would call me „baby language“ pet names.“.
Beside from being compared to your ex (he apologized for that right away), I was really appalled by the fact he had a problem with that. I explained that he never has a problem with his mom calling him several pet names so I assumed he likes pet names in general. He paused and replied:“ Well maybe I don’t like pet names generally speaking“. I asked him why he then never tells his mom to shut it off but rather me and he just told me that he simply didn’t know and we went to bed kind of unresolved.
I’d like to have your opinion: Could it possibly be a cultural misunderstanding, his ongoing trauma recovery process, retrograde jealousy because of my ex or is it a thing that people generally differ between who’s using pet names?
Thanks in advance!
Tl:dr: My boyfriend lets his mom, who he has a toxic co-dependent relationship to, call him sweet pet names but doesn’t want me to do so.
2024.05.29 01:38 Ninja_SurgeFairy [Discussion] Nonlinear powerscaling and why I feel circumstances are important in fights
Something I wish was taken into account more in Fairy Tail was circumstances and how they play into battles. There's two major kinds of powerscaling I've seen in fiction; linear and nonlinear.
Linear powerscaling seemingly refers to a concrete system in which the power structure is solid and nigh-unbreakable, those who are stronger can almost never be beaten by those who are weaker and if they are, its considered an asspull or nonsense. Meanwhile, nonlinear powerscaling is seemingly a way of powerscaling where yes, a character can be definitively far stronger than their opponents, but circumstances can allow a far weaker person to overcome that snd pull out a win anyway, and not just with a power up.
A good example of nonlinear powerscaling is the Light Novel series "A Certain Magical Index." The Novels have many examples of this so I'll mention one that's prominent in the first series of Novels (later subtitled Old Testament). Accelerator is the #1 ranked Level 5 Espers in Academy City. And because of this, he's one of the strongest characters in the series despite a significant weakness caused by brain damage. Accelerator posesses Vector Control and reflection, but because of this, he's never trained his body and is physically weak to basic physical attacks like punches and kicks if someone can bypass his reflective barrier (which is difficult, but can be done).
Another example is the fight with Great Ape Vegeta in DBZ. Now I know DBZ is popular and has been around for so long, but I'll still spoiler tag it just in case. DBZ is when Power Levels were introduced and for the most part, they're consistent even if they go crazy in the sense that having a stronger Power Level typically grants someone the win and that pushes the heroes to aim to get stronge. But against Great Ape Vegeta, Yajirobe saves the day. And not because he's stronger. But because he cuts Vegeta's tail off. Now, Toriyama, may he rest peacefully, could've had it be that the tails are so durable that only something on par with an Ozaru Saiyan could cut it off. But that's not the case and so Yajirobe could take him out of that form with his sword.
Now, there can be overlap. Selene for example is significantly stronger than Georg and stomps him into the ground. Natsu beat Dobengal with one punch because of his strength. And as I mentioned, Dragon Ball Z has an example (and others I could probably think of) of a circumstantial win rather than "I'm stronger." But as could probably be extrapolated from my Fairy Tail examples, I think Fairy Tail as an example of a series that strongly features nonlinear powerscaling, where circumstances are important to the outcome of fights, which I don't think gets taken into account enough.
This isn’t to say that strength doesn't matter in fights, it does. Characters get stronger and that plays into how fights go. But I don't think that means it's impossible for Characters who are weaker power wise to win and that if they do, I don't think it means the Character they beat is a fraudulent fodder.
I could use examples like Ultear vs. Zeref to explain this. But I think a really good example is Sting vs. Larcade. Larcade was stated to have the potential to fight against Acnologia, but gets called a fraud or this fight gets insulted because he lost to Sting, who is not on the strength level of other characters.
Now, people are entitled to feel how they want to about a fight, none of this is to tell people how to feel on fights or to not criticize them. But the thing is, Sting's victory, while impressive, wasn't, in my view, about stronger or weaker, nor was it the "power of friendship BS" some will call it as. Larcade wasn't strong as or stronger than Acnologia, but Acnologia still had the potential for the desires Larcade could effect and Larcade wasn't stated to have the limit of Brandish where his spells can't effect those with greater Magic Power (we also saw that despite the fact that Sting can eat and counter White Magic, he could be effected by those spells). And while I think Sting is strong, I don't think it was solely strength that gave him a win against the 3rd strongest Spriggan. He and the others fought through the desire-based spells with willpower, he could counter Larcade's White Magic attacks, got a boost from Rogue's Magic, help from Kagura to enter his shadow, and used a decently strong finisher.
It's not like Sting strong armed Larcade and defeated him because he was the stronger of the two (not downplaying Sting, just saying I think he's strong, but not as strong). And it's not like Larcade is above Acnologia. He defeated Larcade because circumstances helped. This doesn't mean that "Sting didn't do anything, it was all happenstance!" No, their efforts were of course the major factor of why Sting one. When I say circumstances, I mean things like how powers interact, the help of certain allies, and the nature of certain powers. The Index Novels actually had something similar to the Larcade-Sting thing with a character whose ability to effect some similar concepts could help against a broken character and this did not cause her to be called a fodder when we see that she's not on this character's level and weaker characters could beat her.
So this brings us to today's Chapter. Yes, Raj lost in one Chapter and 2 hits. I understand that's happened a few times and people don't like it. And people have the right to not like that. But I think that Raj's Fire Illusion Magic; being able to trap people in illusions which eventually cause them to burn up, is incredibly broken. He activated it remotely, with his victims unaware, and a convincing enough illusion can probably seal the deal for his opponents. Yet, he's already getting crapped on for his loss and there's a high chance he'll just get called a fodder without taking into account how potentially broken his capabilities are, instead just saying "he lost in 1 Chapter" or "the Exceeds kicked him.". Yes, he's not highly durable. Why does he need to be? We already knew very early on that Mages often don't train their physical bodies and a Mage like Raj in particular literally fights remotely. Being strong in this series isn't always about being able to take a bunch of hits, because not all Mages train for that and someone like Raj wouldn't be inclined to do so.
My point is, I feel like circumstances could be taken into account more when it comes to fights. I gave only a couple examples, but sometimes it's like "Natsu is Dragon God level because he's beat Dragon Gods," "this character lost in this many Chapters so they're fodder," etc without acknowledging circumstances and the role they play in the fights.
Nonlinear powerscaling is a good perspective because fights in a series like Fairy Tail aren't always about "Bickslow beat Giorgio (just making up a name) so Bickslow is far stronger and Giorgio is fodder," its not always about "Giorgio lost in 1 Chapter so clearly he's a loser fraud" who is expected to lose all matchups he's put in without analyzing his capabilities, and it's not always about "Giorgio is stronger so it should be impossible for Bickslow to beat him and if he does its 'power of friendship nonsense' or an asspull."
Maybe Giorgio is far stronger than Bickslow and has a power that can defeat most enemies, but Bickslow used a bunch of his dolls to distract him and struck him on the back with one doll he didn't see, it struck him in the back, and he has a bad back.
This isn’t to say "don't complain about 1 chapter fights, quick losses, and one/twoshots." No. I just wish characters with potentially broken powers didn't get reduced to fodder in matchups without explanation on how characters overcome their abilities because "he was one shot by so and so," "he lost in 1 Chapter," etc. Circumstances and capabilities matter.
submitted by Ninja_SurgeFairy to fairytail [link] [comments]
Linear powerscaling seemingly refers to a concrete system in which the power structure is solid and nigh-unbreakable, those who are stronger can almost never be beaten by those who are weaker and if they are, its considered an asspull or nonsense. Meanwhile, nonlinear powerscaling is seemingly a way of powerscaling where yes, a character can be definitively far stronger than their opponents, but circumstances can allow a far weaker person to overcome that snd pull out a win anyway, and not just with a power up.
A good example of nonlinear powerscaling is the Light Novel series "A Certain Magical Index." The Novels have many examples of this so I'll mention one that's prominent in the first series of Novels (later subtitled Old Testament). Accelerator is the #1 ranked Level 5 Espers in Academy City. And because of this, he's one of the strongest characters in the series despite a significant weakness caused by brain damage. Accelerator posesses Vector Control and reflection, but because of this, he's never trained his body and is physically weak to basic physical attacks like punches and kicks if someone can bypass his reflective barrier (which is difficult, but can be done).
Another example is the fight with Great Ape Vegeta in DBZ. Now I know DBZ is popular and has been around for so long, but I'll still spoiler tag it just in case. DBZ is when Power Levels were introduced and for the most part, they're consistent even if they go crazy in the sense that having a stronger Power Level typically grants someone the win and that pushes the heroes to aim to get stronge. But against Great Ape Vegeta, Yajirobe saves the day. And not because he's stronger. But because he cuts Vegeta's tail off. Now, Toriyama, may he rest peacefully, could've had it be that the tails are so durable that only something on par with an Ozaru Saiyan could cut it off. But that's not the case and so Yajirobe could take him out of that form with his sword.
Now, there can be overlap. Selene for example is significantly stronger than Georg and stomps him into the ground. Natsu beat Dobengal with one punch because of his strength. And as I mentioned, Dragon Ball Z has an example (and others I could probably think of) of a circumstantial win rather than "I'm stronger." But as could probably be extrapolated from my Fairy Tail examples, I think Fairy Tail as an example of a series that strongly features nonlinear powerscaling, where circumstances are important to the outcome of fights, which I don't think gets taken into account enough.
This isn’t to say that strength doesn't matter in fights, it does. Characters get stronger and that plays into how fights go. But I don't think that means it's impossible for Characters who are weaker power wise to win and that if they do, I don't think it means the Character they beat is a fraudulent fodder.
I could use examples like Ultear vs. Zeref to explain this. But I think a really good example is Sting vs. Larcade. Larcade was stated to have the potential to fight against Acnologia, but gets called a fraud or this fight gets insulted because he lost to Sting, who is not on the strength level of other characters.
Now, people are entitled to feel how they want to about a fight, none of this is to tell people how to feel on fights or to not criticize them. But the thing is, Sting's victory, while impressive, wasn't, in my view, about stronger or weaker, nor was it the "power of friendship BS" some will call it as. Larcade wasn't strong as or stronger than Acnologia, but Acnologia still had the potential for the desires Larcade could effect and Larcade wasn't stated to have the limit of Brandish where his spells can't effect those with greater Magic Power (we also saw that despite the fact that Sting can eat and counter White Magic, he could be effected by those spells). And while I think Sting is strong, I don't think it was solely strength that gave him a win against the 3rd strongest Spriggan. He and the others fought through the desire-based spells with willpower, he could counter Larcade's White Magic attacks, got a boost from Rogue's Magic, help from Kagura to enter his shadow, and used a decently strong finisher.
It's not like Sting strong armed Larcade and defeated him because he was the stronger of the two (not downplaying Sting, just saying I think he's strong, but not as strong). And it's not like Larcade is above Acnologia. He defeated Larcade because circumstances helped. This doesn't mean that "Sting didn't do anything, it was all happenstance!" No, their efforts were of course the major factor of why Sting one. When I say circumstances, I mean things like how powers interact, the help of certain allies, and the nature of certain powers. The Index Novels actually had something similar to the Larcade-Sting thing with a character whose ability to effect some similar concepts could help against a broken character and this did not cause her to be called a fodder when we see that she's not on this character's level and weaker characters could beat her.
So this brings us to today's Chapter. Yes, Raj lost in one Chapter and 2 hits. I understand that's happened a few times and people don't like it. And people have the right to not like that. But I think that Raj's Fire Illusion Magic; being able to trap people in illusions which eventually cause them to burn up, is incredibly broken. He activated it remotely, with his victims unaware, and a convincing enough illusion can probably seal the deal for his opponents. Yet, he's already getting crapped on for his loss and there's a high chance he'll just get called a fodder without taking into account how potentially broken his capabilities are, instead just saying "he lost in 1 Chapter" or "the Exceeds kicked him.". Yes, he's not highly durable. Why does he need to be? We already knew very early on that Mages often don't train their physical bodies and a Mage like Raj in particular literally fights remotely. Being strong in this series isn't always about being able to take a bunch of hits, because not all Mages train for that and someone like Raj wouldn't be inclined to do so.
My point is, I feel like circumstances could be taken into account more when it comes to fights. I gave only a couple examples, but sometimes it's like "Natsu is Dragon God level because he's beat Dragon Gods," "this character lost in this many Chapters so they're fodder," etc without acknowledging circumstances and the role they play in the fights.
Nonlinear powerscaling is a good perspective because fights in a series like Fairy Tail aren't always about "Bickslow beat Giorgio (just making up a name) so Bickslow is far stronger and Giorgio is fodder," its not always about "Giorgio lost in 1 Chapter so clearly he's a loser fraud" who is expected to lose all matchups he's put in without analyzing his capabilities, and it's not always about "Giorgio is stronger so it should be impossible for Bickslow to beat him and if he does its 'power of friendship nonsense' or an asspull."
Maybe Giorgio is far stronger than Bickslow and has a power that can defeat most enemies, but Bickslow used a bunch of his dolls to distract him and struck him on the back with one doll he didn't see, it struck him in the back, and he has a bad back.
This isn’t to say "don't complain about 1 chapter fights, quick losses, and one/twoshots." No. I just wish characters with potentially broken powers didn't get reduced to fodder in matchups without explanation on how characters overcome their abilities because "he was one shot by so and so," "he lost in 1 Chapter," etc. Circumstances and capabilities matter.
2024.05.29 01:34 TerrantulaX Is my relationship more than platonic?
Warning this is going to be a VERY LONG post. I am just going to start plain and simple. I (M23) have been friends with this girl (F23) for the past 8 or so years now since high school. For brevity I will refer to her as “Lara”. Overtime we have become incredibly close to one another. She often confides in me first on very serious topics and I will spend hours on the phone talking to her about various subjects and her relationships (she is a serial monogamist). I also visit her quite often even though she lives about an hour away for school.
This past weekend is when things get a bit more confusing in my own mind. I went to the movies with some other friends of mine. We got drinks at a cocktail bar before hand. During the conversation it came up that two of my newest acquaintances (both women) assumed I had dated Lara in the past or that we were currently dating and that from an outside observer that’s what it looked like. I wasn’t shocked by this statement as other people had assumed me and her were a couple before in the past and male friends of mine have even asked permission to see her in the past, even though I’ve never been an item with her.
The movie let out at almost 1 in the morning. My friend Lara has expressed interest in meeting up after my screening to hang out, I failed to mention this to the group. I noticed my two females friends seemed a bit put off by this. And their words were ringing in my head as I thought about how she drove across town at like 1 am on a Sunday to hang with us. We returned to the cocktail bar in which I immediately offer to buy Lara a drink. The hour passes the bar closes and we decide to go home, when walking to our cars I keep brushing Lara’s hand on accident. For some reason it made me start to feel weird maybe it was what was said earlier by my other friends, but the energy just felt different than usual.
The next day Lara and I went shopping. Where she made several jokes about us pretending to be a couple. Which is a joke we have made before in the past. She is currently seeing someone right now, but was joking about us being a couple taking a cooking class or how I’d be pushing a stroller, with her and her new man’s child in it. I’m not a very overly masculine man or someone who has a lot of machismo, yet it felt oddly emasculating to hear her say that.
When she was shopping she was trying on some dresses and asking my opinion. Now I know Lara is attractive but she looked so good in this one dress, I hate to say it since she is my friend but I was checking her out like crazy. I offered to buy it for her. She refused the offer (which is fine since I’m pretty irresponsible with money). However the whole shopping experience and how genuinely happy I felt made me wonder “oh God do I like Lara”. Like I said I know she is attractive and it’s not like I’ve never entertained the idea of us doing things. But we are such genuine friends that it’s so past that point in our relationship, it feels like she’s my sister sometimes. And I know all her baggage and dirty laundry, so that feeling is usually not there.
So I decided to turn to Reddit for some advice (lol) and started to read a bunch of stories about platonic relationships, and started to realize that maybe Lara and I did not have a normal Platonic relationship. I was reading from other users in platonic relationships as they described incidents in which they were cuddling their friends. Much to my surprise most commenters said this is something that platonic friends do not do. Which is a problem because Lara is quite touchy. For example a couple of months ago after a night out drinking I was back at Lara’s apartment when I asked if I could sleep in bed with her, since I’m too tall for her couch and it always fucks up my back. I was planning fully on just staying on my side of the bed. But before I’m even in the bed she tells me to take off my pants since I’m wearing jeans. I do and get in bed I’m ready to just pass the fuck out and go to bed but she says “are you going to cuddle me?” Almost like it was an expectation for me to do so, I end up spooning with her all night. In the morning we just relaxed in her bed, she asks for me to rub her foot and massage her leg. And it’s like super incredibly casual she’s just showing me things on her phone as I’m just rubbing up her leg which she has across my body.
If it was an isolated incident I’d say whatever. But it’s not. Over the years I ’m constantly giving her back massages under her bra, rubbing her feet, and even during a leg massage in which when I asked “where she wanted me to massage” she said “higher” and so I did but when it wasn’t high enough she directed me to her inner thigh.
And now this is stupid but I’m thinking “wait does Lara like me?”
I almost doubt this assertion because I am nowhere near her type. I’m like super out of shape. And she likes super masculine guys. Which is something I am not. And she is always insisting I get a girlfriend or hook up with a girl. The past boyfriends she has been with all have been pretty bad and I have helped her go through all of the breakups. Which is a problem within in itself because it feels like her trauma is my trauma, and I feel like I take on a lot of emotional stress from relationships that aren’t mine. Her newest guy seems to be the best so far so that’s a relief. Someone in another thread referred to this kind of relationship as a “Boyfriend without benefits” and unfortunately it’s made me resent when she calls me
I also asked my friend before I posted this and he says he doesn’t think she likes me like that and that it’s pretty normal that we look like a couple. Maybe I’m just bummed that we are platonic actually. She has called me her “platonic soulmate”What do y’all think is our relationship platonic?
TLDR: after a comment by other friends, I am wondering if my longtime friend and I are more than just platonic and if her touchy behavior is a part of it
submitted by TerrantulaX to relationships [link] [comments]
This past weekend is when things get a bit more confusing in my own mind. I went to the movies with some other friends of mine. We got drinks at a cocktail bar before hand. During the conversation it came up that two of my newest acquaintances (both women) assumed I had dated Lara in the past or that we were currently dating and that from an outside observer that’s what it looked like. I wasn’t shocked by this statement as other people had assumed me and her were a couple before in the past and male friends of mine have even asked permission to see her in the past, even though I’ve never been an item with her.
The movie let out at almost 1 in the morning. My friend Lara has expressed interest in meeting up after my screening to hang out, I failed to mention this to the group. I noticed my two females friends seemed a bit put off by this. And their words were ringing in my head as I thought about how she drove across town at like 1 am on a Sunday to hang with us. We returned to the cocktail bar in which I immediately offer to buy Lara a drink. The hour passes the bar closes and we decide to go home, when walking to our cars I keep brushing Lara’s hand on accident. For some reason it made me start to feel weird maybe it was what was said earlier by my other friends, but the energy just felt different than usual.
The next day Lara and I went shopping. Where she made several jokes about us pretending to be a couple. Which is a joke we have made before in the past. She is currently seeing someone right now, but was joking about us being a couple taking a cooking class or how I’d be pushing a stroller, with her and her new man’s child in it. I’m not a very overly masculine man or someone who has a lot of machismo, yet it felt oddly emasculating to hear her say that.
When she was shopping she was trying on some dresses and asking my opinion. Now I know Lara is attractive but she looked so good in this one dress, I hate to say it since she is my friend but I was checking her out like crazy. I offered to buy it for her. She refused the offer (which is fine since I’m pretty irresponsible with money). However the whole shopping experience and how genuinely happy I felt made me wonder “oh God do I like Lara”. Like I said I know she is attractive and it’s not like I’ve never entertained the idea of us doing things. But we are such genuine friends that it’s so past that point in our relationship, it feels like she’s my sister sometimes. And I know all her baggage and dirty laundry, so that feeling is usually not there.
So I decided to turn to Reddit for some advice (lol) and started to read a bunch of stories about platonic relationships, and started to realize that maybe Lara and I did not have a normal Platonic relationship. I was reading from other users in platonic relationships as they described incidents in which they were cuddling their friends. Much to my surprise most commenters said this is something that platonic friends do not do. Which is a problem because Lara is quite touchy. For example a couple of months ago after a night out drinking I was back at Lara’s apartment when I asked if I could sleep in bed with her, since I’m too tall for her couch and it always fucks up my back. I was planning fully on just staying on my side of the bed. But before I’m even in the bed she tells me to take off my pants since I’m wearing jeans. I do and get in bed I’m ready to just pass the fuck out and go to bed but she says “are you going to cuddle me?” Almost like it was an expectation for me to do so, I end up spooning with her all night. In the morning we just relaxed in her bed, she asks for me to rub her foot and massage her leg. And it’s like super incredibly casual she’s just showing me things on her phone as I’m just rubbing up her leg which she has across my body.
If it was an isolated incident I’d say whatever. But it’s not. Over the years I ’m constantly giving her back massages under her bra, rubbing her feet, and even during a leg massage in which when I asked “where she wanted me to massage” she said “higher” and so I did but when it wasn’t high enough she directed me to her inner thigh.
And now this is stupid but I’m thinking “wait does Lara like me?”
I almost doubt this assertion because I am nowhere near her type. I’m like super out of shape. And she likes super masculine guys. Which is something I am not. And she is always insisting I get a girlfriend or hook up with a girl. The past boyfriends she has been with all have been pretty bad and I have helped her go through all of the breakups. Which is a problem within in itself because it feels like her trauma is my trauma, and I feel like I take on a lot of emotional stress from relationships that aren’t mine. Her newest guy seems to be the best so far so that’s a relief. Someone in another thread referred to this kind of relationship as a “Boyfriend without benefits” and unfortunately it’s made me resent when she calls me
I also asked my friend before I posted this and he says he doesn’t think she likes me like that and that it’s pretty normal that we look like a couple. Maybe I’m just bummed that we are platonic actually. She has called me her “platonic soulmate”What do y’all think is our relationship platonic?
TLDR: after a comment by other friends, I am wondering if my longtime friend and I are more than just platonic and if her touchy behavior is a part of it
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submitted by John_Smith_4724 to certificationsyouneed [link] [comments]
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2024.05.29 01:26 sherylcrow666 [phys 1] what’s going on with this equation?
![[phys 1] what’s going on with this equation?](https://preview.redd.it/8b2qeeik493d1.jpeg?width=640&crop=smart&auto=webp&s=b5eed5247794bcd501ceb6430888cce5313bfb40 "[phys 1] what’s going on with this equation?") | where does the v0[(v(t)-v0)/a] go? submitted by sherylcrow666 to PhysicsStudents [link] [comments] i got the final line as the first part of my answer + that second bit expanded. |
2024.05.29 01:26 FOREXcom USD/JPY breaks it latest glass ceiling, crude oil surges ahead of OPEC+. May 29, 2024
 | USD/JPY closed above 157 for the first time since the MOF last intervened, which brings 158 into focus for bulls. Crude oil also rose over 3% on Tuesday from arguably oversold levels. submitted by FOREXcom to Forexstrategy [link] [comments] By : Matt Simpson, Market Analyst On May 1st, we saw USD/JPY plunge nearly 500 pips from its daily high in what is thought to have been the second intervention from the MOF (Japan's Ministry of Finance). While one could argue this goes against fundamentals and that it is futile for a central bank to fight them, it can also be argued that their objective was achieved: to slow the decline of the yen. The MOF (and BOJ) are more concerned with the speed of the yen's depreciation, rather than the specific level at which it trades. However, this doesn't prevent market forces from establishing key levels of their own. This past week, 157 appeared to be the latest self-imposed glass ceiling for USD/JPY, until we saw a daily close above it on Tuesday. Click the website link below to get our exclusive Guide to oil trading in Q2 2024. https://www.forex.com/en-us/market-outlooks-2024/q2-oil-outlook/ https://preview.redd.it/6w1prf6o393d1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=9436bfd38760280d4b6316669b1f7461f1dc9edd USD/JPY technical analysis:The daily chart shows a bullish engulfing day that closed above a tight 3-day range and the 157 handle. Its low found support above the 156.28 high, and my bias remains bullish above this level. While I see the potential for further gains, I also suspect gains may be on the cautious side as we approach the 'MOF intervention level' near 158 – making it the latest self-imposed glass ceiling for prices. At least heading into Friday's PCE inflation report from the US. The 1-hour chart shows a strong rebound from the weekly pivot point, and prices are consolidating near the day's high. Pullbacks towards 157 may appeal to bulls, with the daily R1 pivot (near 157.40) and the weekly R1 pivot (near 157.60) providing potential upside targets.https://preview.redd.it/5j2yiwpq393d1.png?width=1534&format=png&auto=webp&s=7815aba7d0f4037f0cd388391612a59b023ba149 Crude oil surges 3% ahead of OPEC+Crude oil rose over 3% on Tuesday on expectations that OPEC+ will extend their output cut at next week’s meeting. Whilst I cannot claim to have foresaw that particular rally, it did not come without warning. Managed funds and large specs reduced gross shorts for a second week up until last Tuesday, managed funds increased longs. And intraday spikes below $77 were consistently bought.WTI crude oil rose at its fastest daily pace in two months with a firm close above the 200-day EMA, although it has met resistance around the 200-day average and $80. With momentum clearly picking up from the lows, it appears the upside could be the path of least resistance. Crude oil technical analysis:Intraday prices action shows a very strong move higher since its recovery back above $77 with practically no pullbacks along the way. WTI is higher during early Asian trade, and any pullback towards the $80 – which is also near the monthly S1 pivot and high-volume node of the $77-$80 trading range are likely levels of support. The next stop of WTI crude oil seems to be the $81 - $81.57 range.https://preview.redd.it/76nvvkbw393d1.png?width=1534&format=png&auto=webp&s=5ec487d0007bb3822753d1dbbbdae1edbfb56d1d
Economic events (times in AEST)Australia’s inflation report will be the main event for RBA watchers today, but unless we see a material drop off in prices it seems unlikely to sway the RBA’s current stance; rates to remain at 4.35% with a slight hawkish bias. Besides, as my colleague David Scutt pointed out to me this morning, “Just remember with cpi that this version is useless for services prices” as he thinks “two services categories are updated in the first month of the quarter”. As the case may be, a sudden and welcomed drop in the figures should make AUD/USD react with a bearish jolt and likely send the ASX 200 up from its lows, even if the RBA will want more data before dropping their hawkish bias.
-- Written by Matt Simpson Follow Matt on Twitter @cLeverEdge https://www.forex.com/en-us/news-and-analysis/usd-jpy-breaks-it-latest-glass-ceiling-crude-oil-surges-ahead-of-opec-2024-05-29/ The information on this web site is not targeted at the general public of any particular country. It is not intended for distribution to residents in any country where such distribution or use would contravene any local law or regulatory requirement. The information and opinions in this report are for general information use only and are not intended as an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any currency or CFD contract. All opinions and information contained in this report are subject to change without notice. This report has been prepared without regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and needs of any particular recipient. Any references to historical price movements or levels is informational based on our analysis and we do not represent or warranty that any such movements or levels are likely to reoccur in the future. While the information contained herein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, author does not guarantee its accuracy or completeness, nor does author assume any liability for any direct, indirect or consequential loss that may result from the reliance by any person upon any such information or opinions. Futures, Options on Futures, Foreign Exchange and other leveraged products involves significant risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Losses can exceed your deposits. Increasing leverage increases risk. Spot Gold and Silver contracts are not subject to regulation under the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act. Contracts for Difference (CFDs) are not available for US residents. Before deciding to trade forex, commodity futures, or digital assets, you should carefully consider your financial objectives, level of experience and risk appetite. Any opinions, news, research, analyses, prices or other information contained herein is intended as general information about the subject matter covered and is provided with the understanding that we do not provide any investment, legal, or tax advice. You should consult with appropriate counsel or other advisors on all investment, legal, or tax matters. References to FOREX.com or GAIN Capital refer to StoneX Group Inc. and its subsidiaries. Please read Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. |
2024.05.29 01:23 ToedPlays The Wright Brothers — Sharing a Page
I was going down a Wikipedia rabbithole and noticed that the Wright Brothers - i.e. aviation pioneers Orville and Wilbur Wright - share a Wikipedia pages and do not have their own separate articles.
I tried to think of some similar examples of two people who are often thought of together, and checked how they fared in this area.
The first duo I thought of were the Brothers Grimm. I've never heard them refered to separately. But they didn't get the same treatment — Jacob and Wilhelm get their own pages in addition to their shared one.
Romulus and Remus — the semi-mythical founders of Rome — also came to mind. While Romulus does indeed have his own article, his twin brother does not.
Figured I'd share this little tangent I went on, for general useless trivia or to see if anyone had any other examples.
submitted by ToedPlays to wikipedia [link] [comments]
I tried to think of some similar examples of two people who are often thought of together, and checked how they fared in this area.
The first duo I thought of were the Brothers Grimm. I've never heard them refered to separately. But they didn't get the same treatment — Jacob and Wilhelm get their own pages in addition to their shared one.
Romulus and Remus — the semi-mythical founders of Rome — also came to mind. While Romulus does indeed have his own article, his twin brother does not.
Figured I'd share this little tangent I went on, for general useless trivia or to see if anyone had any other examples.
2024.05.29 01:20 Fearless-Panda-123 Must Haves for Entry Level Tri Bikes?
Looking to buy my first entry-level tri-bike and am curious to hear everyone's thoughts on what "adds the most value" in a Tri Bike? For example, bikesdirect is selling an Aluminum Frame Full 105 Groupset Tri bike for ~$1000 (https://www.bikesdirect.com/products/motobecane/triathlon-bikes/nemesis-triathlon-bikes.htm). Geometry, from what I can tell, looks to be pretty standard/generic tri-bike, although its still running rim brakes and not disc. Most other entry level tri bikes I see look to be $3000-$4000+ (new), for a comparable 105 groupset, though of course, these are mostly carbon frames (and mostly disc brakes) -- which of course just begs the question "am I just paying more for a carbon frame" and if so, it that worth the premium? Even used entry-level bikes in my area are running in the low $1000s (as a minimum). Likewise, saving money on the bike ofc leaves more money for wheel upgrades.
Anyway, while I am curious about this specific bike, I'm more broadly interested in "what are your must haves" when buying a tri-bike, and what makes a tri-bike "better"? Geometry? Groupset? Aero-dynamic frame? Carbon vs Aluminum Frame? Integrated Storage/Hydration? etc?
I also have a ~8 year old endurance-geometry, 105 Groupset aluminum-frame bike with clip-on aero's that I've been using so far in races. The main reason I want to upgrade is just to get a more comfortable geometry to hopefully help my legs feel a bit better on the run... but I do kind of wonder at what point its worth it to just stick with that setup and will I really see an improvement buying a ~10 year old used entry level tri bike or an aluminum one like I linked to earlier?
(For reference, doing 3 70.3's this year, with some shorter stuff mixed in here & there too)
submitted by Fearless-Panda-123 to triathlon [link] [comments]
Anyway, while I am curious about this specific bike, I'm more broadly interested in "what are your must haves" when buying a tri-bike, and what makes a tri-bike "better"? Geometry? Groupset? Aero-dynamic frame? Carbon vs Aluminum Frame? Integrated Storage/Hydration? etc?
I also have a ~8 year old endurance-geometry, 105 Groupset aluminum-frame bike with clip-on aero's that I've been using so far in races. The main reason I want to upgrade is just to get a more comfortable geometry to hopefully help my legs feel a bit better on the run... but I do kind of wonder at what point its worth it to just stick with that setup and will I really see an improvement buying a ~10 year old used entry level tri bike or an aluminum one like I linked to earlier?
(For reference, doing 3 70.3's this year, with some shorter stuff mixed in here & there too)
2024.05.29 01:19 SenorPelle CMV: Che Guevara shouldn’t be celebrated
Now, the fact I have to make a post about this is just insane to me. I mean seriously, this man was disgusting and he's seen as a symbol of counterculture and leftism.
Okay, so here's a few things to note,
Che killed and tortured people, He set up 'Military Units to Aid Production', which was basically a nice way to say concentration camps.
And nowadays he's loved by 'hippies' and people with similar 'hippie' ideals. When really under Che's belief system they'd be sent to the camps to work. Or well, murdered.
And this figure used by 'provocative people', let's hear his provocative and thought provoking ideals.
He referred to homosexuals as 'sexual perverts' Mexicans as 'a band of illiterate Indians ' And how about we hear what he claimed about African-Americans "Those magnificent examples of the African race, who have maintained their racial purity." Not too bad right? Well let me finish, "thanks to their lack of affinity with bathing."
Wow, seems like an inclusive intelligent man right? He really goes with modern leftist ideals right? (Complete sarcasm) celebrating this man in the modern day is hilarious. And the groups of people who do would be the types of people Che would have liked to seen in work camps.
Something else, he's looking up at us shaking his head. Seeing people who claim he's a hero with his merchandise. I'm so glad his supporters talk against capitalism but when buying his merchandise is just that.
submitted by SenorPelle to changemyview [link] [comments]
Okay, so here's a few things to note,
Che killed and tortured people, He set up 'Military Units to Aid Production', which was basically a nice way to say concentration camps.
And nowadays he's loved by 'hippies' and people with similar 'hippie' ideals. When really under Che's belief system they'd be sent to the camps to work. Or well, murdered.
And this figure used by 'provocative people', let's hear his provocative and thought provoking ideals.
He referred to homosexuals as 'sexual perverts' Mexicans as 'a band of illiterate Indians ' And how about we hear what he claimed about African-Americans "Those magnificent examples of the African race, who have maintained their racial purity." Not too bad right? Well let me finish, "thanks to their lack of affinity with bathing."
Wow, seems like an inclusive intelligent man right? He really goes with modern leftist ideals right? (Complete sarcasm) celebrating this man in the modern day is hilarious. And the groups of people who do would be the types of people Che would have liked to seen in work camps.
Something else, he's looking up at us shaking his head. Seeing people who claim he's a hero with his merchandise. I'm so glad his supporters talk against capitalism but when buying his merchandise is just that.
2024.05.29 01:14 Capital-Rich-9727 Breach of settlement agreement
Short version. I was forced out of work by way of a settlement agreement. I took the settlement because almost immediately after initiating job hunting I received an offer of employment for more money. This meant that I would have received nothing from a successful unfaiconstructive dismissal claim.
Part of the terms of agreement included a provision that neither party is to speak ill of the other. The day after I left the company my employers wife (who had been the root of everything to begin with), was making false accusations about me meddling with their online ticketing system. 1) I never had access on the system to do this as she gatekept it. 2) I was at my second job from 7-4:30 and would not have been able to do what she claimed. She simply did not understand the system. The accusations were witnessed by three members of staff, all of whom are feeling aggrieved by my sudden departure.
The witnesses contacted me to let me know of the situation. I immediately contact my ex employer to remind him of the terms of the agreement and that his wife had been making disparaging remarks and false accusations about me. I advised that those who had brought this to my attention should be afforded the relevant protection for whistleblowing with reference to “failure to comply with a legal obligation” as he would sooner scold the employees rather than address the issue itself (his wife’s conduct).
I asked him to ensure it did not happen to again and that I was awaiting an apology in due course. He read the message but didn’t it reply
I’m due to speak to my solicitor about it tomorrow. Is a cease and desist from a solicitor a feasable option here as a second incident would definitely be breach of contract? I think he believes by ignoring me he doesn’t have to deal with it. I’m prepared to let it go this one time with a written apology from his wife.
For context husband is the business owner, wife is an employee.
submitted by Capital-Rich-9727 to LegalAdviceUK [link] [comments]
Part of the terms of agreement included a provision that neither party is to speak ill of the other. The day after I left the company my employers wife (who had been the root of everything to begin with), was making false accusations about me meddling with their online ticketing system. 1) I never had access on the system to do this as she gatekept it. 2) I was at my second job from 7-4:30 and would not have been able to do what she claimed. She simply did not understand the system. The accusations were witnessed by three members of staff, all of whom are feeling aggrieved by my sudden departure.
The witnesses contacted me to let me know of the situation. I immediately contact my ex employer to remind him of the terms of the agreement and that his wife had been making disparaging remarks and false accusations about me. I advised that those who had brought this to my attention should be afforded the relevant protection for whistleblowing with reference to “failure to comply with a legal obligation” as he would sooner scold the employees rather than address the issue itself (his wife’s conduct).
I asked him to ensure it did not happen to again and that I was awaiting an apology in due course. He read the message but didn’t it reply
I’m due to speak to my solicitor about it tomorrow. Is a cease and desist from a solicitor a feasable option here as a second incident would definitely be breach of contract? I think he believes by ignoring me he doesn’t have to deal with it. I’m prepared to let it go this one time with a written apology from his wife.
For context husband is the business owner, wife is an employee.
2024.05.29 01:11 CYOA_With_Hitler What is a fair rate to pay to design a scarf?
I'm trying to work out what a fair rate it is to design a single scarf, just a vector geometric cubism based one for a certain theme.
I'm advertising $500USD and am not getting any bites?
On reddit and upwork, is it because I'm advertising in the wrong places?
Below is my pitch
"Artwork Style: I am looking for a design that is kind of like Pablo Lobato, Roy Lichtenstein, Cubism, Josh Agle, Daniel Niary, Phu Twenty, Russ Gray, and Diego Riselli.
So geometric with a bit of cubism. Here is a good example https://preview.redd.it/hiring-artist-to-create-image-like-reference-1-but-with-the-v0-fa8i93b4ox1d1.jpg?width=768&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1c7c394ee03da5156735a6ee161d1a5761f6ebf1
Character: The central figure of the artwork will be Alastor from "Hazbin Hotel." To capture his essence accurately, watching a short 20-minute clip of the character will be essential. I will provide access to the clip and ensure that your time is compensated. Clip in question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzdbP5OIVKw
Usage: The final design will be used for a square scarf, so it should be vibrant, engaging, and suitable for textile printing, in vector format to allow scaling "
submitted by CYOA_With_Hitler to graphic_design [link] [comments]
I'm advertising $500USD and am not getting any bites?
On reddit and upwork, is it because I'm advertising in the wrong places?
Below is my pitch
"Artwork Style: I am looking for a design that is kind of like Pablo Lobato, Roy Lichtenstein, Cubism, Josh Agle, Daniel Niary, Phu Twenty, Russ Gray, and Diego Riselli.
So geometric with a bit of cubism. Here is a good example https://preview.redd.it/hiring-artist-to-create-image-like-reference-1-but-with-the-v0-fa8i93b4ox1d1.jpg?width=768&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1c7c394ee03da5156735a6ee161d1a5761f6ebf1
Character: The central figure of the artwork will be Alastor from "Hazbin Hotel." To capture his essence accurately, watching a short 20-minute clip of the character will be essential. I will provide access to the clip and ensure that your time is compensated. Clip in question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzdbP5OIVKw
Usage: The final design will be used for a square scarf, so it should be vibrant, engaging, and suitable for textile printing, in vector format to allow scaling "
2024.05.29 01:08 IanNumberThree Question on the origin of the term points in games
I’m aware that in hunting the idea of a “ten point buck” for example is in direct reference to the number of tines on the deer’s antler. I was wondering if there’s any direct relation to the idea of points in a game or sport (e.g. a rook being worth five points in chess, a three point shot in basketball). I haven’t had any luck tracing the origin and would appreciate any help!
submitted by IanNumberThree to etymology [link] [comments]
2024.05.29 01:08 xxyz_xxyz The Magical Turnabout (6-2)
Is it just me or did the writing for that case feel a little awkward? I'm not talking about how the case itself was written, I'm specifically referring to the dialogue and interactions. It was perfectly fine for the rest of the game and I can't really put my finger on what exactly it was but 6-2 just had a bit of a weird vibe going on for some reason.
submitted by xxyz_xxyz to AceAttorney [link] [comments]
2024.05.29 01:06 FenderBenderDefender Unable to use the same journal after returning to journaling
I've been journaling on and off for the past 4(?) years. Even as a kid I had a habit of finding some notebook I won at an arcade or something and scribbling in it regularly for a month. Consistency's been hard and now that it's summer it's something I've really been wanting to work on.
If i were able to compile every single entry I've ever written (including my list of vinyl records that I update every time I get a new one), I'd probably be able to fill 2-3 whole journals. The problem is that whenever I start writing more again, usually after some significant life event, I always use a new book.
For example, after my ex and I broke up I went into a little writing frenzy that lessened the more I moved on from the relationship before eventually stopping. When I picked up journaling again a month ago, I used a new book I got from my college orientation because it just felt too awkward to write a new, completely unrelated entry about college a page after an entry from November about how much I hate running into some girl that I don't hate nearly as much anymore.
This also happened to the journal I kept during the early days of the pandemic, my journal describing how I felt after my concussions, and my middle school journal detailing everybody I hated for various petty reasons.
Does anybody else experience this? I doubt anybody who's kept the habit has but still.
submitted by FenderBenderDefender to Journaling [link] [comments]
If i were able to compile every single entry I've ever written (including my list of vinyl records that I update every time I get a new one), I'd probably be able to fill 2-3 whole journals. The problem is that whenever I start writing more again, usually after some significant life event, I always use a new book.
For example, after my ex and I broke up I went into a little writing frenzy that lessened the more I moved on from the relationship before eventually stopping. When I picked up journaling again a month ago, I used a new book I got from my college orientation because it just felt too awkward to write a new, completely unrelated entry about college a page after an entry from November about how much I hate running into some girl that I don't hate nearly as much anymore.
This also happened to the journal I kept during the early days of the pandemic, my journal describing how I felt after my concussions, and my middle school journal detailing everybody I hated for various petty reasons.
Does anybody else experience this? I doubt anybody who's kept the habit has but still.
2024.05.29 01:05 BlakeAdAHHm Using they/them
I'm a trans man, and I've been out for a little over 2 years now. For those years, I've been using he/they pronouns, and what I've found is that most of the people in my life (like my father or my therapists and doctors, for example) avoid using he/him pronouns when referring to me like the plague.
I've called them out on it a few times, but because they're technically using the right pronouns for me I feel like I can't really complain.
It makes me feel really uncomfortable though, and I don't know if I should start going by he/him exclusively to try and stop them from doing it, but at the same time I don't want to because I do like they/them when it's not being exclusively used.
submitted by BlakeAdAHHm to trans [link] [comments]
I've called them out on it a few times, but because they're technically using the right pronouns for me I feel like I can't really complain.
It makes me feel really uncomfortable though, and I don't know if I should start going by he/him exclusively to try and stop them from doing it, but at the same time I don't want to because I do like they/them when it's not being exclusively used.
2024.05.29 01:02 Interesting-Usual451 Christianity & the Roman Empire vs Modern Day Understanding of Homosexuality.
Christianity & the Roman Empire vs Homosexuality.
Understanding the Term "Arsenokoitai" in Biblical Context ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
The term "arsenokoitai," (Greek origin) often translated in modern Bibles as "homosexuals" or "men who bed men," appears in the New Testament, specifically in the letters of Paul, written during the first century AD. Understanding its historical and cultural context can shed light on its meaning and implications.
Summary of Linguistics and Paul's Use of "Arsenokoitai" ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Paul’s Use of "Arsenokoitai":
Alternative Greek Terms:
Reasons for Using "Arsenokoitai":
Paul wrote in Greek to reach a broad audience across the Roman Empire, including both Jews and Gentiles. The Greek language allowed him to communicate effectively with diverse communities.
Time Frame and Historical Context ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Roman Practices and Power Dynamics ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Exploitation and Violence ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Translation Challenges and Modern Psychology ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Modern Interpretations:
Translating "arsenokoitai" as "homosexuals" in modern Bibles can be misleading. The term originally addressed specific exploitative behaviors prevalent in the Roman context.
Cultural Misunderstandings:
Modern readers often project contemporary understandings of sexuality onto ancient texts, which can distort the original meanings and intentions. The ancient concern was more about justice and protecting the vulnerable than about regulating consensual sexual relationships.
Influence of Modern Psychology ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Homosexuality as a Mental Disorder ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
In 1946 and 1947, homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). This classification reflected contemporary psychological theories and societal attitudes, viewing homosexuality as a deviation from the norm.
Different Types of Relationships ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
While the term "arsenokoitai" focuses on specific sexual acts, it does not address the broader and more nuanced aspects of relationships. Understanding the different facets of relationships is crucial to recognizing the limitations of this term.
Intimacy ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Intimacy in relationships goes far beyond physical acts; it encompasses emotional closeness, trust, and deep personal connection. The biblical texts, particularly those using terms like "arsenokoitai," often fail to address this broader understanding of intimacy. In healthy relationships, intimacy is about sharing one's innermost thoughts, fears, and dreams with another person, creating a bond that is both profound and nurturing. This kind of intimacy fosters mutual respect and understanding, essential components of any loving relationship.
One crucial aspect of intimacy that is often overlooked and overshadowed by the focus on "arsenokoitai" is emotional intimacy—the deep sense of acceptance and validation one receives from being truly known and loved. This emotional intimacy is weaponized when biblical texts are used to condemn and marginalize individuals based on their sexuality. Instead of fostering acceptance and emotional closeness, these interpretations create barriers and promote exclusion. True intimacy, rooted in emotional acceptance, is about affirming each other's worth and creating a safe space for vulnerability and genuine connection. When this form of intimacy is ignored or denied, it undermines the foundational principles of love and compassion that should guide our relationships.
Love ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Love is the cornerstone of all meaningful relationships and a central theme in Christian teachings. Jesus emphasized love above all else, teaching us to love our neighbors as ourselves and to show compassion and kindness to everyone. In the context of relationships, love manifests as unwavering support, care, and dedication to the well-being of the other person. The term "arsenokoitai" and its traditional interpretations often miss this crucial aspect of relationships. Love is not just about physical attraction or acts; it is about forming a deep, abiding connection that transcends superficial differences and challenges societal norms. True love, as taught by Jesus, is inclusive and unconditional, celebrating the uniqueness of each individual and their right to love and be loved authentically.
Judgment ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Judgment is a significant theme in both religious teachings and societal interactions, often influencing how individuals are perceived and treated. In the context of biblical texts, particularly those like "arsenokoitai," judgment is frequently wielded as a tool for exclusion and condemnation. Jesus taught us to refrain from judging others, emphasizing that judgment is reserved for God alone. In Matthew 7:1-2, He clearly states, "Do not judge, or you too will be judged. For in the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you."
When interpretations of terms like "arsenokoitai" are used to judge and condemn individuals based on their sexuality, they stray from the core message of love and acceptance that Jesus preached. This kind of judgment creates divisions and fosters a culture of exclusion, where people are marginalized and denied the dignity and respect they deserve. True Christian teachings call us to embrace others with compassion, understanding, and an open heart.
Judgment, when misused, can be a powerful weapon that inflicts deep emotional and psychological harm. It stands in stark contrast to the values of love, intimacy, and acceptance that form the foundation of healthy, meaningful relationships. By moving away from judgment and towards a more inclusive, compassionate approach, we honor the true spirit of Jesus's teachings and create a more loving and just world for everyone.
Historical Misinterpretations and Their Consequences ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Impact: Led to widespread violence, loss of life, and long-lasting animosity between Christians and Muslims. The Crusades also had significant impacts on Jewish communities, which were often targeted by crusaders.
Resulted in the persecution, torture, and execution of thousands of people accused of heresy, witchcraft, and other religious crimes. Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity (conversos and Moriscos) were particularly targeted.
Impact: Caused immense suffering and loss of life, with significant political and territorial changes in Europe. The war ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established principles of religious tolerance in Europe.
Impact: Led to the execution of 20 people and the imprisonment of many others, creating an atmosphere of fear and hysteria.
Impact: Led to the suppression of indigenous cultures, forced conversions, and significant social disruption. Examples include the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the British colonial activities in Africa and Asia.
Impact: Led to widespread persecution of Jewish communities, including pogroms, expulsions from various European countries, and ultimately contributing to the Holocaust.
Impact: Justified the transatlantic slave trade and the systemic exploitation and oppression of African Americans, leading to deep social and racial divides that persist to this day.
Impact: Resulted in significant violence and upheaval, including massacres such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, and ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted limited tolerance to Protestants.
Impact: Led to decades of violence, terrorism, and social division, resulting in significant loss of life and lasting political tension.
These examples illustrate how interpretations of the Bible and religious authority have been used to justify conflicts, persecutions, and social disharmony throughout history. Understanding these events highlights the importance of careful and compassionate interpretation of religious texts to prevent their misuse and promote peace and understanding.
Conclusion ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Understanding the term "arsenokoitai" requires a deep dive into the historical and cultural context of the Roman Empire and early Christian teachings. This term likely referred to exploitative sexual behaviors common in Roman society, characterized by significant power imbalances and a lack of genuine consent.
Early Christian ethics, rooted in Jewish traditions, emphasized protecting the vulnerable and promoting justice, which helps explain the biblical condemnation of such practices.
The translation of "arsenokoitai" to "homosexuals" in the mid-20th century was influenced by the social and psychological context of that time, including the classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder.
This historical perspective highlights the importance of considering cultural and temporal contexts when interpreting ancient texts.Moreover, the biblical texts focus primarily on specific sexual acts rather than the broader aspects of relationships, such as emotional bonds, romantic love, and mutual support. Recognizing these dimensions is crucial for a more compassionate and comprehensive understanding of relationships.
submitted by Interesting-Usual451 to Christianity [link] [comments]
Understanding the Term "Arsenokoitai" in Biblical Context ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
The term "arsenokoitai," (Greek origin) often translated in modern Bibles as "homosexuals" or "men who bed men," appears in the New Testament, specifically in the letters of Paul, written during the first century AD. Understanding its historical and cultural context can shed light on its meaning and implications.
Summary of Linguistics and Paul's Use of "Arsenokoitai" ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Paul’s Use of "Arsenokoitai":
- Broad Application:
Alternative Greek Terms:
- Cinaedus:
- Pathicus:
- Catamitus:
- Erastes and Eromenos:
Reasons for Using "Arsenokoitai":
Paul wrote in Greek to reach a broad audience across the Roman Empire, including both Jews and Gentiles. The Greek language allowed him to communicate effectively with diverse communities.
- Jewish Ethical Background:
- Broad Ethical Guidelines:
Time Frame and Historical Context ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
- New Testament Writings**:
- Roman Empire:
Roman Practices and Power Dynamics ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
- Roman Society:
Roman culture included various sexual practices, some of which were socially accepted but involved significant power imbalances. Relationships between freeborn males and slaves, for example, were common and often non-consensual due to the inherent power dynamics. - Public Bathhouses:
Exploitation and Violence ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
- Slavery and Prostitution:
- Lack of Consent: The concept of consent as understood today was largely absent in many of these relationships, making them inherently exploitative.
- Protecting the Vulnerable:
- Biblical Condemnation:
Translation Challenges and Modern Psychology ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Modern Interpretations:
Translating "arsenokoitai" as "homosexuals" in modern Bibles can be misleading. The term originally addressed specific exploitative behaviors prevalent in the Roman context.
Cultural Misunderstandings:
Modern readers often project contemporary understandings of sexuality onto ancient texts, which can distort the original meanings and intentions. The ancient concern was more about justice and protecting the vulnerable than about regulating consensual sexual relationships.
Influence of Modern Psychology ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
- 1946 Bible Translation:
- Social Conservatism:
Homosexuality as a Mental Disorder ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
In 1946 and 1947, homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). This classification reflected contemporary psychological theories and societal attitudes, viewing homosexuality as a deviation from the norm.
Different Types of Relationships ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
While the term "arsenokoitai" focuses on specific sexual acts, it does not address the broader and more nuanced aspects of relationships. Understanding the different facets of relationships is crucial to recognizing the limitations of this term.
- Loving Relationships:
- Support and Companionship:
- Romance and Affection:
- Commitment:
- Consensual Same-Sex Relationships:
Modern understandings of same-sex relationships recognize that they encompass much more than just sexual acts. They include emotional, romantic, and supportive dimensions that are integral to the relationship. - Lack of Biblical Coverage:
Intimacy ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Intimacy in relationships goes far beyond physical acts; it encompasses emotional closeness, trust, and deep personal connection. The biblical texts, particularly those using terms like "arsenokoitai," often fail to address this broader understanding of intimacy. In healthy relationships, intimacy is about sharing one's innermost thoughts, fears, and dreams with another person, creating a bond that is both profound and nurturing. This kind of intimacy fosters mutual respect and understanding, essential components of any loving relationship.
One crucial aspect of intimacy that is often overlooked and overshadowed by the focus on "arsenokoitai" is emotional intimacy—the deep sense of acceptance and validation one receives from being truly known and loved. This emotional intimacy is weaponized when biblical texts are used to condemn and marginalize individuals based on their sexuality. Instead of fostering acceptance and emotional closeness, these interpretations create barriers and promote exclusion. True intimacy, rooted in emotional acceptance, is about affirming each other's worth and creating a safe space for vulnerability and genuine connection. When this form of intimacy is ignored or denied, it undermines the foundational principles of love and compassion that should guide our relationships.
Love ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Love is the cornerstone of all meaningful relationships and a central theme in Christian teachings. Jesus emphasized love above all else, teaching us to love our neighbors as ourselves and to show compassion and kindness to everyone. In the context of relationships, love manifests as unwavering support, care, and dedication to the well-being of the other person. The term "arsenokoitai" and its traditional interpretations often miss this crucial aspect of relationships. Love is not just about physical attraction or acts; it is about forming a deep, abiding connection that transcends superficial differences and challenges societal norms. True love, as taught by Jesus, is inclusive and unconditional, celebrating the uniqueness of each individual and their right to love and be loved authentically.
Judgment ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Judgment is a significant theme in both religious teachings and societal interactions, often influencing how individuals are perceived and treated. In the context of biblical texts, particularly those like "arsenokoitai," judgment is frequently wielded as a tool for exclusion and condemnation. Jesus taught us to refrain from judging others, emphasizing that judgment is reserved for God alone. In Matthew 7:1-2, He clearly states, "Do not judge, or you too will be judged. For in the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you."
When interpretations of terms like "arsenokoitai" are used to judge and condemn individuals based on their sexuality, they stray from the core message of love and acceptance that Jesus preached. This kind of judgment creates divisions and fosters a culture of exclusion, where people are marginalized and denied the dignity and respect they deserve. True Christian teachings call us to embrace others with compassion, understanding, and an open heart.
Judgment, when misused, can be a powerful weapon that inflicts deep emotional and psychological harm. It stands in stark contrast to the values of love, intimacy, and acceptance that form the foundation of healthy, meaningful relationships. By moving away from judgment and towards a more inclusive, compassionate approach, we honor the true spirit of Jesus's teachings and create a more loving and just world for everyone.
Historical Misinterpretations and Their Consequences ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
- The Crusades (11th to 13th Centuries)
Impact: Led to widespread violence, loss of life, and long-lasting animosity between Christians and Muslims. The Crusades also had significant impacts on Jewish communities, which were often targeted by crusaders.
- The Inquisition (12th to 19th Centuries)
Resulted in the persecution, torture, and execution of thousands of people accused of heresy, witchcraft, and other religious crimes. Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity (conversos and Moriscos) were particularly targeted.
- The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
Impact: Caused immense suffering and loss of life, with significant political and territorial changes in Europe. The war ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established principles of religious tolerance in Europe.
- Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)
Impact: Led to the execution of 20 people and the imprisonment of many others, creating an atmosphere of fear and hysteria.
- Colonialism and Missionary Activity
Impact: Led to the suppression of indigenous cultures, forced conversions, and significant social disruption. Examples include the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the British colonial activities in Africa and Asia.
- Anti-Semitism
Impact: Led to widespread persecution of Jewish communities, including pogroms, expulsions from various European countries, and ultimately contributing to the Holocaust.
- Slavery and Racism
Impact: Justified the transatlantic slave trade and the systemic exploitation and oppression of African Americans, leading to deep social and racial divides that persist to this day.
- Wars of Religion in France (1562-1598)
Impact: Resulted in significant violence and upheaval, including massacres such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, and ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted limited tolerance to Protestants.
- Northern Ireland Conflict (The Troubles) (Late 20th Century)
Impact: Led to decades of violence, terrorism, and social division, resulting in significant loss of life and lasting political tension.
These examples illustrate how interpretations of the Bible and religious authority have been used to justify conflicts, persecutions, and social disharmony throughout history. Understanding these events highlights the importance of careful and compassionate interpretation of religious texts to prevent their misuse and promote peace and understanding.
Conclusion ‐--------------------‐--------------------‐--------------------
Understanding the term "arsenokoitai" requires a deep dive into the historical and cultural context of the Roman Empire and early Christian teachings. This term likely referred to exploitative sexual behaviors common in Roman society, characterized by significant power imbalances and a lack of genuine consent.
Early Christian ethics, rooted in Jewish traditions, emphasized protecting the vulnerable and promoting justice, which helps explain the biblical condemnation of such practices.
The translation of "arsenokoitai" to "homosexuals" in the mid-20th century was influenced by the social and psychological context of that time, including the classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder.
This historical perspective highlights the importance of considering cultural and temporal contexts when interpreting ancient texts.Moreover, the biblical texts focus primarily on specific sexual acts rather than the broader aspects of relationships, such as emotional bonds, romantic love, and mutual support. Recognizing these dimensions is crucial for a more compassionate and comprehensive understanding of relationships.
2024.05.29 01:01 Difficult_Track8306 raider ge78hx multi keyboard same issue
I've noticed since a few days in that my keyboards wasd keys when pressing on key to another causes a delay. for example if im pressing D and i press A and back to D it will not process the press of the third button. for some reason going from one key to another causes the keyboard to "stutter" . i thought it was my mouse not working properly but i recently changed out my mouse and I'm getting the same weird issue where im aiming and trying to strife left and right and its not moving in the correct direction. sometimes pressing forward then pressing reverse to still moves forward for .6 to 1.2 ms then backwards ( not literal times , just for reference) it is almost as if I'm lagging but not. I get times where I'm pressing wasd keys and it will play them for multiple seconds at a time after ive pulled my hands away. at times i can press keys in succession and pause as if i lagged it will reply all keys until completion no matter the combo. Just delayed Can't quite record it but believe me when I say it's like it's glitching or lagging. it's almost as if a ghosts typing for me seconds later at time. I've tried 3 keyboards same issue, I've reset drivers, reinstalled... I've held the power button on pc to reset ...ive reset pc a few times and i still come across this issue. the video bellow is unlisted, but it shows me quickly pressing a and then d key over and over video shows character taking multiple steps instead of just one
ive also switched usb ports.. i see no increase in my cpu or gpu latency, no visual stutter. Just keyboard seems to cut out from time to time and my character moves around like im losing internet connection (confirmed in 5 games , and 3 keyboards)
Video
submitted by Difficult_Track8306 to MSILaptops [link] [comments]
ive also switched usb ports.. i see no increase in my cpu or gpu latency, no visual stutter. Just keyboard seems to cut out from time to time and my character moves around like im losing internet connection (confirmed in 5 games , and 3 keyboards)
Video
2024.05.29 01:00 Swimming-Box3758 Disability Discrimination of an Ad Hoc employee?
Hi. Caution, it's long, due to needing to explain unique factors:
First here's information for context:
I work for the OPS as an Ad Hoc in an office or work from home setting. Ive been there for "a while" (i dont want to give too many personal details) The schedule shifts run from morning* 7am until midnight. One of the reasons I accepted the job is because I wouldn't need to work starting at, say, 8 or 9 am.
An Ad Hoc contract does not "guarantee" any hours per schedule, contract says 0 - 36.5 hours per week.
But, until recently, in our office, the idea of Ad Hocs not getting hours was unheard of. There are also Full Time Fixed Term employees, and Permanent employees.
Up until earlier this year, Ad Hocs were getting full time hours, and hours within our range of availability scheduled by our in house administrative assistant. Everyone was happy with management and morale was good etc.
However, management is new, and so is the scheduling system. Permanent staff, and then full time fixed term staff, choose their hours in an online program. Then, the left over shifts/hours are scheduled by staff at separate department.
Prior to this new scheduling process, Ad Hocs were assured that the hours would be distributed based on seniority - I'm probably 3rd on a list of, I'm guessing, 20 other Ad hoc staff - the majority of those were hired within the last 4 months. And, some more in the last few weeks. The senior AD Hocs have no idea why. They've extremely overhired. Gone are the full time hours - but that's not what my issue is directly about.
As far as how the "seniority scheduling", their method is illogical. Truly!
So, about my disability: I have epilepsy. I have more than one type of seizure. Mornings are not safe for me to be out of bed and "active" (ie just walking around even) before approximately 10:30 am. Mornings have always been a potential "trigger" for me.
So, my hours I've been getting scheduled for are SUBSTANTIALLY less than other Ad Hocs - including many of the VERY NEW staff. Like 22 for me on avg versus over 30 for some of the others (NEW STAFF)
The availabikity i have them for me to work is the same as before: 10 am to 10pm The reason I'm being for less hours than other staff is, "you're not making yourself available for morning shifts, and many of the shifts are before 10 am"
All I want is for them to take into considetation my INABILITY to extend my morning availability due to my DISABILITY! I mean, it not like I'm not available due to, say, taking a class, or ANYTHING by choice.
I met with my manager last week, and he is terrible in that he's forgetful, unreliable, doesn't respond to other important issues in emails I've sent (I could give several examples) and I'm lucky if he even reads them..
Recently i asked for a meeting. He kept saying that an accommodation letter won't matter, because "its all about your availability", and even accused me of wanting "all the hours". He wasn't mean, but he is just so ignorant to disabilities, and likely even what discrimination is. He referred to my disability as my "issues" eyc etc I ended up breaking down and crying in his office, trying to explain over and over. His solution was, "why don't you try going to bed earlier", and "maybe at least try opening up your availability to 9am. By the time I left I was REALLY crying. He told me to take a break and go outside for fresh air. I did, but I also called OPSEU.
I've messaged him. Were waiting for the accommodation letter from my doctor. It's been over a week. There is a 30 day time limit after trying to resolve with my manager, to then submit a letter to my manager to start the grievance process.
Anyway, I wrote this foe your feedback as the AD HOC factor makes me wonder. What do you think.
Oh BTW, I was communicating with the Disabikity Accommodation Specialist prior to meeting with my manager. But, since meeting with my manager her emails have stopped. My union rep said disability accommodation Specialists at ops sometimes dint have the employees best interest in mind - that it's more about supporting management.
4 new staff just started w days ago, Ad Hoc's. No competition was run for those positions, but I guess that's allowed?
I believe strongly that I'm being discriminated against.
Thank you so much for reading!
submitted by Swimming-Box3758 to OntarioPublicService [link] [comments]
First here's information for context:
I work for the OPS as an Ad Hoc in an office or work from home setting. Ive been there for "a while" (i dont want to give too many personal details) The schedule shifts run from morning* 7am until midnight. One of the reasons I accepted the job is because I wouldn't need to work starting at, say, 8 or 9 am.
An Ad Hoc contract does not "guarantee" any hours per schedule, contract says 0 - 36.5 hours per week.
But, until recently, in our office, the idea of Ad Hocs not getting hours was unheard of. There are also Full Time Fixed Term employees, and Permanent employees.
Up until earlier this year, Ad Hocs were getting full time hours, and hours within our range of availability scheduled by our in house administrative assistant. Everyone was happy with management and morale was good etc.
However, management is new, and so is the scheduling system. Permanent staff, and then full time fixed term staff, choose their hours in an online program. Then, the left over shifts/hours are scheduled by staff at separate department.
Prior to this new scheduling process, Ad Hocs were assured that the hours would be distributed based on seniority - I'm probably 3rd on a list of, I'm guessing, 20 other Ad hoc staff - the majority of those were hired within the last 4 months. And, some more in the last few weeks. The senior AD Hocs have no idea why. They've extremely overhired. Gone are the full time hours - but that's not what my issue is directly about.
As far as how the "seniority scheduling", their method is illogical. Truly!
So, about my disability: I have epilepsy. I have more than one type of seizure. Mornings are not safe for me to be out of bed and "active" (ie just walking around even) before approximately 10:30 am. Mornings have always been a potential "trigger" for me.
So, my hours I've been getting scheduled for are SUBSTANTIALLY less than other Ad Hocs - including many of the VERY NEW staff. Like 22 for me on avg versus over 30 for some of the others (NEW STAFF)
The availabikity i have them for me to work is the same as before: 10 am to 10pm The reason I'm being for less hours than other staff is, "you're not making yourself available for morning shifts, and many of the shifts are before 10 am"
All I want is for them to take into considetation my INABILITY to extend my morning availability due to my DISABILITY! I mean, it not like I'm not available due to, say, taking a class, or ANYTHING by choice.
I met with my manager last week, and he is terrible in that he's forgetful, unreliable, doesn't respond to other important issues in emails I've sent (I could give several examples) and I'm lucky if he even reads them..
Recently i asked for a meeting. He kept saying that an accommodation letter won't matter, because "its all about your availability", and even accused me of wanting "all the hours". He wasn't mean, but he is just so ignorant to disabilities, and likely even what discrimination is. He referred to my disability as my "issues" eyc etc I ended up breaking down and crying in his office, trying to explain over and over. His solution was, "why don't you try going to bed earlier", and "maybe at least try opening up your availability to 9am. By the time I left I was REALLY crying. He told me to take a break and go outside for fresh air. I did, but I also called OPSEU.
I've messaged him. Were waiting for the accommodation letter from my doctor. It's been over a week. There is a 30 day time limit after trying to resolve with my manager, to then submit a letter to my manager to start the grievance process.
Anyway, I wrote this foe your feedback as the AD HOC factor makes me wonder. What do you think.
Oh BTW, I was communicating with the Disabikity Accommodation Specialist prior to meeting with my manager. But, since meeting with my manager her emails have stopped. My union rep said disability accommodation Specialists at ops sometimes dint have the employees best interest in mind - that it's more about supporting management.
4 new staff just started w days ago, Ad Hoc's. No competition was run for those positions, but I guess that's allowed?
I believe strongly that I'm being discriminated against.
Thank you so much for reading!