ANALYSIS SCREENSHOT
Hello FacebookAds community,
I’m in urgent need of some guidance or insights as I'm facing a sudden and drastic downturn in our Meta Ads performance that began almost overnight in mid-April. This change has significantly impacted my supplement store, and despite numerous efforts, I’m struggling to find a way to stabilize our ads.

• Our ROAS plummeted from a healthy 4.16 to just 2.47, severely affecting our profit margins.
• CPM escalated by almost 70% unexpectedly, jumping from $57.10 in April to $97.03 in May. (Currency is MXN)
• CPC has increased by 63% despite a slight improvement in CTR.
• Conversion rates across the website remain robust or have even improved slightly, which rules out website performance as the issue.

I've tried many things to resolve the issue:

• Extensive refreshes of our creatives and testing new campaign structures. - I've created dozens of images, videos, UGC content, etc.
• Broadening our target audiences to no avail, the costs continue to climb. - Also tried not targeting at all, turning on and off A+, targeting interests, Lookalikes, etc.
• Implemented new sales pages and updated our promotional offers. - I created several new sales pages with professional designs, bundles, changed the offer. However, then I noticed that the website is okay.
• Transitioned to a new ad account and pixel to test for tracking or account-specific issues. - Maybe I had some shadowban, but it didn't work either.
• Despite these attempts, our Total Purchases have halved compared to the previous month, and our business is earning 75% less than it used to.

Tbh I've tried basically everything y'all have recommended on this Reddit forum and I read all your posts, but I haven't had any luck so far, haha.
This sudden shift happened so rapidly that our attempts to diversify sales channels, such as expanding into Amazon FBA, are still in the early stages and not yet yielding profit. Given that Meta Ads used to generate about 90% of our sales, this decline has placed us in a precarious position. I mean, I do have some daily sales through FBA, but it's peanuts compared to what we were selling through Facebook Ads since I launched the brand.
I’m attaching a screenshot of the detailed analysis I conducted using Meta's reporting tools. It shows a comparison of key metrics from April to May, which illustrates the severity of the situation and backs up my concerns with hard data.
What makes this situation particularly perplexing is that the engagement and interaction rates with our ads have remained consistent. The ads themselves do not seem to be the problem, yet the increased costs are unsustainable.
Has anyone experienced a similar abrupt change in ad performance? Could there be broader changes on the Meta platform affecting specific sectors or ad types?
I'm all ears for any strategies, bidding tactics, or insights that might help mitigate this situation. Every day the ROAS decreases even more and I calculated that I have around 3 weeks more before I have to close the business, lol.
TLDR: Experienced a sudden, drastic drop in Meta Ads performance starting mid-April, with CPM and CPC skyrocketing while ROAS plummeted. Conversion rates are stable, indicating the ads themselves aren't the issue. Struggling to find solutions as Meta was our primary revenue source. Attached is a screenshot of our detailed analysis. Desperately seeking any advice or insights from the community on strategies to reverse this downturn.

Ministers apologise and return £7,000 in benefits to woman, 93, with dementia
Government ministers have formally apologised and repaid £7,000 to a 93-year-old woman whom they held responsible for running up benefits overpayment debts even though they were told she had dementia and was unable to manage her affairs.
The case, which the minister for disability, Mims Davies, admitted was “disturbing”, was brought to light by the Guardian as part of its investigation into carer's allowance overpayments.
The agreement to write off the debt of the 93-year-old, whom the Guardian has chosen not to name, comes as ministers have promised to try new ways of sharing information with carers to try to prevent them building up months and years of overpayments.
Read the full article on theguardian.com
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DWP confirmed that it is developing an ‘enhanced notification strategy’ to alert carer’s allowance claimants to possible overpayments
Notifications designed to encourage claimants to report changes in income and so reduce the risk of being overpaid.
As part of its policy paper, Fighting Fraud in the Welfare System: Going Further, that was published earlier this week, the Department says (at paragraph 78) -

'In carer’s allowance we are progressing an enhanced notification strategy as part of our existing commitment to improve customer engagement, building on our existing communications with customers. As part of this notification strategy we are considering all forms of targeted contact to find the most effective and efficient solution, such as exploring the use of targeted text messages or emails to alert claimants and encourage them to contact the Department when the DWP is made aware of a potential overpayment.'

The Department added -

'The new strategy will help claimants understand when they may have received an earnings-related overpayment or are at risk of doing so, and will encourage claimants to contact the DWP to meet their obligation to inform the Department of changes in their income and other relevant circumstances. This will reduce the risk of those customers being overpaid.'

Note: having expressed concern that the DWP had 'done nothing' to stop carers building up huge overpayments of benefit despite knowing what people are earning, Work and Pensions Committee Chair Stephen Timms called on the National Audit Office to investigate problems with the carer's allowance system and, in particular, its failure to prevent or rectify overpayments.
Stephen Timms has also written to Secretary for State for Work and Pensions Mel Stride highlighting concerns about the DWP's lack of progress with overpayments since the previous committee's report in 2019. Mr Timms' letter repeats the committee's recommendation that the DWP increase the rate of carer's allowance and goes on to call for the DWP to review both the amount and the cliff-edge nature of the earnings limit and for the removal of the 21-hour study rule.
For more information, see Policy paper: Fighting Fraud in the Welfare System: Going Further from gov.uk
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Carers UK has welcomed the DWP's plans, noting this is the 'minimum' they've been calling for to tackle carers' overpayments. However, Director of Policy and Public Affairs Emily Holzhausen also highlights that implementing the strategy is 'urgent', asks that the whole issue be moved out of being branded benefits fraud, and that carer's allowance be reviewed as it should be 'modernised to reflect the realities of caring'.
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DWP-commissioned research highlights how the carer’s allowance earnings threshold influences decisions about how many hours carers work
Report also makes clear that the Department was made aware three years ago that there was room to improve claimant understanding and possibly reduce mistakes leading to overpayments by improving its communications.
The research, Experiences of claiming and receiving carer’s allowance, explores how and why people claim carer's allowance; their caring roles; experiences of combining paid work and care; and how well claimants understand the rules associated with the benefit. While carried out in 2020/2021, the research has been published today against a backdrop of calls for the wholescale reform of carer's allowance as a result of evidence that claimants who have earned above the carer's allowance earnings limit have been left with large overpayments and, in some cases, prosecuted for fraud.
While the research found that many claimants in employment felt there was a practical limit to the hours they could work, with many saying it was only feasible to be working part-time due to their caring responsibilities, it also found that -

• the earnings threshold appeared to influence decisions about how many hours some people worked. Even though claimants often denied that the threshold influenced their choices, they acknowledged being mindful to stay below the threshold. One claimant felt he had to refuse shifts at work that would take him over the threshold;
• in another example, the earnings limit led a claimant to reduce her hours as her wages increased, and eventually she was working so few hours that her employer felt it was not worth employing her due to her limited availability; and
• some claimants in paid work felt they might work more hours if not for the earnings threshold, and even suggested tapering the carer’s allowance earnings rule to encourage claimants to work more.

Published on the same day that the Work and Pensions Select Committee said that there has been insufficient progress in addressing the problems with carer's allowance that it highlighted five years ago, the research makes clear that the Department has been aware of the issues for some time. For example, it highlights confusion relating to the complexity of the earnings calculation, including how deductions such as childcare expenses and pension contributions are taken account of, and whether wages can be averaged if you earn more in a particular week.
In addition, with the Chair of the Select Committee Stephen Timms having said recently that the DWP has done nothing to stop carers building up huge overpayments despite knowing what people are earning, and the Committee having called on the National Audit Office to investigate the problems with the system, the research found that -

• poor communication on the part of the DWP meant that not all of those that had been overpaid benefit were clear on the reason for the overpayment;
• some said that while they were initially notified or questioned about an overpayment there was then no follow-up from the Department; and
• when the overpayment was initially raised, several claimants felt that they were spoken to or treated by DWP as though they had intentionally committed fraud when the overpayment had been a misunderstanding.

As a result, the research says -

'... there is room to improve claimant understanding and possibly reduce mistakes leading to overpayments by improving communications around eligibility criteria. Since claimants did not engage with the detail of their benefit regularly, possibly only considering it once a year when they received their annual letter, more frequent communications may improve clarity of knowledge around carer’s allowance.'

Other key findings include that -

• most claimants cared for close relatives, with two in five caring for a child (39 per cent), a quarter caring for a spouse or partner (25 per cent), and one in five (22 per cent) caring for a parent;
• caring was a long-term and high-intensity commitment, with half of claimants (52 per cent) spending 65 or more hours caring per week and more than half (54 per cent) caring for between 5 and 20 years;
• only 16 per cent of carer's allowance claimants were currently in paid work, tending to work part- time in lower paid jobs that they were able to fit around their caring responsibilities, with most (81 per cent) working 20 hours or less a week;
• of those not currently in paid work, seven in ten (69 per cent) said this was due to their responsibilities as a carer, with other barriers including a lack of flexible working options, claimants’ own health and confidence issues; and
• there was a lag between starting caring and claiming carer's allowance, with seven in ten claimants (70 per cent) caring for 5+ years, but only 3 in 10 (34 per cent) having claimed carer's allowance for that length of time.

For more information, see Experiences of claiming and receiving carer’s allowance from gov.uk
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Almost 135,000 people currently have an outstanding carer's allowance debt, with more than £250 million owed in total, according to figures supplied by DWP Minister Paul Maynard
DWP Minister also confirms that women represent 68 per cent of those with an outstanding debt.
Responding to a written question in Parliament from Work and Pensions Committee Chair Stephen Timms, Mr Maynard said -

'As of 14 May 2024, the volume of people who have an outstanding carers allowance debt is 134,800 with a total value of £251 million. This figure represents the total stock and as such the total monetary amount may have been accrued over multiple years. Those who have an outstanding carers allowance debt may no longer be in receipt of the benefit.'

Mr Maynard added that -

'Women make up the majority of carer’s allowance claims, and this is reflected in the proportion of those with an outstanding carer’s allowance debt. As of 14 May 2024, there were 42,800 (32 per cent) males, 91,900 (68 per cent) females and 100 (less than 1 per cent) not identified, with an outstanding carer's allowance debt.'

The Minister also confirmed that, as of November 2023, there were more than 991,000 people in receipt of carer's allowance, consisting of around 271,000 (27 per cent) males and 720,000 (73 per cent) females.
Mr Maynard's written answer is available from parliament.uk
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Total value of benefit overpayments in 2023/2024 increased to almost £10 billion, representing 3.7 per cent of benefit expenditure for the year
New DWP figures also show that official error underpayments remained at around £1 billion, and that people could have claimed more than £3 billion more 'if they had provided accurate information about their circumstances'.
In Fraud and error in the benefit system: financial year 2023 to 2024 estimates, the DWP calculates how much money it overpaid or underpaid as a percentage of total benefit expenditure for the year (£266.2bn) - for benefits including universal credit, housing benefit, personal independence payment, employment and support allowance and pension credit - and how many claims were paid an incorrect amount.
Note: the statistics no longer include estimates of claimant error underpayments as these are now published separately, as confirmed in recent DWP guidance.
In relation to incorrect payment rates across all benefits for the financial year ending (FYE) 2024, the figures show that the total rate of benefit expenditure overpaid was 3.7 per cent (£9.7bn), compared with 3.6 per cent (£8.3bn) in 2022/2023. In addition, the total rate of benefit expenditure underpaid was 0.4 per cent (£1.1bn), compared with 0.5 per cent (£1.2bn) in FYE 2023.
Looking in more detail at the figures for individual benefits, the statistics include data showing that -

• for universal credit, expenditure increased to £51.9bn in 2024 with an overpayment rate of 12.4 per cent (£6.5bn) and underpayment rate of 0.3 per cent (£180m), compared to expenditure of £43.4 bn, overpayments at 12.7 per cent (£5.5bn) and underpayments at 0.6 per cent (£240m) in FYE 2023;
• for personal independence payment (PIP), the overpayment rate was at the lowest recorded level of 0.4 per cent (£90m), compared with 1.1 per cent (£200m) in FYE 2023. However, the underpayment rate went up to 0.4 per cent (£80m), from 0.3 per cent (£60m) the previous year;
• for pension credit, the overpayment rate was 9.7 per cent (£520m) in FYE 2024, compared with 6.8 per cent (£330m) in the previous year, with underpayments remaining unchanged at 0.3 per cent (£50m) for both years; and
• for housing benefit, almost £1bn (£980m) was overpaid in FYE 2024 (6.3 per cent of expenditure), compared with £860m (5.7 per cent) in 2023. Underpayments remained stable at 0.4 per cent of spending (£50m in FYE 2024 and £60m in FYE 2023).

In addition to the fraud and error statistics, the DWP has also issued Unfulfilled eligibility in the benefit system: Financial Year Ending (FYE) 2024, in line with its decision to remove claimant underpayments from its main fraud and error estimates. The new statistics set out the percentage of benefit expenditure that could have been paid to people with unfulfilled eligibility 'if they had provided the correct information', and show key findings that include -

• the unfulfilled eligibility rate for 2024 is 1.2 per cent of expenditure (£3.1bn), compared with 1.0 per cent (£2.3bn) in the previous year; and
• universal credit, PIP and disability living allowance (DLA) account for around three-quarters of the total value of unfulfilled eligibility (at £730m, £870m and £750m respectively in FYE 2024).

The DWP highlighted that -

'PIP has the second highest unfulfilled eligibility rate [4 per cent] of all benefits and fairly high expenditure [£21.6bn], so due to this combination, PIP accounts for around one-quarter of total unfulfilled eligibility in FYE 2024. DLA has the highest unfulfilled eligibility rate [11.1 per cent] but relatively low expenditure [£6.8m], so even though its rate is higher than PIP, it accounts for a similar amount of total unfulfilled eligibility in FYE 2024. Universal credit has a lower unfulfilled eligibility rate than DLA and PIP [1.4 per cent] but its high expenditure means that it also accounts for a similar amount of total unfulfilled eligibility in FYE 2024.'

For more information, see Fraud and error in the benefit system: financial year 2023 to 2024 estimates and Unfulfilled eligibility in the benefit system: financial year 2023 to 2024 estimates from gov.uk
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Work and Pensions Secretary Mel Stride has set out the DWP's plans to scale up its 'fight against fraudsters'
New measures include using machine learning to detect and prevent fraudulent claims, as well as introducing a new Bill to enable benefit fraud to be treated like tax fraud.
Issuing a written statement in the House of Commons on 13th May, Mr Stride said -

'In the continued fight against fraud, today the Government will publish a new paper setting out the progress we have made in tackling fraud and error in the welfare system - Fighting Fraud in the Welfare System: Going Further. The paper sets out the progress we have made in delivering the commitments in the Government's 2022 command paper Fighting Fraud in the Welfare System and it demonstrates where we are going further to protect taxpayers’ money from fraudsters.'

Highlighting that the Data Protection and Digital Information Bill, currently before Parliament, will enable the Department to work with third parties such as banks to identify claims that signal potential fraud and error, Mr Stride says that the new measures being introduced include -

• bringing forward a new Fraud Bill in the next parliament to treat benefit fraud like tax fraud, by providing for the ability to make arrests and conduct searches and seizures by warrant;
• exploring a new civil penalty to punish fraudsters, potentially broadening the scope of cases that can receive a penalty when the courts are not prosecuting, and increasing the value of the civil penalty;
• tripling the size of the Targeted Case Review programme to reach almost 6,000 staff with the aim of saving £6.6 billion by 2027/2028; and
• making changes to universal credit including new partly automated checks on self-employed income, new online prompts for claimants to re-declare their circumstances (such as if they have moved in with a partner), and increasing checks on capital when people claim the benefit to ensure they are eligible.

Note: the Department confirms that final decisions on accepting or stopping a claim will, however, continue to be made by a member of DWP staff.
For more information, see DWP updates Fraud Plan from gov.uk
In response to the above article the Disability News Service reported that the government's fraud policy paper ignores coroner’s concerns over review of disabled woman’s universal credit claim. Read the DNS article on disabilitynewsservice.com
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Less than half of legacy benefit claimants who were sent a migration notice between July 2022 and March 2024 have made a claim for universal credit, according to new figures from the DWP
However, new DWP statistics also show that 60 per cent of households that claimed universal credit have been awarded transitional protection.
In Completing the move to Universal Credit: statistics related to the move of households claiming Tax Credits and DWP benefits to Universal Credit: data to end of March 2024, the DWP sets out figures for the period since July 2022, noting that -

'In the period covered by this bulletin, the vast majority of migration notices have been sent to tax credit households whose likelihood of claiming universal credit and receiving transitional protection may be different from DWP legacy benefit claimants, the majority of whom had not yet been sent a migration notice in the period covered in this bulletin.'

The statistics include that -

• a total of 824,050 individuals (in 540,070 households) were sent migration notices up to March 2024 - up by around 300,000 and 200,000 respectively compared to the totals for December 2023;
• a total of 400,940 individuals (49 per cent of those sent migration notices), living in 275,980 households, have made a claim for universal credit;
• of households that have claimed universal credit, 166,860 (60 per cent) have been awarded transitional protection;
• a total of 238,990 individuals who were sent migration notices are still going through the managed migration process; and
• a total of 184,120 individuals who were sent migration notices have had their legacy benefit claims closed.

Move to Universal Credit statistics, July 2022 to March 2024 is available from gov.uk
Note: the DWP has also published Universal Credit statistics, 29 April 2013 to 11 April 2024­ which show that there were 6.7 million people on universal credit in April 2024 (300,000 more than the 6.4 million in January 2024) and that half of households on universal credit that received a payment in February 2024 included children.
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Department for Communities also confirms that claimants in receipt of other legacy benefits will be issued with migration notices 'in the coming months'
The Department for Communities (DfC) has confirmed that the 'Move to UC' rollout in Northern Ireland has expanded this week to include people receiving tax credits along with housing benefit.
Announcing the expansion of the process, Deputy Secretary of Work and Health at the DfC Paddy Rooney said -

'We continue to take a measured and carefully managed approach to migrating legacy benefit recipients to universal credit. We have already successfully completed issuing migration notices to tax credit only recipients and we will continue to take every step possible to ensure that everyone receives the help and support they need during this next phase of Move to UC.'

The Department also confirmed that once it has issued migration notices to all those receiving tax credits with housing benefit, the following groups will be contacted in this order -

• people claiming income support;
• people claiming housing benefit only, and those claiming child tax credit with income-related employment and support allowance (ESA); and
• people claiming income-based jobseeker's allowance.

In relation to the bringing forward of managed migration for ESA and ESA/housing benefit claimants in Great Britain, announced by the Prime Minister on 19 April 2024, the DfC says that it is working to assess the impact of this on the region. It also confirms that it will align with the DWP's aim to complete the migration of legacy benefit claimants to universal credit by March 2025.
For more information, see Tax credit with housing benefit recipients next to 'Move to UC' and Rollout of Universal Credit for Tax Credit and Legacy Benefit customers - screening from ni.gov.uk
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57,000 adverse universal credit sanction decisions were made in January 2024, according to new DWP statistics
DWP statistics also highlight that around 95 per cent of decisions are as a result of failure to attend or participate in a mandatory interview.
In Benefit sanctions statistics to February 2024, the DWP reports on both the rate and duration of sanctions for universal credit claimants who are in conditionality regimes where they be applied.
Key findings include that -

• in February 2024, 30.1 per cent of claimants were in conditionality regimes that were subject to sanctions and, of these, 6.52 per cent were sanctioned - down 0.64 percentage points from the previous quarter;
• over the last year, 94.9 per cent of adverse sanction decisions were for failure to attend or participate in a mandatory interview; and
• in February 2024, there were 20,000 completed sanctions in the 4 weeks to 13 weeks sanction duration band, 4,800 in the over 13 weeks to 26 weeks duration band, and 4,000 of over 26 weeks duration.

In addition, while the total number of claimants in conditionality regimes where sanctions can be applied has remained largely stable since May 2022 (currently at 1.95 million), the total number of adverse sanction decisions stood at 57,000 in January 2024, the highest since March 2022.
The DWP notes that -

'Comparisons with universal credit prior to February 2024 ... should not be made. This is because the data sources, methodology and rules of the benefits differ from those used for universal credit currently.'

However, it adds that, following the reinstated duration measures and rate methodology improvements, the data is now determined stable and fit for purpose and, as of May 2024, it is published under the 'Official Statistics' label as opposed to 'in development'.
For more information, see Benefit sanctions statistics to February 2024 from gov.uk
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DWP has admitted missing multiple opportunities to record the 'vulnerability' of a disabled woman whose death was later linked by a coroner to failings at the heart of its UC system
The Disability News Service reported on the case of Nazerine (known as Naz) Anderson, from Melton Mowbray, who died of an overdose in June last year, after receiving a UC review notice.
According to a prevention of future deaths (PFD) report sent to the department by coroner Fiona Butler, the DWP missed six opportunities to record Anderson’s “vulnerability” on its IT system while it was reviewing her universal credit claim, and had failed to act on the mental distress she showed in phone calls about her claim. It also repeatedly failed to act on requests to direct its telephone calls and letters to her daughter.
The DWP admits multiple universal credit failures before disabled woman’s death article is available on disabilitynewsservice.com
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Number of emergency food parcels distributed across the UK by the Trussell Trust has increased by 90 per cent over the past five years
Food charity reports that it distributed more than three million parcels last year, with more than a million of them going to children.
In Emergency food parcel distribution in the UK: April 2023 - March 2024, the Trust says that it distributed 3,121,404 food parcels, the most parcels that it has ever distributed in a financial year, representing a four per cent increase on last year's record-breaking numbers for 2022/2023 and a 94 per cent increase since 2018/2019.
The charity also highlights that the number of parcels provided to children has continued to rise, exceeding 1.1 million in 2023/2024, and that food bank support is provided disproportionately to children, compared to the proportion of children in the UK population. In addition, it notes that pension age households are increasingly likely to need to use a food bank, with food bank support for these households having more than quadrupled between 2018/2019 and 2023/2024 (an increase of 345 per cent), compared to an 81 per cent rise amongst households without someone of pension age.
Also sharing statistics on the reason for referral for an emergency food parcel - which include health, benefit issues, work hour changes, insecure housing, changes in personal circumstances, immigration status and domestic abuse, as well as income and debt levels - the Trussell Trust says -

'Across all households the most common reason for referral was due to issues with income and debt levels. The vital role of the social security system in driving these trends is clear from the fact that the majority (78 per cent) of people referred to food banks were reported to solely have income from the social security system, with a further 8 per cent having earned income as well as income from social security.'

Trussell Trust Chief Executive Emma Revie said -

'It’s 2024 and we’re facing historically high levels of food bank need. As a society, we cannot allow this to continue. We must not let food banks become the new norm ... A supportive social security system is the bedrock on which we end hunger for good. Building on this, we need much more effective employment and financial support for parents, carers and disabled people, and action to ensure everyone can have the security we all need to access opportunities and have hope for the future, through more secure and flexible jobs and investment in social housing. Food banks are not the answer. They will be there to support people as long as they are needed, but our political leaders must take bold action to build a future where everyone has enough money to afford the life’s essentials. The time to act is now.'

For more information, see End of Year Stats from trusselltrust.org
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Employment Minister Jo Churchill has provided a House of Lords Select Committee with an undertaking that the administrative earnings threshold (AET) in universal credit will not be increased again without a 'sound evidence base'
However, Minister's evidence to Lords Committee fails to address its dissatisfaction with DWP's explanation for not publishing robust evidence to support previous increases in the threshold.
Further to the Lords Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee's report on new regulations that implemented a further increase in the AET from 13 May 2024 - that criticised the ‘inexplicable’ lack of data evaluating previous increases in the threshold in September 2022 and January 2023 - the Committee held a one-off evidence session yesterday to question the Minister and DWP officials.
Introducing the session, Committee Chair Lord Hunt acknowledged that the DWP had agreed to share its informal findings supporting its AET policy. However Lord Hunt added that -

'... similar, no doubt to the material that the Social Security Advisory Committee saw but correctly declined, if information is not available to the House and the public, then we feel unable to consider it either.'

The Committee then questioned the Minister about the Department's failure to publish evidence providing an assessment of the impact of increasing the AET either before or after implementing the change.
In response, Ms Churchill highlighted that the Department did publish a randomised controlled trial evaluation in 2018 providing the highest level of evidence on the impacts of increased in-work conditionality that Ministers have had sight of. When challenged that this evidence is somewhat outdated and 'a bit threadbare' - as it has been relied on for three increases in the AET - Ms Churchill indicated that Ministers also had early sight of unpublished research (a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) study) that compares the experiences of claimants who are just below and just above the AET.
When pressed on the expected publication dates for this and further evidence, Mr Churchill said -

'I have asked for [the RDD study] to be available as soon as it can be, and the date I was given was spring 2024 ... I would like it out the door as soon as possible, so you have more data ... RDD is the next piece, the next building block and then, the longitudinal study will come through in 2025.'

Concluding the session with a final question, Lord Hunt, speaking on behalf of the whole Committee, said -

'... we're looking for an undertaking from you, not to further expand the cohort until the Department can publish robust evidence of its effects. Are you able to give us that undertaking?

Ms Churchill responded -

'So are you alluding to us holding 15 hours or with this latest laying at 18? Because I could certainly say to you, I think with all confidence that at 18, we want to understand the iterations and make sure that we've got a sound evidence base from there.'

NB - the increase in the AET in January 2023 was based, for individuals, on the equivalent of them working 15 hours per week at the National Living Wage, and this week's increase to the equivalent of them working 18 hours per week.
Despite welcoming the Minister's reply, Lord Hunt went on to say -

'... we accept your undertaking, except we are still as dissatisfied as we were because you haven't provided, in the view of the Committee, sufficient explanation yet. We are awaiting this robust evidence, which I think that we now expect in June 2024.'

The evidence session Regulations to increase the Administrative Earnings Threshold (Legislative scrutiny) is available from parliament.tv
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Work and Pensions Select Committee has called on the government to bring forward proposals to compensate women born in the 1950s who suffered as a result of the DWP's communication failures when their pension age was increased, and asks that it does so in the current parliamentary session
Committee chair highlights lengthy delay and urgency for affected women and calls on government to act on Parliamentary Ombudsman recommendations before summer recess.
Writing to Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Mel Stride, Committee Chair Stephen Timms requests government support for 'urgent action' following the Parliamentary Ombudsman's final report in March 2024 which recommended a remedy based on level 4 of its severity of injustice scale, putting awards at between £1,000 and £2,950.
Mr Timms says that the Committee does not seek to question the Ombudsman's proposal for compensation at level 4, but instead has focused on what a remedy may look like -

'The evidence we received indicated support for a rules-based system. This would be a system where payments would be adjusted within a range (based on the PHSO’s severity of injustice scale) to reflect the extent of change in the individual’s State Pension age and the notice of the change which the individual received. This would mean that the less notice you had of the change and the bigger the change in your SPA, the higher the payment you would receive. While not perfect, the advantages of such a system are that it would be: quick to administer; applying known data to a formula to determine the amount due; and relatively inexpensive (compared to a more bespoke system).'

The Committee's recommendation also includes some flexibility for individuals to make the case for further compensation in the event that they have experienced direct financial loss, for example where a woman whose divorce settlement was less than it would have been because it was based on the expectation that she would receive her state pension at 60.
Mr Timms also asks the government to consider -

'... the need for urgent action, given that the Ombudsman started to look at this issue in 2018 and that every 13 minutes a woman born in the 1950s dies ... Implementing a remedy will need parliamentary time, financial resources, and the data and technical systems only available to your department. It cannot happen without government support. We would ask you to bring forward proposals for a remedy by the summer recess.'

Mr Timms' letter to the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions is available from parliament.uk
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We, the People, Need to Advocate for Our Rights

We, the people, need to advocate passionately for our rights and work together to improve our living conditions. While legislative actions and policies may be influenced by a few, it is through our collective voice and participation that real change can be achieved. Let's take action to ensure a better future for all residents of Knoxville. Your voice and participation can make a significant difference.
Additional Context Based on Feedback
Thank you for the responses and thoughts. I’d like to clarify a few points and provide additional context based on the feedback received:
Legislative Challenges
The legislative history and context of Tennessee Code Title 66, Chapter 35, which prohibits local governments from enacting rent control measures, reflect a long-standing commitment to maintaining a free-market approach to housing. This law was designed to ensure that rental prices are determined by market forces rather than local government interventions.
Specific Restrictions:

• Local governments cannot enact or enforce any ordinance that controls the amount of rent charged for residential or commercial properties.
• The law also prevents local governments from requiring private residential or commercial units to be sold or rented at below-market rates as a condition for zoning changes, building permits, or other land use approvals.
• Any voluntary programs designed to increase affordable housing must be incentive-based and cannot involve compulsory measures that affect market pricing.

The motivations behind this legislation are rooted in a belief that market-driven housing policies are more effective and that rent control could lead to reduced investment in rental housing, thereby exacerbating housing shortages. The law's proponents argue that rent control can have unintended negative consequences, such as decreasing the quality and quantity of rental housing available.
Clarification on Rent Control Statistics:
It’s important to acknowledge that while Knoxville’s rent increase in 2022 was 9.6%, this was actually above the Oregon model of 7% plus inflation. If inflation is taken into account, the total allowable increase could potentially exceed the 9.6% rise seen in Knoxville. The intent behind advocating for a rent control model similar to Oregon’s is to create a more predictable and manageable framework for rent increases, offering greater stability for tenants while still allowing for adjustments that reflect economic conditions.
Challenges with Affordability
Rising Home Prices and Rental Costs: The increasing home prices and rental costs are making it difficult for residents to afford housing. The persistent undersupply of housing continues to exert upward pressure on prices, even as the market anticipates a rebound in home sales in 2024.
Inflation and Mortgage Rates: Inflation and high mortgage rates also contribute to the affordability crisis, making it challenging for new buyers to enter the market.
Comparative Analysis of Rent Control Laws
California: Rent control measures limit annual rent increases and provide tenant protections, while newer constructions and single-family homes are often exempted. This balance has helped manage rent increases while promoting new housing development.
New York: Comprehensive rent control and stabilization laws include limits on rent increases and strong tenant protections, overseen by a regulatory body. These measures ensure fair rent practices and protect tenants from unjust evictions.
Oregon: The statewide rent control law limits annual rent increases to 7% plus inflation and requires just cause for evictions after the first year of tenancy. This approach balances tenant protection with incentives for new constructions.
Key Strategies for Tennessee
Incremental Approach: Implementing modest rent control measures, such as capping annual rent increases to a certain percentage above inflation.
Exemptions: Including exemptions for new constructions and small landlords to alleviate concerns from property developers.
Tenant Protections: Introducing tenant protections against unjust evictions and ensuring lease renewal rights.
Public Advocacy and Education: Building a coalition of tenant groups, local businesses, and community organizations to advocate for change.
Legislative Proposals: Drafting clear and specific legislative proposals that outline the benefits of rent control and address the concerns of opponents.
Alternative Solutions
Increased tenant protections, tax incentives for affordable housing, and the establishment of community land trusts to help manage and develop affordable housing.
Living Wage Figures: Thank you for pointing out the discrepancy in living wage estimates. The MIT Living Wage Calculator indeed suggests a higher figure, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive wage and housing reforms.
Federal and State Action: While state-level change is crucial, it's clear that federal action may also be necessary to enforce fair wages and housing policies. We should advocate for change at both levels.
Support for Local Businesses: Supporting local businesses and ensuring they can pay fair wages is essential. We need to balance wage increases with support for small businesses through tax incentives and economic development programs.
Political Climate: Given the conservative political climate, it’s important to build a broad coalition that includes voices from across the political spectrum to advocate for necessary changes.
Student Housing Impact: The impact of UTK's growing student population on the housing market is significant. We need to work with the university and city planners to develop more student housing and alleviate pressure on the broader market.
Economic Reality: The stories shared here underscore the reality that even with higher wages, housing affordability remains a challenge. Comprehensive policies addressing both wages and housing supply are crucial.
Affordable Housing Options: One of the comments raised a point about the availability of affordable housing, particularly through Clayton Homes, which builds mobile homes and is located in Maryville. Mobile homes provide a more affordable alternative, but they need places to be set up. It's important to ensure diverse options are available to meet varying needs and expectations.
Response to Concerns About Following Other States' Examples:
While it is understandable that concerns about high costs of living in states like California, New York, and Oregon might make it seem counterintuitive to look to their models, it’s essential to note that the goal is not to directly replicate these states' policies but to adapt their strategies to fit Tennessee’s unique context. The objective is to find a balance that improves affordability without causing significant economic disruption. We can learn from their successes and shortcomings to craft a solution that suits Knoxville’s needs.
Lastly, I'd like to state that I am not from New Jersey nor a victim of anyone or anything. The goal is to foster a constructive conversation around improving wages and housing affordability in Knoxville. Thank you for engaging in this important discussion.

Facts:

• 30 states have a higher minimum wage than Tennessee's $7.25.
• Tennessee last raised its minimum wage in 2009.
• Since then, inflation has risen by about 36.6%.
• A decent living wage for a single adult in Tennessee is about $13.25 per hour.

Rising Rents in Knoxville

• Rapid Rent Increases: In 2022, rent growth in Knoxville was 9.6%, significantly higher than the national average of 2.3%. This trend has continued, with apartment rents increasing by around 6.06% in 2023 compared to the previous year.
• Forecasted Increases: The trend of rising rents is expected to continue, with forecasts indicating an additional 5% increase over the next year.
• High Occupancy Rates: Despite these rent increases, Knoxville's rental market remains highly competitive with occupancy rates around 96.3%, which is higher than the national average of 94.7%.

Recent Home Price Increases in Knoxville

• Median Home Price: The median home sales price in Knoxville rose to $350,000 in July 2023, representing an increase of around 7.9% compared to the previous year.
• Affordability: As of November 2023, the median home sales price was $346,000, up by about 10.8% from the previous year.
• Income Requirements: The income required to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home has risen dramatically, from around $59,000 at the start of 2022 to over $110,000 by August 2023.
• Housing Inventory: Despite the rising prices, the total number of homes available in Knoxville is still around half of pre-pandemic levels, contributing to the increased competition and higher prices.

This information highlights the growing affordability issues in Knoxville, with home prices rising faster than incomes, making it challenging for many residents to purchase homes.

Steps to Raise the Minimum Wage

Step 1: Organize a Petition Drive

• Form a Nonpartisan Group: Create or join a group focused solely on raising the minimum wage, without political affiliations. Use platforms like Zoom for virtual meetings, schedule regular meetings, and use social media and local forums to recruit members.
• Research Requirements: For statewide initiatives, the number of signatures required is typically a percentage of the votes cast in the last gubernatorial election. Confirm the exact number with the Tennessee Secretary of State's office. For local initiatives in Knoxville, a charter amendment can be proposed if at least one registered voter files the petition with the county election commission for pre-approval (TCA 2-5-151).
  • Tennessee Secretary of State: (615) 741-2819
• Create the Petition: Draft a clear and concise petition for a minimum wage increase. Here is a sample:

Draft Petition:
Petition for Increasing the Minimum Wage in Tennessee
To the Tennessee General Assembly:
We, the undersigned residents of Tennessee, believe that the current minimum wage of $7.25 per hour is insufficient to meet the basic needs of individuals and families in our state. Given the significant rise in living costs and inflation since the last adjustment in 2009, we urgently call for an increase in the state minimum wage to a livable wage of $13.25 per hour. This adjustment will ensure that all working Tennesseans can afford necessities such as housing, food, healthcare, and transportation.
By signing this petition, we express our support for this necessary change and urge the Tennessee General Assembly to take immediate action.
Name Address Signature
Step 2: Collect Signatures

• Host Community Events: Organize events like town hall meetings, local fairs, or farmers' markets to gather signatures.
• Utilize Local Networks: Leverage small-town connections where everyone knows each other to spread the word and gather support.
• Set Up Booths: Place booths in high-traffic areas like grocery stores, libraries, and community centers to collect signatures.
• Door-to-Door Campaigning: Go door-to-door in your neighborhood to ask for signatures.

Step 3: Raise Awareness

• Social Media Campaign: Use platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to inform the community and encourage them to sign the petition.
• Local Media: Reach out to local newspapers, radio stations, and TV channels to cover your campaign.
• Flyers and Posters: Distribute flyers and put up posters in local businesses and public spaces.

Step 4: Submit the Petition

• Verify Signatures: Ensure all collected signatures meet the requirements.
• Submit to Authorities: Submit the petition to the appropriate state or local authority for validation.

Deadlines and Requirements

• Submission Deadline: Typically, signatures must be submitted several months before the general election to allow time for verification. For 2024, check with the Tennessee Secretary of State for specific deadlines and the number of required signatures.

How Petitions Work

In general, for a petition to be effective and get an issue on the ballot or to influence local government action, more signatures are usually needed to demonstrate widespread community support. Here’s a brief overview of the process:

• Single Signature Submission: In some cases, a single well-documented request or petition signed by one person can be submitted to local officials to initiate a discussion. However, this method is less likely to compel action without demonstrating broader community support.
• Gathering Multiple Signatures: To increase the chances of the petition being taken seriously, gathering multiple signatures shows that the issue has significant support within the community. This can influence local officials to take action.
• Specific Requirements: The exact number of signatures required can vary based on local laws and regulations. For example, getting an initiative on the ballot often requires a specific percentage of registered voters' signatures.

Example Scenario:

• Submitting a Petition to the City Council: One person can submit a petition to the city council to raise an issue. However, gathering more signatures from residents increases the impact.
• Ballot Initiatives: For ballot initiatives, there are usually legal requirements regarding the number of signatures needed. This varies by jurisdiction.

Strategies to Address Rising Rents

While controlling rent increases directly can be challenging, there are several strategies that can help stabilize the rental market and provide more affordable options:

1. Rent Control and Stabilization:
   • Implement policies that limit how much rents can be increased annually.
2. Increased Tenant Protections:
   • Strengthen tenant rights to provide more security and stability, such as "just cause" eviction protections.
3. Affordable Housing Development:
   • Increase the supply of affordable housing through new developments and mixed-income housing projects.
4. Tax Incentives for Landlords:
   • Offer tax breaks or incentives to landlords who keep rents affordable.
5. Community Land Trusts:
   • Establish community land trusts to manage and develop affordable housing.
6. Rent Subsidy Programs:
   • Expand rent subsidy programs to assist low-income tenants.

Petition Example for Rent Control and Tenant Protections

Petition for Rent Control and Tenant Protections
To the Knoxville City Council:
We, the undersigned, request that the Knoxville City Council take immediate action to address the rising cost of rent and protect tenants by implementing rent control measures and strengthening tenant protections. Specifically, we propose the following initiatives:

1. Rent Control: Implement rent control measures that limit annual rent increases to no more than a set percentage, tied to inflation.
2. Just Cause Eviction Protections: Establish "just cause" eviction protections to prevent arbitrary evictions and provide stability for tenants.
3. Tax Incentives for Affordable Rent: Offer tax breaks or incentives to landlords who commit to keeping rents affordable.
4. Encourage Long-Term Leases: Promote the use of long-term leases with fixed rent increases to provide stability for both tenants and landlords.

By implementing these measures, Knoxville can help ensure that housing remains affordable and accessible for all residents, promoting a stable and thriving community.
By signing this petition, we express our support for these initiatives and urge the Knoxville City Council to take immediate action to protect tenants and address the rising cost of rent.
Signature: _______________
Print Name: _______________
Address: _______________
Email: _______________

Other Strategies to Help Afford Homes

Local Level:

1. Affordable Housing Programs: Support and expand local programs that provide affordable housing options.
2. Down Payment Assistance: Advocate for city or county programs that help with down payments for first-time homebuyers.
3. Community Land Trusts: Promote local models where the community owns the land and leases it to homeowners, reducing the cost of purchasing a home.
4. Zoning Reforms: Push for zoning changes within Knoxville to allow for more diverse and affordable housing developments.
5. Financial Education: Provide resources locally to help individuals better manage their finances and improve their credit scores.
6. Rent-to-Own Programs: Implement or support local programs where tenants can rent properties with the option to buy after a certain period.
7. Increased Housing Supply: Encourage the construction of more housing units in Knoxville to meet demand.
8. Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations between the city and private developers to create affordable housing projects.
9. Inclusionary Zoning: Require a portion of new developments in Knoxville to include affordable housing units.
10. Tax Incentives: Offer local tax credits or abatements to developers who build affordable housing or to homeowners for property improvements.
11. Tiny Homes and ADUs: Promote the development of tiny homes and accessory dwelling units (ADUs) in Knoxville as affordable housing options.
12. Housing Cooperatives: Support cooperative housing models locally where residents collectively own and manage their housing.
13. Employer-Assisted Housing: Encourage local employers to provide housing assistance or benefits to their employees.
14. Energy Efficiency Programs: Implement local programs to improve the energy efficiency of homes, reducing utility costs and overall housing expenses.
15. Foreclosure Prevention Programs: Provide local assistance and counseling to homeowners at risk of foreclosure to help them retain their homes.
16. Land Banks: Establish land banks at the city level to acquire, manage, and repurpose vacant and foreclosed properties for affordable housing development.

Steps for Local Action:

• Petition for Ballot Initiatives: Registered voters can start petitions to get these issues on local ballots. This involves gathering a required number of signatures from the community.
• Engage with Local Officials: Attend city council meetings, contact local representatives, and advocate for these programs and reforms.
• Form or Join Advocacy Groups: Collaborate with local organizations focused on housing and community development to amplify your efforts.
• Raise Public Awareness: Use social media, local news, and community events to inform and mobilize residents around these initiatives.
• Vote: Encourage community members to vote for local leaders and initiatives that support affordable housing and related programs.

Example Petitions:

Petition for Comprehensive Affordable Housing Initiatives
To the Knoxville City Council:
We, the undersigned, request that the Knoxville City Council take comprehensive action to promote affordable housing through a combination of tax incentives, public-private partnerships, inclusionary zoning, expanded affordable housing programs, and the establishment of land banks.

1. Tax Incentives: Offer local tax credits or abatements to developers who build affordable housing or to homeowners for property improvements. These incentives will encourage the development and maintenance of affordable housing units, ensuring more options are available for low- and moderate-income families.
2. Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations between the city and private developers to create affordable housing projects. By working together, the public and private sectors can pool resources, expertise, and funding to develop housing that meets the community's needs.
3. Inclusionary Zoning: Require a portion of new developments in Knoxville to include affordable housing units. Inclusionary zoning ensures that affordable housing is integrated into new developments, promoting economic diversity and increasing the availability of affordable homes.
4. Affordable Housing Programs: Support and expand local affordable housing programs to provide quality, affordable housing options for low- and moderate-income residents. Currently, many residents are struggling to find affordable housing, which impacts their quality of life and financial stability. By expanding these programs, we can ensure that more residents have access to safe, decent, and affordable housing.
5. Land Banks: Establish land banks at the city level to acquire, manage, and repurpose vacant and foreclosed properties for affordable housing development. Land banks can transform unused or abandoned properties into valuable assets for the community, providing opportunities for affordable housing development and revitalizing neighborhoods.

By implementing these strategies, Knoxville can create a more inclusive and sustainable housing market that supports the needs of all residents. This comprehensive approach will help address the current housing shortage and ensure long-term affordability in our community.
By signing this petition, we express our support for these initiatives and urge the Knoxville City Council to take immediate action to promote affordable housing through these measures.
Signature: _______________
Print Name: _______________
Address: _______________
Email: _______________
Down Payment Assistance
Petition for Down Payment Assistance Programs
To the Knoxville City Council:
We, the undersigned, urge the Knoxville City Council to advocate for and establish city or county programs that provide down payment assistance for first-time homebuyers. Many residents find it challenging to save enough for a down payment, which is a significant barrier to achieving homeownership. By providing down payment assistance, we can help more residents transition from renting to owning their homes, promoting long-term financial stability and investment in our community.
By signing this petition, we express our support for the creation and implementation of down payment assistance programs to help first-time homebuyers in Knoxville.
Signature: _______________
Print Name: _______________
Address: _______________
Email: _______________

State or Federal Level:

• Subsidized Housing Vouchers: Increase the availability and funding for housing vouchers that subsidize rent for low-income families.
• Mortgage Credit Certificates (MCC): Promote MCC programs that provide tax credits to first-time homebuyers at the state or federal level.

Combining these approaches with efforts to raise wages can create a more comprehensive solution to housing affordability issues.

How New Jersey Did It:

• Legislative Action: Passed in 2019, the law set a schedule for gradual increases to reach $15 by 2024.
• Annual Adjustments: Provisions for annual increases based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
• Broad Support: Significant political backing from the governor and legislature.
• Sector-Specific Plans: Different timelines and rates for small businesses, seasonal workers, and agricultural employees.
• Economic Advocacy: Studies and advocacy highlighted the benefits, helping to build public and political support.

Tennessee's Business Environment and Minimum Wage:

• Business-Friendly State: It's true Tennessee is known for being business-friendly, which can make raising the minimum wage challenging.
• Jobs Over $12/Hour: While many jobs may pay over $12 an hour, not all workers have access to these opportunities, especially those with limited skills or education.

Steps to Take:

• Educate and Advocate: Inform the community about the benefits of a higher minimum wage for both workers and the economy.
• Highlight Success Stories: Share examples from other states like New Jersey that have successfully raised their minimum wages without harming businesses.
• Promote Nonpartisan Support: Work with groups that focus on worker rights without political affiliations to gather broader support.

By focusing on education and nonpartisan advocacy, it's possible to create a more inclusive conversation around raising the minimum wage.

Introduction
Einstein’s theory of special relativity revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos, introducing the idea that the speed of light remains constant for all observers, regardless of their motion. This foundation has stood unchallenged in mainstream physics for over a century. Yet, what if light’s behavior could be viewed from a different angle? What if, contrary to relativity, light actually travels in a straight, absolute path, unaffected by the motion of the source or the observer? This article explores a novel theory proposing just that, shedding light on a potentially groundbreaking perspective.
The Concept of an Absolute Light Path:

1. Absolute Path vs. Relative Motion In Einstein's theory of special relativity, the motion of the source or observer affects the observed properties of light, such as its direction and the simultaneity of events. Relativity maintains that while the speed of light is constant for all observers, its path can appear different depending on the observer's state of motion relative to the light source. However, the new theory posits that light has a unique characteristic: due to its masslessness, it follows a fixed, absolute path in the universe, uninfluenced by the relative motion of observers or the source of light.
   
2. Masslessness and Inertia Since light (photons) has no mass, it does not experience inertia. Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the speed or direction of an object's motion. For massive objects, inertia plays a crucial role in how they behave when forces are applied, and it is a key factor in how they are perceived in different reference frames in relativity. Since light lacks this property, according to the new theory, it does not adhere to these relativistic principles in the same way and maintains a trajectory that is absolute and not just a product of perceived motion.
   
3. Implications of Light's Absolute Path If light truly travels in an absolute path, this implies the existence of a universal or absolute frame of reference from which the true path of light can be measured as a straight line, regardless of the observer's motion. This challenges the principle of relativity, which denies any universal frame of reference, positing instead that all motion is relative.
   

Visualizing the Theory:
Example - The Train Thought Experiment Revisited - Inside a Moving Train: If you're on a train moving forward and shine a flashlight straight up, according to relativity, both you and an external observer would agree that the light moves straight upward if measuring only in the train’s frame. But in the absolute path theory, you would see the light beam slant backward as the train moves forward, because, in your frame, the train (and thus you) are moving while the light's path is fixed. - From the Platform: A stationary observer on a platform, according to the new theory, would see the light's path as vertical if they are stationary in the absolute frame. If the platform observer is moving (say, the platform itself is on a moving body), they would see the light path tilted against their direction of motion.
Formula Application in Determining Absolute Motion or Rest:
The formula ( tan(A) = v/c ), where (A) represents the angle of deviation, (v) is the velocity of the observer relative to the proposed absolute frame, and (c) is the speed of light, is central to understanding how the theory of an absolute path for light could be applied practically to determine an object's state of motion or rest.
Understanding the Formula: The formula derives from the premise that light maintains an absolute path, unaffected by the motion of the source or the observer. If an observer moves relative to this absolute path, the light's trajectory appears to deviate or tilt relative to the observer’s motion. The angle of this deviation (A) can be calculated using the tangent function, which relates the opposite side (the perceived deviation in light's path) to the adjacent side (the original path of light).
Practical Use of the Formula: 1. Determining Motion: - Observer in Motion: When an observer is in motion, they will perceive the path of light as deviating from its vertical trajectory. The velocity (v) of the observer will influence the perceived angle of deviation (A). By measuring (A) and knowing (c), the observer can calculate their velocity (v) relative to the light’s absolute path. If (A) is non-zero, it implies that the observer is in motion relative to the absolute frame. - Observer at Rest: If an observer measures no deviation in the light's path ( A = 0 ), it implies that the tangent of (A) is zero, leading to (v = 0). This indicates that the observer is at rest with respect to the absolute frame of reference.
Conclusion:
This exploration into the possibility of light’s absolute path invites us to question and potentially expand our understanding of the universe. It challenges established norms and opens a dialogue about the very fabric of reality, encouraging further investigation and discussion within the scientific community.

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• A - C: American Public University System (APUS) Arizona State Ashford Brigham Young Brown Broward California State (Fullerton) Capella Chamberlain (Illinois) Colorado Technical Columbia Columbia Southern Cornell
• D - K: Dallas College Dartmouth DeVry Excelsior College Florida International Florida State Full Sail Georgia State Grand Canyon Harvard Houston Community College Ivy Tech Community College Kaplan Kennesaw State Kent State
• L - T: Liberty Lone Star College System Kaplan Miami Dade Michigan State CUNY State University of New York (SUNY) Northern Virginia Ohio State University of Phoenix (UOP) Penn State Princeton Purdue (Davenport) San Diego State San Francisco State San Jose State Southern New Hampshire Southern Nevada Stanford St. Petersburg Strayer Texas Tech
• UNIVERSITY OF: Alabama Arizona California (UC) Central Florida Chicago Cincinnati Florida Houston Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) Iowa Maryland Minnesota Michigan North Texas Pennsylvania Southern Florida Texas Toronto
• U - Z: UCLA Extension Utah State Utah Valley Valencia Walden U Wake Technical Western Governors Wilmington Yale

Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
I OFFER FLEXIBLE PAYMENT PLANS:

• I offer several unique payment plans, including a weekly plan, a discounted monthly plan, a discounted half-now / half-later plan, and highly discounted up-front rates.
• I can accept the following payment methods for my services: PayPal Debit Cards Square Cash Credit Cards Cash App Venmo.
• Only people located in North America have access to Venmo Cash App Zelle.
• This is an excellent way to determine if the person you're dealing with is from the United States.
• Within reason, I offer a partial or full money-Back guarantee if the student is very unsatisfied with my academic services.

TUTORING AVAILABLE FOR OTHER SUBJECTS:

• For other subjects, you can reach out to me, and I can connect you with one of my tutoring partners who can provide general academic assistance for the following subjects:
• Art & Design: Art History Design Film Studies
• Business: Accounting (Acc) Biz Courses Business Administration (Biz Admn) Business Calculus Business Law Business Statistics Corporate Finance Economics (Econ) Finance (Fin) Financial Accounting Intermediate Accounting Intermediate Microeconomics (Micro) Macroeconomics (Macro) Management (Mgmt) Managerial Accounting Marketing MBA
• Computer Science: C C++ Computer Programming (Comp) Java Python R (Introduction & Intermediate Level Only)
• Humanities: Communications (Comm) English Literature Essay & Term Paper Writing, Editing, Proofreading Essays History Papers Philosophy (Phil) Religious Studies Theology (Theo)
• Mathematics: A.P. Calculus AB & BC Psychology Statistics AP Statistics Bio statistics Calculus I (1) Calculus II (2) Calculus III (3) College Algebra Differential Equations Discrete Math Finite Math Functions General Math Geometry Liberal Arts Math Linear Algebra Multi-variable Calculus Partial Differential Equations Precalculus Probability Quantitative Reasoning Real Analysis Statistics Trigonometry (Trig) Vector Calculus
• Science & Medicine: Anatomy & Physiology (A & P) Biochemistry Biology (Bio) Biostatistics Earth Science Environmental Science General Chemistry (Chem) Healthcare Medicine Nursing Nutrition Organic Chemistry Physics (Phys)
• Social Sciences: Anthropology Economics (Econ) Geology Law & Justice Liberal Arts Liberal Studies Political Science Psychology Sociology

THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:

• 1) Speak with you on the phone and answer any questions you may have so that you have the opportunity to assess and analyze my tone, articulation, accent, diction, dialect, regionalisms, pitch, vocabulary, word choice, intonations, and inflections.
• NOTE: I’m a New Jersey-born Irish/Italian-American, but I have been told that I speak in an erudite & articulate suburban American accent with a “professor style” voice somewhat resembling the voice of actor: Ben Stein.
• 2) Agree to do some homework questions of yours upfront with the work fully shown in real-time to prove my mastery of the course content.
• 3) Send you screenshots of at least five past scores I attained from completing exams & homework assignments for other students in the same type of class you need help with.
• 4) Send you full screenshots of written exam solutions I wrote up by hand for students in the past in the same course that you need help with so that you can see my neat handwriting.
• 5) Provide you with the contact information of students who have utilized my services in the past who would be more than willing to vouch for my skills.

MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:

• I certainly wouldn’t do it for such paltry amounts of money. (i.e., anything less than $1,000 per victim.)
• I certainly wouldn’t choose high school & college students as my “target audience” to scam, considering that most people without college degrees have abysmally low annual incomes. Why choose low-income victims when it would be much more profitable to target high-income, high-net-worth individuals earning at least six figures a year? I have knowledge in business consulting, and I promise you that a business owner would be a MUCH more lucrative mark than a low-income college student.
• I wouldn’t choose such a time & energy-draining method of scamming people. Also, communicating back and forth with potential clients is an absurdly long time sink since only less than 10% of all potential clients who reach out to me actually become paying clients of mine. This means that 90% of my time communicating with potential clients ultimately proves to be a colossal waste of my irretrievable time & energy.
• If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now. And I would have been permanently banned from opening new accounts. Therefore, the fact that all my payment apps have been fully active for years should be sufficient proof that I haven’t had people consistently disputing payments sent to me.

HOW TO CONTACT ME:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641

• I take my work as a tutor very seriously, and I always aim to do my best to help my students excel in school. I have a solid and sincere passion for academic achievement, and with my help, I am positive that I can help students obtain very high grades with minimal stress and effort.
• Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in my services and would like to learn more. I'm available 24/7 via phone call, email, and text. Again, thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit tutoring ad, and I hope to hear from you soon!

My contact details:
WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657
Call: +1 727 456 9641
Website: hiraedu. com
Email: [info@hiraedu](mailto:info@hiraedu). com
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If CO2 is produced during fermentation in a viscous sugar solution (specific gravity of 1.100 or higher), how do you determine the theoretical maximum height the solution can expand to (trapped CO2) before gravity overcomes the bonds and the CO2 is forced out of the solution?
I have had fermentations increase almost 25% in height when the "trapped" CO2 is unable to escape. However, I would assume there is a point at which some forces are overwhelmed by others and I'm curious if there is a known set of calculations to determine what that maximum height is when you consider volume, specific gravity, temperature, etc.
Anyone interested in helping me figure this out?

If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
ASSESSMENTS I CAN COMPLETE:

• Online Courses (1 - 20 Weeks Long)
• Homework Assignments
• Exams Quizzes Tests
• Excel Projects
• Discussion Forum Posts
• Research Papers Term Papers Essays
• Employment Assessments

MY MATH SUBJECTS OF EXPERTISE:
I am very knowledgeable and proficient in assisting students in a wide range of mathematics classes. I can help students complete their homework assignments and other projects get an A on quizzes, tests, and exams (including proctored assessments) answer online discussion posts write essays & papers in MLA APA Chicago format and provide general overall academic help in each math course listed below:

• Advanced Placement Honors High School Level Math
• AP Calculus AB A.P. Calculus BC
• AP Statistics
• Biostatistics Bio-Statistics
• College Algebra Intermediate Algebra
• Business Calculus
• Business Statistics
• Business Math
• Calculus I Calculus II Calculus III (Calc)
• Geometry
• International Baccalaureate (IB) Maths
• Liberal Arts Math
• Logic & Reasoning
• Multivariable Calculus Multi variable Calculus
• Precalculus Pre-calculus
• Probability & Statistics
• Psychology Statistics Psych Stats
• Quantitative Reasoning Quantitative Methods Quantitative Literacy (Quant)
• Statistics (Stats)
• Statistics for Social Sciences
• Trigonometry (Trig)

STATISTICS HELP (MY BEST SUBJECT):

• I have a master's degree in Applied Statistics from a university in New Jersey, USA. As a result, I am very proficient in helping students with various types of Statistics courses including Biostatistics Business Statistics Elementary Statistics Probability & Statistics Psychology Statistics.
• I have extensive knowledge and skill with helping students get through various statistical concepts including all of the following in alphabetical order:
• ANOVA Bar Graph, Boxplot, Dot Plot, Histogram, Pie Chart Bias Binomial, Exponential, Poisson, Gamma, Uniform Distribution Central Limit Theorem Chi-Square Test Coefficient of Determination (R^2) Conditional & Relative Probability Confidence Interval Correlation Coefficient (r) Critical Region Critical Value Descriptive & Inferential Statistics Effect Size Expected Value Experiment vs Observation Goodness of Fit Test Hypothesis Testing Interpolation & Extrapolation Interquartile Range (IQR) Kurtosis Left, Negative, Right, Positive Skewed Distribution Logistic Regression Mean, Median, Mode, Midrange Multiple Regression Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio I Population Parameter Normal, Symmetric & Bell Shaped Distribution Null & Alternate Hypothesis One & Two Sample T-Test One & Two Sample Z-Test Ordinary Least Squares Outliers P-Value Pooled Variance (Equal Variances) Proportion R^2 Range Regression Regression Line Reject & Fail to Reject Ho Relative & Cumulative Frequency Distributions Relativity & Reliability Right, Left, One, Two Tailed Tailed Hypothesis Test Sample Statistics Sampling Methods (Convenience, Stratified, Simple, Cluster, Systematic) Significance Level (1%, 5%, 10%) Skewness Standard Deviation& Variance T-Score Test Statistic Time Series Type I & Type II Errors Unbiased Estimators Z-Score

ALGEBRA HELP:

• I am well-versed in helping students do well in Algebra 1 & 2 College Algebra Intermediate Algebra Pre-Algebra and I am very knowledgeable and proficient in the following algebra topics in alphabetical order:
• Absolute Values Circle Equation Domain Exponents Graphing Horizontal & Vertical Asymptotes Inequalities, Equations & Functions Inverse Functions Linear, Exponential, Logarithmic, Quadratic Equations Logarithms Maximum & Minimum Values of a Graph Number Lines One-to-One Functions Parallel & Perpendicular Lines Plotting Points & Ordered Pairs Point-Slope Form Polynomial Division Polynomials Radicals Range Rational & Irrational Expressions Rational Functions Real Roots Real Zeros Relations & Functions Slope Slope-Intercept Form Square Roots Standard Form of a Line System of Equations System of Inequalities Variables X and Y Intercepts

CALCULUS HELP:

• I am well-versed in helping students do well in Calculus I, II & III, Calculus 1, 2 & 3, Business Calculus, Multivariable Calculus, Vector Calculus and I am very knowledgeable and proficient in the following calculus topics in alphabetical order:
• Absolute & Local Maximum and Minimum Antiderivative Area & Volume Chain Rule Concavity Continuity Convergence Test Critical Points Curvature Curve of Rotation Curve Sketching Derivatives Divergence Test First & Second Derivative Test Fourier Series Implicit Differentiation Increasing / Decreasing Functions Infinite Series Integrals Integration by Parts Jacobian Matrix Limits L’Hopital’s Rule Maclaurin Series Mean Value Theorem Partial Derivative Product & Quotient Rule Reiman Sum Related Rates Simpson’s Rule Solid of Revolution Substitution Rule Taylor Series

Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
ATTRIBUTES THAT SET ME APART FROM OTHER TUTORS:

• I firmly believe that I have many attributes and skills that set me apart from other tutors. Below is a list of qualities that makes me an ideal fit to help you master your coursework:

I CAN AID STUDENTS TAKING PROCTORED ASSESSMENTS:

• Proficient in CollegeBoard AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC & AP Statistics exams.
• Skilled with International Baccalaureate Math Exams: IB Maths HL & IB Maths SL
• Can intentionally answer a few problems incorrectly at the student's request.
• Can text solutions to the student while they are taking a proctored exam.
• Upon request, can purposely obtain grades below an A (ex: B+, B, C+, C-).
• I can stretch out the time to a plausible length for timed exams and assignments before submitting them.
• Have reliable software that can change my IP address to match the closest major city near the student.
• I have exceptional multiple-choice exam-taking skills. I have mastered the various techniques to make calculated guesses for the correct option in standardized exams such as the SAT & GRE.

I CAN VERIFY MY ACADEMIC KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS:

• I have no problem with requests to solve sample problems upfront to prove my knowledge & proficiency of the course concepts.
• I can provide glowing references & strong examples of work done for past clients to verify my academic skills.
• I can also provide, upon request, complete detailed calculations with explanations for solutions to the problems worked on.
• I am quite skilled and adept in using multiple modernized educational platforms and software, including but not limited to: Brightspace MyStatLab D2L WebAssign Canvas MyMathLab Blackboard ALEKS
• Can format term papers and discussion posts in APA MLA Harvard Chicago Vancouver OSCOLA IEEE format.

I HAVE PAID ACCESS TO OVER 15 STUDY-HELP WEBSITES AND MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE:

• I have multiple paid subscriptions to a wide range of academic tutoring resources, including Chegg, Quizlet, CourseHero, Brainly, Grammarly, Study. com, Bartleby, Slader, Transtutors, Slideshare, StudocU, Turnitin, Academia, SymboLab, WolframAlpha, and Scribd to help guide to solve exam & homework questions that I may not immediately know.
• However, I am smart enough not to blatantly plagiarize solutions online but instead write them in my own unique words, formatting, & mathematical terminology.
• I have access to a very sophisticated graphing calculator and various mathematical software that provides step-by-step solutions to complex mathematical problems within seconds, allowing me to provide exact solutions to the student in a timely manner.
• I have impeccable handwriting and a high-quality mobile scanner app that allows me to scan written solutions in very legible high-definition JPG, PNG, or PDF formats.

MY AVAILABILITY & RELIABILITY:

• Depending on my availability, I can accommodate immediate tutoring requests, 1-24 hour, and 1-30-day deadlines.
• I can schedule live real-time online sessions and meet deadlines in an impressively timely fashion.
• I can provide quick notifications and updates of progress made in the student's class via email text phone calls.
• I can also be available to tutor students for Fall 2021 Spring 2022 Summer 2022 semesters.

MY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE OF EXPERTISE:

• I am very knowledgeable and well-versed in a wide range of educational software to tutor students in including but not limited to: Acellus ALEKS APEX Learning Aplia Blackboard Brightspace Canvas Cengage CengageNow Connect ConnectMath Connexus CPM D2L Discord Edmentum Eviews Examity Excel Hawkes Learning Honorlock Khan Academy Knewton LimeSpring Lumen Maple MasteringChemistry MasteringPhysics MathXL (XL) MATLAB McGraw-Hill Microsoft Word Minitab Moodle MyAccountingLab MyEconLab MyITLab MyLab My Lab MyMathLab My Math Lab MyOpenMath MyPsychLab MySocLab MyStatLab My Stat Lab NCSS Open Source Software Pearson PERT PlatoWeb PowerPoint Prezi R Respondus Lockdown Browser with Webcam Sapling SPSS Stata StraighterLine Straighter Line WebAssign Web Assign Webex (Cisco) WebWork Wiley WileyPlus Wonderlic Zoom

SCHOOLS FROM WHICH I'VE HELPED STUDENTS IN :
As of 2021, I have tutored and helped students enrolled at the following U.S. universities community colleges county & city colleges schools for-profit institutions listed below in alphabetical order:

• A - C: American Public University System (APUS) Arizona State Ashford Brigham Young Brown Broward California State (Fullerton) Capella Chamberlain (Illinois) Colorado Technical Columbia Columbia Southern Cornell
• D - K: Dallas College Dartmouth DeVry Excelsior College Florida International Florida State Full Sail Georgia State Grand Canyon Harvard Houston Community College Ivy Tech Community College Kaplan Kennesaw State Kent State
• L - T: Liberty Lone Star College System Kaplan Miami Dade Michigan State CUNY State University of New York (SUNY) Northern Virginia Ohio State University of Phoenix (UOP) Penn State Princeton Purdue (Davenport) San Diego State San Francisco State San Jose State Southern New Hampshire Southern Nevada Stanford St. Petersburg Strayer Texas Tech
• UNIVERSITY OF: Alabama Arizona California (UC) Central Florida Chicago Cincinnati Florida Houston Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) Iowa Maryland Minnesota Michigan North Texas Pennsylvania Southern Florida Texas Toronto
• U - Z: UCLA Extension Utah State Utah Valley Valencia Walden U Wake Technical Western Governors Wilmington Yale

Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
I OFFER FLEXIBLE PAYMENT PLANS:

• I offer several unique payment plans, including a weekly plan, a discounted monthly plan, a discounted half-now / half-later plan, and highly discounted up-front rates.
• I can accept the following payment methods for my services: PayPal Debit Cards Square Cash Credit Cards Cash App Venmo.
• Only people located in North America have access to Venmo Cash App Zelle.
• This is an excellent way to determine if the person you're dealing with is from the United States.
• Within reason, I offer a partial or full money-Back guarantee if the student is very unsatisfied with my academic services.

TUTORING AVAILABLE FOR OTHER SUBJECTS:

• For other subjects, you can reach out to me, and I can connect you with one of my tutoring partners who can provide general academic assistance for the following subjects:
• Art & Design: Art History Design Film Studies
• Business: Accounting (Acc) Biz Courses Business Administration (Biz Admn) Business Calculus Business Law Business Statistics Corporate Finance Economics (Econ) Finance (Fin) Financial Accounting Intermediate Accounting Intermediate Microeconomics (Micro) Macroeconomics (Macro) Management (Mgmt) Managerial Accounting Marketing MBA
• Computer Science: C C++ Computer Programming (Comp) Java Python R (Introduction & Intermediate Level Only)
• Humanities: Communications (Comm) English Literature Essay & Term Paper Writing, Editing, Proofreading Essays History Papers Philosophy (Phil) Religious Studies Theology (Theo)
• Mathematics: A.P. Calculus AB & BC Psychology Statistics AP Statistics Bio statistics Calculus I (1) Calculus II (2) Calculus III (3) College Algebra Differential Equations Discrete Math Finite Math Functions General Math Geometry Liberal Arts Math Linear Algebra Multi-variable Calculus Partial Differential Equations Precalculus Probability Quantitative Reasoning Real Analysis Statistics Trigonometry (Trig) Vector Calculus
• Science & Medicine: Anatomy & Physiology (A & P) Biochemistry Biology (Bio) Biostatistics Earth Science Environmental Science General Chemistry (Chem) Healthcare Medicine Nursing Nutrition Organic Chemistry Physics (Phys)
• Social Sciences: Anthropology Economics (Econ) Geology Law & Justice Liberal Arts Liberal Studies Political Science Psychology Sociology

THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:

• 1) Speak with you on the phone and answer any questions you may have so that you have the opportunity to assess and analyze my tone, articulation, accent, diction, dialect, regionalisms, pitch, vocabulary, word choice, intonations, and inflections.
• NOTE: I’m a New Jersey-born Irish/Italian-American, but I have been told that I speak in an erudite & articulate suburban American accent with a “professor style” voice somewhat resembling the voice of actor: Ben Stein.
• 2) Agree to do some homework questions of yours upfront with the work fully shown in real-time to prove my mastery of the course content.
• 3) Send you screenshots of at least five past scores I attained from completing exams & homework assignments for other students in the same type of class you need help with.
• 4) Send you full screenshots of written exam solutions I wrote up by hand for students in the past in the same course that you need help with so that you can see my neat handwriting.
• 5) Provide you with the contact information of students who have utilized my services in the past who would be more than willing to vouch for my skills.

MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:

• I certainly wouldn’t do it for such paltry amounts of money. (i.e., anything less than $1,000 per victim.)
• I certainly wouldn’t choose high school & college students as my “target audience” to scam, considering that most people without college degrees have abysmally low annual incomes. Why choose low-income victims when it would be much more profitable to target high-income, high-net-worth individuals earning at least six figures a year? I have knowledge in business consulting, and I promise you that a business owner would be a MUCH more lucrative mark than a low-income college student.
• I wouldn’t choose such a time & energy-draining method of scamming people. Also, communicating back and forth with potential clients is an absurdly long time sink since only less than 10% of all potential clients who reach out to me actually become paying clients of mine. This means that 90% of my time communicating with potential clients ultimately proves to be a colossal waste of my irretrievable time & energy.
• If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now. And I would have been permanently banned from opening new accounts. Therefore, the fact that all my payment apps have been fully active for years should be sufficient proof that I haven’t had people consistently disputing payments sent to me.

HOW TO CONTACT ME:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641

• I take my work as a tutor very seriously, and I always aim to do my best to help my students excel in school. I have a solid and sincere passion for academic achievement, and with my help, I am positive that I can help students obtain very high grades with minimal stress and effort.
• Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in my services and would like to learn more. I'm available 24/7 via phone call, email, and text. Again, thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit tutoring ad, and I hope to hear from you soon!

My contact details:
WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657
Call: +1 727 456 9641
Website: hiraedu. com
Email: [info@hiraedu](mailto:info@hiraedu). com
TAGS:
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I'm working on worldbuilding for a campaign which uses non-standard races, and found Tasha's Custom Lineages to be underwhelming. Individually balancing races proved tedious and extensive playtesting of each bit of homebrew wasn't possible. I wanted a systemic way to create new more-or-less-balanced races, and to allow players agency in creating their own races or builds.
To that end, I've created Sycamore's Expanded Custom Lineages.
It includes every feature from non-setting-specific races, using the most recent version in case of updates. It provides point values for each feature representing that feature's relative strength, flattens instances of the same ability under different names to a single entry, and gives descriptions which, where possible, remove world-specific lore (such as tiefling origins).
To use this sheet, select features from it until the resulting character uses 100 or fewer total points. If you'd like to view existing races built with this system, check out the 'Existing Races' tab. To see how accurate current point values are to WotC apparent valuations, check 'Point Balance' for average scores and standard deviations of all races.
Use Case

• For times when players propose a lineage substitution, and a DM wants to confirm the change is balanced.
• For split-lineages, like a character whose parents were an elf and a dwarf.
• For homebrew settings, which want to avoid baked-in assumptions about the heavens, hells, elemental planes, and more.
• For adding new races to your world, outside of the standard fantasy mold.
• If you'd like to do some fun grain-of-salt comparisons of existing races to see which are the most overloaded (It's Shadar-Kai). -To have more concrete conversations about the actual power levels of abilities that are widely perceived as broken or overpowered.

Methodology
Getting point values for each feature was a bit involved.
To start, I catalogued all existing traits across all races. Then I found cases with identical functionality and different thematics (such as Natural Weapons), and flattened them to a single ability. I then assigned abilities into broad categories of power; 50 points for a 'build-defining' ability, 20 points for 'substantial power', 6 points for 'situational utility', and 3 points for a 'flavorful option with very niche utility'. These values were selected to encourage selection of flavorful options over raw power.
Then I calculated a total score for each existing race. These values were wildly disparate, with values ranging from ~350 to ~30. For each instance of each ability, I then took the race's total difference from 100 points, divided it by the total number of features, and averaged those instances for each feature to get a 'suggested delta'. These were applied to each feature, to get a rough estimate of how much WotC values each feature.
Finally, I took another pass over the abilities to compare features of a similar nature. For example, 'Hold Breath (1 hour)' from tortle is strictly better than 'Hold Breath (15 minutes)' from lizardfolk and should cost more.
Notes

• I'm not under the impression that these values are perfect by any means. I'll be refining them through feedback and playtesting down the line, but wanted to share the current state of the project.
• In my own games I will likely remove the options for 'Innate Spellcasting (1st, Early)', 'Innate Spellcasting (2nd, Early)', and 'Innate Spellcasting (3rd)'. Providing these options while allowing any spell to be selected is prone to abuse.
• If you'd like to use this sheet, I recommend making a copy of it. I'll be continuing to modify the doc as I do balancing passes, and things may move around unexpectedly.
• I had to strike a balance between keeping abilities recognizable and scrubbing thematics. Consider 'Draconic Cry' and the Kobold's earlier 'Grovel, Cower, and Beg'. Clearly the same ability, clearly two different implementations, but I wanted it to be obvious what the source of each ability was where possible.

Feedback
I welcome any and all feedback. Feel free to share your own builds, or nitpick about point values. Thanks for reading this!
TL;DR: Spend 100 points on this sheet to create a lineage. The system should be roughly balanced, while providing lots of opportunities to customize.

If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
ASSESSMENTS I CAN COMPLETE:

• Online Courses (1 - 20 Weeks Long)
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• Employment Assessments

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I am very knowledgeable and proficient in assisting students in a wide range of mathematics classes. I can help students complete their homework assignments and other projects get an A on quizzes, tests, and exams (including proctored assessments) answer online discussion posts write essays & papers in MLA APA Chicago format and provide general overall academic help in each math course listed below:

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STATISTICS HELP (MY BEST SUBJECT):

• I have a master's degree in Applied Statistics from a university in New Jersey, USA. As a result, I am very proficient in helping students with various types of Statistics courses including Biostatistics Business Statistics Elementary Statistics Probability & Statistics Psychology Statistics.
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As of 2021, I have tutored and helped students enrolled at the following U.S. universities community colleges county & city colleges schools for-profit institutions listed below in alphabetical order:

• A - C: American Public University System (APUS) Arizona State Ashford Brigham Young Brown Broward California State (Fullerton) Capella Chamberlain (Illinois) Colorado Technical Columbia Columbia Southern Cornell
• D - K: Dallas College Dartmouth DeVry Excelsior College Florida International Florida State Full Sail Georgia State Grand Canyon Harvard Houston Community College Ivy Tech Community College Kaplan Kennesaw State Kent State
• L - T: Liberty Lone Star College System Kaplan Miami Dade Michigan State CUNY State University of New York (SUNY) Northern Virginia Ohio State University of Phoenix (UOP) Penn State Princeton Purdue (Davenport) San Diego State San Francisco State San Jose State Southern New Hampshire Southern Nevada Stanford St. Petersburg Strayer Texas Tech
• UNIVERSITY OF: Alabama Arizona California (UC) Central Florida Chicago Cincinnati Florida Houston Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) Iowa Maryland Minnesota Michigan North Texas Pennsylvania Southern Florida Texas Toronto
• U - Z: UCLA Extension Utah State Utah Valley Valencia Walden U Wake Technical Western Governors Wilmington Yale

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I OFFER FLEXIBLE PAYMENT PLANS:

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TUTORING AVAILABLE FOR OTHER SUBJECTS:

• For other subjects, you can reach out to me, and I can connect you with one of my tutoring partners who can provide general academic assistance for the following subjects:
• Art & Design: Art History Design Film Studies
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THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:

• 1) Speak with you on the phone and answer any questions you may have so that you have the opportunity to assess and analyze my tone, articulation, accent, diction, dialect, regionalisms, pitch, vocabulary, word choice, intonations, and inflections.
• NOTE: I’m a New Jersey-born Irish/Italian-American, but I have been told that I speak in an erudite & articulate suburban American accent with a “professor style” voice somewhat resembling the voice of actor: Ben Stein.
• 2) Agree to do some homework questions of yours upfront with the work fully shown in real-time to prove my mastery of the course content.
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MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:

• I certainly wouldn’t do it for such paltry amounts of money. (i.e., anything less than $1,000 per victim.)
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• If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now. And I would have been permanently banned from opening new accounts. Therefore, the fact that all my payment apps have been fully active for years should be sufficient proof that I haven’t had people consistently disputing payments sent to me.

HOW TO CONTACT ME:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641

• I take my work as a tutor very seriously, and I always aim to do my best to help my students excel in school. I have a solid and sincere passion for academic achievement, and with my help, I am positive that I can help students obtain very high grades with minimal stress and effort.
• Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in my services and would like to learn more. I'm available 24/7 via phone call, email, and text. Again, thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit tutoring ad, and I hope to hear from you soon!

My contact details:
WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657
Call: +1 727 456 9641
Website: hiraedu. com
Email: [info@hiraedu](mailto:info@hiraedu). com
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I'm about 330 hours in, day 560, clearly I LOVE this game. It's everything I wanted Medieval Dynasty to be, but with a much better execution (Sorry MD). With that in mind, it's in Early Access and that of course means it's not done, and we who purchased it in EA have a responsibility to provide kind, constructive feedback in order to ensure the game is allowed to flourish as much as it deserves. To that end, I have a few notes and ideas that I think could further improve this already stellar game.
I'm sorry it's so long, I've been accumulating this over the course of my playtime.

Stealth Mechanics

So, maybe this is something planned for a future update, or intentionally omitted, but I find it kind of odd that an archer wearing all dark clothes in the dead of night can't sneak around and pick off a team of brightly colored Brigands one by one without engaging the whole squad. Seriously, the screen is pitch black, I can barely see myself, but somehow all the Brigands know exactly where I am and B-Line towards me the second an arrow lands in the woods behind them?
Maybe this is just an AI problem, but I would love it if there were some sort of stealth mechanics in the game. I'm not saying add a "sneak mode", but things like being able to confuse enemies by breaking line-of-sight, maybe hiding in bushes, getting closer without alerting by moving slowly, using cloth and leather armor instead of plate to make less noise, maybe even throwing rocks to distract enemies. Traps would be nice as well. Things like caltrops, bear-traps, etc.

Dual Wielding & Combat

Probably an obvious one, maybe even something already being worked on, like I assume more polearms are, but dual-wielding your slot 1 and 2 weapons would be nice. Even if you couldn't attack with the weapon in Slot 2, it would be nice if you could pull it out and block with it, allowing for faster swings after blocking.
Melee combat needs some TLC too. I think we're all heavily relying on bows to get us through this game, and I think part of the reason for that is that melee combat is too limited to fight more than 1-2 people, 3 at most, and only if you're really good at it, and you routinely have to face groups of 5-8. More options in melee combat might be able to mitigate this a bit. A dodge roll might be a step too far, but a quick side-step, back-step, forward-step, etc. would be nice. Counters and parry's would also be nice. Maybe disarming mechanics as well.

Army Management

So obviously, as I'm sure the devs are already aware, this system needs many QoL changes. Don't get me wrong, the latest update adding the tool slot was a brilliant change, 10/10 update, and the current system is surprisingly robust in its current state, but it's still got some major pain-points, major enough that I, and from the threads that I've read, many others, ended up soloing most of the game.
Firstly, there needs to be some sort of system to save your army configuration. Having to identify your archers, your heavies, your grunts, and other variants by their stats every time you recruit them to a squad is a major PITA. It would be nice if you could save an army configuration and recall it at a later time. Amend it by recruiting others, moving people around, if needed, then save again.
Second, being able to assign people to a specific weapon, or weapon class. Assigning your archers to bows for example, would mean that they would automatically grab the highest level bow, quiver, and arrows that they can when recruited to a squad. Similarly if you assigned one-handed sword, two-handed sword, sword and shield, polearm, one-handed axe, two-handed axe, one-handed hammer, two-handed hammer, etc.
And third, food management... Holy crap, I've seen this mentioned a lot, and I've been trying to think of ways to mitigate the issues. Yes, your villagers need to eat, but maybe we don't need total realism in this area... One option, what if your soldiers just got weaker if they haven't eaten, instead of leaving formation? If we were going for total realism here, then deserters would probably be executed. So if we're not going that far, maybe don't bother with that system in general?
Alternatively, what if there were additional roles for non-combatants in the army. Apprentice Innkeepers could be set as Quartermasters, who can store stacks of food and arrows and soldiers would go to automatically when they get hungry or run out of ammo.
Other roles might include drummers and banner carriers, whose job is to play war drums and/or carry the army's banner, increasing combat effectiveness of other soldiers within range.
Apprentice Healers could be assigned as field medics, and could be equipped with bandages and medicinal salves and would automatically patch up your army during and after a fight.
For that matter, at the moment the healer's kind of unnecessary. If it were me, I'd change the Healer to Herbalist, and make that a requirement for the T3 forager hut, medicinal salve, and a third structure for manually converting fruits, vegetables, and plants into seeds.
Additionally, maybe your herbalists could revive fallen villagers in a shorter amount of time, having them respawn at some kind of hospital that could only be researched by them as well.

Villager Housing & Job-Specific Equipment

Can anyone tell me what villager housing storage is even for? As far as I can tell, they don't store anything in it, and it doesn't seem to do much of anything at the moment.
What if, instead of keeping your worker villagers in combat gear all the time, we could craft job-specific clothes at the weaver, that granted bonuses such as +2 harvesting, +1 agility, +3 laborer, etc, of course at the expense of armor. What if each villager assigned to a house had their own storage box at their house. Then, armor and clothing could be stored in their housing storage, and when you recruit, or call them to arms, they run home and equip any armor set in their housing storage before reporting for duty. Being dismissed would cause them to run back and re-equip their job specific clothing.
Eventually you could unlock an Armory at T2, or maybe T3, where every soldier set as a guard reservist can store their armor and weapons, allowing for faster equipment changes.

Building & Structure Placement

Devs, you've got to increase the tolerance on placing larger buildings. I can see that they have foundations, but they don't auto-level correctly. Maybe just give us a manual raise/lower option? Placing large buildings is a nightmare on 90% of the map, and most buildings end up having to be placed in the 1x1 pixel area they can be, instead of where you actually want them to be.
Additionally, many structures have the "center point" used for calculating placement/height set to either a corner, one side, or somewhere else, resulting in some really awkward placement. Fences for example, have a center point at one end instead of the actual center, so if you place a fence on a slope on one side of a road, it's half-sunken into the ground, while after rotating it 180 degrees for the other side of the road, half of it is floating in mid air.
Several structures featuring a fenced area allow you to build other things such as chests and torches within them, while others such as the Tavern and Blacksmith do not. The inconsistency is odd, and to be honest, I think it's fair to say that most players would prefer more relaxed building collision requirements in general. I see complaints about construction clipping being too harsh in almost every survival crafting game, and trust me, I play A LOT of them. A certain amount of overlap/clipping really shouldn't be an issue.
The food cellar is particularly picky about where it can be placed and requires predominantly level ground, which makes NO SENSE because it's literally just a mound of dirt. Why can't I place it 80% buried into the side of a hill, it's already just a dirt hill...
Some decorations would also be nice. Kegs, benches, street lamps, etc. At the moment we can only place streetlamps in neutral villages, but we can't for our own village? For that matter, why can't we just build neutral village buildings wherever we want? The Belltower could be a quick call to arms option. Training grounds could slowly boost your own villager stats instead of only books, etc.
Bigger fences, and eventually gates would be amazing as well. I'm sure there are already plans to expand on all of this, but just putting it out there.
There's a few building-related bugs I'd like to report as well:

• Completed Stockpiles always spawn half-underground.
• The Lumbermill description states it can produce planks, but there doesn't appear to be any way to actually command it to do this, unless I missed it?
• The Lumberjack placement point is offset quite a distance from the player, and as such does not rotate around it's own axis, but rather the player's, making placement somewhat more difficult.
• The player's Cabin has no interior lighting and is pitch black inside at night.

Not sure how others feel, but I personally think it would be better if structures such as the Inn and the Foraging Hut did NOT have built-in smoking/drying racks. In the case of the drying racks, these should be a separate structure, and in the case of the smoking rack, it already is.
The reason for this is that NPC's will automatically start smoking/drying food, food that you may have wanted to reserve to create higher-end products, and there's no management system in place for them to forbid this. Alternatively, adding a management system to them would also mitigate this issue.
I would also add a separate "Tool Rack" that only accepts tools, and make the current Weapon Rack only accept weapons and shields, and for that matter, I would remove the attack capabilities from all tools in general. It was a novel idea, and might be moderately helpful in the early game, but it kind of makes a mess of things and I don't think it's worth it. The dedicated tool slot goes a long way, but still.
Lastly, removing structures without losing their materials. I know, I get it, it's part of the game to lose the materials when you just click demolish on it, but hear me out. What if only apprentice carpenter's could slowly deconstruct existing buildings, essentially in the reverse of the process in which it was built, returning all materials over time?

Storage Management, Farming, & Cooking

The "Top Up" command for individual workstations is nice, but I think also being able to set this at the settlement-level would improve things dramatically. I'd love to be able to set a global limit for certain items that would supersede workstations.
Farming is a particular pain-point in this regard, because you can't set any production limits, presumably because you don't know the yield in advance. The only mitigation I can think of for this would be adding a "Silo" building that has no storage limit, but can only store seeds and farmable products, researchable by the Apprentice Farmer.
Deliveries also need a "Top Up" command. Instead of setting a specific amount, it would be nice to be able to tell it to only send enough to keep x amount in storage at the destination.
As far as cooking goes, I think the Campfire with Cauldron is good as is, but I would increase the yield on cooked items for the version at the tavern, and I would replace the smoking racks with cauldrons, with even further increased yields for the Inn. For example, the Tavern should make 3x yield for 3x recipe cost, while the inn should make 5x yield for 5x recipe cost, both for the same cooking time and no increase in required wood.
I don't believe it would be uncommon in medieval times for an inn to have a huge pot of stew constantly cooking for any patrons or travelers, and this would give much more of an incentive to use the buildings for more than just temporary housing as the population of your village, and the amount of food required to sustain them grows.
The Bakery also has this problem. Professional bakers don't just bake two loaves of bread, or a single pie at a time. They bake multiple racks of them at once. As it stands, the bakery appears to be more about giving the player access to small amounts of difficult to make foods with additional perks, but I think it should be overhauled to be able to essentially upgrade your entire town's diet when it's fully fueled and operational. Wheat is soooo easy to obtain in large quantities, that I think you should be able to make at least 36-48 loaves of bread at once with this structure, and at least 10-20 of the other baked goods.

Sign Posts & Fast Travel

Good system, I really like it. The only change I'd make is to make the sign posts that are already around the map also become fixed fast travel points once you interact with them. I know it's minor, but I built my village in an area that has one and it would be nice if I didn't have to have a second one right next to it, haha.
Another oddity is that you can build full-on houses, training grounds, etc. in neutral villages, but oh no, if I want to build a sign post to fast travel back, that HAS to be outside the city limits, so I have to run into and out of town a ways every time I visit. This doesn't make a lot of sense, and I think that at the very least, you should be able to build them inside the town once you get to the Friend or Protector status.

Skill Books

I think the current skill book system is a little odd. You start reading a book, which applies a status effect, that grants the exp when it completes. If you die, you lose the effect, leading to the player avoiding doing anything dangerous while reading a skill book, especially higher tier books. This isn't the end of the world or anything, but I do think it could be improved to not potentially halt the momentum of the gameplay.
Alternatively, what if, upon sleeping, the attribute menu popped up and asked you which book from your settlement's storage you wanted to "read before bed", and you woke up with the additional exp? Similar to how in older Elder Scrolls games, you would level up and apply stat points after sleeping.
Similarly, when you select skill books to apply to your villagers, they would receive the exp the next morning as well.
Another option would be to make skill books provide the exp buff over the course of the buff duration, meaning that if you or a villager do die, at least you got some of the bonus exp and it's not a total loss.

Horses & Carts

This one's pretty obvious, probably don't need to elaborate, and I believe we've already heard that mounts are coming. Carts with extra storage would be nice as well.

Rare Encounters & Traveling Caravans

The world is already pretty beautiful, but does feel a bit empty. Yes, there are bandit camps and thousands upon thousands of roaming bandits, but other than that, you never see any villagers just travelling the roads. It would be nice to see more liveliness, things like brigand caravans that you can attack and steal from. Travelling merchants with rare goods who occasionally get attacked by bandits, random quest-giving npc's, etc.

Liberated Village Trade

It would be nice to be able to schedule certain items to just buy all automatically every day, or buy up to a specified amount, and select certain goods that you overproduce as automatically tradeable in return.

Hunter's Camp/Lodge

Why do hunters grab the best possible arrows just for hunting? We need a way to limit them to a specific arrow type. Any time my Hunters Lodges are turned on, they grab all of my iron arrows, iron arrows that I desperately need, when simple arrows will do the job for them just fine. Yes, I mitigated this by making hunting outposts instead and delivering a few stacks of simple arrows a day, but c'mon, that shouldn't be necessary.

Wood, Logs, & Trees

The fact that trees don't regrow is... kind of ridiculous. There's nothing in my settlement that I have to constantly micro-manage more than logging outposts. I'm positive the devs have already gotten the memo that we want trees to regrow, but just stating it again here as well, for the record.
Well, that's it, those are my thoughts. I might edit this and add to it over time if I think of anything else, but to all three of you who actually read all that, what are your thoughts? Any of these a bad idea? And if so, please elaborate, and I'd love to hear your ideas as well!

I'm preparing for Discrete Mathematics in the Fall and would love feedback on this concept and resource list. I am familiar with data structures and algorithms and generally find math intuitive. After reviewing posts on our subreddit, here’s what I’ve compiled:
Key Algebra Concepts to Review:

• Exponents
• Fractions
• Polynomials
• Factoring and expanding
• Factorials
• Basic probability
• Rational vs. irrational numbers

Suggested Resources:

• Read: "Book of Proof" by Richard Hammack
• Watch: Trefor Bazett's Discrete Mathematics video series

Is this a good foundation? Let me know your thoughts.

2017 came and went with no notable missions. It was a busy year for NASA on the ground, however. New contracts and buildings, the re-election of Obama, and the announcement that the ISS would be retired in 2028. After many a few appeals to congress, NASA gained continued funding for both Orion and a future joint space station with the ESA and JAXA. Boeing’s Starliner was delayed into 2019, and the Crew Dragon would not be ready until 2020. So it was that Orion 3 would be the biggest mission of 2018. And it was no wonder why. Humanity would be returning to the Moon for the first time since Apollo 17, and NASA was ready to promote it.
The mission was a cultural milestone in itself – it was the first time NASA would stream an Orion mission in its entirety online, and it became popular for large internet celebrities and news hosts to talk about the upcoming mission. They would be paid, of course. For the first few steps, whoever would take them, a combined audience of ~1,000,000,000 would be watching them.
Astronaut selection was tricky. NASA needed to choose a crew that had experience, but were limited in that not many of their astronauts were both experienced flight-ready. Most of NASA Astronaut Group 19 were retired (or about to), but one stuck out to the Astronaut Office: Christopher Cassidy. Much like Wiseman, he was a former Chief of the Astronaut Office, and had two flights under his belt, both Shuttle and Soyuz. He would be assigned as Mission Commander. Another that stuck out was James Dutton. He was a pilot aboard the Shuttle, and endeared to the former shuttle personnel and many NASA employees. He was selected as pilot. Robert S. Kimbrough, another Shuttle astronaut, was selected as flight engineer. Jack D. Fischer was selected as payload specialist for the mission, rounding out the crew with three NASA Astronaut Group 19 astronauts and one NASA Astronaut Group 20 member.
During training, ideas for callsigns were thrown around. NASA wanted something symbolic of their progress and the future, politics would drive them to name it something patriotic, while the public would be largely indifferent. Except a minority: the Star Trek fans. Much like with the Space Shuttle of late, they had campaigned for Orion to be named after the USS Enterprise. In the end, it would be left up to the crew to decide the names. And you can likely guess what they chose. So it was the Orion capsule for this mission would be named Enterprise, and the Altair to be named Polaris. After a long eight months of training, production, processing, paperwork, calculations and other assorted work, the mission was ready. The Ares I was rolled out to the pad, with it Polaris, and the booster launched half past three in April 2018.
But the successful launch of Polaris coincided with the news of the contracting of the Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV), to none other than JAXA. It would be complete by around 2022, meaning that it would be utilized on a mission no earlier than Orion 6. In exchange for this, a seat on Orion 4 was given. The SEV would be landed by a separate Altair lander. Contracting for the non pressurized Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) also fell to JAXA, this time being light enough to be unfolded from one of Altair’s cargo quadrants in its descent stage. The LRV, which had the majority of its work done, would be ready by 2020. This meant it would fly on Orion 4.
As Polaris orbited, Enterprise was rolled out to the pad. Much like Orion 2, there would be a large crowd to view the launch. Present was former President John McCain, Vice President Joe Biden, Chief of Staff Dennis McDonough, Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, three cabinet members, 30 mayors, 21 governors, 55 ambassadors, and 350 congressmen. A viewing public of almost 150,000 and 2,000 media representatives and personalities also attended.
After final check ups on Polaris, a go-ahead signal was given from Houston. Five minutes later, the launch countdown began. Liftoff began at 2:33 PM EST May 12, 2018. Three minutes into the flight, Kimbrough’s vitals flatlined. After a short panic from the flight surgeon, Kimbrough reported back that the sensors had failed. The fault was recorded, and the flight continued. By 2:41, Enterprise had entered its parking orbit.
For about an hour the systems were monitored, checked, and checked again. Polaris and Enterprise showed nominal performance, and procedure for relighting the EUS’s engines began.
After a short burn, Enterprise began its approach towards Polaris. After its approach, Enterprise circled her lander to check for damage or any potential issues. After this, Dutton maneuvered and docked with Polaris. Cassidy and Fischer opened Polaris’s main hatchway and conducted an inspection of the systems. After a short meal, the EUS fired its last burn to put Enterprise and Polaris in a Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI). The next three days were mostly monitoring systems and conducting small course adjustments with the RCS thrusters. On May 15, Enterprise fired up its engines to insert both it and Polaris into lunar orbit.
The selected landing site was Oceanus Procellarum, a few miles off of the Apollo 12 site. Oceanus Procellarum was chosen for its relative flatness, as well as to more thoroughly inspect the region. Apollo 12 didn’t cover all bases, so Orion 3 hoped to refine the data on the site and see how the new systems reacted.
The crew were allowed to sleep, and on May 16 orbital operations began. A small telescope was installed on Enterprise to conduct surface observations. The telescope was nowhere near powerful enough to see Polaris when it landed, but it could help scope out the area. Cassidy and Kimbrough were selected for landing on the Moon, and they spent their time in orbit powering the systems and adjusting to the lander interior. May 16 also included one of the most important experiments on the mission: sunflower bulbs were carried on board, with a small amount of dirt.
This was carried in a special compartment on board Altair, but the dirt and bulb itself were carried on Enterprise. The experiment, creatively titled the Lunar Bulb Germination Experiment (LBGE), would germinate the sunflower bulbs on the lunar surface, and note any differences.
Other experiments on the mission were the Altair Specialized Experiments Package (ASEP), which included experiments ranging from solar wind to passive and active seismology. A third and equally important experiment was the Lunar Deployable Payload Module (LDPM), which would simulate the deployment of the LRV for Orion 4. These experiments were stored in the side panels of Polaris, which could be pulled down for access.
It was a lot for the first mission, but both Mission Control and the crew were prepared and confident. Overall, this experiment package would consume the majority of the seven EVAs for the astronauts. The remaining time was spent collecting samples and resting.
The landing was scheduled for around 7:00 PM EST that day. Cassidy and Kimbrough entered Polaris and gave a salute to Fischer, and sealed off from Enterprise and undocked. After clearing a distance, the deorbit burn began. Minutes later, and under almost a billion viewers’ scrutiny, Polaris touched down. The first EVA would follow a few minutes later. Cassidy stepped into the airlock, depressurized, and looked out upon the lunar surface. Viewing peaked around this time, much to NASA’s Public Relations Offices’ delight. Cassidy descended the ladder down to the lunar surface, and stepped onto the lunar surface.
“With these steps, we begin anew the exploration of our nearest neighbor, in peace and with hope for all mankind.” The immortal words by Cassidy. He looked around the surface, and waited for Kimbrough to descend. Kimbrough’s words were not as majestic - “Looks just like White Sands.” After some remarks and looking around, the two received a call from none other than President Obama, who congratulated them on the mission. Work began shortly after.
First was the deployment of the American Flag on the lunar surface. Then was the deployment of the ASEP. First was the RTG, which would power the experiments. The command station was set up with the Ion and Passive Seismometer a few feet away. After the rest were set up, the Active Seismic Experiment (ASE) began. It was a simple thumper-geophone combination, and had good results. After the experiments were tested, the crew returned to Polaris and had their rest period.
May 17 began with freeze-dried breakfast and the second EVA. This EVA would set up the Radio Antenna Stand Test Article (RASTA). RASTA was a tripod stand with a small suite of communication instruments and a dummy satellite dish. RASTA would aid the development of the Farside Radio Observing Scanning Telescopes (FROST) for Orion 5. After this was another round certifying the ASEP was functional, sample collection began. The remainder of Day 2 was checking systems and deploying the more time-consuming ASEP systems. The Solar Wind Experiment (a large sheet on a tall pole) was also set up. In orbit, Dutton fired Enterprise’s engines, altering the orbit just enough to align the capsule for docking once Polaris lifted off. Fischer did surface observations, and took many photos of the lunar far side. The last activity for Day 2 was unpacking a small retroreflector, which was placed not far off.
Day 3 would be more sample collecting and exploring the landing site. Near the site was a shallow crater about fifteen meters across. Cassidy descended the crater wall, which Houston considered a risky move. After gaining his footing, he picked up a few soil and rock samples before climbing out. It became evident this move on Cassidy’s part was worth the risk, as the samples collected would help expand knowledge and study on lunar asteroid impacts. After this Cassidy and Kimbrough returned to Polaris to store the sample bags and process data. After a routine checkup on LBGE, the crew called it a day.
Day 4 meant the deployment of the LDPM. After wrangling the pulley on the panel, Kimbrough removed the panel and, with help from Cassidy, pulled the pallet out. The pallet itself was ten feet long, but had two hinges at the front and back allowing the pallet to fit into the cargo quadrant. They detached the pallet from Polaris and tested some of the batteries and affixed parts onto it (such as the antenna and seats). Most of these parts were non-functional, and this activity was mostly a practice exercise for Orion 4. The remainder of the day was spent inside Polaris, processing and transmitting the data for NASA to work with. Kimbrough, the mission specialist, was trained with a small degree of knowledge on geology and biology. While nowhere near certified, his work with the LGBE and sample collection were invaluable.
Days 5 and 6 were like the rest: checking ASEP systems, strolling around the lander, picking up samples, and processing data. Day 6 was special, because Cassidy and Kimbrough held a live interview for major news networks. In the meantime, Fischer and Dutton conducted gamma ray and x-ray observations, surface and stellar photography, and small particle spectrometer and mass spectrometer sensing. With the research being done by Enterprise, new images could be compared with old to note and new impacts or differences. Day 7 was the last day on the Moon, and that meant one thing: packing up. Experiments and data were packed up, samples were moved into their respective locations on board Polaris, and assorted cargo were taken aboard. The SWE had its net removed and placed in storage, and the ASEP was put into “Long-Duration Mode”.
Polaris lifted off the surface of the Moon on May 23, 2018, returning to Enterprise in orbit. Polaris’s ascent stage was jettisoned, and Enterprise’s engines were lighted to send it back to Earth. After a three-day coast, Enterprise and her crew reentered and splashed down off the coast of Hawai’i at 12:24 on May 26, 2018.
Orion 3 was a record-setting mission. The fourteen-day mission logged 120 minutes of EVA time, well above any mission on Project Apollo. Time, sample and other assorted records were all shattered. The data collected could be processed for decades of research and development, and the data on the Altair lander and Orion capsule would aid in the development of their respective Block II counterparts. The mission was also a large PR boost for the program, ensuring funding for FY2019 and beyond. After all, the election cycle for the Democrat Party was only two years away and the announcement of Orion’s cancellation wouldn’t help their political base, which was slowly falling to the GOP, nonetheless after six years of the Obama administration. Orion missions up to Orion 15 were promised funding by congress, with a hopeful return on investment in international cooperation and research by 2025. This put political pressure on NASA to include more international partners in the program, much to both JAXA and the ESA’s delight. Seats for JAXA and ESA astronauts opened up for Orion 4, 5 and 7. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) would push for one of their astronauts on an Orion flight. Because of the current seat conflict, NASA responded with a resounding ‘Maybe.’

THE HARMONY OF ENERGY
Abstract
Introducing the "Harmony of Energy" (HoE) model, a novel formalism that posits the universe operates according to a fundamental pattern. This pattern consists of energy, defined as the smallest unit anything can be, existing as a fluid form in space, interacting with its environment through a specific method or structure, and then moving out of that space. Space, in turn, is the dynamic environment that energy occupies and moves through, filling it with positive and negative energy that affects its properties and behavior. According to the HoE model, energy moves into space, reacts to its environment, and then moves out of that space, with no time limit for how long it takes to react. This pattern is universal, applying to all aspects of the universe, and nothing escapes it.
The Origin of the Universe
The HoE model posits that the universe began as a singular entity, containing all forms of energy as one unified energy. This singularity can be represented mathematically as: U = ∫∫∫E(x,y,z)dxdydz, where U is the total energy of the universe, E is the energy density, and x, y, z are the spatial coordinates.
As the singularity expanded, the unified energy converted into distinct positive and negative energies. Positive energy is a high-frequency, high-information-potential state that retains its unique signature and individual form, capable of producing heat and maintaining its distinct properties. Negative energy is a low-frequency, low-information-potential state that loses its unique signature and individual form, characterized by a pulling force and a tendency to condense and simplify.
Initially, the universe moved in a straight line, with energy compact and cold. However, this linear movement resulted in a direct head-on collision with the void, a solid structure that hindered its passage.
This collision led to a limitation and subsequent conversion of energy, transforming it from a linear motion to a wave-like motion. The new wave motion created heat and allowed energy to break the pattern of "follow the leader" and collide with the void at an angle, shattering its edge into pieces.
This process of fragmentation can be described by the equation: F(θ) = Σ[nEⁿ * sin(nθ)], where F is the fragmentation function, θ is the angle of collision, n is an integer, and E is the energy density. For reasons yet unknown, possibly due to the singularity's energy reaching its final place or a transformation driven by cosmic "boredom," this conversion occurred, giving rise to the diverse universe we observe today.
The Void and the Ultimate Negative
Outside of the expanding universe lies the void, a region devoid of energy and matter, existing in a state of complete stillness and stationarity. This void represents the ultimate negative, a state of complete absence and zero energy density, unchanging and unyielding. As a whole, it exerts a compressive force on the expanding universe, potentially leading to contraction and eventual return to the singularity. This dynamic interplay between the universe and the void can be described by the equation: F = -G * (M * m) / r² where F represents the force, G represents the gravitational constant, M and m represent the masses, and r represents the distance between them. The void's stationary and unchanging nature, lacking any internal rotation or energy, makes it inhospitable to life as we know it.
Magnetism and Attraction: A Shift in Perspective
Initially, I viewed magnetism through the conventional lens, seeing it as a fundamental force of attraction between positive and negative entities. However, as my understanding evolved, I came to realize that magnetism operates under a different principle. Positive and negative entities are not attracted to each other; instead, they represent the intrinsic structure of things. The true nature of attraction is frequency-based, with entities drawn to higher vibrations and shorter wavelengths. This phenomenon can be described by the following equations:
F = ∫∫(μ₁⋅μ₂)/(4πr²⁾ dt dt (1)
where F is the force of attraction, μ₁ and μ₂ are the magnetic moments of the entities, r is the distance between them, and the integral is taken over time.
Additionally, the frequency-based attraction can be represented by:
f = γB (2)
where f is the frequency, γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, and B is the magnetic field strength.
Furthermore, the smaller wave's faster movement can be expressed as:
v = λf (3)
where v is the velocity, λ is the wavelength, and f is the frequency.
Energy and its Properties
Energy is the fundamental unit of everything. Energy can be thought of as an individual entity with an electrical signature vibrating at a specific frequency, carrying information from its originating source. If we were to dissect a piece of energy, we would find its genetic makeup consists of various parts, similar to binary code. One constant aspect of energy in our universe is the signature of this universe, which is present in all forms of energy, whether positive or negative. This underlying frequency distinguishes energy from our universe versus parallel universes.
Positive Energy (PE): - Oscillates through space with a frequency (f) and wavelength (λ): PE = f × λ - Exhibits wave-like behavior: PE(x,t) = A × sin(kx - ωt)
Negative Energy (NE): - Vibrates at a slower frequency (f'/2): NE = (f'/2) × λ' - Exhibits a slower, more stable behavior: NE(x,t) = B × cos(k'x - ω't)
Energy Interactions and Signature Changes
When positive and negative energies interact, their unique signatures can become altered. As energies combine, their signatures merge, releasing redundant information about the universe signature and creating an opening for new information to be stored. This process enables efficient storage and transmission of energy signatures, allowing for:

• Signature refinement and evolution
• Information exchange and updating
• Adaptation to changing environments and conditions

This process could be crucial for understanding how energy signatures evolve and adapt, and how they influence the behavior and properties of energy in various contexts.
The Formation and Evolution of the Universe
Initial Energy Interactions
In the beginning, a vast amount of fluid energy quickly interacted with the largest newly created pieces of the void, described by the wave-particle duality equation (E = hf = ℏω).
Star Formation and Signatures
As these interactions occurred, the largest of the solid structures of the universe began to form, stars, governed by the Lane-Emden equation (d^2P/dr2 + (2/r)(dP/dr) + (4πG/c^2)P = 0). Each new star held with it an old habit divulged from the singularity, a universal frequency (f = 1/T = ω/2π, where T is the period of oscillation and ω is the angular frequency). Old habits die hard, so each new star offered its own diverse and unique signature (S = Σf = ∫ψ(x)² dx, where ψ(x) is the wave function and x represents the position).
Energy Collisions and Prime Numbers
As structures formed, a group of energy travels through space with an even number of internal parts (E = 2nℏ, where n is an integer and ℏ is the reduced Planck constant). This group collides with another group of energy with an odd amount of internal parts (E = (2n + 1)ℏ), and the total sum of the newly combined group equals a prime number (P = E1 + E2 = 2nℏ + (2m + 1)ℏ, where m is an integer). New Equation: Prime Number Formation (P = E1 + E2 = 2nℏ + (2m + 1)ℏ)
Schrödinger Equation and Physical Reality
The prime number is crucial, as the extra piece gets stuck in the space it is occupying, acting as an anchor, attracting other parts to breach their negative shell and combine as one, described by the Schrödinger equation (iℏ(∂ψ/∂t) = Hψ). This converts the fluid energy to be contained into the space it is in, which is broken pieces of the void that do not have a universal size, and gives us physical reality, forming particles with diverse unique signatures (S = Σf = ∫ψ(x)² dx).
Refining Space and Transferring Signatures
As energy continued to interact with space, it further refined and shaped that space into a sphere (V = (4/3)πr^3, where r is the radius), adding the discarded portions of size to the diverse field that is the universe. During this refinement, energy was transferred to these pieces, and the signature of the star was embedded in them, forming the galaxy clusters and solar systems we know today.
Smooth Surfaces and Celestial Bodies
As any piece of something breaks, its edges are rigid, and the interaction of energy against this rigid surface knocks off the rough edges, providing a smooth surface (E = Δx/Δt = ℏ/Δx, where Δx is the change in position and Δt is the change in time). New Equation: Smooth Surface Formation (E = Δx/Δt = ℏ/Δx)
The pieces that were knocked off still contain a portion of energy that put in the work to knock it off, and this process contributed to the formation of celestial bodies and the transfer of signatures. This, in turn, led to the creation of galaxies, planets, and other celestial bodies, each with their unique characteristics and properties, shaping the diverse and complex universe we observe today.
The Cartwheel Structure and Energy Movement
The cartwheel structure represents the dynamic movement of energy in the universe, with its rotating wheel and radiating arms symbolizing the harmonious interaction of positive and negative energies. When creation occurred, energy learned how to pass through stationary space (the void) by changing its movement pattern from a straight line to a wave (λ = v/f, where λ is wavelength, v is velocity, and f is frequency). This new wave movement allowed energy to create heat (Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is temperature change), which was the tool that gave energy the ability to "shatter" the void and interact with the broken pieces to perform a new movement, the cartwheel. As energy moves through space, it rarefies and decreases in temperature (T = k-B, where T is temperature, k is Boltzmann's constant, and B is the energy density), causing it to slow down and change frequency (f = ΔE/h, where f is frequency, ΔE is the energy change, and h is Planck's constant).
The Block and Cartwheeling Bar Analogy
The block and cartwheeling bar analogy provides a conceptual framework for understanding the dynamic interaction of energy in the universe. Imagine a box (representing space) containing blocks of varying sizes, each symbolizing a specific energy frequency (f = 1/T, where f is frequency and T is time). The cartwheeling bar, rotating within the box, represents the harmonious movement of energy between its positive (E+) and negative (E-) forms. Each block must be 100% filled, with positive and negative energy proportions varying as the bar rotates. For example, when positive energy occupies 99% of a block and negative energy occupies 1%, the rotation of the bar causes a gradual shift, resulting in a change to 98% positive and 2% negative, and so on. This constant interaction and adjustment maintain the balance of energy in the universe.
Fundamental Forces Explained

• Strong Force: The repulsion from negative electrons being attracted to and pressing against the nucleus. This force can be described by the equation: F = k * (q1 * q2) / r²
  
• Weak Force: The outgoing frequency created by the positive nucleus, similar to energy congregating at the sun's nucleus, reacting to its environment, and breaking down before leaving (possibly as radioactive decay). This force can be described by the equation: F = (G * m1 * m2) / r²
  
• Gravity: Exists between the outer negative sphere of electrons exerting a pushing force against the positive pushing force of the nucleus, similar to the solar system's dynamics. This force can be described by the equation: F = (G * m1 * m2) / r²
  
• Electromagnetism: Energy in action, manifesting as the dynamic interplay between electric and magnetic forces. This force can be described by the equations: E = f * λ and B = (E / c)
  

Present State of the Universe
The universe currently exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium, with observable patterns and structures perpetually renewing themselves through the interactions of energy (E = hf, where E is energy and h is Planck's constant). This self-sustaining cycle is evident in the formation and evolution of celestial bodies, galaxies, and other cosmic entities, governed by the laws of thermodynamics (ΔE = Q - W, where ΔE is the change in energy, Q is the heat added, and W is the work done). The universe's present state is characterized by the harmonious coexistence of diverse energy frequencies (f = 1/T, where f is frequency and T is time), which govern the behavior and properties of matter at various scales. This balance is maintained through the continuous conversion of energy between its positive (E+) and negative (E-) forms, allowing the universe to adapt and evolve in response to internal and external influences (E+ + E- = 0, representing the conservation of energy)."
Entropy and the Conversion of Positive to Negative
The physical dimensions of positive and negative energy in a block are equal, with 1% negative energy occupying the same space as 99% positive energy. This equality stems from the different speeds of energy and their individual properties. When negative energy is at 1%, it has condensed the equivalent of 99% positive energy into a single, compact form (E = hf, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency). As the proportions shift, such as 60% positive and 40% negative, the space occupied remains a 50/50 split. This is because positive energy travels at the speed of light (c = λν, where c is the speed of light, λ is wavelength, and ν is frequency), while negative energy moves at a pace relative to terminal velocity (v = √(2gl), where v is velocity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and l is length). Each form dominates at the 50% mark (T = λ/v, where T is time, λ is wavelength, and v is velocity). The percentages represent available positive energy, while the cartwheel symbolizes space or the ultimate negative in motion, influenced by energy's presence. Negative energy, with its depleted charge, occupies space that needs to be filled and recycled into a positive state. At higher percentages, collisions with negative energy slow down the flow, similar to the concept of crab mentality, where negative energy draws down the percentages.
Energy Dynamics and Galactic Harmony
The 50% Threshold
The 50% mark is a critical threshold that distinguishes between positive and negative energy. Above 50%, energy is considered positive and can produce heat beyond its negative shell. Below 50%, energy is considered negative and cannot produce heat past this shell.
Compressed Positive Energy
When the percentage of positive energy drops below 50%, it becomes compressed and can exceed the speed of light (c = λν, where c is the speed of light, λ is wavelength, and ν is frequency). This allows it to navigate through the "cracks" of negative energy:
v > c (where v is velocity and c is the speed of light)
Quantum Mirroring
Alternatively, the positive energy can align with the negative energy, resulting in a quantum mirroring effect. This enables instantaneous information transfer between entangled particles, regardless of distance:
E = hf (where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency)
Retaining Frequency Signatures
In this alignment, the negative energy retains its unique frequency signature to avoid interacting with other signatures:
Δx * Δp >= h/4π (where Δx is position uncertainty, Δp is momentum uncertainty, and h is Planck's constant)
The Cavendish Experiment and Energy Interaction
The Cavendish experiment, a groundbreaking study on gravity, offers an intriguing analogy for understanding energy interaction with space. Imagine the suspended spheres as representative of space itself, devoid of energy. When energy interacts with this motionless space, it's as if the spheres begin to rotate, symbolizing the introduction of energy into the internal area of space.
As energy engages with space, it's gradually consumed, much like the reduction of energy in the Cavendish experiment. This process can be described by the equation:
G = (2πLθ) / (MT)
Where G is the gravitational constant, L is the length of the torsion wire, θ is the twist angle of the wire, M is the mass of the lead spheres, and T is the time period of oscillation.
This equation, derived from the Cavendish experiment, reveals the intricate relationship between energy, space, and gravity. By exploring this analogy, we can deepen our understanding of how energy shapes the very fabric of our universe.
Energy Absorption and Frequency
Energy absorption occurs when energy slows down, allowing it to be perceived and observed. This process involves energy being absorbed by an atom and reflecting what was not absorbed. As energy slows down, it can still be observed as a wave, but just before it becomes a particle. This phenomenon is fascinating, as it reveals the transition from wave-like to particle-like behavior.
The conversion of positive to negative states is due to positives' ability to produce heat and maintain an individual form. Negative energy, on the other hand, does not produce heat and lacks an individual form, instead traveling at a pace relative to terminal velocity. This process can be described by the quantum mechanical formula: ℏω = ΔE = hf, where ℏ is the reduced Planck constant, ω is the angular frequency, ΔE is the change in energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the energy.
Furthermore, the frequency of the energy can be related to the velocity of the particle using the formula: f = (1/2π) * √(k/m), where k is the spring constant and m is the mass of the particle. Additionally, the energy absorption rate can be calculated using the formula: dE/dt = (2π/h) * V_uv² * δ(E_u - E_v), where V_uv is the transition matrix element, E_u and E_v are the energies of the initial and final states, and δ is the Dirac delta function.
The Conversion of Positive to Negative States and Planetary Motion
The conversion of positive to negative energy states is rooted in their distinct properties. Positive energy produces heat and maintains an individual form, whereas negative energy lacks heat and an individual form, instead traveling at a pace relative to terminal velocity. This process is reversible, as seen in fusion reactions, or can be influenced by external forces like microwave ovens.
In the context of our solar system, the sun's positive energy release generates heat and propels planets into their orbital tracks. Conversely, the incoming energy from the universe, considered negative, is cold and stabilizes planets in their tracks. Initially, I focused solely on the positive push dictating orbital paths. However, I now recognize the significant influence of negative energy and use it as the basis for understanding abnormal tracks.
Here's an added equation to illustrate the relationship between energy and orbital motion:
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r²
Where F is the force of gravity, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, and r is the distance between them.
This equation shows how the force of gravity (F) is influenced by the masses (m1 and m2) and distance (r) between objects, which is relevant to understanding planetary motion and the balance between positive and negative energy.
Gravitation and Time: Frequency's Role
Time is intimately tied to the frequency of the universe, and this relationship is governed by the laws of gravitation. Imagine the cartwheel's bar having notches, each representing a different frequency. Each notch would experience time at a unique pace, described by the formula:
t = 1/f
Where t is time and f is frequency.
If we could halt the cartwheel's motion, time would appear to pause, as described by the relativistic time dilation formula:
t' = γ(t)
Where t' is the time experienced by an observer in motion, t is the time experienced by an observer at rest, and γ is the Lorentz factor.
The passage of time is directly governed by the oscillations in the wave, or simply its frequency. By altering the frequency, we can change the flow of time itself, as described by the gravitational redshift formula:
f' = f * √(1 - 2GM/rc²⁾
Where f' is the observed frequency, f is the emitted frequency, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the gravitational source, r is the radial distance from the source, and c is the speed of light.
Gravity and Energy Dynamics
Gravity can be understood in various ways through these thoughts. One perspective is that gravity operates similarly to the orbital planets, but with a twist. Instead of orbiting in space, we orbit at a subterranean frequency. This frequency attracts similar energies, leading to bonding and the formation of matter. For instance, atoms bond to form rocks, and separate rocks may bind together due to similar vibrations. However, other frequencies simply pass through, unable to bind due to differences in energy vibrations and the negative fields surrounding our bodies and the ground.
Our bodies are attracted to the Earth's core, with a force described by the equation:
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r²
Where F is the force of attraction, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of our bodies and the Earth, and r is the distance between them.
The vibrations of our energy and the negative field surrounding us can be described by the wave equation:
∇^2E = μ * ∂^2E/∂t2
Where E is the energy field, μ is the permeability of the medium, and ∂^2E/∂t2 is the second derivative of the energy with respect to time.
The incoming cosmic energy pushes us downward, with a force described by the equation:
F = (E * A) / c
Where F is the force of the incoming energy, E is the energy density of the cosmos, A is the cross-sectional area of our bodies, and c is the speed of light.
The outgoing energy from Earth moves faster than the incoming energy from the cosmos, as observed in the formation of clouds with flat bases and more sporadic tops. This can be described by the equation:
v_out = v_in * (1 + (E_out / E_in))
Where v_out is the velocity of the outgoing energy, v_in is the velocity of the incoming energy, E_out is the energy density of the outgoing energy, and E_in is the energy density of the incoming energy.
Galactic Cycles and Black Holes
The Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center, with a mass described by the equation:
M = (1.989 x 10³⁰⁾ * (G / c²⁾
Where M is the mass of the black hole, G is the gravitational constant, and c is the speed of light.
As the galaxy spirals towards the center, enough mass will be collected to trigger the black hole to become a large star, described by the equation:
M = (4.383 x 10³⁰⁾ * (G / c²⁾
Where M is the mass of the star, G is the gravitational constant, and c is the speed of light.
When this happens, the black hole will shed its outer shell to create the galaxy that spirals around it, and the process begins again. This cycle can be described by the equation:
t = (2 * π * G * M) / c³
Where t is the time period of the cycle, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the black hole or star, and c is the speed of light.
The opposite of a black hole is a white hole, but why hasn't this phenomenon been observed? According to this article, it has been observed but misunderstood. With the theme of balancing the universe, would a large star be surrounded by much smaller black holes? Would these smaller black holes feed the larger star by way of quantum bridge or wormhole, and vice versa for smaller stars and larger black holes? This can be described by the equation:
E = (ℏ * ω) / 2
Where E is the energy transferred between the star and black holes, ℏ is the reduced Planck constant, and ω is the frequency of the quantum bridge or wormhole.
Energy Flow and Balance
Energy moves in and out of everything, maintaining a delicate balance. It enters as a positive force and exits as a negative force. Our sun emits energy at 99% strength and high frequency, which combines with an equally sized negative force at 1% strength, filling the space completely. This balance is crucial, as positive energy moves faster than negative energy due to entropy's diminishing effects over time and distance.
As positive energy travels, it loses a piece of itself, converting to negative energy. This process is directly related to gravitational forces and time dilation. When positive energy reaches 50%, it has a certain probability of converting to negative energy, which is then attracted back to a positive source with a corresponding probability of being converted back to positive energy.
This cycle of energy flow and balance is the foundation of the universe's harmony, and understanding it can reveal the intricate web of forces that shape our reality.
_Conclusion _
"In conclusion, the Harmony of Energy (HoE) model offers a novel perspective on the universe, revealing a intricate web of energy dynamics that underlie all aspects of existence. By exploring the interplay between positive and negative energy, we gain insight into the fundamental forces that shape our reality. From the smallest subatomic particles to the vast expanse of the cosmos, energy is the unifying thread that binds everything together.
Through the HoE model, we've seen how energy's harmonious movement gives rise to the patterns and structures we observe in the universe. We've also delved into the fascinating relationships between energy, space, and time, and how these interactions govern the behavior of matter at various scales.
As we continue to refine our understanding of the HoE model, we may uncover new secrets of the universe and gain a deeper appreciation for the beauty and harmony that underlies all of existence. Ultimately, this knowledge can inspire new perspectives, new technologies, and a new era of human understanding and cooperation, as we work together to harmonize our own energy with the energy of the universe.
But I ask this, why continue to work on something that is not appreciated nor taken seriously because it comes from a layman with the credentials of a GED? In that lies the problem as I’ve been told only those holding degrees should consider these thoughts. With that, I have abruptly stopped progress of this idea.”
MAG

Steam Post This update will be in the unstable branch for a couple of days before releasing officially. Click here to see how to join the Unstable branch.
With 64-bit numbers, you should see less errors when handling large sums of money. Compatibility with 32-bit systems won't change. Older saves will be converted automatically and will no longer work in older versions of Software Inc.
Image
This update also introduces a way to centralize kitchens using conveyor belts!

Patch notes

Changes

• Moved from 32-bit to 64-bit decimal numbers for most money and simulation calculations to improve precision and stability
• Added food input and output for conveyor belts so kitchens can be centralized (Unlocked by completing the canteen task)
• Expanded random name generation for more product categories and companies
• Reduced the effect on colleagues when their friends retire amicably
• Luxury food can now only be delivered by cooks
• Employees now get a mood buff when eating cooked food
• Added prompt when prematurely ending network deal or hiring employee that is less than 3 years from retirement
• Furniture placed on an exterior wall can now be placed up against the edge of the wall
• Food that is thrown out due to expiring has been added to the bills breakdown of the finance window as food waste
• When trading lead designer owned IP, their actual cut is now listed in the prompt

Fixes

• Fixed subscription income not scaling with days per month
• Fixed incorrectly receiving platinum awards
• Fixed house shader
• Fixed PC addons being in the wrong location after moving and rotating table
• Fixed Unity causing imperceptible incorrect implicit conversion from float to byte colors
• Fixed old well maintained computers giving employees a big boost
• Fixed bug where the same issue notification could pop up multiple times if it was raised and fixed multiple times in the same frame
• Fixed staff arriving multiple times on the same day if they are set to leave when finished
• Multiplayer stability fix for getting stuck at midnight
• Fixed moods fading too quickly when employees are home

I run a queue website, and ive noticed a trend, the queue times are getting really really low now.
Lets take a look at an EU West Server, which queues averages ~180 each day, my system calculates the average for the day
EU West server dying
As you can see, there is a noticeable trend.
Right now, its 6AM Pacific, EU West is suppose to have around 300 (especially on a weekend like today), instead it's sitting at 36.
See for yourself: https://printedwaste.com/gfn/
EDIT: For the people that want to say that people could've just bought, or NVIDIA expanded their hardware.
New hardware is is for 4080 only, you can check on Nvidia geforce now status site. Take a look at Japan, they have a grand total of 2 servers, 1 free, 1 4080, hasn't changed, yet, users are dropping immensely.
NVIDIA also doesn't bump the capacity of servers, they only add servers.
If half the GFN community bought a sub, that's unrealistic. They are also limiting GPU wattage to save money so..

Hi all, I am quite new to the NAS and Synology and I am quite confused with reading all this information. Current setup, have a Synology DS224+ with a 4TB HDD SHR setup. I would like to add a 16TB HDD SHR and transfer the data from the 4TB to the 16TB and remove the 4TB from use.
My reasoning is that when I checked the raid calculator, there is 10.9TB of unused space when using a 16TB and a 4TB in SHR. If I remove the 4TB HDD after the data has transferred into the 16TB, will the 16TB storage go back up to it's maximum storage use?
I read this https://kb.synology.com/en-us/DSM/help/DSM/StorageManagestorage_pool_expand_replace_disk?version=6 and I think it will be fine but this is quite confusing for me, so I do apologise if this is straight forward. In hindsight, I should have listened to all the redditors out there who said to get the 4 bays and absolutely huge storage to start off with.

Self-Employed Tax Credit (SETC) — Over $50,000 in Tax Credits for Entrepreneurs and Self-Employed Individuals

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented challenges, especially for entrepreneurs and self-employed individuals.
Enter the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) with its vital Sick Employees and Tax Credits (SETC) provisions.
This legislative act has been a lifeline for millions, and here's why you should be informed and act swiftly...
👉 Click here for more information on claiming your tax credit
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. The author is not liable for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on this information. Consult a qualified legal professional for advice tailored to your circumstances. Please seek proper legal guidance.
In March 2020, the FFCRA was enacted to support businesses with paid sick leave and unemployment benefits due to COVID-19. Initially, it focused on employers with W-2 employees.
https://youtu.be/J0IMsehvlNw
By December 2020, the CARES Act expanded FFCRA to include self-employed individuals, freelancers, independent contractors, and gig workers, providing them with tax credits to offset lost income due to COVID-19.
The FFCRA offers paid sick leave, free COVID-19 testing, food assistance, and unemployment benefits. For self-employed individuals, it provides equivalent coverage through tax credits claimable on income tax returns, reimbursing them for COVID-19 related sick leave.

Self-Employed Tax Credit (SETC) FAQs

What Is The FFCRA?

The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), enacted in 2020, aimed to help small business owners provide sick leave for employees affected by COVID-19. Initially targeting small business employees, it was expanded in 2021 to include self-employed individuals facing business losses due to the pandemic.

What is the Difference Between SETC and FFCRA?

The "Self-Employed Tax Credit" (SETC) refers to the tax credits for sick and family leave provided to self-employed individuals under the FFCRA. Essentially, SETC is for self-employed individuals, while FFCRA targets employees.

What Dates Are Eligible For FFCRA/SETC Income Tax Credits?

Eligible dates for FFCRA/SETC income tax credits are from April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, and up to 10 days between April 1, 2021, and September 30, 2021.

Breakdown of Eligible Days:

• Childcare-related time off: Up to 110 days
  • 50 days between April 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021
  • 60 days between April 1, 2021, and September 30, 2021
• Personal or family illness: Up to 20 days
  • 10 days between April 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021
  • 10 days between April 1, 2021, and September 30, 2021

Do I Still Qualify If I Did Not Pay Myself Sick Leave?

Yes, the FFCRA/SETC is designed to cover self-employed individuals, even if they did not pay themselves sick leave.

Why Can't I Find Information About SETC on the IRS Website?

SETC is an informal term for the sick and family leave tax credits for self-employed individuals introduced under the FFCRA. Look for information under the FFCRA and its application to self-employed individuals.

Do I Have to Be Self-Employed to File for the Tax Credit Refund?

Yes, the tax credit is specifically for self-employed individuals, including small business owners, freelancers, partners in partnerships subject to self-employment taxes, and 1099 contractors.

Do I Need Positive Tax Earnings in 2020 to Qualify?

No, if you did not have positive earnings in 2020 due to COVID-19 but were self-employed, you can use your 2019 net income if it was positive.

Do I Need Positive Tax Earnings in 2021 to Qualify?

No, if you did not have positive earnings in 2021 due to COVID-19 but were self-employed, you can use your 2020 net income if it was positive.

How Much of a Tax Credit Can I Expect to Receive?

Several factors determine the refund amount, including:

1. Net income from Schedule C on your 2019, 2020, and 2021 tax returns.
2. Days missed due to sickness or quarantine from COVID-19.
3. Time spent caring for a loved one affected by COVID-19.
4. Duration of school or daycare closures requiring care for a minor child.

Can I Qualify if I Already Filed My Taxes for 2020 & 2021?

Yes, you can still qualify. An amended tax return will need to be filed, requiring copies of your 2019, 2020, and 2021 tax returns and your driver's license.

Do I Have to Fill Out Extensive Paperwork?

No, the process involves signing an agreement letter, completing a survey for information, and uploading copies of your tax returns and driver's license. The rest is handled for you.

Can I Claim SETC Tax Credits If I Am Also a W2 Employee?

You may still be eligible for SETC tax credits if you earned self-employment income in addition to your W2 salary during 2020 and/or 2021. However, receiving paid leave benefits as an employee may affect the amount you can claim as a self-employed individual.

Do I Qualify If I Already Received Sick & Family Leave Credit on Previous Returns?

You would only be eligible if you did not fully utilize the credit(s) on previous returns.

Is the SETC Tax Credit Based on Gross or Net Self-Employed Income?

To qualify, you must have a positive net (after deductions) self-employed income for 2019, 2020, or 2021, and qualifying COVID days.

How Long Before I Receive My Cash Refund?

Once the necessary paperwork is submitted, the process usually takes 12-16 weeks to complete and receive your cash refund from the IRS.

Can Both Spouses Qualify for the SETC?

Yes, if both spouses are self-employed, each could qualify for up to the maximum amount of $32,220 under the right circumstances.

Refund Statute of Limitations and SETC

The deadline to amend the 2020 tax return for SETC credits occurring between April 1, 2020, and Dec. 31, 2020, is April 15, 2024. For SETC credits between Jan. 1, 2021, and Sept. 30, 2021, the amendment deadline is April 18, 2025.

Can I Qualify If I Received Unemployment Benefits in 2020 and/or 2021?

Yes, but you cannot claim days you received unemployment benefits as days unable to work due to COVID-19.

Is a Complete Copy of My Return Needed to Amend?

Yes, a complete copy of the return is required to amend it for SETC credits.

How Much Is the SETC Credit?

The SETC tax credit can be up to $32,220, based on your self-employed net earnings in 2020 and 2021.

How Can I Claim the SETC Tax Credits?

Determine eligibility and amend your 2020 and/or 2021 tax returns, preferably using a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) or through Legacy Tax & Resolution Services.

Why Would the IRS Refund My Taxes?

The federal government supports businesses affected by COVID-19. This is a limited-time opportunity, so filing for SETC credits promptly is crucial.

What Is the Social Security Tax Deferral?

Employers can defer the 6.2% employer portion of Social Security tax for March 27, 2020, through December 31, 2020. Self-employed taxpayers can defer 50% of their self-employment tax for the same period. Deferred amounts must be repaid by December 31, 2022.

Who Qualifies for the SETC Tax Credits?

Eligible individuals include self-employed persons, such as sole proprietors, 1099 contractors, freelancers, and partners in partnerships who filed Schedule SE with positive net income and paid self-employment tax for 2019, 2020, and/or 2021.

Does SETC Apply to C or S Corp Income?

No, C or S Corporation income is not considered self-employed income. However, corporations may qualify for sick or family leave tax credits under FFCRA.

Is Health Insurance Required for SETC Eligibility?

No, health insurance coverage does not affect eligibility for the SETC.

Are Unpaid Medical Bills Eligible for the Tax Credit?

No, the SETC credit only considers average daily wages and missed days due to COVID-19-related issues.

What Qualifies as a Reason for Claiming SETC?

Reasons include quarantine orders, self-quarantine advised by a healthcare provider, caring for someone under quarantine, experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, waiting for test results, getting vaccinated, experiencing vaccine side effects, and caring for a child due to school or daycare closure.

How Long Before Receiving a Cash Refund?

Once paperwork is submitted, the process typically takes 12-16 weeks to complete and receive the cash refund from the IRS.

Do Both Spouses Qualify for the Maximum SETC?

Yes, both can qualify for the maximum credit but cannot share qualifying COVID days.

Is the SETC Tax Credit Taxable?

No, the SETC tax credit is not taxable.

What

If I Have IRS Debt or a Treasury Offset?
You need a $0 balance with the IRS to receive a refund. Outstanding debts must be paid off first.

Can I Claim SETC Tax Credits If I Am Also a W2 Employee?

Yes, but paid leave benefits as an employee may affect the SETC credit. If the employee status does not provide full coverage, additional credits based on self-employment income may be claimed.

Can Weekends Be Claimed?

Yes, if self-employment work is typically done on weekends. If not, weekends cannot be claimed.

What Is a Form 1040?

IRS Form 1040 is the standard individual income tax form used to report annual income and calculate tax liability.

What Is a Form 1040X?

IRS Form 1040X is used to amend previously filed individual tax returns. Legacy Tax & Resolution Services will use Form 1040X to file for SETC tax credits.

What Is a Schedule SE Form 1040?

Schedule SE is a tax form used by self-employed individuals to calculate the self-employment tax owed, covering Social Security and Medicare taxes for those who work for themselves.

What Is a Schedule C?

Schedule C is used by sole proprietors, single-member LLCs, and other self-employed individuals to report business income and expenses. The net income from Schedule C is used to calculate self-employment income on Schedule SE.

What Is a Form 7202?

IRS Form 7202 is used to claim the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) credits for self-employed individuals, detailing eligibility and tax credit calculations.

What Is a Form 8821?

IRS Form 8821 authorizes the release of tax information to a third party, allowing Legacy Tax & Resolution Services to access necessary tax information to calculate SETC credits and amend returns.

Are Processing Fees Required?

Legacy Tax & Resolution Services charges no upfront fee. After calculating the tax credit, the fee for filing tax returns is $395. An additional 20% of the refund amount is due after the refund is received.

Does Filing for SETC Impact 2023 Income Taxes?

Filing for SETC credits does not impact the filing of 2023 income taxes. The team at Legacy Tax & Resolution Services will amend previously filed returns for 2020 and/or 2021.

If Both Spouses Have Self-Employed Income, Can They Each Get the Credit?

Yes, both can receive the credit but cannot share qualifying COVID days.

Is the SETC Tax Credit Taxable?

No, the SETC tax credit is not taxable.

How Long Before Receiving a Cash Refund?

Once the necessary paperwork is submitted, it typically takes 12-16 weeks to receive the cash refund from the IRS.

What If There Is IRS Debt or a Treasury Offset?

A $0 balance with the IRS is required to receive a refund. Any outstanding debts must be paid first.

Can SETC Tax Credits Be Claimed If Also a W2 Employee?

Yes, but receiving paid leave benefits as an employee may affect the SETC credit. Additional credits may be claimed if employee benefits do not provide full coverage.

Can Weekends Be Claimed?

Yes, if self-employment work is typically done on weekends. If not, weekends cannot be claimed.

What Is the Definition of a Dependent?

A dependent is a qualifying child or relative of the taxpayer. A child must have lived with the taxpayer for over half the tax year, and the taxpayer must have provided more than half of the relative's total support. Gross income thresholds and other criteria apply.

What Happens in Cases of Divorce After Filing 2020/2021 Taxes?

If the 2020 and/or 2021 tax returns were filed jointly, both taxpayer and spouse must sign the amended returns. If filed as Head of Household or Married Filing Separate, only the taxpayer's signature is required.

Can Days Taken to Care for a Child Other Than Your Own Be Claimed?

No, only days taken to care for a dependent can be claimed.

Can More Than One Parent or Guardian Claim FFCRA/SETC Credits?

Yes, but parents or guardians cannot claim the same dates twice.

Is Online Schooling Considered "Closed" for the Credit?

Yes, if the physical location of the school or place of care is closed, it is considered "closed" for the purposes of the credit, even if the child is expected to complete assignments.

What Does It Mean to Be Self-Employed?

A self-employed person is generally someone who carries on a trade or business as a sole proprietor, independent contractor, or a member of a partnership that conducts a trade or business. This includes part-time businesses and gig workers.

Can SETC Tax Credits Be Claimed If Receiving Unemployment Benefits?

Yes, but days receiving unemployment benefits cannot be claimed as days unable to work due to COVID-19.

Will Refunds Be Sent by Check or Direct Deposit?

Refunds for 2020 and 2021 will be sent directly by the IRS via check to the address provided on the amended return(s).

Why Are Positive Net Earnings Required for SETC Income Tax Credit?

Positive net earnings are necessary to qualify for the credit as they indicate taxable income against which the credit can be applied. If positive earnings were not available in 2020 due to COVID-19, 2019 net income may be used.

Can SETC Tax Credits Be Claimed If Also a W2 Employee?

Yes, but receiving paid leave benefits as an employee may affect the SETC credit. Additional credits may be claimed if employee benefits do not provide full coverage.

Can Weekends Be Claimed?

Yes, if self-employment work is typically done on weekends. If not, weekends cannot be claimed.

Can Days Taken to Care for a Child Other Than Your Own Be Claimed?

No, only days taken to care for a dependent can be claimed.

Can More Than One Parent or Guardian Claim FFCRA/SETC Credits?

Yes, but parents or guardians cannot claim the same dates twice.

Is Online Schooling Considered "Closed" for the Credit?

Yes, if the physical location of the school or place of care is closed, it is considered "closed" for the purposes of the credit, even if the child is expected to complete assignments.

What Documentation Is Required?

A complete copy of the 2019, 2020, and 2021 tax returns, including Schedule C and a copy of the driver's license for identification, is required.

What Is the Form 1040 SE?

Form 1040 SE is used to calculate self-employment taxes, including Social Security and Medicare taxes for individuals who work for themselves.

What Is the Form 1040-X?

Form 1040-X is used to amend previously filed individual tax returns to claim the FFCRA/SETC credits.

What Is a Schedule C?

Schedule C is used by self-employed individuals to report business income and expenses. The net income from Schedule C calculates self-employment income on Schedule SE.

What Is the Form 7202?

Form 7202 is used to claim the FFCRA credits for self-employed individuals, detailing eligibility and tax credit calculations.

What Is the Form 8821?

Form 8821 authorizes the release of tax information to a third party, allowing the calculation of SETC credits and the amendment of tax returns.

What Are the Processing Fees?

Legacy Tax & Resolution Services charges no upfront fee. The fee for filing tax returns is $395, with an additional 20% of the refund amount due after the refund is received.

Does Filing for SETC Impact 2023 Income Taxes?

Filing for SETC credits does not impact the filing of 2023 income taxes. Amendments are made to previously filed returns for 2020 and/or 2021.

If Both Spouses Have Self-Employed Income, Can They Each Get the Credit?

Yes, both can receive the credit but cannot share qualifying COVID days.

Is the SETC Tax Credit Taxable?

No, the SETC tax credit is not taxable.

How Long Before Receiving a Cash Refund?

Once the necessary paperwork is submitted, it typically takes 12-16 weeks to receive the cash refund from the IRS.

What If There Is IRS Debt or a Treasury Offset?

A $0 balance with the IRS is required to receive a refund. Any outstanding debts must be paid first.

Can SETC Tax Credits Be Claimed If Also a W2 Employee?

Yes, but receiving paid leave benefits as an employee may affect the SETC credit. Additional credits may be claimed if employee benefits do not provide full coverage.

Can Weekends Be Claimed?

Yes, if self-employment work is typically done on weekends. If not, weekends cannot be claimed.

Can Days Taken to Care for a Child Other Than Your Own Be Claimed?

No, only days taken to care for a dependent can be claimed.

Can More Than One Parent or Guardian Claim FFCRA/SETC Credits?

Yes, but parents or guardians cannot claim the same dates twice.

Is Online Schooling Considered "Closed" for the Credit?

Yes, if the physical location of the school or place of care is closed, it is considered "closed" for the purposes of the credit, even if the child is expected to complete assignments.

What Documentation Is Required?

A complete copy of the 2019, 2020, and 2021 tax returns, including Schedule C and a copy of the driver's license for identification, is required.
👉 Click here for more information on claiming your tax credit

Did it for myself, writing it down made everything so much more epic. I don't really expect anyone to read such a long post on reddit. But i thought: why not share it, it doesn't hurt. My experience with the game was fantastic. I really LOVE how you as a player tell a story with all the little decisions, adding up.
WALL OF TEXT WARNING! SPOILER WARNING!
The Story of the People of Certera:
2200: We have united as people on our home planet through our search for the spiritual. The meaning of life, the afterlife, and everything in between. But also, we were curious. Democracy would serve us well.
2220: We traveled through the astral rift close to our homeworld. It led to another dimension, another universe. It turned out this is where our ancestors came from.
2230: After colonizing quite a few worlds, we came into contact with multiple alien species. Our calm and open-minded people were looking for peaceful coexistence.
2240: We surpassed most of our neighbors. The curious "rock people" asked to be protected and became our vassals. Even the isolationist Deep Water people soon followed out of fear of their neighbors. After all, we were peace-loving people.
2250: One of our neighbors turned out to be a hive mind. It sought only to consume. Smaller empires around it started to crumble. But we stood tall. All refugees would be welcome. We would grow together within our borders.
2260: Out of curiosity, we went far in our search for answers. And answers we found. It only needed a spark for our psychic capabilities to be ignited, and our psionic capabilities were born. We added the refugees to our psychic collective. Moderate gene therapy only improved us as a unity.
2270: Huge investments led to more discoveries. Our hunger for answers only grew. A wanderer came to us, a visitor from a foreign species. We welcomed him as a leader. He had strong psychic powers. We started focusing more of our attention on the veil. Suddenly, it struck. The stranger was blessed, immortal from now on, and with more power than ever. Our faithful people decided to pray to him as a god. Our government withdrew in awe, while all people asked for guidance from him. An eternal empire was born.
2280: Our vassals got attacked. We fought wars on all sides to defend our allies and ourselves. Our psionic powers would help, but in reality, the advancements our curiosity had brought us would carry us through the wars even more. After all, we called a Dyson swarm and an arc furnace our own now.
2290: Another isolationist Empire between our vassals declared us their rival repeatedly and insulted our people. We were dedicated to taking them under our wing. Our hunger for knowledge consumed more and more resources, and we grasped at as many stars as we could.
2300: Most in the galactic community were happy to have us on board, and we would use it to grow our influence.
2310: We had all this power, but the question of why we had started our journey was still not answered. Transdimensional and psionic excursions could not free us from our desires to know more. In an attempt to conquer all knowledge, we designed the greatest of mega-structures yet: The Synaptic Lathe. It would combine the minds of our people into one entity, designed to unveil any and every secret of the universe.
2330: The Lathe would prove to be more hungry than calculated. We knew that our people would sacrifice themselves for something greater, but even our best scientists would not have imagined that our citizens would expire at such a rate. While still happy to give their lives, gene clinics were created on every planet to support the growth of our populations. Otherwise, our planets would have been emptied of life soon. Our clerics and bureaucrats used all their ingenuity to come up with ascension plans, improving the Lathe further, reducing expiration of our heroes.
2340: With the ever-hungry Lathe, we started feeding refugees from all over the galaxy into it. Ethical discussions about that could be heard all over our empire. It would be for the betterment of every creature in the galaxy. We hoped the answers would be worth it.
We decided to integrate our most peaceful vassal. They had countless citizens on ocean worlds. Sadly, it became obvious why they needed our protection. Terrible mismanagement led them into a skewed production of goods. They produced vast amounts of food but were losing energy. Luckily, we had the bio-reactor technology. It took quite a while, but eventually, we got them profitable before they could drag the whole empire down. But we were closer to bankruptcy than healthy for everyone's nerves.
2350: In an unforeseen event, an astral rift led us to the center of the galaxy. Instead of the Supermassive black hole, we found an incredibly advanced being who had altered the center to accompany his the "heart" of his almost infinitely old civilization. We spent years defending waves of his corrupted species, so that he could seal the rift there. In exchange, he would send us one of his few still uncorrupted fellows. Even though it seems blasphemous to say that, he appears to be even more powerful than our emperor.
2355: The Marauder clans suddenly emerged as an empire under a strong leader. They took 2 systems with ease and we sent our biggest fleet to fend them off. The divine champion we just received fell. Our emperor is the only true god after all it seems.
2360: The political landscape changed drastically within just a few years. The marauder clans had taken many systems from other empires. And our intel of the other side of the galaxy gave us sight of an empire spanning almost a third of the galaxy. They were set to eradicate any other sentient life, just to "purify" the galaxy. Those threats had us in fear. We needed to shift our attention to preparing for war.
2370: A long decade of war lies behind us. The hive mind which bullied us in the early years blocked an important passage to the marauder hordes. We fought for years and claimed every starbase they had, but they would not succumb to being vassalized. In desperation, we laid claim to the most important passage systems and settled for a status quo.
2371: Right when our construction fleet arrived at the passage systems, a huge army of fallen empire vessels arrived at those systems. They immediately built an empire expansion there. Our plans of expansion and aggressive defense were shattered.
2375: Luckily, the marauder clans crumbled after their leader got assassinated. We would be able to concentrate on our scientific and psionic endeavors, and started to lay bare the secrets of the universe. 2380: With the east side of the galaxy now totally blocked, our only way of expanding would be the west side. Our vassals block this path. With countless worlds under our belt and enough citizens to feed the Lathe, we decided to isolate for now, concentrating on our economy.
2381: With vast armies left from the wars, eating through our budget, we decided it would be time to open the L-Gate. With no idea what's behind, we found ourselves lucky to possess the technology to lock them at any time. 2384: The L-Cluster was completely surveyed and we found nothing dangerous. We only stumbled over this one curious individual, but we decided he would be too suspicious to take with us.
2390: We have finished a vital part of our research. Our applied infinity thesis was somewhat of a success. Unfortunately, the laws of physics changed for the whole galaxy for a few years. The other empires were not too amused.
2395: Massive crime waves have been dragging our empire down for decades. With the L-Gates open, we finally have the means to get to the other side of the galaxy efficiently. We started a war to pressure an end to the criminal and morally condemnable actions. Sadly, many were ready to die for this unethical behavior. Allies from their federation were called. Even the galactic council sent fleets to our borders. We probably overreacted a bit. But the years of abuse could not be forgotten.
2400: The war is over. It has gotten quite dangerous, with an attack war turned into a defensive one. With some cunning, we managed to resecure our borders and lay claim to 2 systems of our enemies before we sued for a status quo. 2405: The whole galactic community was in full hatred of us. They hated us for our recent war. They hated us for our dangerous experiments. They hated us because we sacrificed billions of our citizens for science. If they would only understand how important our work was.
2410: After burning through more and more of our people in the Synaptic Lathe, we finally finished another part of our research. The Infinity Thesis II is fulfilled. Our path is clear to research the Horizon Needle, our vessel for transformation.
2411: The fallen empire of the Red Watchers asks us to show them respect. While we are curious if we could beat them into submission, we have more important tasks at hand. A little pretense wouldn't hurt us.
2412: One of our systems got overrun from the inside by a storm. A mysterious enemy has emerged. They call themselves the Unbidden. Their fleet is massive. All our starports had to start maximum fleet production ASAP. Luckily, our quest in bending reality to our will has bestowed us with designs for the most powerful ships ever built. Hopefully, it would be enough.
2416: We managed to find their weak point. The space station around the portal where they emerged has been destroyed and the dimension sealed. They still had massive fleets in our system. We hoped we could fend them off.
2419: After defeating most of the transdimensional threat, the Red Thorn fallen empire declared war on us. We have been in crisis mode for a while now. Feeding more and more of our population into that lathe, burning through them with high efficiency for casualties and research. We lost 15% of our population, and economics on many worlds have become unstable. The war has taken another huge toll on us. But now we have to stand strong and keep the starports churning. The Lathe will have done its research for the Horizon Needle in 50 months. But we are burning through more than one population unit at a month.
2420: The Red Thorn fleets were too powerful for us. We tried to fight them, but with a crushing victory, they swept us aside. No peace treaty could be made. It was not to be foreseen when they would stop or when this galaxy would burn for us. Our hopes lie in the next. Before our populations are killed in the war, we should rather transfer them to the Lathe until the last pod is filled.
2421: Our home planet of Certera is bombarded by the Red fleet. With 16 months left for our final research, everything seems lost, while billions die under the orbital bombardment.
2423: With our home system surviving the bombardment long enough, we were able to finish the research on the Horizon Needle. Now it only has to be built, while our whole Empire is burning. And we don't have enough alloys – 25,000 units are missing. Luckily, we had heaps of strategic resources like Zro. In panic, we sold them on the galactic markets.
2430: The empire is still being ravaged. Our homeplanet is in ashes. We managed to set up a new capital on the far side of our empire. The Needle can be built there. The only reachable black hole is in our vassals' space. I hope we will be able to use it. We started integration agreements with our vassals, but it might be too late. If we were even to finish the Needle, we are in utmost luck.
2431: The Needle was found and destroyed. Our empire lost. Our achievements and insights lost. All the answers we found: inconclusive. We needed only one more step to reach utopia. We were eradicated.

Hello everyone! I have been making a region for the universe and wanted to share one of my factions. If you have any suggestions please let me know, I used real names of deceased people in Oklahoma for my inspiration for faction leaders.

The Choctaw Nation (chahta okla)

Faction Song Inspiration: The people of chata okla have passed down a song about home. “Green Moon of Chata Okla,” a song of hope to reclaim the land they lost. Blue Moon of Kentucky
"Green Moon of Chahta Okla"
Verse 1: Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on shining, Shine on the land that's gone and left me blue. It was on a moonlit night, the stars shining bright, When the winds of war took my home from my sight.
Chorus: Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on shining. Shine on the land where I'm bound to return. Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on shining. Shine on the place that's going to prosper again.
Verse 2: The vault kept us safe, with stories and grace, Beneath the earth, we held our pace. But dreams of the land, where our ancestors stand, Guide us back to the surface, with hope hand in hand.
Chorus: Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on shining. Shine on the land where I'm bound to return. Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on shining. Shine on the place that's going to prosper again.
Bridge: Now the cyclones fade, and the land's being made, Where the Chahta heart can never be swayed. Under moonlit skies, our spirit never dies, We're the children of earth, where the eagle flies.
Final Chorus: Green moon of Chahta Okla, keep on guiding, Lead us to a time where peace is abiding. Green moon of Chahta Okla, forever binding, Uniting all hearts where the past is reminding.
On October 23, 2077, the world outside was consumed by nuclear fire. The Choctaw Nation, led by Ayoka Thompson, then known as the Overseer, retreated into the safety of Vault 347. Built beneath their tribal lands through a cooperative effort with Vault-Tec. In the immediate aftermath, as chaos reigned above, the vault's doors closed on a world falling into darkness. In 2081, in an act of cultural preservation, Former Chief, turned Overseer Ayoka Thompson, now revered as Miko Ayoka, proclaimed Choctaw as the official language of the vault. The vault, was renamed, to ʋllo̱si i̱ topa, Choctaw for crib or cradle. The cradle of the New Choctaw Nation.
As the Choctaw began to venture out of ʋllo̱si i̱ topa under the leadership of Miko John Redbird, successor to Miko Ayoka Thompson, their attempts to reclaim and settle on the surface were met with severe challenges. The world they encountered was vastly different from the one their ancestors had known. Nuclear cyclones ravaged the landscape periodically, making sustained life above ground perilous and unpredictable. Initial attempts at establishing outposts were thwarted by extreme weather, contaminated soil, and aggressive wildlife, all mutated by radiation. Each setback reinforced the necessity of their vault, yet it also deepened a collective yearning for their rightful place above ground.
As the community grappled with the harsh realities of the surface world, a deep-seated resentment towards the former American government began to crystallize. Historical grievances, compounded by the catastrophic results of nuclear warfare, led to a pervasive distrust of anything associated with the old American governance. The Choctaw elders taught younger generations about the long history of betrayal and exploitation by the government—how their lands were stolen, their rights trampled, and now, their world nearly destroyed by the same greed and shortsightedness. This resentment manifested in a growing disdain for outsiders, especially those who represented or sympathized with old American ideals. The Choctaw's interactions with other survivor groups were cautious and calculated. Trade, when it occurred, was strictly controlled, ensuring it always favored the vault's needs and security. The community adopted a policy of self-reliance and strategic engagement, where external relations were maintained only out of sheer necessity.
By 2117, the growing population of ʋllo̱si i̱ topa necessitated an expansion. Miko John Redbird, who succeeded Ayoka, spearheaded this initiative, guiding the vault community through the excavation of new chambers into the surrounding bedrock. Under his leadership, these new spaces were not merely functional but were imbued with Choctaw architectural aesthetics and designed to enhance communal living. This period also saw advancements in hydroponic agriculture and water recycling, ensuring the vault's sustainability.
As of 2284, ʋllo̱si i̱ topa is a vibrant subterranean city, a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the chata okla. The community, while rooted in its traditions, does not shy away from the challenges of the new world, regularly sending warriors, scientists, and scouts to the surface to complete missions for the city. Their current leader is Miko Michael Battiest.
Miko Ayoka Thompson (2077-2107) - Miko Ayoka Thompson led the migration of the Chahta Okla into ʋllo̱si i̱ topa during the Great War. She championed the revival of the Choctaw language and culture within the vault.
Miko John Redbird (2107-2161) - Miko John Redbird was instrumental in overseeing the expansion of ʋllo̱si i̱ topa to accommodate the growing population after discovering that surface reclamation would be nearly impossible in their native home. His era was defined by infrastructural development and enhancements in sustainable living practices.
Tribal Council Regency (2161-2250) - After the passing of John Redbird a tribal regency council was founded to oversee the needs of ʋllo̱si i̱ topa. The elders of this council would scheme to prevent elections and maintain power for 89 years, the council shifted seats several dozen times before a vote was passed to re allow elections for Miko after young chata okla began to rebel against the elder council.
Miko Michael Battiest (2250- Current 2284) - Miko Michael Battiest has led the Choctaw in a cautious re-engagement with the surface world after learning that a steady supply of fusion cores would be required to expand the city’s power capacities. This has been met with multiple conflicts with the Brotherhood of Steel in attempts to make contact with soldiers in power armor to inquire about fusion cores. The Brotherhood views the Choctaw as a potential threat due to their advanced knowledge of prewar technology.
Link to my Setting in Progress: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CpJY2QFzaEbpiWj4crv-J8yr3aODpQbqU2ne92wuxW0/edit?usp=sharing