Thanks for deciding to read my post today. This is not the definitive or complete explanation of wheelchair ramp design. Before I start let's get the technical potentially legal stuff out of the way first.
Ramps that are indoors or in a fenced in area like a back yard (THE FENCED AREA MAY BE DIFFERENT IF IT IS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC). Ramps not used by the public = Food delivery, mailperson, utility meter reader, Jahova's Witnesses, etc.
These Ramps do not need to Meer ADA requirements. But should still be functional and safe to use. You'd be surprised at what people do. But if it works, then it works.
Backyards that are fenced in and not accessible to the public MIGHT be excluded.
FOR ANY RAMP OR ACCESSIBLE FEATURE ADDED TO OITDOOR SPACES THAT THE PUBLIC CAN ACCESS WILL 100% NEED A TOWN OR CITY PERMIT. THIS IS WITHOUT EXCEPTION.
Here is where it gets real. If you decide to ignore this and say someone trips, slips pr otherwise gets injured by your accessibility fearure. YOU and only YOU are at fault. Even if it is 100% ADA compliant, the feature was not properly registered with the town or city so it can be noted when and where it is installed and on what property.
Next the town or city will fine you a set amount per day it was in place without a permit. For example a permit for my handcycle shed cost $100 that might seem unfair and costly. But if I had just built my shed without permit they could fine me $1,000 per day it was up from the time it was built.
Getting a permit and making things 100% or better than ADA complaint, yes it is easy to surpass what the ADA asks for. ADA is the bare minimum expected.
This doesn't mean someone trying to con you won't try and sue you. But, if you have things in order such as getting a permit. Making things at least ADA compliant will support your side in a legal issue.
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Ramps.
What makes a crappy, good, or excellent ramp?
For me it is the little details that really make the differences. I will use images to try and explain the bare basics.
1st image: Most people see this and think: My prayers have been answered.
No they have not. You will notice the direction the person is using the ramp. Manufacturers do this to play into your desperate need for a ramp solution. They want you imagining how easy there ramp is to use. So they stage images showing that. Much how homes are staged. To make it easier for people to fall victim to slick sales tricks.
What if the door were closed and rhe person was approaching the door? Look at the ramp. How does one say open s screen door or storm door that swings out? Most dwellings will have one.
Now imagine it's raining really hard and that nice metal surface isn't as grippy? And you have a bag or two of groceries on your lap. Now open the storm door and then before it closes as they are typically on a door closer of some design. As you fight the storm door, are annoyed by the driving rain, and fumbling for your keys.
Even on an ideally perfect day without snow or rain this ramp will work 100% against you. Also it isn't wide enough to allow you to move over out of the way ofcthe storm door. Meaning you need to back up and get the door perched against your wheelchair frame to now roll foward to open the entry door. Sadly using the wheelchair brakes just make things all that much more frustrating.
2nd Image: 3 ft ramp $219. This seems decent right? It isn't. You have to account for the pitch or slope.
If you have a threshold that is 10 inches higher than the surface you need to reach, this means you need not just a ten foot long ramp but a raised area that meets the threshold that the ramp attaches to closest to the surface you're trying to reach.
What happens if you decide to use a short ramp and have a steeper slope? The worst will be to flip backwards going up. Next worst you don't have the upper body strength to make it. The next will be you deciding never to use it except to exit with. It is a little less scary going down. Although you need really good hand strength and dexterity to maintain control at higher speeds.
ADDING INFO AS A SAFETY REMINDER: Most manual wheelchairs have what are called brakes. ⚠️ ⚠️ ⚠️ These are NOT brakes like those of a car, or bicycle. Injury or worse can happen when they are used as friction brakes. DANGER: You risk not only destroying your tire and wheelchair but also injuries from catastrophic failures of the tire and possibly the rims of the wheels.
These levers no matter if they are push or pull to lock or scissor styled brakes are only meant and made to hold you in place AFTER you use your hands to stop with. OR FEET for those able to do that.
The reason these are not brakes in the typical sense is because of how they work. They bite into the tire material and can blow out air filled tires by ripping through the rubber tire. On solid tires they can tear the tire causing it to fail and possibly fall off the rim. If the rim is left exposed and you are moving the metal or composite rim will slide on the surface.
The biggest excuses I hear for using these levers as brakes are: They are called brakes. YouTube wheelchair brake basics how to use and not use them. I don't want people ending more disabled than they already are.
My hands are to weak to stop me. I understand that. So my best suggestion is rubber coated work gooves. Leather gloves or some form of glove that you like to use. I personally don't like wearing gloves, but when I go on 16 mile strolls I wear a pair. They provide additional traction and that grip means less hand strength is needed to stop overall. It is not recommended to grab the tire for additional friction at any time while moving down hill.
If tire use us needed make sure you have a pair of heavy duty leather gloves on. Welding gloves short gauntlet works. Warning: This method destroys gloves rapidly. These is due to the sandpaper like friction the tire creates with its texture and tread design. Extreme heat can build up and burn your hands. So pay attention and release grip changing hand positions to reduce this.
Ramps have to be designed to work with the fact wheels like to roll. And steep ramps are what prompted my warning about brake use.
I am considering designing a brake system to work like a bicycle that could be added by most people. I will look into this concept at some point.
So a stubby short ramp might be low cost but isn't the answer it appears in most manufacturers images.
Lots of information that needs to be shared because so many people will fall into the thinking what they have is a good solution and it's harming them and the equipment they use.
Good news here: Most towns and cities do not charge or keep the charge very low for ramp and other disability access devices in public spaces.
What the permit does is show you the bare minimum of what is required to make your project ADA compliant. Also it resistors your ramp or lift with the town or city and at what property. This way should a nosy neighbor want to whine about your project looking horrible the town or city can reassure that negative rube that you are in full compliance with all the ordinances and ADA requirements. So they can mind their own beeswax.
Also the permit is a must if a property owner or landlord are to allow the access in the first place. This has to do with liability and property insurance. Speaking of that crap it would be wise to invest in renters insurance in the event someone claimsxto have been injured by your device. Do not depend only on the landlord or property owner's word that its covered. You could also ask your town or city how that works also to get a straight answer. If the landlord or property owner does claim you are covered always get that in writing.
3rd image shows the lack of what is called a staging area. This is exactly what a porch does. Notice the porch is flat and provides room to move out of the way of any storm door? This is a super important and all to easy to miss feature that makes a ramp go from frustrating to awesome.
I even made that mistake with my ramp I built for my garage. I did change it so it has a 6ft deep 4ft wide same as the ramp staging area that once I installed a screen door I use daily.
4th image: Now it gets colorful. Nothing attaches to the porch or the building in my design. This is to respect the property. And save you on extra costs to restore things later.
The support for the flat area of the porch:
Measure uo to the front top edge of the threshold. Say this is 6 inches or so... Using 4X4 cut to the same width of the porch. These are rated for outdoor ground contact.
Next using decking wood this should be equal to the top front edge of the threshold. In effect the timbers are the support they are orange and just on top of the porch. They go across to provide full support.
How to determine how many. For the porch shown in your image would likely use three. One right under the threshold, one in the middle, and one right along the front edge of the porch.
Decking would go left to right and for the parts with out full support use scrap pieces of 4X4 to position under those rows.
An alternative way to set the supports are: under the threshold is left to right full width of porch. Then instead of the others being left to right. Place one on the left going vertical or not left to right. One on the right side going perpendicular to fhe horizontal one. Then you will cut one 4 inches short for the center also placed parallel to the left and right. The front porch edge piece cut to fit the width between the left and right support.
That would allow you to place decking horizontally left to right with out worry of adding support for some of the deck strips.
The front edge of porch part I feel should be left to right mainly to insure there is no possible way for a ramp to flext or bow in this area. But you are welcome to Google methods on building something like this also.
The ramp for the porch will be the longest most likely based on the photos you shared. They are also referenced later in my post.
Only around the porch and the outside of the caster wheel guides on each side or the blue color in my image needs a railing, as well as down that first ramp.
The other ramps are little more than the plywood laying there. You wouldn't even really need the blue guides on the but they add additional stiffness from bouncing and bending.
Again Google is very good for finding examples of how you can design a capable railing. It doesn't need to be fancy, just meet the requirements the ADA sets. To avoid annoying splinters I strongly suggest using iron pipe or proper outdoor rated round railingbars.
Benefit of the metal pipe is it is very low cost. Con is in the sun it can get hot. To overcome thar railing grip tape can he used to cancle out the hot part and make it easier to grasp. Grip tape is not required.
Thankfully all of this is pretty easy to do if you have some some basic tools or have access to them like narrowing them. If you lack the skill or ability to do this. Trust me when I say buying lunch each day for the hard worker(s) often is payment enough. And Thank You is the perfect payment. Our reward is seeing you enjoying the work put into the project.
Last there is an green outline of a 2x4 on each side of the porch staging area. Put one on the far side as well and this should keep the staging area from shifting leftcand right. Surfaces endure a lot more force than we realize.
5th image I used my garage ramp before I corrected the flat staging area issue.
So this isn't how my indoor ramp now looks. It has no railings as it is not required and the flat area towards the garage side has a 4 inch tall wheel guard wall to keep me from accidentally rolling off front casters or rear wheels.
But, this is roughly how your front porch would look like. All designed to keep everyone safe who uses it.
By connecting the ramp to the flat staging areas makes it much harder for it to shift around. In the case of this if you owned the property you would use a contractors grade waterproof glue and 4 8 inch long lag bolts to secure the 4x4 or wood support right next to and under the threshold and bolt it and glue it to the location. Silicone sealant works also as it is mainly to keep insects from making the area home.
But since the property needs to be returned to original state, I find that making a saddle staging area works wonders. Sadlle in that it is,like a horse saddle. It isn't bolted to the horse but does use the shape of the horse as the stabilizer. And is easy to remove when needed.
Image 6: Sorry about the messy drawing. This is your photo.
The green is the railing around the porch and the first longest ramp.
The light kind of red horizontal strips are stair tread grip tape. Using wood screws shorter than the thickness of the plywood allows you to have a 2 method way to keep these strips in place. For how much they cost you will thank me. One screw near each corner and two one top one bottom in the center. This insures they are secure. The gue or adhesive isn't likely going to stick in every case.
You want full left to right coverage with 2 to 3 inch spacing between each horizontal strip. Yes you can just apply them centered and hope no one slips of they walk closer to the railing. Plus it makes insurance companies feel better also with more safety in mind.
In the event someone slips or falls when pictures are taken of l the scene it will look better for you to have provided more safety than not.
Also more screws can be used if desired. The only thing to make sure of is all screw heads are flat to the surface. The two method way also known as redundant measures to make sure things don't fail to the point of a catastrophe.
The ADA will likely have other suggestions different than I mention. Either will work, I find much of my ideas go beyond ADA requirements.
The ramps since they are so minor in slope may even be able to lay strips of 2x4 or even 1x1 that you screw to the underside of ramp. I almost think you could make what would look like a continuous ramp.
One step won't really need all 8 ft of plywood however keeping them full length means you could likely add smaller pieces where one ramp ends to meet with the highest point so you can connect them so this keeps them from shifting and moving as they will.
The little green marks along the sides of the blue for the length of the ramp represent side supports that are rounded into the ground and screwed to the sides.
As you use a ramp that is not secured it will move a little in the opposite direction of your direction of travel.
Also it will shift left or right when you first roll onto it. And since the ground shown is easy to return to its original condition once this is removed lowers cost at that time.
The blue dots represent horizontal srips placed where needed these are screwed in place as yes they will slide and move into new positions that don't support the ramp.
The goal is no bouncing, bending, flexing, warping ramps.
As long as all wood is rated for ground contact otherwise it will rot away pretty quickly otherwise.
The blue kind of bloody areas are flat sections filled in with plywood.
So once you enter this ramp ot remains a plywood surface until the porch area. Where it's decking.
7th image: An example of how your ramp could be designed. In this image since the ramp os longer and rises up higher I definitely would include ratings on each side. But - it may not require them so that is OK also. The redish area is a flat area at least 5 ft deep and 4ft wide. This would allow a person the chance to turn around also.
The circled spots denote support placement.
Now your steps for me would not need a ramp as I can strong arm my way up short steps or curbs like those. Tha porch would be the only area I would build if this were my place.
8th image: Immediately after moving in I built this and prior to finding the original screen door that the price owners removed and I reinstalled.
It was no fun using this ramp when I had to open the door. I typically had one of the kiddos now all grown up open it first for me.
The lack of a staging or flat area is a huge mistake.
This is ground contact outdoor rated plywood nearly 1 inch thick. Plywood keeps the construction simpler, and removal easier also later.
9th image: Shows the outdoor ramp. Notice the grip tape on this. This is the typical arrangement. I suggest side to side full width strips so able people can walk anyplace and be assured solid footing. The spacing I prefer also assures wheelchair tires have solid grip.
The steeper the ramp I say 3 inches between horizontal strips.
The shallower ramps for your lower or step ramps can be 4 to five inches between them. If they are wide strips works better.
Image 10: This is the ADA recommendation: 36 inches wide. Trust me especially for entry doors you want some space to move over to the side to get out of the way of a screen or storm door. And a place to put down groceries or a package or anything else so you can access the door.
48 inches just happens to be a pretty decent and better than ADA requirements that allows you more room for any purposes.
Image 11: Shows your porch. From what I see this should be pretty easy to cover with the staging area over the porch and ramp going down.
You want to measure from the front edge ofcthe threshold to the ground in front of the porch the walkway leading to it. This will give you a total height that needs to be accounted for.
Say it is a total of 10 inches tall. Your ramp will be 1 foot out per one inch in height. So 10 feet long. Now say you have the room and used 2 8 foot long plywood sheets end to end that is 16 ft. That means your slope will be less overall and easy to roll up. 10 ft will be usable but will be a little harder to roll up.
Funny thing is you use the same energy to roll up 10ft or 16ft. You just exert less energy over a longer distance that still equals the amount it takes to go up a 10 foot length.
Slope is something only you know what works for you. So if you need a little longer of a ramp if room allows it then that is fine.
Oh I forgot skip over the smaller step when making your measurements. That isn't where a ramp will end at to rest.
Image 12: The walkway. These little steps are easily rolled up by some wheelchair users. However of you can not. That is fine.
The over all length of these looks decently long enough. You in effect are just governing them as I hope I explained.
To keep the ramps from moving side spikes can be placed as mentioned 2 at the sides and top, two in the middle sides. And 2 and the bottom sides.
They get rounded into the ground next to each area of the Ramos they will be screwed to. You might even be able to lay a plywood sheet down and see if that is enough to raise you up enough. That the plywood could just lay on the walkway.
Now most likely that option will not fully work. Offered as an alternative.
The very end where ramp ends or starts at the lowest point you can get an aluminum door threshold commercial grade one. It means a little bump up onto the ramp and or down it.
I will photograph the one I have as it works like a charm. Also the rest of my garage ramp.
The deck to ramp can be connected using lag bolts from underneath into the 2 4x4 support. Using 6 or preferred 7 or 8 inch long lag bolts 3 of them to secure the ramp to the staging deck area.
Trust me when I say this, this is a mere drop in the bucket of information on how to design a ramp system.
Last little note:
Always get a permit prior making anything. The permit should cost nothing or very little since it is an accessibility ♿️ need. The information the permit comes with will also be of huge help in DIY or other options.
Sadly there is no way to construct something like this for no cost. However, church groups, friends, local elected officials, and others can be great resources. From fundraising, to helping you locate a foundation or charity to help cover some or all of it.
Do not feel bad for asking for help like this and when needed. Being a renter doesn't mean you should not have accessibility.
Like I mentioned if I was your fellow disabled neighbor I would help construct this.
Tools needed:
Tape measure x 2 I always end up needing 2 of them at times.
4 ft level.
Carpenter square.
Torpedo level. This is a 1 foot long smaller level like the larger 4ft one.
Carpenter or construction style pencil ✏️ they are flat and don't roll away when sat down.
Wood/deck screws 3 or 4in long.
Cordless drill and 2 batteries allows rotation of them when charging. They typically will last 2 or hours each. So when one runs out charge it while using the other.
Leather work gloves.
Socket wrench set for lag bolts.
Screw driver set. Mainly a number 2 Phillips and flathead. These come in handy.
Circular saw - they come corded or cordless either works.
Hand saw for those cuts to awkward for a power tool.
Drill bits for pre drilling holes.
Liquid nails to glue some things together.
Short wood screws not longer than the plywood is thick. For the grip tape strips.
Safety glasses get a few pair.
Hearing protection. Cutting wood can be really loud. Same with drilling it and all.
Things that could help: Something stable to place wood to be cut on.
Saw horses or milk crates the sturdy plastic ones. If they get cut into no big deal.
They cut be cut safely on the ground without risk of damaging tools or injuring you.
Since we are all in the same boat 🚢 in many respects, I find it sp satisfying helping people by helping them learn how they can also help themselves. It's how I was raised. Knowing you have some information and know where to locate more is my payment.
Back to me talking about my live content.
A lot like this post and my others, it is insanely boring stuff. 😴
However, I ask what other content creator is willing to discuss and cover this type of stuff?
Really go look on Twitch live, YouTube live, TikTok Live, Kick,Instagram Live or any other site allowing live content.
How many do you find that can answer questions or get you aimed in the correct direction for the information you need?
16 years now this is what I do for free. I will not and do not monetize my content. I removed myself from Twitch affiliate orogram, I have asked TikTok to allow offboarding and the option to not monetize.
I prefer to lead by example.
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Time to get some photos of my garage ramp.

Pictures of the magazine shared by Marcelo Lopizzo on the Reviven Facebook group.
This article was written before the December 28th press conference.
Translation by me.
Part 2
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EXTRA: The miracle of the 70 days in the mountains. Seen and lived with exclusive photographs and survivors‘ testimonies. From Chile. By our special envoys.
Dramatic document. Here [is where] the protagonists of the miracle lived.
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We lived the miracle of the mountains.
In the Andes mountains and Santiago de Chile, “Gente” lived quite closely the [biggest] news of the year and one the most formidable human adventures that a group of men have [ever] led in an extreme situatio: the rescue of the 16 young survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force plane that fell in the mountains the last 13th of October. The protagonists, without adequate clothing, no suitable food, in a precarious refuge that they made with the remains of the apparatus, managed to defeat death. Many of their companions were left forever in the snow, but two of the members of the group, after an odyssey, managed to ask for help and save the rest. This is the story and the images.
By our special envoys: Samuel Gelblung, Alfredo Serra, Enrique Blanco and Juan José Pérez.
Exclusive document. Some of the protagonists of the miracle of the mountains, next to the remains of the fallen plane, [the] only shelter they had throughout their adventure.
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THE SNOW’S TRAP AND THE FIRST TOAST OF THE RESCUE
It’s 12 at noon, Saturday, December 23rd. The sun is red, yellow and blue in the geometrical and simple stained glass of the chapel in San Fernando, a small town with no surprises — 2.500 inhabitants— which is 140 kilometers [87 miles] south of Santiago de Chile. In the first row, seated, some with their legs covered by rustic grey blankets, there’s ten boys. All of them have long hair. All of them are very burned by the sun. Almost all of them have a beard. They all have new pants and shirts. You can tell, by the straight folds, that the pants and shirts have just been bought and displayed. They are light blue, green, pink. The priest, a young man, finishes the psalm. — To Him, glory and gratitude. To Him, glory and gratitude. He orders to sing the “Hallelujah“. The chapel, separated from the hospital by a patio, is full of amazed and silent people.
ACCOUNT BY JOSÉ LUIS INCIARTE
”It was 5 minutes to 4 in the afternoon. I was reading ”Aventuras de Isidorito” [Argentinian comic], you know... The plane made a turn and [Juan Carlos] Menéndez, who later died in the avalanche, told me ‘Now it’s when it gets rough’. We were flying inside the clouds and couldn’t see anything. The seatbelt light turned on. I left the magazine and I tightened [my seatbelt] well. I think that saved me, because the ones that didn’t were sucked by the air. Suddenly, the plane fell like 2.500 feet. I heard that in the cockpit someone was saying: “Give it more power, give it more power”. [Daniel] Fernández Strauch told me he saw peaks. I crossed my arms, lowered my head and closed my eyes. Some seconds later, I felt cold, a cold wind that surrounded me. I breathed deeply. It smelled like gasoline. The plane started sliding down, as if it were a slide. The snow hit me in the face. Later, I heards screams, whimpers. I opened my eyes. There was blood and bodies everywhere. I was unharmed. I got up and got out of the plane. The first thing I saw was a huge groove, a gash on the mountain. It was the tracks the plane had left. Rocks fell on a zig-zag. They almost crushed me. I became buried to the waist when I tried to walk. The snow was soft and deep. I was wearing trousers, a dress shirt and a blue tie. The trousers and the shirt were intact, but the tie was left in shreds, as if someone had cut it many times with scissors. After some minutes, I noticed I had fallen over a body. It was the mother of the Parrado, who was dead. The ones who were still alive reunited and started helping the wounded. But there was little we could do for them. Many died there, in front of our eyes. That night we slept outside the plan, among the dead and the wounded, covering up with what we could find. With rags, with the cloth of the seats, with the clothes of the dead. We started organizing ourselves the next day. There were 28 alive, but many were badly hurt. The first thing was looking for the warmest clothes possible. We used the rugby equipment, which are made with thick cloth and everything that we could find in the suitcases and spilled on the snow. The warmest [garments] we got were the pilots’ jackets and a wool sweater with a zipper of the machinist on board, who died at 7 pm of the second day, buried by an avalanche. There was never a boss. There were never bosses. The boss was the strongest, the one in the best mood, or simply [the one who had] the best idea. The hunger started being a torture. We had chocolates, marmalade, alfajores and some wine, things we had bought in Mendoza when we stayed there. We put everything together and rationed it. But the most important thing was not dehydrating. With an axe and a few tools that were in the plane, we cut some aluminum sheets, filled them with snow and inclined them. When the sun melted the show, the water ran in the sheets and we caught it with empty wine bottles. That way we battled thirst and avoided dehydration. The days without sun, we didn’t have water. But the worst was the night[s]. We didn’t have [any] light and, at 6 pm, when the sun set, the temperature was unbearable. We got inside the plane, we blocked the entrance with the sheets and we lay next to each other to use the body heat. That way we were able to——
PICTURES (LEFT TO RIGHT)

1. The Tingiririca Volcano. The arrow points at the exact place where the plane fell. There the valiant Uruguayan youths lived for 70 days and 70 nights before being rescued.
2. Exhausted, Fernando Parrado Dolgay (the tallest, one of the heroes of the odyssey) and Carlos Páez Rodríguez get down the helicopter in Los Maitenes, the first base of the rescue operation.
3. Eduardo Strauch Urioste, nephew of the Uruguayan president, Juan María Bordaberry arrives to Los Maitenes held by a soldier and an official of the Chilean military. He cries in silence.
4. Adolfo Strauch (left) and Carlos Páez Rodríguez toast, euphoric, some hours after being taken out of the snow and ice trap. Pensative, [Eduardo Strauch].

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THIS IS HOW THEY LIVED AND THIS IS HOW THEY REACHED THE END OF THE NIGHTMARE
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… [obtain] a temperature of 4 or 5 degrees [39-41 F]: harsh, but enough to not die frozen.
We found a small radio and we adapted it with a 15 meters [49 feet] Collins antenna we found in the plane. When its batteries ran out, we made it work with the plane’s batteries. We could only listen between 7 and 9 am, because after that hour there were too much interference. Because of the radio, we knew we were being looked for by rescue planes. So that we could be seen — becau the plane didn’t have flares nor signal pistols nor anything — we were always with the pilots’ jackets inside out, because they were orange. After that, we made a huge snow cross — 100 meters [328 feet] — because someone remembered having read that that is one of the methods that the people that get lost in the snow use. But none of that worked. We saw the planes pass by, we waved rags, shouted, waved our hands, and the result was always negative. One morning we heard on the radio that the search was suspended. Officially, were dead to everyone. It was one of the worst moments. But far from giving up, we decided to get out there no matter what. Crawling, however, but we were getting out. I never thought about death, and I don’t think the others did either. What helped us the most was faith, religious faith. We knew we could only trust in God and our own strength. That we were alone in the world. So, we started praying. Carlitos Páez Rodríguez had his grandmother‘s rosary on his neck. We prayed it many times a day, and that made us feel really good.
As the days went by, we learnt and we solved problems. We got fire with the plane’s fuel. We got lighters and two butane tubes, and with that we got our lighting. We discovered we had to exercise to keep in shape, so we spent many hours walking, going up and down mountains. One afternoo, we found 170 cigarett packs. In the plane there was a maker that was taking them to Chile, to give them to some colleagues, I think. It was a great party. Even if it seems like a lie, we smoked the last pack the day we were rescued. The radio was our only connection with the world, it was what made us aware that we weren’t in another planet. We learned that Nixon was elected as a president for the second time, that National was the Uruguayan champion — we had great fights with the Peñarol fans — that Perón returned to Argentina. I know that many imagine that in a similar situatio, its protagonists talk all the time about deep topics. But our case wasn’t like this. We prayed and we talked all the time about getting out of there. Get out, escape the trap, it was the leading topic. But, over everything, it was forbidden to talk about death. It was enough that one mentioned it for all of us to be left defeated. We imposed an optimism philosophy. And, when one failed — because there were a lot of crisis, lots of anguish— a slap and that’s it. We didn’t need a boss for that. The lead was taken by whoever was the most composed. The strongest. Parrado, Canessa, Strauch, Carlitos Páez, me…
Carlitos Páez is a great guy. I didn’t know him a lot, wasn’t a great friend of his, and yet he took care of my leg when I got sick. Some foruncules appeared and I oppened them with a razor. It was a lot worse. I had an infection and great pain. I still haven’t completely healed. Well, when that happened, Carlitos started sleeping next to me, with my leg on top of his body, to ensure me the most comfortable position. Finally, December 22nd came. That morning we heard on El Espetacular radio [station] that “there were survivors of the lost Uruguayan plane”. But we didn’t think much of it. It was true that Parrado and Canessa had gone on an expedition looking for help, but we were really let down by fake news, different versions, etc. But on a second note,we heard the broadcaster say that an arriero had —

1. HOURS BEFORE THE TRAGEDY. Exclusive document. Inside the circle, from left to right, José Luis Inciarte Vásquez, Gustavo Zerbino and Álvaro Mangino, three of the survivors of the Uruguayan plane. The photograp was taken in Mendoza, some hours before the accident. With them, other passengers.
2. Roberto Canessa, third year medical student, went alongside Parrado Dolgay to play their last card. After a strenuous walk, the two men conquered the finish line. Canessa’s lips, burned by the sun and the snow, are clear marks of the odyssey lived in the Andes.

https://preview.redd.it/s6z9n8zykyuc1.jpg?width=828&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=d4538fd1162c1f9ef8d5c51000073843111bdb20
https://preview.redd.it/cjiqrej0lyuc1.jpg?width=828&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=2b51ad505e00500969df3242cdb94d917a834c6e
THE MESSAGE THE ARRIERO READ AND THE JOY OF COMING BACK TO LIFE
stumbled into two survivors of the Uruguayan plane and that their names were Parrado and Canessa. Then, yes. We started screaming, threw ourselves at each other, rolled in the snow like kids. After [that], we put on the best clothes (even if it sounds like a joke), washed ourselves with snow, comber our hair, brushed our teeth (we still had toothpaste and we always said it was our dessert) and we sat next to the plane, waiting for the rescue. The most beautiful memory of my life is the “tacatacataca” that the helicopter made, seemingly from behind the mountain. But sadly, it couldn’t make me forget Nogueira, Turcatti, Nicola, Echevarren, of all who had died by our side…”
ACCOUNT BY FERNANDO PARRADO
“Enrique Platero had a horrible wound in his abdomen. It opened with a metal sheet when the plane fell. His intestines hanged. We made surgery on him, stitched him with metal bits, dressed with strips of a shirt. The wound scarred. And, when he was strong, when he was starting to walk, he died burried in an avalanche on Octobef 29th. It’s a horrible story. And to think we have like a hundred of those…
I still don’t know how I survived. I was on the tail of the plane. Some minutes before the accident I was talking with Panchito Abal. I saw the seatbelt signal, but I didn’t bother and didn’t strap myself. When the plane crashed against the peak, the fuselage sucked me and the force threw me to the front. I fainted and was unconcious for two days. Later I learnt that in the first night I was outside, with the dead, because they had thought that I was also dead. I only had a shirt and jeans. All my warm clothes were in my suitcase and the others wore them. The lack of clothes was one of the big problems. We were very lightly dressed the first weeks — until we found the suitcases. We woke up with a layer of snow, stiffened. I was also saved in the avalanche of the 29th. It happened at 7 pm, but it was very dark, and many were asleep. The snow covered me completely. I held my breath all I could while I made an effort to get out. I felt like I was about to explode, but I didn’t want to let myself go. I finally let myself free. And it wasn’t the only avalanche. Another one completely covered the only air opening that we left in the plane and all of us almost suffocated. All of this made me find God again. But, of course, you don’t want me to talk about God. I am Parrado, who lost his mother and a sister in the tragedy. And yet I seem the most whole. I am the chief. Look, if I were in Montevideo and I was told that my mother and sister died in an accident, I think I would have gone crazy. That I would bang my head against the walls. But there in the mountains, in an extreme situation, everything is different. My mother died in the act. My sister later, in my arms. I tried saving her with mouth to mouth until the last moment. And what did I do? I buried them, prayed for them and kept going. Because my life was on the line too, you understand? Things feel different… nobody believes that a dude who saw the death of his mother, his sister, his best friend (it was Pancho Abal) could be here in the Sheraton with a glass of orange juice in his hand, like a first class tourist, and yet…
I don’t know either how I became the chief, the leader. I don’t understand. Maybe because I always wanted be exemplary, I never gave up, because every time someone falted I shouted “you are getting out of here, even if it is by crawling!”. Or because I buried the dead, even if those dead were a friend’s wife of my own sister. We went on many expeditions looking for help, but none with results. But one night I told Carlitos Páez “I’m not dying of hunger here in the plane. I‘d prefer to die in the mountain.“ And the next day I went out with Roberto (Canessa) with the idea of walking West until we found a way to salvation. We barely reached the peak of the mountain—

1. This is the message that Fernando Parrado wrote in the paper that the arriero Sergio Catalán Martínez threw by the river.
2. Five of the survivors hug. It’s the end of the drama. In the mountains the empty plane and the bodies of the 29 fallen remain.
3. José Luis Inciarte Vasques is taken care of by a nurse. He had a serious infection in his leg and had lost 36 kilos [79 pounds] of weight.