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Scythian and Pashto
2024.05.13 08:20 stlatos Scythian and Pashto
https://www.academia.edu/118988240
The ancient Scythian language, thought to be Iranian, is known from only a few fragments, often from Greek sources. Scythian mésplē ‘moon’ is a gloss in the lexicon of Hesychius that has given me lots of trouble over the years. This does not look Iranian. When most linguists see the moon called mésplē, they probably say something like, “It must have meant ‘full moon’ (PIE *pleH2- ‘fill’) and been garbled when someone pointed to the moon, it happened to be full, and a Scythian gave that word; maybe it’s not even really Scythian: they didn’t have Indo-European *ē retained as ē.” Instead, I think this shows that Scythian was indeed an Iranian language, it shows no *ē > ē, and it didn’t meant ‘full moon’, just ‘moon’.
First, ancient descriptions of Scythian do not all seem to refer to one language. If Indo-European at all, the words show contradictory changes. If the Scythians were a confederation of related tribes, most Iranian or very close, it would make more sense. Therefore, each word should be analyzed by itself before conclusions about its context are made (some sets of words given by a single source are likely from a single language, also). If one word shows a similarity to one modern group, that doesn’t mean another word only underwent changes from the same group.
Second, the Iranian words for ‘moon’ are not all directly related to PIE *meH1ns-. The group of Kho. māśti, Ps. myāšt / miyāst (f), Sar. most ‘month’, Shu. mæst / mēst ‘moon’ has no clear etymology, and no suffix can explain alternation of s / š, etc. Most of these require umlauted *mǣs(^)ti-, with *ǣ > yā in Ps., etc. Other Iran. words are compounds, like Ps. spōẓmaī ‘moon(light)’, Waz. špēžmai. Morgenstierne derived them from a cognate of PIE *spek^to- > Av. spašta, Skt. spaṣṭá- ‘clearly perceived/discerned/visible’, L. spectus (Morgenstierne 1927). Though he said that *-ā- here was unexplained, optional št / xšt exists in *spek^ti- > Av. spaxšti- ‘vision’, so it’s possible that *spaxšta-maHahaka- > *spaxšt-māhaka- > *spāšt-māhax > spōẓmaī, with *x lost (with compensatory lengthening) before *štm (or similar). Since there is no other example even of plain *štm, lengthening might be due to loss of *t or other causes. Even if it was in a compound, only the -m- remained recognizable here, showing that no relation can be taken for granted just because it is not immediately obvious.
Third, in Dardic the compound *mās-rōka- ‘moon(light)’ became Ks. mastrúk ‘month / moon(light)’. Since this is very similar to spōẓmaī, but the opposite order, it seems very likely that mésplē has its -spl- due to a similar compound. Since there are several Iran. words beginning with sp- associated with ‘light / white / heaven’, if māśti, etc., represent older *māšpti < *māšpiti, comparing them would lead to *spiti-, the form of Iran. *śviθra- ‘white / sky’ (NP sipihr ‘sky / heaven’) used in compounds, as in Av. Spity-ura- (Nikolaev 2021). It seems best for this to come from *-i- in IIr. *śvitira- > Skt. śvitrá- ‘white’, in compounds śviti-. It would often be lost, like other IE *-V- (Whalen 2022). Another such compound (of opposite meanings) in PIE *kWersino-> *kW(e)rsno- ‘black’ but *kWersi- in compounds (see Av. Karšiptar- below).
Iran. *māh-špiti- could have lost *-i- by i-i dissimilation. If it was formed before *-s > *-h (or not in sandhi s#S ?), it might have been *mās-špiti- / *mās-śpiti- (possibly showing that *-sśC- became *-sšC-, or similar). Otherwise, *-hśpt- > -št- / -st-. Obviously, with no other examples of C-clusters like this, exact details are hard to find. If *mǣs(^)ti- was thus really *mǣšpti- or similar, Scythian could easily have changed *-spt- > -spl-. Many dentals became *d > *ð > l in Ps., and it is even possible that *-t- became *-d- between V’s before *māh-špidi- > *māh-špdi-, with this cluster soon being “fixed” by different changes in each sub-branch. If *ā-i umlauted to *mǣ-i in all these first, it would explain e-ē in mésplē. It is not clear how Greeks would perceive or write sounds like æ at the time, but using ē for i is known both in loans and within G. dialects (after ē > i in some).
Morgenstierne had no good etymology for Ps. s(p)aẓ̌ma / spēẓ̌ma ‘nostril’. Looking at other IE words, many mean both ‘nose / snot’ :
Skt. nasta-s, Bs. natúur ‘nose’, Kh. nastùḷi ‘runny snot’
Bu. -múš ‘nose / snot’
*snutta-z > ME snot(te), E. snot, *snūtan- > ME snoute, E. snout
*srunghos- > G. rhúgkhos ‘pig’s snout’, *srunghon- > Arm. ṙngunk’ ‘nostrils’, Skt. śṛŋkhāṇikā-, Pkt. suṃghai / siṃghai ‘mucus’, *srumx- > Kh. šumkh- ‘to smell’
This allows the possibility that spēẓ̌ma is related to
Skt. śreṣ- ‘adhere / stick / be attached’, śreṣmán- ‘mucus’ > *slisma > Rom. lim, Dk. līma, etc.
with some metathesis, etc. The starting point might be related to Scythian having optional m / p > mp (Whalen 2024) :
the river called Exampaîos ‘sacred roads’; *yaks- > *yexš- (Kho. gyaṣ- ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Skt. yakṣá-m ‘a kind of supernatural being’), *pathya- ‘path (adj.?)’ > *pa(h)ya-; *yaxšapathya- > *yexšampahya-.
Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite); *arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa
*dramanti ‘they run’ > *drampanči
If the example of mésplē showed that some forms of Scythian were close to languages further to the east, *m > *mp in a cognate of śreṣmán- could allow:
*śraiṣmā > *śraiṣmpā > *śpairṣmā > *spaerẓ̌mā > s(p)aẓ̌ma / spēẓ̌ma
with *-ṣmp- “fixed” by metathesis. With no other examples of *-aerẓ̌m- or similar sequences, the V’s might have regular outcomes.
submitted by stlatos to HistoricalLinguistics [link] [comments]
- mésplē
The ancient Scythian language, thought to be Iranian, is known from only a few fragments, often from Greek sources. Scythian mésplē ‘moon’ is a gloss in the lexicon of Hesychius that has given me lots of trouble over the years. This does not look Iranian. When most linguists see the moon called mésplē, they probably say something like, “It must have meant ‘full moon’ (PIE *pleH2- ‘fill’) and been garbled when someone pointed to the moon, it happened to be full, and a Scythian gave that word; maybe it’s not even really Scythian: they didn’t have Indo-European *ē retained as ē.” Instead, I think this shows that Scythian was indeed an Iranian language, it shows no *ē > ē, and it didn’t meant ‘full moon’, just ‘moon’.
First, ancient descriptions of Scythian do not all seem to refer to one language. If Indo-European at all, the words show contradictory changes. If the Scythians were a confederation of related tribes, most Iranian or very close, it would make more sense. Therefore, each word should be analyzed by itself before conclusions about its context are made (some sets of words given by a single source are likely from a single language, also). If one word shows a similarity to one modern group, that doesn’t mean another word only underwent changes from the same group.
Second, the Iranian words for ‘moon’ are not all directly related to PIE *meH1ns-. The group of Kho. māśti, Ps. myāšt / miyāst (f), Sar. most ‘month’, Shu. mæst / mēst ‘moon’ has no clear etymology, and no suffix can explain alternation of s / š, etc. Most of these require umlauted *mǣs(^)ti-, with *ǣ > yā in Ps., etc. Other Iran. words are compounds, like Ps. spōẓmaī ‘moon(light)’, Waz. špēžmai. Morgenstierne derived them from a cognate of PIE *spek^to- > Av. spašta, Skt. spaṣṭá- ‘clearly perceived/discerned/visible’, L. spectus (Morgenstierne 1927). Though he said that *-ā- here was unexplained, optional št / xšt exists in *spek^ti- > Av. spaxšti- ‘vision’, so it’s possible that *spaxšta-maHahaka- > *spaxšt-māhaka- > *spāšt-māhax > spōẓmaī, with *x lost (with compensatory lengthening) before *štm (or similar). Since there is no other example even of plain *štm, lengthening might be due to loss of *t or other causes. Even if it was in a compound, only the -m- remained recognizable here, showing that no relation can be taken for granted just because it is not immediately obvious.
Third, in Dardic the compound *mās-rōka- ‘moon(light)’ became Ks. mastrúk ‘month / moon(light)’. Since this is very similar to spōẓmaī, but the opposite order, it seems very likely that mésplē has its -spl- due to a similar compound. Since there are several Iran. words beginning with sp- associated with ‘light / white / heaven’, if māśti, etc., represent older *māšpti < *māšpiti, comparing them would lead to *spiti-, the form of Iran. *śviθra- ‘white / sky’ (NP sipihr ‘sky / heaven’) used in compounds, as in Av. Spity-ura- (Nikolaev 2021). It seems best for this to come from *-i- in IIr. *śvitira- > Skt. śvitrá- ‘white’, in compounds śviti-. It would often be lost, like other IE *-V- (Whalen 2022). Another such compound (of opposite meanings) in PIE *kWersino-> *kW(e)rsno- ‘black’ but *kWersi- in compounds (see Av. Karšiptar- below).
Iran. *māh-špiti- could have lost *-i- by i-i dissimilation. If it was formed before *-s > *-h (or not in sandhi s#S ?), it might have been *mās-špiti- / *mās-śpiti- (possibly showing that *-sśC- became *-sšC-, or similar). Otherwise, *-hśpt- > -št- / -st-. Obviously, with no other examples of C-clusters like this, exact details are hard to find. If *mǣs(^)ti- was thus really *mǣšpti- or similar, Scythian could easily have changed *-spt- > -spl-. Many dentals became *d > *ð > l in Ps., and it is even possible that *-t- became *-d- between V’s before *māh-špidi- > *māh-špdi-, with this cluster soon being “fixed” by different changes in each sub-branch. If *ā-i umlauted to *mǣ-i in all these first, it would explain e-ē in mésplē. It is not clear how Greeks would perceive or write sounds like æ at the time, but using ē for i is known both in loans and within G. dialects (after ē > i in some).
- spēẓ̌ma
Morgenstierne had no good etymology for Ps. s(p)aẓ̌ma / spēẓ̌ma ‘nostril’. Looking at other IE words, many mean both ‘nose / snot’ :
Skt. nasta-s, Bs. natúur ‘nose’, Kh. nastùḷi ‘runny snot’
Bu. -múš ‘nose / snot’
*snutta-z > ME snot(te), E. snot, *snūtan- > ME snoute, E. snout
*srunghos- > G. rhúgkhos ‘pig’s snout’, *srunghon- > Arm. ṙngunk’ ‘nostrils’, Skt. śṛŋkhāṇikā-, Pkt. suṃghai / siṃghai ‘mucus’, *srumx- > Kh. šumkh- ‘to smell’
This allows the possibility that spēẓ̌ma is related to
Skt. śreṣ- ‘adhere / stick / be attached’, śreṣmán- ‘mucus’ > *slisma > Rom. lim, Dk. līma, etc.
with some metathesis, etc. The starting point might be related to Scythian having optional m / p > mp (Whalen 2024) :
the river called Exampaîos ‘sacred roads’; *yaks- > *yexš- (Kho. gyaṣ- ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Skt. yakṣá-m ‘a kind of supernatural being’), *pathya- ‘path (adj.?)’ > *pa(h)ya-; *yaxšapathya- > *yexšampahya-.
Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite); *arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa
*dramanti ‘they run’ > *drampanči
If the example of mésplē showed that some forms of Scythian were close to languages further to the east, *m > *mp in a cognate of śreṣmán- could allow:
*śraiṣmā > *śraiṣmpā > *śpairṣmā > *spaerẓ̌mā > s(p)aẓ̌ma / spēẓ̌ma
with *-ṣmp- “fixed” by metathesis. With no other examples of *-aerẓ̌m- or similar sequences, the V’s might have regular outcomes.
2024.05.13 05:01 LeneWulf Foxcatcher War 112- From crack house to crack fortress.
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- Berm, YSR Gramz, Since99 & $weet-T - Moshpit
- Jynx716 & Che Noir - Intent (feat. Vic Spencer)
- Freddy Got Magic & Supa Bwe - We Live
- Lemuell - Mensajes Ficticios
- deem spencer - pony
- FLOHIO - Make It Bang
- Kaandake & Sa-Roc - Soulmate (Here I am)
- GAWD - Frontin' / Nasty Girl
- R2R Moe - Made4me
- Baby Bounce - Kobe (feat. Tapri Grams)
- Jurdan Bryant - Uknowdat
- Rory Sweeney & Tony Bontana - Departed
BBL Drizzy (prod. by Metro Boomin)
- Masego - BBL Drizzy Sax Diss.wav
- Tim Henson (of Polyphia) - BBL Drizzy
- DigBar & KolossalKocks - BBL DRIZZY DISS TRACK!
- RXKNephew - What Does BBL Even Mean
- PACKGOD & Yumi - BBL DRIZZY (Drake Diss Track)
- christ dillinger - #bbldrizzybeatgiveaway.wav
- KevinKempt - #bbldrizzybeatgiveaway
- Scru Face Jean - BBL Drizzy Freestyle
- Kamui - OVO Tokyo
- yungmaple - FUCK DRAKE FREESTYLE #BBLDRIZZY
- BLACCMASS - not like us x isley brothers
- Nem - BBL Drizzy
Old Drop Watches
2023 and 2024 Calendar
2024.05.02 04:30 joedavid_ Mengapa iklan komersial di Indonesia monoton dan tidak ada perubahan?
Curious to know, padahal iklan di negara lain seperti US bisa super kreatif, collab dengan artis dll. Berbeda dengan iklan di indo yang dari dulu kayanya gitu2 aja
Contoh iklan downy di US : https://youtu.be/crivINfP22Y?si=rgzTMHXZNPh9KksO
Contoh iklan downy di Indo : https://youtu.be/xOlc9FC71s0?si=cf3rc4n2TcX9rxE-
submitted by joedavid_ to indonesia [link] [comments]
Contoh iklan downy di US : https://youtu.be/crivINfP22Y?si=rgzTMHXZNPh9KksO
Contoh iklan downy di Indo : https://youtu.be/xOlc9FC71s0?si=cf3rc4n2TcX9rxE-
2024.04.26 01:54 0_----__----_0 Hi Denver, here is my list of things to do this weekend [April 25th - 28th]
If you get value out of these posts, I send this out as a newsletter which you can sign up for by clicking this link. It's free and the signups help keep these posts going. Please add any events you would like to contribute down below.
Adam Cayton-Holland Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown @ 7:30PM
John Novosad Stand Up @ Comedy Works South @ 7:30PM
Wheel of Fortune Live @ Mission Ballroom @ 7:30PMOne of the greatest game shows of all time has been adapted into a stage show to give more fans access and more chances to win.
Candlelight: A Tribute to Coldplay & Imagine Dragons @ Kirk of Highland @ 6:30PM / 8:45PM Hear the best of Coldplay and Imagine Dragons in classical interpretation!
Home Free @ Paramount Theatre @ 7:30PM
Benson Boone @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 8PM
Hunter Hayes @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM With BLÜ EYES
Aaron West and The Roaring Twenties @ Marquis Theater @ 7PM
Fred V + SchockOne @ The Church Nightclub @ 9PM
O @ Bluebird Theater @ 8PM
Thunderstorm @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Texas Hippie Coalition @ Moxi Theater @ 7PM
Candlelight: A Tribute to Taylor Swift @ Kirk of Highland @ 6:30PM / 8:45PM Hear your favorite Taylor Swift songs in classical interpretation!
The River Arkansas @ Chautauqua @ 8PM With Caleb Schwing
Jose Gonzalez @ Paramount Theatre @ 8PM
Division Minuscula @ Summit @ 7PM With Jumbo
Cheekface @ Marquis Theater @ 7PM
Chris Lake @ Mission Ballroom @ 8:30PM With Joshwa b2b Noizu, Londen Summers
Taylor Acorn @ Meow Wolf @ 8PM With World’s First Cinema
Indo Warehouse @ Temple @ 10PM
Stella Bossi @ The Church Nightclub @ 9PM
Mport @ Bluebird Theater @ 9PM
The Talbott Brothers @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Sorry Papi Tour @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 10PM
Immersive Jazz-Art Experience @ Lumonics @ 7PM
2000s Party @ Fox Theatre @ 9PM
Monster Jam @ Empower Field @ 7PM Witness massive stunts, big-air, backflips and fierce head-to-head battles between the world’s best drivers and their 12,000-pound monster trucks.
Spring Bazaar @ Wheat Ridge @ 11AM Denver BAZAAR is taking over Gold’s Marketplace with an outdoor market that will feature 80+ carefully curated vendors, live DJs, craft cocktails & more.
‘Warbird Invasion’ Aviation Showcase @ Wings Museum @ 10AM Enjoy a spectacular display of aviation history and see various types of warbirds up close.
Stayin Alive: One Night of the Bee Gees Concert @ Paramount Theatre @ 7:30PM
Sublime + Rome @ Red Rocks Amphitheatre @ 7PM With Cypress Hill + Mouse Powell
Avery*Sunshine @ Lone Tree Arts Center @ 8PM
Bayside @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 7PM
Citizen Soldier @ Summit @ 7:30PM
Wild Party @ Marquis Theater @ 8PM Eternal Light @ Lumonics @ 8pm
Chris Lake @ Mission Ballroom @ 8:30PM With Cloonee, Hank, ParmaJawn
Infekt @ Ogden Theatre @ 9PM
LTJ Bukem @ Meow Wolf @ 9PM With MC Armanni Reign
Mickey Darling @ Gothic Theatre @ 9PM With Nick Wagen & Benten
Konstantina Gianni @ Temple @ 10PM
The Strumbellas @ Bluebird Theater @ 9PM
Caroline Rose @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM With Ian Sweet
Elliot Moss @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Flobots @ Moxi Theater @ 8PM
Free Day @ DAM @ 10AM
Día del Niño Celebration @ DAM @ 10AM Enjoy the annual Día del Niño (Children's Day) festivities with a wide variety of live entertainment including music, dance performances, and artmaking.
Tulip Fairy and Elf Festival @ Pearl Street Mall @ 1PM This beloved springtime tradition features live performances, special activities for children and more than 15,000 tulips that adorn the world renowned Pearl Street Mall.
Andrew Sleighter Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown @ 7PM
Connor Wood Stand Up @ Comedy Works South @ 5PM / 7:30PM
Colorado Jazz Repertory Orchestra @ Aurora Fox Arts Center @ 3PM CJRO performs hits from 60s and 70s including those of Paul Simon, Carole King, James Taylor, Joni Mitchell, and more!
Sullivan King @ Red Rocks Amphitheatre @ 6PM With Kompany, Reaper, Vastive, Left to Suffer
Chris Renzema @ Summit @ 8PM
Orions Belte @ Meow Wolf @ 7:30PM With Sour Magic
The Strumbellas @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM
Peak 11 @ Globe Hall @ 5PM
FRIDAY & SATURDAY - ‘Fancy Footwork’ Ballet Showcase @ Armstrong Center for Dance Join the Artists of Colorado Ballet for an exciting performance featuring great classics and new contemporary pieces chosen by the Artists themselves.
FRIDAY & SATURDAY - Taylor Tomlinson Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown
FRIDAY & SATURDAY - Kevin Nealon Stand Up @ Comedy Works South
All weekend - Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 in Concert @ Boettcher Concert Hall Denver favorite Natasha Paremski returns as the virtuoso to tackle Rachmaninoff’s brilliant and challenging Third Piano Concerto.
All weekend - ‘MJ: The Musical’ @ Buell Theatre LAST CHANCE - Michael Jackson’s unique and unparalleled artistry comes to you as ‘MJ,’ the multi Tony Award®-winning new musical.
All weekend - ‘A Year with Frog and Toad’ Family-Friendly Musical @ Arvada Center Arnold Lobel's treasured characters hop from page to stage in a story of friendship and adventure.
All weekend - The Improvised Shakespeare Company Comedy Show @ Garner Galleria Theatre LAST CHANCE - The dazzling players create a brand new, fully improvised masterpiece right before your eyes. Enjoy an evening of spontaneous comedy featuring the language and themes of William Shakespeare!
All weekend - ‘Where Did We Sit On The Bus’ Play @ Singleton Theatre Through live music and storytelling, this one-person show immerses the audience in elaborate, layered soundscapes by fusing Latin rhythms, hip-hop, and spoken word poetry.
All weekend - ‘Emma’ Play @ Wolf Theatre In a new adaptation that’s a bit zany and refreshingly contemporary, playwright Kate Hamill infuses the language and perspectives of today into Austen’s beloved characters.
All weekend - ‘Noises Off’ Play @ Arvada Center A play withing a play, this relentless, high-energy farce is filled with embarrassing moments, behind-the-scenes kerfuffles, physical comedy hijinks, and even flying sardines.
Ongoing - ‘The Berlin Airlift: Supplies from the Sky’ Exhibition @ Wings Museum The exhibit shares the lessons of courage, perseverance, and the triumph of the human spirit and pays tribute to the brave citizens who risked their lives to bring hope to a divided city.
Ongoing - 'Spookadelia' Immersive Show @ Spectra Art Space 'Spookadelia: Doubt’s Echo' is an all-ages narrative-driven psychedelic immersive art, theatrical, and highly interactive experience.
Ongoing - ‘Fazal Sheikh: Thirst Exposure In Place’ Exhibition @ DAM Capturing the Colorado Plateau, Sheikh’s portraits and landscapes shed light on the far-reaching consequences of extractive industry and climate change.
Ongoing - ‘The Russells in Denver, 1921’ Exhibition @ DAM Charles M. Russel’s works capture the vast landscapes, mountain ranges, and peoples of the American West of the 1880s, thus leaving a valuable chronicle of the West that once was.
Ongoing - ‘Sandra Vásquez de la Horra: The Awake Volcanoes’ Exhibition @ DAM The exhibition highlights paintings, drawings, and prints by award-winning artist Sandra Vásquez de la Horra, who explores the notions of fantasy, desire, fear, and pleasure and its relationship to the human body.
Ongoing - Spring Exhibition Series @ MCA MCA’s Spring series includes solo exhibitions of three contemporary artists whose multidisciplinary works focus on the exploration of the natural phenomena, landscapes, and human interactions with the natural world.
Ongoing - ‘Performing Self’ Exhibition @ Boulder Museum of Contemporary ArtThis exhibition provides a look into how seven multidisciplinary artists celebrate the mutability of self-identity through the embodiment of alter egos or personae.
submitted by 0_----__----_0 to Denver [link] [comments]
THURSDAY - APRIL 25th
Rockies vs Padres @ Coors Field @ 1:10PM Promotion: STEM DayAdam Cayton-Holland Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown @ 7:30PM
John Novosad Stand Up @ Comedy Works South @ 7:30PM
Wheel of Fortune Live @ Mission Ballroom @ 7:30PMOne of the greatest game shows of all time has been adapted into a stage show to give more fans access and more chances to win.
Candlelight: A Tribute to Coldplay & Imagine Dragons @ Kirk of Highland @ 6:30PM / 8:45PM Hear the best of Coldplay and Imagine Dragons in classical interpretation!
Home Free @ Paramount Theatre @ 7:30PM
Benson Boone @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 8PM
Hunter Hayes @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM With BLÜ EYES
Aaron West and The Roaring Twenties @ Marquis Theater @ 7PM
Fred V + SchockOne @ The Church Nightclub @ 9PM
O @ Bluebird Theater @ 8PM
Thunderstorm @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Texas Hippie Coalition @ Moxi Theater @ 7PM
FRIDAY - APRIL 26th
Avalanche vs Jets @ Ball Arena @ 8PMCandlelight: A Tribute to Taylor Swift @ Kirk of Highland @ 6:30PM / 8:45PM Hear your favorite Taylor Swift songs in classical interpretation!
The River Arkansas @ Chautauqua @ 8PM With Caleb Schwing
Jose Gonzalez @ Paramount Theatre @ 8PM
Division Minuscula @ Summit @ 7PM With Jumbo
Cheekface @ Marquis Theater @ 7PM
Chris Lake @ Mission Ballroom @ 8:30PM With Joshwa b2b Noizu, Londen Summers
Taylor Acorn @ Meow Wolf @ 8PM With World’s First Cinema
Indo Warehouse @ Temple @ 10PM
Stella Bossi @ The Church Nightclub @ 9PM
Mport @ Bluebird Theater @ 9PM
The Talbott Brothers @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Sorry Papi Tour @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 10PM
Immersive Jazz-Art Experience @ Lumonics @ 7PM
2000s Party @ Fox Theatre @ 9PM
SATURDAY - APRIL 27th
Rockies vs Astros @ Coors Field @ 4PM Promotion: City Connect DaysMonster Jam @ Empower Field @ 7PM Witness massive stunts, big-air, backflips and fierce head-to-head battles between the world’s best drivers and their 12,000-pound monster trucks.
Spring Bazaar @ Wheat Ridge @ 11AM Denver BAZAAR is taking over Gold’s Marketplace with an outdoor market that will feature 80+ carefully curated vendors, live DJs, craft cocktails & more.
‘Warbird Invasion’ Aviation Showcase @ Wings Museum @ 10AM Enjoy a spectacular display of aviation history and see various types of warbirds up close.
Stayin Alive: One Night of the Bee Gees Concert @ Paramount Theatre @ 7:30PM
Sublime + Rome @ Red Rocks Amphitheatre @ 7PM With Cypress Hill + Mouse Powell
Avery*Sunshine @ Lone Tree Arts Center @ 8PM
Bayside @ Fillmore Auditorium @ 7PM
Citizen Soldier @ Summit @ 7:30PM
Wild Party @ Marquis Theater @ 8PM Eternal Light @ Lumonics @ 8pm
Chris Lake @ Mission Ballroom @ 8:30PM With Cloonee, Hank, ParmaJawn
Infekt @ Ogden Theatre @ 9PM
LTJ Bukem @ Meow Wolf @ 9PM With MC Armanni Reign
Mickey Darling @ Gothic Theatre @ 9PM With Nick Wagen & Benten
Konstantina Gianni @ Temple @ 10PM
The Strumbellas @ Bluebird Theater @ 9PM
Caroline Rose @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM With Ian Sweet
Elliot Moss @ Globe Hall @ 8PM
Flobots @ Moxi Theater @ 8PM
SUNDAY - APRIL 28th
Avalanche vs Jets @ Ball Arena @ 12:30PMFree Day @ DAM @ 10AM
Día del Niño Celebration @ DAM @ 10AM Enjoy the annual Día del Niño (Children's Day) festivities with a wide variety of live entertainment including music, dance performances, and artmaking.
Tulip Fairy and Elf Festival @ Pearl Street Mall @ 1PM This beloved springtime tradition features live performances, special activities for children and more than 15,000 tulips that adorn the world renowned Pearl Street Mall.
Andrew Sleighter Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown @ 7PM
Connor Wood Stand Up @ Comedy Works South @ 5PM / 7:30PM
Colorado Jazz Repertory Orchestra @ Aurora Fox Arts Center @ 3PM CJRO performs hits from 60s and 70s including those of Paul Simon, Carole King, James Taylor, Joni Mitchell, and more!
Sullivan King @ Red Rocks Amphitheatre @ 6PM With Kompany, Reaper, Vastive, Left to Suffer
Chris Renzema @ Summit @ 8PM
Orions Belte @ Meow Wolf @ 7:30PM With Sour Magic
The Strumbellas @ Fox Theatre @ 8PM
Peak 11 @ Globe Hall @ 5PM
All Weekend
THURSDAY & FRIDAY - Sessanta Tour @ Red Rocks Amphitheatre @ 8PM Featuring Primus, Puscifer, A Perfect CircleFRIDAY & SATURDAY - ‘Fancy Footwork’ Ballet Showcase @ Armstrong Center for Dance Join the Artists of Colorado Ballet for an exciting performance featuring great classics and new contemporary pieces chosen by the Artists themselves.
FRIDAY & SATURDAY - Taylor Tomlinson Stand Up @ Comedy Works Downtown
FRIDAY & SATURDAY - Kevin Nealon Stand Up @ Comedy Works South
All weekend - Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 in Concert @ Boettcher Concert Hall Denver favorite Natasha Paremski returns as the virtuoso to tackle Rachmaninoff’s brilliant and challenging Third Piano Concerto.
All weekend - ‘MJ: The Musical’ @ Buell Theatre LAST CHANCE - Michael Jackson’s unique and unparalleled artistry comes to you as ‘MJ,’ the multi Tony Award®-winning new musical.
All weekend - ‘A Year with Frog and Toad’ Family-Friendly Musical @ Arvada Center Arnold Lobel's treasured characters hop from page to stage in a story of friendship and adventure.
All weekend - The Improvised Shakespeare Company Comedy Show @ Garner Galleria Theatre LAST CHANCE - The dazzling players create a brand new, fully improvised masterpiece right before your eyes. Enjoy an evening of spontaneous comedy featuring the language and themes of William Shakespeare!
All weekend - ‘Where Did We Sit On The Bus’ Play @ Singleton Theatre Through live music and storytelling, this one-person show immerses the audience in elaborate, layered soundscapes by fusing Latin rhythms, hip-hop, and spoken word poetry.
All weekend - ‘Emma’ Play @ Wolf Theatre In a new adaptation that’s a bit zany and refreshingly contemporary, playwright Kate Hamill infuses the language and perspectives of today into Austen’s beloved characters.
All weekend - ‘Noises Off’ Play @ Arvada Center A play withing a play, this relentless, high-energy farce is filled with embarrassing moments, behind-the-scenes kerfuffles, physical comedy hijinks, and even flying sardines.
Ongoing
Ongoing - ‘Space Explorers: The Infinite’ Immersive Experience @ Stanley Marketplace Embark on an immersive excursion through new breathtaking videos that reveal the many wonders of space exploration.Ongoing - ‘The Berlin Airlift: Supplies from the Sky’ Exhibition @ Wings Museum The exhibit shares the lessons of courage, perseverance, and the triumph of the human spirit and pays tribute to the brave citizens who risked their lives to bring hope to a divided city.
Ongoing - 'Spookadelia' Immersive Show @ Spectra Art Space 'Spookadelia: Doubt’s Echo' is an all-ages narrative-driven psychedelic immersive art, theatrical, and highly interactive experience.
Ongoing - ‘Fazal Sheikh: Thirst Exposure In Place’ Exhibition @ DAM Capturing the Colorado Plateau, Sheikh’s portraits and landscapes shed light on the far-reaching consequences of extractive industry and climate change.
Ongoing - ‘The Russells in Denver, 1921’ Exhibition @ DAM Charles M. Russel’s works capture the vast landscapes, mountain ranges, and peoples of the American West of the 1880s, thus leaving a valuable chronicle of the West that once was.
Ongoing - ‘Sandra Vásquez de la Horra: The Awake Volcanoes’ Exhibition @ DAM The exhibition highlights paintings, drawings, and prints by award-winning artist Sandra Vásquez de la Horra, who explores the notions of fantasy, desire, fear, and pleasure and its relationship to the human body.
Ongoing - Spring Exhibition Series @ MCA MCA’s Spring series includes solo exhibitions of three contemporary artists whose multidisciplinary works focus on the exploration of the natural phenomena, landscapes, and human interactions with the natural world.
Ongoing - ‘Performing Self’ Exhibition @ Boulder Museum of Contemporary ArtThis exhibition provides a look into how seven multidisciplinary artists celebrate the mutability of self-identity through the embodiment of alter egos or personae.
2024.04.23 04:59 stlatos The Proto-Indo-European Sheperd God *PaH2uson-
https://www.academia.edu/117911659
Proto-Indo-European *paH2uson- is seen by Prósper as a compound of *paH2- ‘feed / protect’ (often used with animal names to form jobs in -herd), from his functions protecting and strengthening cattle. Thus, originally Cowherd and/or Sheperd God. In my mind, this makes the most sense if *paH2uson- came from *paH2-ukson- ‘protecting cattle’ (*ukso:n > E. ox, Av. uxšan- ‘bull’, PT *wïksö:n > *(w)okso: > TB okso, TA opäs). This could be due to dissimilation of back fricatives, if H2 = χ and k became x before fricatives:
*paχ-ukson- = *paH2-ukson-
*paχ-uxson-
*paχ-uson- dissimilation of back fricatives
This name had variants *paH2uson- / *pH2uson- / *puH2son- (possibly ablaut) and is the source of several IE gods:
*paH2uson- > *pauho:n > Greek Pā́n / Pā́ōn ‘Pan’
Pan is the son of Hermes, but essentially identical to him. Both were likely originally names for the same god (wikipedia). His particular aspects are likely old, from PIE. Since he is part goat, with goat horns on his head, he bears a similarity to aspects of Thor and Pushan (Whalen 2023a). Hermes’ characteristics are often shared by Indo-European counterparts (including Loki and the Divine Twins), but not his name (suggesting that it is a title based on his connection to the Herms and fertility in general, which would be nearly certain if first Pan under another name). Many gods are connected to fertility, but almost every feature of his is also that of another god (cloak of invisibility and leading the dead suggest Hades, youth and cunning like Apollo, flying/swift like the Dioscuri, patron of travelers like Zeus is of guests showing respect for rules of society/strangers, etc.).
*puH2son- > Skt. Pūṣáṇ-, Scythian Pountas
In the Rigveda the god Pūṣáṇ- (Pushan) has a chariot pulled by goats and his name is also from a Proto-Indo-European word associated with gods and goats (Greek Pā́ōn / Pā́n). Pushan’s chariot carries the Sun in its daily journey across the sky. He also leads souls to Heaven (wikipedia). These features are similar to those of the Aśvins (chariot which carries the Sun, carrying people away to save them) and Thor (chariot pulled by goats). Since Pushan has a golden axe, which might correspond to Thor’s hammer (both representing (bright/golden) lightning, Mjöllnir is cognate with PSlavic *mulnijo- ‘lightning’).
This is as much certainty as anything that can be known considering how little is directly said of Pushan in the oldest sources. He has a braided hair and beard, and his connection to gold and the sun might suggest, like the Sun and Agni (fire), he had a golden beard. In many myths, the person pulling the object that was the sun was the Sun-God himself (Helios Hyperion). Of course, there is also evidence that one of the Aśvins was the Sun, the other the Moon (Whalen 2023b).
Though Thor is now depicted with a horned helmet at times, it is uncertain if older versions had this. Thor might have had horns, as shown by the use of ceremonial horned helmets in Norse rituals (compare maks of gods used in rites, or the Hand of Sabazius), but no direct evidence exists. One myth of Greek Dionysus (conceived by Persephone and Zeus in the form of serpents) was identified with the god Zagreus as “horned child”.
The Scythian god Pountas must be related to Pūṣáṇ- (if its source is not wholly unknown) and together these might show *pusan- / *pusn- > *puθn- > *punt- . It seems likely that *ns > nt is seen in other Iranian (Massagetic *manah-, *mans- >> dat. Khorsománōi vs. nom. Khorsámantis). The opposite likely in Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite): *arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa (like the Bactrian Ardokϸo, a goddess equivalent to Fortuna < *arti-xši-, cognate with Av. arti- \ aṣ̌i- ‘reward?’ and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’), making her ‘lady of fortune’. Since some Iran. changed some s > θ (Skt. sraktí- ‘prong/spike/point’, Av. sraxti- \ θraxti-) an intermediate *s > *ts > *θcan explain all data by sound changes (maybe regular outside of Av., where sraxti- \ θraxti- makes optionallity necessary).
*paH2uson- > *paH2usno- > *pausno- > *favsno- > Latin Faunus
The changes to the word are not fully regular. No explanation for such alternation as p / f, au / ū, exists, but many Italic words seem to show oddities in words with P-P (Whalen 2024a). This provides some evidence of *w > *v being old, most easily seen in Greek. Not being able to predict such changes is less than linguists desire, but it seems like sorting and analyzing such changes is sometimes all that is possible.
Since most knowledge of Roman gods comes from a period after heavy contact with Greece led to a mixture of their mythology, not all later descriptions of him seem to be wholly native. Descriptions of Faunus as the “god of the forest, plains and fields… herdsmen” are likely true, but without perfect evidence, so be careful in analyzing him.
*paH2uson- > Pauso ?
This Messapic name resembles *Paus- in others, but claims like:
“Mallory and Adams saw a possible connection with… Pan… and Pauso (Messapic)” (wikipedia)
“The Vedic and Greek names are a match of, respectively, the Venetic [or Gaulish] PN Puso and Messapic Pauso (name of a mythical [maybe] king)” (Prósper 2016: 45)
have no evidence behind them. To me, Messapic clearly shows *-s- > *-h- > 0 (among many other examples of *s > h, like *dH1so- > *theho- > G. theóphoros ‘possessed by a god / (divinely) inspired’, Ms. t(h)abara- ‘priest’). Other h : h (G. Hippikós, Híppakos, Ms. Hipaka / Ipaka / Hopaka) make it clear that Ms. names (and likely all words) are derived from Greek (Whalen 2024b). In this case, many G. names in Paus- exist, making any other origin unlikely; when every name has a Greek match, looking for a non-Greek match as the first attempt makes no sense:
G. paúō ‘make cease / check / stop (from _ing) / hinder’, Pausanías ‘allayer of sorrow’, Paúsōn : Ms. Pauso
Calin, Didier (2023) Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes Vol. II
https://www.academia.edu/94718674
Prósper, Blanca María (2016) Excursus: *–i–lo– in Celtic onomastics and in the prehistory of Latin
https://www.academia.edu/38154947
Whalen, Sean (2023a) Thor and Pushan, the Toothless God
https://www.reddit.com/mythology/comments/10r7an4/thor_and_pushan_the_toothless_god/
Whalen, Sean (2023b) The Separation of the Sun and Moon
https://www.reddit.com/mythology/comments/10qeu8f/the_separation_of_the_sun_and_moon/
Whalen, Sean (2024a) Etymology of Rome, Italy, populus, pōpulus, P-P, w-w (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/116114267
Whalen, Sean (2024b) A Call for Investigation of Messapic
https://www.academia.edu/116877237
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*P%C3%A9h%E2%82%82us%C5%8Dn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushan
submitted by stlatos to mythology [link] [comments]
Proto-Indo-European *paH2uson- is seen by Prósper as a compound of *paH2- ‘feed / protect’ (often used with animal names to form jobs in -herd), from his functions protecting and strengthening cattle. Thus, originally Cowherd and/or Sheperd God. In my mind, this makes the most sense if *paH2uson- came from *paH2-ukson- ‘protecting cattle’ (*ukso:n > E. ox, Av. uxšan- ‘bull’, PT *wïksö:n > *(w)okso: > TB okso, TA opäs). This could be due to dissimilation of back fricatives, if H2 = χ and k became x before fricatives:
*paχ-ukson- = *paH2-ukson-
*paχ-uxson-
*paχ-uson- dissimilation of back fricatives
This name had variants *paH2uson- / *pH2uson- / *puH2son- (possibly ablaut) and is the source of several IE gods:
*paH2uson- > *pauho:n > Greek Pā́n / Pā́ōn ‘Pan’
Pan is the son of Hermes, but essentially identical to him. Both were likely originally names for the same god (wikipedia). His particular aspects are likely old, from PIE. Since he is part goat, with goat horns on his head, he bears a similarity to aspects of Thor and Pushan (Whalen 2023a). Hermes’ characteristics are often shared by Indo-European counterparts (including Loki and the Divine Twins), but not his name (suggesting that it is a title based on his connection to the Herms and fertility in general, which would be nearly certain if first Pan under another name). Many gods are connected to fertility, but almost every feature of his is also that of another god (cloak of invisibility and leading the dead suggest Hades, youth and cunning like Apollo, flying/swift like the Dioscuri, patron of travelers like Zeus is of guests showing respect for rules of society/strangers, etc.).
*puH2son- > Skt. Pūṣáṇ-, Scythian Pountas
In the Rigveda the god Pūṣáṇ- (Pushan) has a chariot pulled by goats and his name is also from a Proto-Indo-European word associated with gods and goats (Greek Pā́ōn / Pā́n). Pushan’s chariot carries the Sun in its daily journey across the sky. He also leads souls to Heaven (wikipedia). These features are similar to those of the Aśvins (chariot which carries the Sun, carrying people away to save them) and Thor (chariot pulled by goats). Since Pushan has a golden axe, which might correspond to Thor’s hammer (both representing (bright/golden) lightning, Mjöllnir is cognate with PSlavic *mulnijo- ‘lightning’).
This is as much certainty as anything that can be known considering how little is directly said of Pushan in the oldest sources. He has a braided hair and beard, and his connection to gold and the sun might suggest, like the Sun and Agni (fire), he had a golden beard. In many myths, the person pulling the object that was the sun was the Sun-God himself (Helios Hyperion). Of course, there is also evidence that one of the Aśvins was the Sun, the other the Moon (Whalen 2023b).
Though Thor is now depicted with a horned helmet at times, it is uncertain if older versions had this. Thor might have had horns, as shown by the use of ceremonial horned helmets in Norse rituals (compare maks of gods used in rites, or the Hand of Sabazius), but no direct evidence exists. One myth of Greek Dionysus (conceived by Persephone and Zeus in the form of serpents) was identified with the god Zagreus as “horned child”.
The Scythian god Pountas must be related to Pūṣáṇ- (if its source is not wholly unknown) and together these might show *pusan- / *pusn- > *puθn- > *punt- . It seems likely that *ns > nt is seen in other Iranian (Massagetic *manah-, *mans- >> dat. Khorsománōi vs. nom. Khorsámantis). The opposite likely in Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite): *arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa (like the Bactrian Ardokϸo, a goddess equivalent to Fortuna < *arti-xši-, cognate with Av. arti- \ aṣ̌i- ‘reward?’ and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’), making her ‘lady of fortune’. Since some Iran. changed some s > θ (Skt. sraktí- ‘prong/spike/point’, Av. sraxti- \ θraxti-) an intermediate *s > *ts > *θcan explain all data by sound changes (maybe regular outside of Av., where sraxti- \ θraxti- makes optionallity necessary).
*paH2uson- > *paH2usno- > *pausno- > *favsno- > Latin Faunus
The changes to the word are not fully regular. No explanation for such alternation as p / f, au / ū, exists, but many Italic words seem to show oddities in words with P-P (Whalen 2024a). This provides some evidence of *w > *v being old, most easily seen in Greek. Not being able to predict such changes is less than linguists desire, but it seems like sorting and analyzing such changes is sometimes all that is possible.
Since most knowledge of Roman gods comes from a period after heavy contact with Greece led to a mixture of their mythology, not all later descriptions of him seem to be wholly native. Descriptions of Faunus as the “god of the forest, plains and fields… herdsmen” are likely true, but without perfect evidence, so be careful in analyzing him.
*paH2uson- > Pauso ?
This Messapic name resembles *Paus- in others, but claims like:
“Mallory and Adams saw a possible connection with… Pan… and Pauso (Messapic)” (wikipedia)
“The Vedic and Greek names are a match of, respectively, the Venetic [or Gaulish] PN Puso and Messapic Pauso (name of a mythical [maybe] king)” (Prósper 2016: 45)
have no evidence behind them. To me, Messapic clearly shows *-s- > *-h- > 0 (among many other examples of *s > h, like *dH1so- > *theho- > G. theóphoros ‘possessed by a god / (divinely) inspired’, Ms. t(h)abara- ‘priest’). Other h : h (G. Hippikós, Híppakos, Ms. Hipaka / Ipaka / Hopaka) make it clear that Ms. names (and likely all words) are derived from Greek (Whalen 2024b). In this case, many G. names in Paus- exist, making any other origin unlikely; when every name has a Greek match, looking for a non-Greek match as the first attempt makes no sense:
G. paúō ‘make cease / check / stop (from _ing) / hinder’, Pausanías ‘allayer of sorrow’, Paúsōn : Ms. Pauso
Calin, Didier (2023) Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes Vol. II
https://www.academia.edu/94718674
Prósper, Blanca María (2016) Excursus: *–i–lo– in Celtic onomastics and in the prehistory of Latin
https://www.academia.edu/38154947
Whalen, Sean (2023a) Thor and Pushan, the Toothless God
https://www.reddit.com/mythology/comments/10r7an4/thor_and_pushan_the_toothless_god/
Whalen, Sean (2023b) The Separation of the Sun and Moon
https://www.reddit.com/mythology/comments/10qeu8f/the_separation_of_the_sun_and_moon/
Whalen, Sean (2024a) Etymology of Rome, Italy, populus, pōpulus, P-P, w-w (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/116114267
Whalen, Sean (2024b) A Call for Investigation of Messapic
https://www.academia.edu/116877237
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*P%C3%A9h%E2%82%82us%C5%8Dn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushan
2024.04.23 00:37 stlatos Scythian -mp-
https://www.academia.edu/117903694/Scythian_mp_Draft_
The river called Exampaîos was translated as ‘sacred roads’ in Scythian (or one of the languages/dialects spoken by the group called Scythians, since not all words seem to have the same sound changes) by Herodotus. This would show *pathya- ‘path (adj.?)’ > *pa(h)ya- (3). The cognates of Greek póntos ‘sea’, pátos ‘trodden/beaten way / path’ all mean ‘path / crossing / ford’, etc. (Skt. pánthās ‘path / way / road’, OCS pǫtĭ ‘way / road’, OPr pintis ‘road’, L. pōns ‘bridge’, Arm. hun ‘ford / way’). This implies G. póntos got its meaning from a shift ‘path > ford / river / sea’ or similar. The same shift in Scythian would imply that Exampaîos was ‘sacred river’ and a good but imperfect understanding of Scythian led to a small mistranslation. The first part would be cognate with *yaks- > Kho. gyaṣ- ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Skt. yakṣá-m ‘a kind of supernatural being’, *ya(H2)g^- > Skt. yájate ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Av. yaz-, OP yad- ‘worship’. Compounds in IE sometimes change u- & i-stems to o-stems, and o- to i- or yo-, so *yaxša- + *path(a(:))- > *yaxšapathya- makes sense. Where would -mp- come from?
Keeping the languages/dialects termed Scythian separate seems best. Trying to analyze each group of words, sometimes with similar semantics, in accounts/stories one at a time allows more certainty in which sound changes existed in each group. The Bactrian Ardokϸo, a goddess equivalent to Fortuna (7), seems to be
*arti-xši- > Bactrian Ardokϸo [ardxǝš(ǝ)]
cognate with Av. arti- \ aṣ̌i- ‘reward?’ and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’), making her ‘lady of fortune’. This allows the same analysis for Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite) :
*arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa
We can be fairly sure that *rt > rg was regular, since a god mentioned in the same list is put in Greek as Thagimasádas (a god equated with Poseidon). Since the 2nd part must be Iranian *maza(n)t- ‘great’, Thagi- would only match
*twrk^tor- > *twǝrs^tar- > Skt. tváṣṭar- ‘carpenter’, Av. θwōrǝštar- / etc. ‘fashioner’
making *θwaRšta:-maza(n)t- > *θwaRta:-maza(n)d- ‘great creator / god of sky/rain/ocean’, which would then be “Lord Creator” or similar (reasonably = Ahuramazda = Varuna ); later with the same *-rt- > -rg-. But again, where would -mp- come from?
Having 2 examples with relatively certain *-p- but attested -mp- suggests some kind of sound change. This would match data in Scythian: the Scythians gave the Persian king Darius, who was chasing the the Scythians but unable to catch them (never fighting them, running out of supplies, etc.) the gift of a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. They’re message that he could understand their meaning “if he was clever” makes it likely that it was a pun (see full evidence below) for
*vi-m mūš-ǝm magandra-m panča išū-nam
which was meant to sound like:
*vi-mōš-ǝm maga-n drampanči šūna-m
I gave a gift, they run in vain.
Here, it is *-v- that would become -mp- (or *-m-, since Skt. drámati ‘runs’ & drávati both exist). With evidence that Indo-Iranian had many nasal sonorants (5), including many *ṽ > v / m and even *-p- > *-v- > *-ṽ- > v / m :
Skt. náva- ‘young / new’, A. náaw, Ti. nam, Dm. nõwã, Ks. *nõra > nõ.a, Kh. nóγ ‘new’
Skt. náva ‘9’, Dm. noo, A. núu, Ti. nom, D. no, Sa. no, Kv. nu, Kt. nu, Ni. nu, Kh. nyòf
Skt. lopāśá-s > *lovāśá- \ *lovāyá- > Kh. ḷòw, Dk. láač \ ló(o)i ‘fox’, fem. *lovāyī > *lomhāyī > A. luuméei, Pl. lhooméi
Skt. śubha- ‘bright/beautiful/splendid/good’, *śumhâ > A. šúwo ‘good’, šišówo ‘pretty’, Dm. šumaa ‘beautiful’
IE? *kswiP-to- > Av. xšvipta-, *xšvufta- > Ps. šaudǝ ‘milk’, šómle ‘buttermilk’
PIE *g^hew- ‘pour’ > G. khéō ‘pour’, Skt. juhóti ‘pour a libation / sacrifice’, *goü- > B. goi- / gom- ‘sacrifice’
I say that Scythian evidence supports that they were similar in this way to modern Dardic languages. Thus, any labial P became v > ṽ between vowels. Later, this ṽ > mv in Scythian, > mb > mp (prenasalized?). No other reasonable explanation would produce so many “coincidental” cases of -mp- for likely -p-. Since these groups show even more clear evidence that -t- > -d- and -nt- > -nd- existed, how would *-p- or *-mp- in all these cases not become **-mb-?
Scythian Puns
Herodotus has been accused of being inaccurate, but some odd incidents involving the Persian king Darius might show the reality of weird actions brought about by completely unexpected causes. The Scythian king Idánthursos had an odd response to Darius’ challenge, that seems to make little sense without context. Darius told him to either stand and fight or else acknowledge him as his master. Idánthursos said, “In return for saying that you are my master, I say to weep”. In the Greek account of this is added “this is Scythian speech.’ Manaster Ramer & Schwartz (1) took this to mean it was only understandable when spoken in Scythian, a dead Iranian language. If so, it would be a simple pun based on two roots with the same form, *xšay- ‘weep’ (Sogdian xšēwan ‘weeping’) and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’, English Padishah, Sogdian pāt(i)xšāwan). It is possible that the cognates of xšēwan and -xšāwan were pronounced the same in Scythian, which would make the most sense here.
Though this pun is simple, basic, short, and easily seen (when you know Iranian), it establishes an important principle. Manaster Ramer believes other seemingly inexplicable words and actions taken by Scythians in other histories have a similar reason based on words and pronunciations in the Scythian language. In another later incident, Darius runs out of supplies while chasing the Scythians, who still refuse to engage in battle. The Scythians send an envoy carrying a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. When asked the meaning, the envoy said it was up to the Persians to figure out the meaning of the gifts “if they are clever”. Since there is no, I repeat, NO reason for this based on any rational strategy, it must be a joke. I do not insist it was an actual historic event where a Scythian rider somehow transported several small animals across the empty land, but even if it was a later tall tale (such as tend to cluster around famous people and events, making them more clever or amusing than they actually were), it was certainly the Scythians who told the tale, since this again forms a pun in Iranian. Herodotus and others must have accurately passed on the stories, whether they were true or not. There was no real way to know more in the ancient world.
Manaster Ramer (2) saw that since ‘5 arrows’ would be *panča išūnam (with standard grammar, noun in genitive after ‘5’) it provided a source for moving the word boundaries, needed for any long pun, to produce *ūnam ‘(in) lack / in want’ (both Skt. ūná- ‘insufficient / lacking’ and Latin vānus ‘empty / void’, English vain are cognates < PIE *w(a)H2no-) or my šūna-m ‘in vain’ (Skt. śūnyá- ‘hollow / empy / vacant’ < *k^uH2- ‘swell / become inflated’). In the same way, since ‘bird’ was simply *vi- in Iranian, it would sound the same as the prefix vi- ‘away’ found in many, many verbs. With no other possible purpose, these gifts (real or apocryphal) provided a way to put together another phrase made up of these simple parts. That their languages had sound changes (both within Scythain and with standard sandhi) added would be required for any such interpretation, not restricted to my analysis or different just because this was a pun.
Even with this taken as fact, I can not agree with many of Manaster Ramer’s ideas on how to interpret the pun. He posited *makata- ‘frog’ when evidence for *mantraka- exists in IIr. instead (*mantruko- ‘frog / toad’ > Dk. maṇúuko, Kt. maṇúk, Ni. âv-maṭrakog, D. maṭéeq, A. maṭróok; many IIr. words add diminutive suffixes -ika- / -aka- / -uka- with no distinction). This would obviously completely change the meaning. Since these words for ‘frog’ often show metathesis and other unexplained changes (6), I would think that *mantraka- > *makantra- would fit here best (or else it woud produce no recognizable words at the ‘frog' . Instead of his elaborate sound changes that remove Scythian and Ossetic from a close relation, I support this traditional view and only use a few sound changes common to many Middle Iranian languages (k > g between vowels or sonorants, etc.), sandhi (m deleted before m, V deleted before V) and the particularly Ossetic *p > f (then, like Kassite, > *x; likely *Cx > *C). This produces:
bird mouse frog (acc.) five arrows (gen.)
*vi-m mūš-m makantra-m panča išū-nam
*vi-m mūš-ǝm magandra-m panča išū-nam sound changes > Scythian
*vi mūšǝm magandram panč išūnam sandhi
which was meant to sound like:
*vi-mauš-m magha-m dramanti śūna-m
*vi-mōš-ǝm maga-n drampanči šūna-m sandhi, sound changes > Scythian
I gave a gift, they run in vain.
Since this describes the situation at the time, when Darius keeps moving in search of a fight but never fulfills his purpose, it seems to fit the context. Since the root *mauš- ‘take’ (Skt. moṣ- ‘steal / take away’), *vi-mauš- ‘give’, is fairly rare it’s possible that it was *mausH- / *muHs- and would give *vi-mūš-ǝm to match *vi-m mūš-ǝm (or, if *ū became *ō under certain conditons, such as when followed by C and a non-high V), so they might be even closer in sound or identical. Other parts:
*dram- ‘run’
*-anti ‘3rd pl.’
*magha- ‘gift’, Skt. maghá- ‘gift / reward / wealth’
1
Manaster Ramer, Alexis & Schwartz, Martin (2019) Some Interlinguistic Iranian Conundrums
https://www.academia.edu/38499565
2
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (draft?) Scythian Rebus
https://www.academia.edu/117487565
3
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (draft?) Wörter und Schla(n)gen, or Marquart and Manaster Ramer in Scythia: Greek μάραγνα, Syriac maragnā
https://www.academia.edu/117824786
4
Whalen, Sean (2024) Greek Pottery, Pkpuphs & Khukhospi (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/117645949
5
Whalen, Sean (2023) Indo-Iranian Nasal Sonorants (r > n, y > ñ, w > m)
https://www.academia.edu/106688624
6
Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir (1962-1966) A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985.
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Du%CC%84%CC%81ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact
7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoksho
submitted by stlatos to HistoricalLinguistics [link] [comments]
The river called Exampaîos was translated as ‘sacred roads’ in Scythian (or one of the languages/dialects spoken by the group called Scythians, since not all words seem to have the same sound changes) by Herodotus. This would show *pathya- ‘path (adj.?)’ > *pa(h)ya- (3). The cognates of Greek póntos ‘sea’, pátos ‘trodden/beaten way / path’ all mean ‘path / crossing / ford’, etc. (Skt. pánthās ‘path / way / road’, OCS pǫtĭ ‘way / road’, OPr pintis ‘road’, L. pōns ‘bridge’, Arm. hun ‘ford / way’). This implies G. póntos got its meaning from a shift ‘path > ford / river / sea’ or similar. The same shift in Scythian would imply that Exampaîos was ‘sacred river’ and a good but imperfect understanding of Scythian led to a small mistranslation. The first part would be cognate with *yaks- > Kho. gyaṣ- ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Skt. yakṣá-m ‘a kind of supernatural being’, *ya(H2)g^- > Skt. yájate ‘sacrifice / make offering’, Av. yaz-, OP yad- ‘worship’. Compounds in IE sometimes change u- & i-stems to o-stems, and o- to i- or yo-, so *yaxša- + *path(a(:))- > *yaxšapathya- makes sense. Where would -mp- come from?
Keeping the languages/dialects termed Scythian separate seems best. Trying to analyze each group of words, sometimes with similar semantics, in accounts/stories one at a time allows more certainty in which sound changes existed in each group. The Bactrian Ardokϸo, a goddess equivalent to Fortuna (7), seems to be
*arti-xši- > Bactrian Ardokϸo [ardxǝš(ǝ)]
cognate with Av. arti- \ aṣ̌i- ‘reward?’ and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’), making her ‘lady of fortune’. This allows the same analysis for Scythian Argímpasa (a goddess equated with Aphrodite) :
*arti-patni: > *arḍi-paθna: > *aRgi-pasna > *argi-pasa > Argímpasa
We can be fairly sure that *rt > rg was regular, since a god mentioned in the same list is put in Greek as Thagimasádas (a god equated with Poseidon). Since the 2nd part must be Iranian *maza(n)t- ‘great’, Thagi- would only match
*twrk^tor- > *twǝrs^tar- > Skt. tváṣṭar- ‘carpenter’, Av. θwōrǝštar- / etc. ‘fashioner’
making *θwaRšta:-maza(n)t- > *θwaRta:-maza(n)d- ‘great creator / god of sky/rain/ocean’, which would then be “Lord Creator” or similar (reasonably = Ahuramazda = Varuna ); later with the same *-rt- > -rg-. But again, where would -mp- come from?
Having 2 examples with relatively certain *-p- but attested -mp- suggests some kind of sound change. This would match data in Scythian: the Scythians gave the Persian king Darius, who was chasing the the Scythians but unable to catch them (never fighting them, running out of supplies, etc.) the gift of a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. They’re message that he could understand their meaning “if he was clever” makes it likely that it was a pun (see full evidence below) for
*vi-m mūš-ǝm magandra-m panča išū-nam
which was meant to sound like:
*vi-mōš-ǝm maga-n drampanči šūna-m
I gave a gift, they run in vain.
Here, it is *-v- that would become -mp- (or *-m-, since Skt. drámati ‘runs’ & drávati both exist). With evidence that Indo-Iranian had many nasal sonorants (5), including many *ṽ > v / m and even *-p- > *-v- > *-ṽ- > v / m :
Skt. náva- ‘young / new’, A. náaw, Ti. nam, Dm. nõwã, Ks. *nõra > nõ.a, Kh. nóγ ‘new’
Skt. náva ‘9’, Dm. noo, A. núu, Ti. nom, D. no, Sa. no, Kv. nu, Kt. nu, Ni. nu, Kh. nyòf
Skt. lopāśá-s > *lovāśá- \ *lovāyá- > Kh. ḷòw, Dk. láač \ ló(o)i ‘fox’, fem. *lovāyī > *lomhāyī > A. luuméei, Pl. lhooméi
Skt. śubha- ‘bright/beautiful/splendid/good’, *śumhâ > A. šúwo ‘good’, šišówo ‘pretty’, Dm. šumaa ‘beautiful’
IE? *kswiP-to- > Av. xšvipta-, *xšvufta- > Ps. šaudǝ ‘milk’, šómle ‘buttermilk’
PIE *g^hew- ‘pour’ > G. khéō ‘pour’, Skt. juhóti ‘pour a libation / sacrifice’, *goü- > B. goi- / gom- ‘sacrifice’
I say that Scythian evidence supports that they were similar in this way to modern Dardic languages. Thus, any labial P became v > ṽ between vowels. Later, this ṽ > mv in Scythian, > mb > mp (prenasalized?). No other reasonable explanation would produce so many “coincidental” cases of -mp- for likely -p-. Since these groups show even more clear evidence that -t- > -d- and -nt- > -nd- existed, how would *-p- or *-mp- in all these cases not become **-mb-?
Scythian Puns
Herodotus has been accused of being inaccurate, but some odd incidents involving the Persian king Darius might show the reality of weird actions brought about by completely unexpected causes. The Scythian king Idánthursos had an odd response to Darius’ challenge, that seems to make little sense without context. Darius told him to either stand and fight or else acknowledge him as his master. Idánthursos said, “In return for saying that you are my master, I say to weep”. In the Greek account of this is added “this is Scythian speech.’ Manaster Ramer & Schwartz (1) took this to mean it was only understandable when spoken in Scythian, a dead Iranian language. If so, it would be a simple pun based on two roots with the same form, *xšay- ‘weep’ (Sogdian xšēwan ‘weeping’) and *xšay- / *xša:- ‘rule’ (Middle Persian pādi-xšāy ‘rule(r)’, English Padishah, Sogdian pāt(i)xšāwan). It is possible that the cognates of xšēwan and -xšāwan were pronounced the same in Scythian, which would make the most sense here.
Though this pun is simple, basic, short, and easily seen (when you know Iranian), it establishes an important principle. Manaster Ramer believes other seemingly inexplicable words and actions taken by Scythians in other histories have a similar reason based on words and pronunciations in the Scythian language. In another later incident, Darius runs out of supplies while chasing the Scythians, who still refuse to engage in battle. The Scythians send an envoy carrying a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. When asked the meaning, the envoy said it was up to the Persians to figure out the meaning of the gifts “if they are clever”. Since there is no, I repeat, NO reason for this based on any rational strategy, it must be a joke. I do not insist it was an actual historic event where a Scythian rider somehow transported several small animals across the empty land, but even if it was a later tall tale (such as tend to cluster around famous people and events, making them more clever or amusing than they actually were), it was certainly the Scythians who told the tale, since this again forms a pun in Iranian. Herodotus and others must have accurately passed on the stories, whether they were true or not. There was no real way to know more in the ancient world.
Manaster Ramer (2) saw that since ‘5 arrows’ would be *panča išūnam (with standard grammar, noun in genitive after ‘5’) it provided a source for moving the word boundaries, needed for any long pun, to produce *ūnam ‘(in) lack / in want’ (both Skt. ūná- ‘insufficient / lacking’ and Latin vānus ‘empty / void’, English vain are cognates < PIE *w(a)H2no-) or my šūna-m ‘in vain’ (Skt. śūnyá- ‘hollow / empy / vacant’ < *k^uH2- ‘swell / become inflated’). In the same way, since ‘bird’ was simply *vi- in Iranian, it would sound the same as the prefix vi- ‘away’ found in many, many verbs. With no other possible purpose, these gifts (real or apocryphal) provided a way to put together another phrase made up of these simple parts. That their languages had sound changes (both within Scythain and with standard sandhi) added would be required for any such interpretation, not restricted to my analysis or different just because this was a pun.
Even with this taken as fact, I can not agree with many of Manaster Ramer’s ideas on how to interpret the pun. He posited *makata- ‘frog’ when evidence for *mantraka- exists in IIr. instead (*mantruko- ‘frog / toad’ > Dk. maṇúuko, Kt. maṇúk, Ni. âv-maṭrakog, D. maṭéeq, A. maṭróok; many IIr. words add diminutive suffixes -ika- / -aka- / -uka- with no distinction). This would obviously completely change the meaning. Since these words for ‘frog’ often show metathesis and other unexplained changes (6), I would think that *mantraka- > *makantra- would fit here best (or else it woud produce no recognizable words at the ‘frog' . Instead of his elaborate sound changes that remove Scythian and Ossetic from a close relation, I support this traditional view and only use a few sound changes common to many Middle Iranian languages (k > g between vowels or sonorants, etc.), sandhi (m deleted before m, V deleted before V) and the particularly Ossetic *p > f (then, like Kassite, > *x; likely *Cx > *C). This produces:
bird mouse frog (acc.) five arrows (gen.)
*vi-m mūš-m makantra-m panča išū-nam
*vi-m mūš-ǝm magandra-m panča išū-nam sound changes > Scythian
*vi mūšǝm magandram panč išūnam sandhi
which was meant to sound like:
*vi-mauš-m magha-m dramanti śūna-m
*vi-mōš-ǝm maga-n drampanči šūna-m sandhi, sound changes > Scythian
I gave a gift, they run in vain.
Since this describes the situation at the time, when Darius keeps moving in search of a fight but never fulfills his purpose, it seems to fit the context. Since the root *mauš- ‘take’ (Skt. moṣ- ‘steal / take away’), *vi-mauš- ‘give’, is fairly rare it’s possible that it was *mausH- / *muHs- and would give *vi-mūš-ǝm to match *vi-m mūš-ǝm (or, if *ū became *ō under certain conditons, such as when followed by C and a non-high V), so they might be even closer in sound or identical. Other parts:
*dram- ‘run’
*-anti ‘3rd pl.’
*magha- ‘gift’, Skt. maghá- ‘gift / reward / wealth’
1
Manaster Ramer, Alexis & Schwartz, Martin (2019) Some Interlinguistic Iranian Conundrums
https://www.academia.edu/38499565
2
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (draft?) Scythian Rebus
https://www.academia.edu/117487565
3
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (draft?) Wörter und Schla(n)gen, or Marquart and Manaster Ramer in Scythia: Greek μάραγνα, Syriac maragnā
https://www.academia.edu/117824786
4
Whalen, Sean (2024) Greek Pottery, Pkpuphs & Khukhospi (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/117645949
5
Whalen, Sean (2023) Indo-Iranian Nasal Sonorants (r > n, y > ñ, w > m)
https://www.academia.edu/106688624
6
Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir (1962-1966) A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985.
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Du%CC%84%CC%81ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact
7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoksho
2024.03.27 20:00 xool420 FILMISSART TOP 100 BIG BOARD
 | submitted by xool420 to NFL_Draft [link] [comments] |
2024.03.08 01:35 NeepNorp1945 NATO icon equivalent in my world.
 | submitted by NeepNorp1945 to worldbuilding [link] [comments] |
2024.03.07 20:34 Devilsin_Lucifer Best CTPS for silver surfer (in depth guide)
I've compiled this from comparisons performed by multiple high level players and have determined what's best for him ((main contributor is ÅOS Simak ))for anyone who wants to know
Let's get the obvious out of the way
Conquest is number 1 it does have to atleast be mighty for its reflect recieved reduction and making him tanky while including super guard break immunit these will be some of the hardest to face
refinment is number 2 again has to atleast be mighty to be effective (and you need decent card stats to use it at the bare minimum 35% hp 70% atk and a good amount of pierce) it provides him with 15%-35% heal every second something he dosent have native that adam(with arti) Jean(with 3rd skill) and wolverine do meaning he can heal up while the enemy is reviving and has super guard break immunity -give this to surfer with agent venom support (needs arti) and colosus he will kill every team you come across on his own he is SERIOUSLY tanky with this
Authority is number 3 this one dosent have to be reforged to be viable the invincible is great for any reflect and though he dosent need it the atk buff when hp is at 50% can come in handy when reforged it decreases all damage recieved and has super guard break immunity both will make him tanky ---- ----however authority does have some drawbacks that's why it's below refinment due to a long existing bug the invincible on authority messes with his counterattack when the invincible triggers at 50% hp his counter will not work untill that invincible ends (this does not apply to the invincible on his 4th skill it wil sometimes but not consistently) his counter is where alot of his value lies so due to how auth effects it it just is not as good as the top 2 options however its still good if u haven't got the stats for or the other 2 ctps
Transcendance/patience 4 though they are generally reforge fodder they ARE semi decent options for him due to the invincible atk increase (helps his reflect) and reflect recieved reduction (surfer is succeptible to other reflects so this helps immensely) however they are not recommended they are underrated especially for their value on reflects and ONLY reflects
Regen/greed neither of this are ideal or recommended what so ever he does NOT need an attack based build my own surfer at lvl60 is able to counter kill t4s he has THAT much damage (and I'm currently using authority) so it'd be wasted on him a defensive build is BEST for surfer ///////// regen even when brilliant isn't good for him the shield will not save him because of how many hits toons have on their skills compared to when this ctp was meta its lack of super guard break immunity when reforged is the main reason it has fallen off this ctp is only good for AC only toons or Spider-Man anyone who says this ctp is great/good on him is kidding themselves
To simplify all of this
M/b conquest>m/b refinment>m/bauth>patience>transcendance. XXXGreed/regenXXX
submitted by Devilsin_Lucifer to MarvelFuture_Fight [link] [comments]
Let's get the obvious out of the way
Conquest is number 1 it does have to atleast be mighty for its reflect recieved reduction and making him tanky while including super guard break immunit these will be some of the hardest to face
refinment is number 2 again has to atleast be mighty to be effective (and you need decent card stats to use it at the bare minimum 35% hp 70% atk and a good amount of pierce) it provides him with 15%-35% heal every second something he dosent have native that adam(with arti) Jean(with 3rd skill) and wolverine do meaning he can heal up while the enemy is reviving and has super guard break immunity -give this to surfer with agent venom support (needs arti) and colosus he will kill every team you come across on his own he is SERIOUSLY tanky with this
Authority is number 3 this one dosent have to be reforged to be viable the invincible is great for any reflect and though he dosent need it the atk buff when hp is at 50% can come in handy when reforged it decreases all damage recieved and has super guard break immunity both will make him tanky ---- ----however authority does have some drawbacks that's why it's below refinment due to a long existing bug the invincible on authority messes with his counterattack when the invincible triggers at 50% hp his counter will not work untill that invincible ends (this does not apply to the invincible on his 4th skill it wil sometimes but not consistently) his counter is where alot of his value lies so due to how auth effects it it just is not as good as the top 2 options however its still good if u haven't got the stats for or the other 2 ctps
Transcendance/patience 4 though they are generally reforge fodder they ARE semi decent options for him due to the invincible atk increase (helps his reflect) and reflect recieved reduction (surfer is succeptible to other reflects so this helps immensely) however they are not recommended they are underrated especially for their value on reflects and ONLY reflects
Regen/greed neither of this are ideal or recommended what so ever he does NOT need an attack based build my own surfer at lvl60 is able to counter kill t4s he has THAT much damage (and I'm currently using authority) so it'd be wasted on him a defensive build is BEST for surfer ///////// regen even when brilliant isn't good for him the shield will not save him because of how many hits toons have on their skills compared to when this ctp was meta its lack of super guard break immunity when reforged is the main reason it has fallen off this ctp is only good for AC only toons or Spider-Man anyone who says this ctp is great/good on him is kidding themselves
To simplify all of this
M/b conquest>m/b refinment>m/bauth>patience>transcendance. XXXGreed/regenXXX
2024.03.07 19:41 Devilsin_Lucifer Best CTPS for silver surfer (in depth guide)
I've compiled this from comparisons performed by multiple high level players and have determined what's best for him ((main contributor is ÅOS Simak ))for anyone who wants to know
Let's get the obvious out of the way
Conquest is number 1 it does have to atleast be mighty for its reflect recieved reduction and making him tanky while including super guard break immunit these will be some of the hardest to face
refinment is number 2 again has to atleast be mighty to be effective (and you need decent card stats to use it at the bare minimum 35% hp 70% atk and a good amount of pierce) it provides him with 15%-35% heal every second something he dosent have native that adam(with arti) Jean(with 3rd skill) and wolverine do meaning he can heal up while the enemy is reviving and has super guard break immunity -give this to surfer with agent venom support (needs arti) and colosus he will kill every team you come across on his own he is SERIOUSLY tanky with this
Authority is number 3 this one dosent have to be reforged to be viable the invincible is great for any reflect and though he dosent need it the atk buff when hp is at 50% can come in handy when reforged it decreases all damage recieved and has super guard break immunity both will make him tanky ---- ----however authority does have some drawbacks that's why it's below refinment due to a long existing bug the invincible on authority messes with his counterattack when the invincible triggers at 50% hp his counter will not work untill that invincible ends (this does not apply to the invincible on his 4th skill it wil sometimes but not consistently) his counter is where alot of his value lies so due to how auth effects it it just is not as good as the top 2 options however its still good if u haven't got the stats for or the other 2 ctps
Transcendance/patience 4 though they are generally reforge fodder they ARE semi decent options for him due to the invincible atk increase (helps his reflect) and reflect recieved reduction (surfer is succeptible to other reflects so this helps immensely) however they are not recommended they are underrated especially for their value on reflects and ONLY reflects
Regen/greed neither of this are ideal or recommended what so ever he does NOT need an attack based build my own surfer at lvl60 is able to counter kill t4s he has THAT much damage (and I'm currently using authority) so it'd be wasted on him a defensive build is BEST for surfer ///////// regen even when brilliant isn't good for him the shield will not save him because of how many hits toons have on their skills compared to when this ctp was meta its lack of super guard break immunity when reforged is the main reason it has fallen off this ctp is only good for AC only toons or Spider-Man anyone who says this ctp is great/good on him is kidding themselves
To simplify all of this
M/b conquest>m/b refinment>m/bauth>patience>transcendance. XXXGreed/regenXXX
submitted by Devilsin_Lucifer to future_fight [link] [comments]
Let's get the obvious out of the way
Conquest is number 1 it does have to atleast be mighty for its reflect recieved reduction and making him tanky while including super guard break immunit these will be some of the hardest to face
refinment is number 2 again has to atleast be mighty to be effective (and you need decent card stats to use it at the bare minimum 35% hp 70% atk and a good amount of pierce) it provides him with 15%-35% heal every second something he dosent have native that adam(with arti) Jean(with 3rd skill) and wolverine do meaning he can heal up while the enemy is reviving and has super guard break immunity -give this to surfer with agent venom support (needs arti) and colosus he will kill every team you come across on his own he is SERIOUSLY tanky with this
Authority is number 3 this one dosent have to be reforged to be viable the invincible is great for any reflect and though he dosent need it the atk buff when hp is at 50% can come in handy when reforged it decreases all damage recieved and has super guard break immunity both will make him tanky ---- ----however authority does have some drawbacks that's why it's below refinment due to a long existing bug the invincible on authority messes with his counterattack when the invincible triggers at 50% hp his counter will not work untill that invincible ends (this does not apply to the invincible on his 4th skill it wil sometimes but not consistently) his counter is where alot of his value lies so due to how auth effects it it just is not as good as the top 2 options however its still good if u haven't got the stats for or the other 2 ctps
Transcendance/patience 4 though they are generally reforge fodder they ARE semi decent options for him due to the invincible atk increase (helps his reflect) and reflect recieved reduction (surfer is succeptible to other reflects so this helps immensely) however they are not recommended they are underrated especially for their value on reflects and ONLY reflects
Regen/greed neither of this are ideal or recommended what so ever he does NOT need an attack based build my own surfer at lvl60 is able to counter kill t4s he has THAT much damage (and I'm currently using authority) so it'd be wasted on him a defensive build is BEST for surfer ///////// regen even when brilliant isn't good for him the shield will not save him because of how many hits toons have on their skills compared to when this ctp was meta its lack of super guard break immunity when reforged is the main reason it has fallen off this ctp is only good for AC only toons or Spider-Man anyone who says this ctp is great/good on him is kidding themselves
To simplify all of this
M/b conquest>m/b refinment>m/bauth>patience>transcendance. XXXGreed/regenXXX
2024.03.03 03:03 Doniu This guy literally opened every app and 3 videos on his PC just to lag his tekken, how is this not bannable
 | submitted by Doniu to Tekken [link] [comments] |
2024.01.13 05:46 Jcha1234 Team comp suggestions for SI train?
 | (Also yes, I play on pc) submitted by Jcha1234 to NikkeOutpost [link] [comments] |
2024.01.06 07:54 GranLusso64 Misteri Gunung Padang
 | Situs prasejarah Indonesia yang breakout lewat netflix submitted by GranLusso64 to indonesia [link] [comments] Bulan oktober lalu, makalah dari tim ilmuwan Indo yang dipimpin oleh Dr. Hilman Natawidjaja diterbitkan di jurnal ilmiah dunia. Paper yang terbit di jurnal ilmiah punya arti yang signifikan, karena gak bisa sembarangan dan harus peer-reviewed dulu. Dalam makalah tersebut, kesimpulan mereka adalah situs gunung padang merupakan struktur buatan manusia (piramida) tertua di bumi berusia 23.000+ tahun. Wow, indonesa number one ! Tapi paper ini lagi didebat banyak arkeolog dunia karena banyak kesalahan fakta dan dalam metodologi yg dipakai. Sedangkan hasil penelitian yang lebih diterima oleh para ilmuwan adalah bahwa situs tersebut merupakan punden berundak yang didirikan oleh kebudayaan sunda kuno kurleb pada 50 tahun SM. Sebenernya fakta ini aja udah keren, kalau di pulau jawa sudah ada kebudayaan/peradaban pada jamannya Yesus dan romawi, dan situsnya di cianjur juga menarik banget. Jadi engga harus 25.000 tahun yang lalu, dan oleh peradaban atlantis yang hilang, tapi boong. Disclaimer: Bukan profesional atau studi arkeologi, jadi mohon cmiiw. |
2024.01.02 10:57 Aromatic-Kale-7961 espero ela desde 2017 // estou louco?
em 2017 quando estava no 2º ano do ensino medio mudei pro turno da noite e então conheci uma menina que era da mesma sala
minha amizade com ela era igual com todos mas la no fundo eu achava ela muito bonita, uma moça dedicada mas nunca cheguei a demonstrar isso eu estava até "feliz" so em conversar com ela
ja no final do ano epoca de natal aparece no feed do facebook que ela está namorando um cara aqui da cidade eu fiquei em choque pois nunca tinha visto eles juntos nem nada
(estavamos todos os parentes comendo e quando abro o celular vejo aquilo minha pressão até baixou lembro como se fosse ontem)
mas ai beleza chegou 2018 e nós no 3º ano e todos os dias na saida/entrada eles passavam de carro por mim e pelos colegas em geral e eu ficava olhando com uma pulga atrás da orelha eles pareciam amigos somente nunca vi eles de maos nada nem nada do tipo so quele relacionamento serio no facebook
a minha relação em sala de aula com ela sempre foi de boa a gente se falava e eu estava meio que confortavel com isso ela nunca faltou com respeito
ela até me chamou pra bater corrida na saida do colegio ( quando ainda solteira) e eu fiquei com meus amigos (cara eu sou burro demais)
depois chegou o final do ano e por coincidencia será? ela me tirou no amigo secreto e me presenteou com uma camiseta so que eu era (mais) timido aquela epoca e pode ter parecido que não gostei sei lá
eu não falei muito so abracei ela e agradeci e acabou ficando por assim mesmo
(eu usei a camiseta por uns 2 anos até ela literalmente se desgastar toda e cheia de furos)
quando cheguei em casa nesse dia que era o ultimo me caiu a ficha que não veria mais ela e eu fiquei quase louco
na formatura a gente nem se falou direito foi tudo muito rapido
2019 começo a fazer estagio na prefeitura e ela se muda pra outra cidade pra tentar uma carreira de modelo
ja o "namorado dela" sempre ficou aqui nessa cidade" ele jogava bola num time daqui e era socio de uma oficina tambem daqui cidade tem 10k da habitantes
em algum momento eu chamo ela pra conversar tals e ela fala que não está fácil as coisas que pensa em desistir e tals sempre colocando no status do whats mensagens para alegrar sabe
por exemplo: "voce vai conseguir" "nada será facil" "Deus está preparando tudo pra mim"
eu então ofereço ajuda financeira (ganhava 600 kkk) mas ela recusa
eu pensava comigo mesmo "preciso buscar essa mulher ela é a mulher da minha vida" (nascida em 2000)
foi mais um menos 1 semana que conversamos e depois nunca mais
eu sempre via o pefil dela e ficava pensando porque de não ter ao menos tentado falar com ela sobre o que sinto
não chamava ela para não incomodar sabe, se ela ta namorando... será que ela respondia apenas por boa vontade?? depois meu estagio acabou e não consegui arrumar outro emprego fiquei 1 ano parado e também aconteceu de eu não chamar mais ela pra conversar eu pensei ah mano não deu beleza é isso, fé... alguns meses depois conheci uma menina no app e foi algumas semanas de conversa e cai fora não quero isso e o tempo passou e ficou assim mesmo eu não tive mais contato com ela apenas via seu perfil do insta/face só chegamos em set 2021
eu agora trabalho na internet ganho entre 6k como ja deu até 10k
ela voltou pra essa cidade onde nos conhecemos e é modelo em dois estados
ela vai no lugar e tira as fotos no dia pelo o que ela falou antigamente
ao longo desses anos eu não fiquei com ninguem
eu meio que me bloqueei pra conhecer novas pessoas ( 1 dos motivos é que sempre teve briga de pai e mãe aqui então eu tinha medo por ter uma vida igual a deles)
em todo esse tempo vendo os perfis deles so vi 3 fotos juntos e algum parabens nada muito mais que isso
e responderam comentarios no dia do relacionamento serio
eu ficava tipo assim: mano esse relacionamento é uma farsa, eles são amigos. como la na outra cidade ela não estava indo bem então esse cara decide ceder a casa dele pra ela ficar em troca de xxx??
o tempo passou e eu sempre trabalhando sem procurar me relacionar mas sempre com ela na cabeça pensando cara eu tinha meio que esquecido ela até que em dezembro do ano passdo eu passo por ela na rua e falo o seu nome e então ela me olha e fala ooooii cara esse OI foi foi diferente sabe vc sente que foi so que na hora eu segui meu caminho e fiquei com aquela voz na minha cabeça e isso ta me torturando cara dai passou uma semana por ai eu em um dia de folga resolvo ver o perfil dela pra relembrar aquele tempo sabe e vejo que no perfil dela no facebook não tem mais fotos com ele e nem status de relacionamento, nada mais referente a ele. o que ficou foi a amizade no perfil isso ja me deixou de coração acelerado o problema é que eu fui ver o perfil dele depois e foi acontecendo so decepção cara
daí fui no perfil dele que está com relacionamento serio tambem mas sem mencionar ela, o que acontecia no passado. ele mantem no perfil as fotos tiradas com ela
isso não pra deixar qualquer um louco da vida??
e tem mais kkkk
no whatss ( sim eu tenho o numero dela decorado desde 2017) a foto está somente ela e com status sendo um nome biblico// não vou dizer qual vai que ela lê isso aqui kkkk
e no whats dele (que tem o numero no perfil) tem a foto sendo ele sozinho tambem mas o status é o NOME DELA.
cara eu to ficando louco!!
eles estão juntos ou não?
penso que finalmente terminaram pra eu pelo menos poder tentar algo com ela
ela não mostra mais que esta namorando ja ele mostra (sendo no whats apenas) e no perfil do face dele so ta relacionamento serio sem mencionar ela antigamente era mencionado nos dois perfis
imagina se namoram?? aí eu arrumei pra cabeça!
no insta dela tem varias fotos dela como modelo e tals
ja ele é jogador de futebol num time da cidade aqui (o cara é bom parece tem varios trofeus)
eu sei que ninguem é obrigado a expor sua vida amorosa na internet mas agora um lado apagou tudo, o que isso quer dizer? que brigaram será
falando serio agora:
eu acredito que valha a pena lutar por essa mulher, cara ela é fod#
so que imagina eu arrumar briga com esse cara que ela está kkk vai vim o time dele contra mim kkkk
por isso que não tentei nada so agora ta pior ainda 1 diz que ta em relacionamento e outro não
sempre acreditei que esse relacionamento tinha algo errado e eu ficava esperando chegar a minha vez
esse tempo eu fiquei me ocupando em comprar coisas pro meu pc (montei 4 e vendi 2) ja que trabalho com ele e tambem eu que sustento a casa agora
a gente fica se remoendo por não ter ao menos tentado sabe?
se desse errado beleza passava 1 ano e ja tinha esquecido com certeza
agora todo esse tempo com ela na cabeça ta me deixando paranoico kkkkkk
detalhe que nunca namorei sera que é isso? até aqui foi o ponto mais alto do amor que aconteceu comigo
eu me bloqueio pra conhecer pessoas novas com esperança de ficar com ela algum dia porque eu ela é fod# cara
o tempo está passando muito rapido...
submitted by Aromatic-Kale-7961 to desabafos [link] [comments]
minha amizade com ela era igual com todos mas la no fundo eu achava ela muito bonita, uma moça dedicada mas nunca cheguei a demonstrar isso eu estava até "feliz" so em conversar com ela
ja no final do ano epoca de natal aparece no feed do facebook que ela está namorando um cara aqui da cidade eu fiquei em choque pois nunca tinha visto eles juntos nem nada
(estavamos todos os parentes comendo e quando abro o celular vejo aquilo minha pressão até baixou lembro como se fosse ontem)
mas ai beleza chegou 2018 e nós no 3º ano e todos os dias na saida/entrada eles passavam de carro por mim e pelos colegas em geral e eu ficava olhando com uma pulga atrás da orelha eles pareciam amigos somente nunca vi eles de maos nada nem nada do tipo so quele relacionamento serio no facebook
a minha relação em sala de aula com ela sempre foi de boa a gente se falava e eu estava meio que confortavel com isso ela nunca faltou com respeito
ela até me chamou pra bater corrida na saida do colegio ( quando ainda solteira) e eu fiquei com meus amigos (cara eu sou burro demais)
depois chegou o final do ano e por coincidencia será? ela me tirou no amigo secreto e me presenteou com uma camiseta so que eu era (mais) timido aquela epoca e pode ter parecido que não gostei sei lá
eu não falei muito so abracei ela e agradeci e acabou ficando por assim mesmo
(eu usei a camiseta por uns 2 anos até ela literalmente se desgastar toda e cheia de furos)
quando cheguei em casa nesse dia que era o ultimo me caiu a ficha que não veria mais ela e eu fiquei quase louco
na formatura a gente nem se falou direito foi tudo muito rapido
2019 começo a fazer estagio na prefeitura e ela se muda pra outra cidade pra tentar uma carreira de modelo
ja o "namorado dela" sempre ficou aqui nessa cidade" ele jogava bola num time daqui e era socio de uma oficina tambem daqui cidade tem 10k da habitantes
em algum momento eu chamo ela pra conversar tals e ela fala que não está fácil as coisas que pensa em desistir e tals sempre colocando no status do whats mensagens para alegrar sabe
por exemplo: "voce vai conseguir" "nada será facil" "Deus está preparando tudo pra mim"
eu então ofereço ajuda financeira (ganhava 600 kkk) mas ela recusa
eu pensava comigo mesmo "preciso buscar essa mulher ela é a mulher da minha vida" (nascida em 2000)
foi mais um menos 1 semana que conversamos e depois nunca mais
eu sempre via o pefil dela e ficava pensando porque de não ter ao menos tentado falar com ela sobre o que sinto
não chamava ela para não incomodar sabe, se ela ta namorando... será que ela respondia apenas por boa vontade?? depois meu estagio acabou e não consegui arrumar outro emprego fiquei 1 ano parado e também aconteceu de eu não chamar mais ela pra conversar eu pensei ah mano não deu beleza é isso, fé... alguns meses depois conheci uma menina no app e foi algumas semanas de conversa e cai fora não quero isso e o tempo passou e ficou assim mesmo eu não tive mais contato com ela apenas via seu perfil do insta/face só chegamos em set 2021
eu agora trabalho na internet ganho entre 6k como ja deu até 10k
ela voltou pra essa cidade onde nos conhecemos e é modelo em dois estados
ela vai no lugar e tira as fotos no dia pelo o que ela falou antigamente
ao longo desses anos eu não fiquei com ninguem
eu meio que me bloqueei pra conhecer novas pessoas ( 1 dos motivos é que sempre teve briga de pai e mãe aqui então eu tinha medo por ter uma vida igual a deles)
em todo esse tempo vendo os perfis deles so vi 3 fotos juntos e algum parabens nada muito mais que isso
e responderam comentarios no dia do relacionamento serio
eu ficava tipo assim: mano esse relacionamento é uma farsa, eles são amigos. como la na outra cidade ela não estava indo bem então esse cara decide ceder a casa dele pra ela ficar em troca de xxx??
o tempo passou e eu sempre trabalhando sem procurar me relacionar mas sempre com ela na cabeça pensando cara eu tinha meio que esquecido ela até que em dezembro do ano passdo eu passo por ela na rua e falo o seu nome e então ela me olha e fala ooooii cara esse OI foi foi diferente sabe vc sente que foi so que na hora eu segui meu caminho e fiquei com aquela voz na minha cabeça e isso ta me torturando cara dai passou uma semana por ai eu em um dia de folga resolvo ver o perfil dela pra relembrar aquele tempo sabe e vejo que no perfil dela no facebook não tem mais fotos com ele e nem status de relacionamento, nada mais referente a ele. o que ficou foi a amizade no perfil isso ja me deixou de coração acelerado o problema é que eu fui ver o perfil dele depois e foi acontecendo so decepção cara
daí fui no perfil dele que está com relacionamento serio tambem mas sem mencionar ela, o que acontecia no passado. ele mantem no perfil as fotos tiradas com ela
isso não pra deixar qualquer um louco da vida??
e tem mais kkkk
no whatss ( sim eu tenho o numero dela decorado desde 2017) a foto está somente ela e com status sendo um nome biblico// não vou dizer qual vai que ela lê isso aqui kkkk
e no whats dele (que tem o numero no perfil) tem a foto sendo ele sozinho tambem mas o status é o NOME DELA.
cara eu to ficando louco!!
eles estão juntos ou não?
penso que finalmente terminaram pra eu pelo menos poder tentar algo com ela
ela não mostra mais que esta namorando ja ele mostra (sendo no whats apenas) e no perfil do face dele so ta relacionamento serio sem mencionar ela antigamente era mencionado nos dois perfis
imagina se namoram?? aí eu arrumei pra cabeça!
no insta dela tem varias fotos dela como modelo e tals
ja ele é jogador de futebol num time da cidade aqui (o cara é bom parece tem varios trofeus)
eu sei que ninguem é obrigado a expor sua vida amorosa na internet mas agora um lado apagou tudo, o que isso quer dizer? que brigaram será
falando serio agora:
eu acredito que valha a pena lutar por essa mulher, cara ela é fod#
so que imagina eu arrumar briga com esse cara que ela está kkk vai vim o time dele contra mim kkkk
por isso que não tentei nada so agora ta pior ainda 1 diz que ta em relacionamento e outro não
sempre acreditei que esse relacionamento tinha algo errado e eu ficava esperando chegar a minha vez
esse tempo eu fiquei me ocupando em comprar coisas pro meu pc (montei 4 e vendi 2) ja que trabalho com ele e tambem eu que sustento a casa agora
a gente fica se remoendo por não ter ao menos tentado sabe?
se desse errado beleza passava 1 ano e ja tinha esquecido com certeza
agora todo esse tempo com ela na cabeça ta me deixando paranoico kkkkkk
detalhe que nunca namorei sera que é isso? até aqui foi o ponto mais alto do amor que aconteceu comigo
eu me bloqueio pra conhecer pessoas novas com esperança de ficar com ela algum dia porque eu ela é fod# cara
o tempo está passando muito rapido...
2023.12.23 18:37 Ok_Whereas3797 Papal States Campaign in GFM
 | submitted by Ok_Whereas3797 to victoria2 [link] [comments] |
2023.11.27 07:17 RandomizedID Pricing Policy Guide for Service-Provider Freelancer etc.
Hellow all, long time no see yaa kita. Anyway, gue mo sharing tentang pengalaman gue terkait pricing policy supaya bisnis jasa lu lebih lancar. Gue punya pengalaman freelancing/part-timing sejak 2013an di bidang riset dan gue punya cukup banyak klien yang ngasih gue referal ke klien lain, baik di Indo maupun di LN. Salah satu alasan hubungan gue baik dengan klien itu karena pricing policy gue cukup transparan dan gak plinplan; dan tentunya dengan banyak pelajaran berharga sampai ke posisi ini.
Nah, alesan gue nulis post ini adalah karena makin kesini, gue makin sering nemu (entah ngalamin sendiri atau dicurhatin temen) kasus service providers yang bikin gue puyeng dengan pricing policy mereka. Misalnya, dari pada ngasih range harga utk jasa abc, providers malah bilang, "budget lu berapa" atau "tergantung lu perusahaan besar atau ukmk?" atau malah giliran dikontak lewat watsapp pake nomor bukan +62 malah tiba2 harganya berubah pake dollar (kadang sampe 20x lipat harga awal) padahal udah deal sebelumnya. So, berikut gue share point2 pricing policy yang menurut gue super membantu bisnis gue:
First of all, always focus on the value of your service, not the value of your clients.
IMO, isu ini tuh isu yang paling sering gue liat di service market Indonesia. Sering kali, provider jasa sendiri gak tau harus menghargai/value jasanya sendiri berapa, jadi dia selalu mengukur valuenya lewat value kliennya. Even worse, kadang kali, provider menyesuaikan harga sesuai value klien bukan karena mereka gak punya price-range pribadi, tapi lebih ke... oportunis. Provider ngerasa "wah, ada kesempatan utk dapet lebih dengan effort sama" karena kliennya bisa afford lebih.
Padahal, kalau dipikir-pikir lagi, siapapun kliennya kan gak merubah value provider kan? Misalnya, gue dihire dua perusahaan utk evaluasi riset pasar mereka, kerjaan gue utk keduanya sama aja... tapi klien gue yg satunya BCA dan satunya lagi bank lokal kecil-kecilan. Kalau gitu, apakah gue harus charge BCA lebih gede karena BCA itu bank lebih gede biarpun effort dan KSA (knowledge, skill, ability) gue utk keduanya sama? Enggak dong, gak adil buat keduanya utk gue kasih harga yang beda. Tentu lain cerita kalau gue ngasih diskon (entah dasar apa, bisa aja gue besties sama salah satunya atau apapapunlah), tapi diskon juga harus jelas bahwa ini tuh diskon. Value klien (tepatnya daya beli klien) selalu irelevan buat gue, dan kalau mereka gak sanggup bayar gue dengan harga normal... yaudah, antara emang kami gak cocok, atau emang kita bisa bikin payment plan lain.
Selain itu, nanya budget ke klien atau nanya mereka sanggup bayar berapa itu sebenerny offensive. Inget, yang kalian sediain itu jasa, bukan produk... jadi agak aneh aja kalau kalian nanya gitu. Kebayang gak sih, kalian mau ke psikolog trus dia nanya, "kamu budgetnya berapa?" terus kalian dicharge sesuai budget kalian.
So, what to do next?
Edit: buat yg baru disini dan gak kenal gue, berikut kompilasi post2 gue yg bukan shitpost.
submitted by RandomizedID to indonesia [link] [comments]
Nah, alesan gue nulis post ini adalah karena makin kesini, gue makin sering nemu (entah ngalamin sendiri atau dicurhatin temen) kasus service providers yang bikin gue puyeng dengan pricing policy mereka. Misalnya, dari pada ngasih range harga utk jasa abc, providers malah bilang, "budget lu berapa" atau "tergantung lu perusahaan besar atau ukmk?" atau malah giliran dikontak lewat watsapp pake nomor bukan +62 malah tiba2 harganya berubah pake dollar (kadang sampe 20x lipat harga awal) padahal udah deal sebelumnya. So, berikut gue share point2 pricing policy yang menurut gue super membantu bisnis gue:
First of all, always focus on the value of your service, not the value of your clients.
IMO, isu ini tuh isu yang paling sering gue liat di service market Indonesia. Sering kali, provider jasa sendiri gak tau harus menghargai/value jasanya sendiri berapa, jadi dia selalu mengukur valuenya lewat value kliennya. Even worse, kadang kali, provider menyesuaikan harga sesuai value klien bukan karena mereka gak punya price-range pribadi, tapi lebih ke... oportunis. Provider ngerasa "wah, ada kesempatan utk dapet lebih dengan effort sama" karena kliennya bisa afford lebih.
Padahal, kalau dipikir-pikir lagi, siapapun kliennya kan gak merubah value provider kan? Misalnya, gue dihire dua perusahaan utk evaluasi riset pasar mereka, kerjaan gue utk keduanya sama aja... tapi klien gue yg satunya BCA dan satunya lagi bank lokal kecil-kecilan. Kalau gitu, apakah gue harus charge BCA lebih gede karena BCA itu bank lebih gede biarpun effort dan KSA (knowledge, skill, ability) gue utk keduanya sama? Enggak dong, gak adil buat keduanya utk gue kasih harga yang beda. Tentu lain cerita kalau gue ngasih diskon (entah dasar apa, bisa aja gue besties sama salah satunya atau apapapunlah), tapi diskon juga harus jelas bahwa ini tuh diskon. Value klien (tepatnya daya beli klien) selalu irelevan buat gue, dan kalau mereka gak sanggup bayar gue dengan harga normal... yaudah, antara emang kami gak cocok, atau emang kita bisa bikin payment plan lain.
Selain itu, nanya budget ke klien atau nanya mereka sanggup bayar berapa itu sebenerny offensive. Inget, yang kalian sediain itu jasa, bukan produk... jadi agak aneh aja kalau kalian nanya gitu. Kebayang gak sih, kalian mau ke psikolog trus dia nanya, "kamu budgetnya berapa?" terus kalian dicharge sesuai budget kalian.
So, what to do next?
- Bandingin harga pasar dan harga ideal buat bisnis lu sendiri. Ada banyak faktor yang bisa lu perhitungkan disini, misalnya: YoE, seberapa niche, spesifik KSA apa yang diperlukan, living cost, dll dll. Abis itu, lu bikin range harga yang sesuai buat lu untuk pricing lokal. (i'll explain more on international pricing shortly)
- Be transparent of your pricing and its differentiation. Disini, kalau kalian bisa nulis pricing di website, ini lebih baik. Tapi kalau gak bisa juga wajar kok... apalagi kalau kalian punya klien LN dan Indo. But at the very least, lu harus bisa bilang bahwa "harga gue dirange xxx-yyy dan dipengaruhi oleh apa aja." Gue misalnya selalu ngasih pricing US $50 or IRD 500k utk initial consult per 30menit, xxx retainer fees, etc etc tapi harga dll juga akan dipengaruhi oleh lokasi dimana gue akan ngambil data which akan ngaruhin wage buat part-timers gue, dll dll. Buat gue, kalau gue gak bisa justyfing harga yg gue kasih.... atau kalau satu-satunya justifikasi gue adalah "kan di LN bayarannya pake dollar yaa, daya beli lebih tinggi..." gue akan kembali lagi ke point utama gue bahwa client's value is irrelevant to my business' value.
- International Pricing. Waktu gue di Indo (dan kalau gue di Indo), gue juga tentunya punya pricing yang beda utk klien international. Tapi gue gak pernah pake alesan upcharge 10x atau lebih atas dasar beda mata uang. Mostly, upcharge gue lebih ke karena gue harus ngomong/nulis pake Inggris (dan somewhat timezone related inconvenience kalau harus meeting sering etc etc).
Edit: buat yg baru disini dan gak kenal gue, berikut kompilasi post2 gue yg bukan shitpost.
2023.11.06 18:30 Rikysavage94 What and when changed about chat bans? i can't type anything
I used to play a lot 2013-2016, i was a 'competitive' player, wanting to win hard, having good stats etc so i used to insult a lot teammates that weren't trying to win the game or do good in general (you know, E100 that was camping near TD zone and so on) but i the chatbans were NOT frequent
I recently came back after years of stop (maybe i had some battles in certain period but really a few) of course i'm not good as i was so i insult really less, cause i never liked tomato talking shit even if they don't understand what was a good play and what was just stupid
Anyway, im basically chabanned so often right now!! even if i don't say nothing 'heavy' but just the classic xxx moron - idiot meds etc. very generic and at ppl that probably doesn't even read the chat - too busy at playing bad ahah they can't multitask The question is, are they reporting me like baby talking to their mommy or WG now have an automatic thing that detect specific words like - moron, idiot, noob etc I barely left the game after the remove of CHAT ALL cause it was so funny to taunt the enemy, to tell enemy arty that you are going to kill them at the end
submitted by Rikysavage94 to WorldofTanks [link] [comments]
I recently came back after years of stop (maybe i had some battles in certain period but really a few) of course i'm not good as i was so i insult really less, cause i never liked tomato talking shit even if they don't understand what was a good play and what was just stupid
Anyway, im basically chabanned so often right now!! even if i don't say nothing 'heavy' but just the classic xxx moron - idiot meds etc. very generic and at ppl that probably doesn't even read the chat - too busy at playing bad ahah they can't multitask The question is, are they reporting me like baby talking to their mommy or WG now have an automatic thing that detect specific words like - moron, idiot, noob etc I barely left the game after the remove of CHAT ALL cause it was so funny to taunt the enemy, to tell enemy arty that you are going to kill them at the end
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submitted by Standard-Club8798 to u/Standard-Club8798 [link] [comments]
2023.09.21 08:02 todasun Fake hidayah 💀
 | submitted by todasun to indonesia [link] [comments] |
2023.09.17 17:46 Sensitive_Spread6769 Can I have a story mode team please
 | These raptures are kicking my ass and I’m garbage at the game so can I please have a team picked from the Audience submitted by Sensitive_Spread6769 to NikkeMobile [link] [comments] |
2023.09.10 02:56 Yuki08100 Lv 100 mileage has been reached!!!
 | So far i have been enjoying the story the combat had been pretty easy on auto except during defense battle where i have to play manuel but other than that it is fun.so far i have 1 mlb character 1 but i am getting there slowly, i am not sure if i am going fast or slow but i do know that i am going at my own pace. submitted by Yuki08100 to NikkeMobile [link] [comments] And a quick question currently i have 310 golden ticket and i have been planning on using the gold ticket to get her before she leave knowing that the anniversary to coming would i have enough to get 90 pull in 3 months if i sav? |