Blumberg bankruptcy

Destiny is wrong about worker co-ops: a short refutation

2019.05.28 02:42 Philip__IV Destiny is wrong about worker co-ops: a short refutation

Putting aside the principle of democracy and the conversation of why technocracy is not a good idea, this will be a brief (perhaps longer than one Sargon) review of the empirical literature of worker cooperatives. If any of the linked studies are blocked by a paywall, just take the DOI and put it into sci-hub.tw

A study by Kruse and Blasi (1995) found that "meta-analyses favor an overall positive association between ESOPs [employee stock ownership programs] and for several cooperative features."
https://www.nber.org/papers/w5277.pdf

A Doucouliagos et al. (1995) study concluded the following: "Meta-analysis confirms that the sharing of profits in LMFs [labor-managed firms] is positively associated with productivity; r = +0.26 and the 95% confidence interval is strongly statistically significant... profit sharing in LMFs always has a positive association with productivity and that this association in LMFs is not moderated in any way..."
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2524912.pdf?casa_token=Fg50CLsvqq0AAAAA:EKdwq3GGSVYuHe_AwQk0GktcEsXEm1BAMS6Gt__lx7_s6efnU0hNtHY3HHn9odk-OTbT7eQItEjOgitTIXLtFHM9vK6K9uRDBTN6roNYbxV7n3u67g

A 2007 Freeman study had the following to say: "Quarrey and Rosen (1993) found significantly higher postadoption growth for ESOP companies that had participation groups and for ESOP companies in which management perceived higher worker influence (compared to both similar non-ESOP companies and to pre-adoption growth). The U.S. GAO (1987) study found significant increases in productivity where the companies reported high levels of worker influence, but only when the companies reported an increase in employee voting rights or worker influence after adoption. In addition, Kardas (1994) and Kardas, et al. (1994) found higher sales and employment growth in participatory ESOP companies compared to non-participatory ESOP companies and non-ESOP companies."
They also discovered that "studies generally find (slightly) higher motivation in employee-owned firms."
Additionally, "The surprisingly large volume of research on ESOPs and employee ownership is overwhelmingly positive and largely credible."
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=od_working_papers

A study by the Brookings Institute in 1995 documented the following: "The second class of findings relates to these production functions. Though the production functions of the mills may not be identical, there is not much to distinguish these types of firms in terms of overall production efficiency. What differences we have found imply that coops are more efficient than the principal conventional firms by between 6 and 14 percent (as suggested by the results reported in table 8)."
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1995/01/1995_bpeamicro_craig.pdf

A 2011 Murray study found that "The 5-year survival rate of both operating and dissolved co-ops is 102 out of 155 co-ops (for which we have data) or 65.8%. This compares favourably to a 2008 Quebec study of survival rates of coops in that province of 64%. In contrast, Industry Canada figures show a 43% and 39% 5-year survival rate for conventional business start-ups in 1984 and 1993 respectively. In BC 1984 business start-ups experienced a 38% 5-year survival rate."
https://auspace.athabascau.ca/bitstream/handle/2149/3133/BALTA%20A11%20Report%20-%20BC%20Co-op%20Survival.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

A B. Roelants et al. (2012) study found: " In Spain, variations in numbers of worker cooperatives and of enterprises in general were similar until 2009 with a rapid fall in the number of enterprises and jobs. But, since 2010, worker cooperatives have showed a slowdown in the decrease in both indicators, and, moreover, a net increase in employment. In France, where the effects of the economic crisis seem to be less severe than in Spain, after a level of stagnancy between 2007 and 2009, both worker cooperatives and enterprises in general have showed a tendency towards recovery. However, two points should be noted. Firstly, in spite of the slow rate of the increase, worker cooperatives never decreased in terms of the number of enterprises and jobs, except for a slight decrease in employment in 2009 only. Secondly, the slowdown in the increase, or zero increase in the worst situation, occurred one year later than in other types of enterprises. These observations from Spanish and French experiences seem to allow us to state that worker cooperatives and social cooperatives (which are included in the count of worker cooperatives in both countries) have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis."
https://www.cecop.coop/img/pdf/report_cecop_2012_en_web.pdf

A Blasi, Conte, Kruse (1996) review found that " There have been ten studies of U.S. ESOPs, most of which have employed panel data from public companies to examine productivity levels and growth before and after the adoption of ESOPs. Of the combined cross-sectional estimates (comparing ESOP and non-ESOP firms), 85% have indicated higher productivity for the ESOP firms, with 19% of these estimates significant at p < .05 and an average estimate of 6.2% higher productivity. Of the combined estimates of ESOP adoption (comparing pre- and post-adoption performance relative to non-adopters), 82% are positive and 17% are significant at p < .05, with an average estimate of 4.4% increased productivity following adoption."
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2524389.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A73e4c0d490ac2a8039a581144698e39f

A Borzaga, C., & Fazzi, L. (2014) concluded the following: "The social cooperatives that respond most to new social welfare needs according to the principles of justice and inclusion are those that maintain the most solid ties with civil society through governance models that involve a plurality of stakeholders. Through their more pluralist governance models and more communitarian networks of relations, these social cooperatives incorporate institutional and reputational incentives decisive for mitigating the risks that responses are adjusted to paying demand, and that concern for the needs of the most disadvantaged individuals is neglected. Moreover, compared with other social cooperatives, they are more often able to mobilize the resources of civil society in the form of donations, voluntary work, and social capital in order to respond to new social and healthcare needs. The main effect of the close relationship with civil society is that the professionalization necessary to furnish complex responses to the new needs does not induce the organization to dispense with protection of its workers' interests."
https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.001

A 2004 study by Antonio Thomas discovered that "With regard to the provision of social services, and compared to profit-making companies, SCs [social cooperatives] seem to be suitable vehicles for greater collective well-being through the delivery of lower-cost sources of productive input supply. Productivity being equal, these advantages derive from voluntary work, donations, and from statutory constraints. By virtue of these constraints, any problems arising in transactions where the trustee factor is essential or where there is betrayal of trust or an opportunistic behavior may thus be overcome at low cost."
https://staging.community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/article-thomas.pdf

A Blasi, Kruse, Weltmann (2013) study concluded the following: " Our main result of interest is that ESOP companies have longer survival rates than non-ESOP companies. They are less likely to disappear whether disappearance is measured as bankruptcy or closure, or more broadly to include mergers, acquisitions, or other reasons. Mere survival is of course not necessarily an indicator of success, since poorly performing companies may continue due to management entrenchment, and the economy may be better off if the resources were allocated elsewhere. Both prior evidence and findings from this study, however, indicate that employee ownership is associated with better performance on average, so entrenchment is unlikely to explain the longer survival."
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Weltmann/publication/286471693_Firm_survival_and_performance_in_privately_held_ESOP_companies/links/584ef5bd08aeb989252cb1a1.pdf

A Park, Kruse, Sesil (2004) found that "Productivity improves by an extra 4-5% on average in the year an ESOP is adopted, and the higher productivity level is maintained in subsequent years. This one-time jump is more than twice the average annual productivity growth of the U.S. economy over the past 20 years."
Moreover, they found that "In addition, productivity is found to be positively related to some measures of employee ownership, consistent with some but not all prior studies (reviewed in Kruse, 2002; Kruse & Blasi, 1997). "
https://smlr.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/documents/faculty_staff_docs/does%20employee%20ownership%20enhance%20firm%20survival.pdf

A Winther and Marens (1997) study found that "Looking at organizational democracy, cooperatives or employee ownership as embryonic 'third-way' structures within capitalist market economies, virtually all research points to higher productivity rates or better performance indicators than for ordinary firms."
They also found that "Employee participation in decision-making often appears to be a key explanatory variable in explaining competitive advantages."
Furthermore, the discovered that "Blumberg found employee participation to have a significant effect on job satisfaction, motivation, and labour productivity. Levine and Tyson conducted a meta-analysis of the participation literature, covering studies using a wide variety of methodologies, including econometric analysis, field experiments and case studies. They mainly reported positive productivity effects for what they called substantive participation, while analysis of consultative or representative participation suggested either negative or contingent results (Blumberg, 1968; Levine and Tyson, cited in Blinder 1990)."
https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X97183003

In summation, worker cooperatives are more productive, create higher motivation and job satisfaction, have better survival rates, respond better to community needs, are more efficient, and worker participation in decision-making results in better company outcomes.
If anyone could help so that Destiny will see this, it would be greatly appreciated. Also, if anyone has questions, I will try to answer them to the best of my ability. I am no expert in this field, but I have done my fair share of research.
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