Example of literature review outline
Unresolved Mysteries
2013.04.09 22:38 AlanFSeem Unresolved Mysteries
A subreddit dedicated to the unresolved mysteries of the world. Submissions should outline a mystery and provide a link to a more detailed review of the case such as a Wiki article or news report. Replies analysing and speculating over the mystery and possible explanations are encouraged. -
2011.06.01 19:45 MackieDrew YouTubers - A place for YouTube Creators
A community for established YouTube creators.
2008.12.28 09:11 News, Reviews and Everything Else Graphic Novels
Let's talk about graphic novels – from action-packed adventures to intimate memoirs, from meticulous non-fiction to wild surrealism! Share your favorites, showcase your collections, and discuss the latest graphic novel news!
2024.05.29 03:30 Annabelle-Surely Large unreported bias about the Gaza war, whistleblow
Unfortunately it seems likely that the non-Muslims who comment on the Gaza war don't understand Islam, and that the Muslim commentators don't admit that they have a bias, meanwhile Islam in fact plays a role in the Gaza war. A relevant summary:
Muhammad started his own religion when he was forty and immediately came into conflict with the other religious people of his community, mostly polytheists and Jews. Muhammad became a war general and spent the next ten years of his life trying to kill off the other religions around him. He succeeded.
During this time, every day he in essence gave war pep-talks to his troops. As most of their fighting was against Jews, most of the war pep-talks were against Jews. His followers wrote down everything he said every day, mostly in the form of scraps of paper containing short segments. When he died, his followers swept these scraps of paper together to make first the Quran, then the Hadith, as there were thousands of these scraps of paper.
The entirety of the Islamic literature reads, therefore, like a slow, hypnotic rant against Jews, and also against Christians, against polytheists, against other now obscure and defeated religions, and against all non-Muslim "disbelievers" in general.
Mostly though, it focuses on Jews. The first two main chapters of the Quran in fact are about Jews: chapter 2 "The Cow", criticizing the Jews for once worshipping a golden calf, and chapter 3 "The Family of Imran (Moses)", meaning all of the Jews. There's not much difference between any of the Quran or Hadith chapters though; they all continue along mostly in the same way as the first two and are titled variously by the scant amounts of other concepts sometimes explored in the chapters. Mostly it's all a slow, hypnotic rant against all Jews and other non-believers.
If you don't believe any of this, check it for a first time. You'll be shocked. Islam is an inherently discriminatory religion toward Jews, and that's really the basis of the aggression that comes out of Gaza and other places toward them.
Most revelatory of all in this regard is the fact (if you check your history books) that the Ottoman Empire participated in attacking Britain and the allies in World War 1, and Britain won over them, obtaining what is today the Gaza, Israel, and West Bank areas. There was never any Jewish theft. Britain wanted to let the Jews move into that land afterward, and it was their choice to do so, as it was the Brits' land.
The Jews were met with immediate violence from the Muslims, whose religion tells them to attack Jews. It got worse. Sick of the violence, the Jews declared independence for their territory and formed a state. This was fair and appropriate. Immediately, large groups of Muslims combined armies to try to massacre the Jews. They were repelled.
It never stopped. The Muslims tried to combine armies and massacre the Jews again, in '67. They were repelled that time too.
Then in 2007 Gaza started the Gaza War against the Jews, and have fought it every day since, including today. They've been rocketing Israel constantly since 2007; October 7th was just a sort of culmination.
By the way, declaring independence and forming a state was the pattern set for and by every other territorial area that was formed out of the Ottoman Empire- resulting in every Middle Eastern state you see today- Israel did nothing different, and did not need a reason to do it- Gaza and the West Bank have always had the same ability, but have torn themselves apart fighting each other instead, while the world continues to wait on them. Also, they need to not form a government that declares war against Israel as part of its foundation. That’s the other reason they haven’t formed any real states yet. No one would stop them from doing so if they did it without any war declarations. The concept that anyone else in the world would somehow be able to give them a state is bogus.
The real problem will be solved when the world has a conversation with Islam, telling them to give up the part about cursing non-believers: approximately half the content of the Islamic religion. Then the Gazans can live non-aggressively with Jews next to them. So as well with the West Bank, Jordan/Iraq/Syria/Libya/Yemen/Iran, the twenty-or-so other nations that don't accept Israeli passports, etcetera.
Before any moderators, members of this site, or non-members of this site, try to get me banned or give me -100 karma points, insisting that I’m biased or that I’ve made this up: I challenge you to read or watch any summary of the life of Muhammad and the first ten years of Islam, then to read the first hundred pages of any English translation of the Quran, then to read the sub-chapter “Fighting Jews” of the chapter “Jihad” of the Al-Bukhari hadith book, then to read Gaza’s government charter “The Hamas Covenant”. If you put in a few minutes a day it’ll take you about two weeks. Don’t complain about me asking you to do this much research; it’s not much and it’s a bare minimum I can think of for you to check my work. Then you’re going to ask the same question I asked, “Why haven’t I heard of this from anyone or any side reporting on the Gaza war?” I believe the answer is several-fold: one is that there is simply a shocking lack of bothering to do much research by even those most vocal about the conflict. Two is that those who know about this know that no outsider asked for support of Gaza would sympathize with them if they knew about this. Three is that this stuff is outrageous, and no one wants to be the deliverer of that outrage, or get accused themselves of making this up. Four (and you’ll have to read to understand this) is that the believers are told in general to not trust disbelievers, which would include not telling them the truth. If you believed someone else was going to Hell, but that they didn’t know about it, would you tell them? They’re not gonna like hearing it; why tell them? Count the number of times Muhammad says all Jews and disbelievers are going to Hell in the Quran. You’ll lose count by about page 25 and it just keeps going like that.
All the resources mentioned are easily available online for free in pdf form or otherwise; just do a search for each, and youtube has lots of good videos on Muhammad’s life. I also highly recommend you watch overhead-battle-analysis-style videos (like Kings & Generals channel & similar) to review every single early battle of Islam, in order. You may also want to watch some on the first few battles of Abu Bakr also, the guy who picked up Muhammad’s war banner after him and carried on the violent conquest of the entire Arabian Peninsula, eradicating one by one what used to be a diverse array of now-extinct local religions. You could check out a copy of the Quran translated or order one, which I also recommend. I have Pickthall’s translation as a hard copy and I recommend it; I also used three different online Qurans and three different online Al-Bukhari hadiths (I wanted to make sure I wasn’t making any mistake by reading some bad translation; turned out nope they all read like that).
And before anyone says, well, that kind of stuff is said in the Bible too… First of all, find it; second of all, if it says that kind of stuff even a handful of times in the Bible, that’s different from Islam’s thousand times saying it, over and over again- it’s really a different sort of book.
I want to say last that the Muslims aren’t “like this”; rather, they’re told to be like this, by a high-pressure, demanding religion. They’re also told I’m sure, as for Gaza, by their friends, parents, neighbors, grandparents, local TV stations, and government, what is truly an altered version of history, wherein the Jews “stole” Palestine. They’re taught to distrust anything that the West says against that, because they’re taught to distrust disbelievers- of course the disbelievers would lie about this stuff- “hasbara”. The Jews “stole” Palestine, so, they’re “occupiers”. They don’t want to sound racist because they know discrimination is not tolerated in the disbelievers’ world, so they say “Zionists”, in place of “Jews”. Underneath it, they’re not saying much to the outside world- just enough and in just the right ways to sound presumably appropriate and reasonable, legitimate. It’s like a big game to try to get what they want (Jews expelled or killed), or, as discussed above, it's that they unfortunately don't know any better cause they've been lied to themselves. To the extent that anyone knows this stuff though and hasn't mentioned it, I would feel that we’ve been lied to and played for fools, and it makes me want to say screw the Squad, Sanders, and the campus protests... all right here on American soil!!!! I trust the vast majority of Muslims are not like this. I think they are too afraid though to voice any opposition to any of the Muslims who are hardcore about this stuff, of which Gaza and the West Bank have become the best examples- I told you to read the Hamas Covenant so I’ll trust you’ll do it; meanwhile I’ll add that the guy who ran the West Bank, Abbas, wrote his own dissertation as a youth on his conspiracy theory that the Jews “did the Holocaust to themselves, to create false international sympathy and a pretext for stealing Israel”, and he has continued to educate the West Bank’s people with this line of reasoning, making “Nakba day” into a sort of mockery of anyone else’s Holocaust remembrances. Meanwhile Iran continues determined to one day lead the eradication.
If you care about caring, do the right thing- help educate others on what’s really going on in Gaza. It’s bigger than the past few months, it’s bigger than October 7th, it’s even bigger than tens of thousands of casualties, and if we don’t do the right thing (demand and converse about how disbelievers have rights too), one day far in the future that total may be millions or billions. The time is now to resolve this between all of us, with words. Learn about and then be vocal about the unfairness of Islam. Demand rights. Have conversations.
To add to this goal, I offer the following:
I make this contract with Islam, whether they agree or not:
Disbelievers’ Bill of Rights:
You don’t have to surrender to Islam, completely, if any of it seems wrong to you. For that matter, you can pick any religion, you can pick no religion, you can make up your own religion, you can institute your own renewal of Islam and start a new chapter on it; you can do anything you want on this planet, and no lightning bolt will strike you from anyone’s god. If the afterlife is real, then you’re going to it whether you believe in it or whether you disbelieve in it. If there’s Heaven and Hell, you’re going to Heaven for being a good person, Hell for being a bad person.
Also, Muhammad may have said that his teachings were “a Book”. However, Muhammad did not give any specifics instructions to make any book exactly in the fashion in which the Quran and Hadith and others (Kitube of Shia, Wahhabiism’s books, Salafist works etcetera) were made, and, I believe that Muhammad would have seen the error in making them in those exact ways- this would cause problems later- the format is too heavy on the disbelievers- it will someday make for a problematic relationship between different faiths- you should feel free to rearrange any and all verses, excluding as many as you like, reinterpreting any you like, to make any new Book that makes more sense for use as an every-day, all-time religious book: one that focuses on “the good stuff” and not the bad. Muhammad needed to rally an army every day. We don’t need that in our daily lives now that we’re all trying to put war away. This is the 21st century. Nine nations use nukes, and two of them are Muslim (Pakistan, Kazakhstan). We need to right now make decisions that will put away all war inclinations between us forever. If you don’t like my way of doing it, come up with something better and suggest it. I say we can do it by having a conversation where disbelievers stick up for themselves and believers listen.
And, I suggest this interpretation: perhaps Allah wanted to include a sort of test, within Islam, to separate hypocrites from believers- Allah included a bunch of stuff telling you that disbelievers are bad and to attack them. Maybe it’s to see who rejects that, to send them to Paradise, and to see who decides to act on it, to send them to Hell.
There is plenty of evidence that this is true in Gaza right now. Why would Allah punish them unless they were bad? They have relentlessly attacked Israel for years. Maybe this is Allah’s punishment.
Also, you are free to associate with disbelievers, at any time and place, whatever they’re saying at the time. You can date and intermarry with disbelievers if you like. Try not calling them disbelievers and you’ll have luck.
I also state that I am a learned scholar (college degree earned, floor-to-ceiling stacks of nonfiction books read, research published) and I am authorized to make fatwa (judgments) and to issue tafsir (commentary/interpretations on holy works).
As a warning to angry-comment-posters: you may find that I can back up with references and examples every point I’ve made! Watch out!
That being said, am I wrong about anything? Please tell me if I have anything wrong; I can only do so much research and then sweep it all together off the top of my head. Let me know. I’ll apologize if I get something wrong and perhaps adjust my thesis.
submitted by Annabelle-Surely to IsraelAndPalestine [link] [comments]
Muhammad started his own religion when he was forty and immediately came into conflict with the other religious people of his community, mostly polytheists and Jews. Muhammad became a war general and spent the next ten years of his life trying to kill off the other religions around him. He succeeded.
During this time, every day he in essence gave war pep-talks to his troops. As most of their fighting was against Jews, most of the war pep-talks were against Jews. His followers wrote down everything he said every day, mostly in the form of scraps of paper containing short segments. When he died, his followers swept these scraps of paper together to make first the Quran, then the Hadith, as there were thousands of these scraps of paper.
The entirety of the Islamic literature reads, therefore, like a slow, hypnotic rant against Jews, and also against Christians, against polytheists, against other now obscure and defeated religions, and against all non-Muslim "disbelievers" in general.
Mostly though, it focuses on Jews. The first two main chapters of the Quran in fact are about Jews: chapter 2 "The Cow", criticizing the Jews for once worshipping a golden calf, and chapter 3 "The Family of Imran (Moses)", meaning all of the Jews. There's not much difference between any of the Quran or Hadith chapters though; they all continue along mostly in the same way as the first two and are titled variously by the scant amounts of other concepts sometimes explored in the chapters. Mostly it's all a slow, hypnotic rant against all Jews and other non-believers.
If you don't believe any of this, check it for a first time. You'll be shocked. Islam is an inherently discriminatory religion toward Jews, and that's really the basis of the aggression that comes out of Gaza and other places toward them.
Most revelatory of all in this regard is the fact (if you check your history books) that the Ottoman Empire participated in attacking Britain and the allies in World War 1, and Britain won over them, obtaining what is today the Gaza, Israel, and West Bank areas. There was never any Jewish theft. Britain wanted to let the Jews move into that land afterward, and it was their choice to do so, as it was the Brits' land.
The Jews were met with immediate violence from the Muslims, whose religion tells them to attack Jews. It got worse. Sick of the violence, the Jews declared independence for their territory and formed a state. This was fair and appropriate. Immediately, large groups of Muslims combined armies to try to massacre the Jews. They were repelled.
It never stopped. The Muslims tried to combine armies and massacre the Jews again, in '67. They were repelled that time too.
Then in 2007 Gaza started the Gaza War against the Jews, and have fought it every day since, including today. They've been rocketing Israel constantly since 2007; October 7th was just a sort of culmination.
By the way, declaring independence and forming a state was the pattern set for and by every other territorial area that was formed out of the Ottoman Empire- resulting in every Middle Eastern state you see today- Israel did nothing different, and did not need a reason to do it- Gaza and the West Bank have always had the same ability, but have torn themselves apart fighting each other instead, while the world continues to wait on them. Also, they need to not form a government that declares war against Israel as part of its foundation. That’s the other reason they haven’t formed any real states yet. No one would stop them from doing so if they did it without any war declarations. The concept that anyone else in the world would somehow be able to give them a state is bogus.
The real problem will be solved when the world has a conversation with Islam, telling them to give up the part about cursing non-believers: approximately half the content of the Islamic religion. Then the Gazans can live non-aggressively with Jews next to them. So as well with the West Bank, Jordan/Iraq/Syria/Libya/Yemen/Iran, the twenty-or-so other nations that don't accept Israeli passports, etcetera.
Before any moderators, members of this site, or non-members of this site, try to get me banned or give me -100 karma points, insisting that I’m biased or that I’ve made this up: I challenge you to read or watch any summary of the life of Muhammad and the first ten years of Islam, then to read the first hundred pages of any English translation of the Quran, then to read the sub-chapter “Fighting Jews” of the chapter “Jihad” of the Al-Bukhari hadith book, then to read Gaza’s government charter “The Hamas Covenant”. If you put in a few minutes a day it’ll take you about two weeks. Don’t complain about me asking you to do this much research; it’s not much and it’s a bare minimum I can think of for you to check my work. Then you’re going to ask the same question I asked, “Why haven’t I heard of this from anyone or any side reporting on the Gaza war?” I believe the answer is several-fold: one is that there is simply a shocking lack of bothering to do much research by even those most vocal about the conflict. Two is that those who know about this know that no outsider asked for support of Gaza would sympathize with them if they knew about this. Three is that this stuff is outrageous, and no one wants to be the deliverer of that outrage, or get accused themselves of making this up. Four (and you’ll have to read to understand this) is that the believers are told in general to not trust disbelievers, which would include not telling them the truth. If you believed someone else was going to Hell, but that they didn’t know about it, would you tell them? They’re not gonna like hearing it; why tell them? Count the number of times Muhammad says all Jews and disbelievers are going to Hell in the Quran. You’ll lose count by about page 25 and it just keeps going like that.
All the resources mentioned are easily available online for free in pdf form or otherwise; just do a search for each, and youtube has lots of good videos on Muhammad’s life. I also highly recommend you watch overhead-battle-analysis-style videos (like Kings & Generals channel & similar) to review every single early battle of Islam, in order. You may also want to watch some on the first few battles of Abu Bakr also, the guy who picked up Muhammad’s war banner after him and carried on the violent conquest of the entire Arabian Peninsula, eradicating one by one what used to be a diverse array of now-extinct local religions. You could check out a copy of the Quran translated or order one, which I also recommend. I have Pickthall’s translation as a hard copy and I recommend it; I also used three different online Qurans and three different online Al-Bukhari hadiths (I wanted to make sure I wasn’t making any mistake by reading some bad translation; turned out nope they all read like that).
And before anyone says, well, that kind of stuff is said in the Bible too… First of all, find it; second of all, if it says that kind of stuff even a handful of times in the Bible, that’s different from Islam’s thousand times saying it, over and over again- it’s really a different sort of book.
I want to say last that the Muslims aren’t “like this”; rather, they’re told to be like this, by a high-pressure, demanding religion. They’re also told I’m sure, as for Gaza, by their friends, parents, neighbors, grandparents, local TV stations, and government, what is truly an altered version of history, wherein the Jews “stole” Palestine. They’re taught to distrust anything that the West says against that, because they’re taught to distrust disbelievers- of course the disbelievers would lie about this stuff- “hasbara”. The Jews “stole” Palestine, so, they’re “occupiers”. They don’t want to sound racist because they know discrimination is not tolerated in the disbelievers’ world, so they say “Zionists”, in place of “Jews”. Underneath it, they’re not saying much to the outside world- just enough and in just the right ways to sound presumably appropriate and reasonable, legitimate. It’s like a big game to try to get what they want (Jews expelled or killed), or, as discussed above, it's that they unfortunately don't know any better cause they've been lied to themselves. To the extent that anyone knows this stuff though and hasn't mentioned it, I would feel that we’ve been lied to and played for fools, and it makes me want to say screw the Squad, Sanders, and the campus protests... all right here on American soil!!!! I trust the vast majority of Muslims are not like this. I think they are too afraid though to voice any opposition to any of the Muslims who are hardcore about this stuff, of which Gaza and the West Bank have become the best examples- I told you to read the Hamas Covenant so I’ll trust you’ll do it; meanwhile I’ll add that the guy who ran the West Bank, Abbas, wrote his own dissertation as a youth on his conspiracy theory that the Jews “did the Holocaust to themselves, to create false international sympathy and a pretext for stealing Israel”, and he has continued to educate the West Bank’s people with this line of reasoning, making “Nakba day” into a sort of mockery of anyone else’s Holocaust remembrances. Meanwhile Iran continues determined to one day lead the eradication.
If you care about caring, do the right thing- help educate others on what’s really going on in Gaza. It’s bigger than the past few months, it’s bigger than October 7th, it’s even bigger than tens of thousands of casualties, and if we don’t do the right thing (demand and converse about how disbelievers have rights too), one day far in the future that total may be millions or billions. The time is now to resolve this between all of us, with words. Learn about and then be vocal about the unfairness of Islam. Demand rights. Have conversations.
To add to this goal, I offer the following:
I make this contract with Islam, whether they agree or not:
Disbelievers’ Bill of Rights:
- The disbelievers have rights too.
- The disbelievers have wonderful and diverse cultures of their own, that are not to be eradicated; Earth is good when its cultures are diverse and not homogenized.
- The disbelievers are not going to Hell for disbelieving Islam.
- The believers are not going to Paradise for eradicating the disbelievers.
- There will be no “final day” where all the Jews are killed.
- Jesus will not show up on the final day to personally kill all the Jews (Islamic eschatology).
- Disbelievers have the right to not be discriminated against or degraded by the believers. Any disbelievers neighboring believers are not to have rocks thrown at them, suicide attacks launched at them, rockets launched at them, rifles or pistols fired at them, etcetera.
- Disbelievers have the right to not tolerate any literature that discriminates against them or is derogatory or degrading toward them, or that advocates any sort of violence against them, or that proscribes any mistreatment of them.
You don’t have to surrender to Islam, completely, if any of it seems wrong to you. For that matter, you can pick any religion, you can pick no religion, you can make up your own religion, you can institute your own renewal of Islam and start a new chapter on it; you can do anything you want on this planet, and no lightning bolt will strike you from anyone’s god. If the afterlife is real, then you’re going to it whether you believe in it or whether you disbelieve in it. If there’s Heaven and Hell, you’re going to Heaven for being a good person, Hell for being a bad person.
Also, Muhammad may have said that his teachings were “a Book”. However, Muhammad did not give any specifics instructions to make any book exactly in the fashion in which the Quran and Hadith and others (Kitube of Shia, Wahhabiism’s books, Salafist works etcetera) were made, and, I believe that Muhammad would have seen the error in making them in those exact ways- this would cause problems later- the format is too heavy on the disbelievers- it will someday make for a problematic relationship between different faiths- you should feel free to rearrange any and all verses, excluding as many as you like, reinterpreting any you like, to make any new Book that makes more sense for use as an every-day, all-time religious book: one that focuses on “the good stuff” and not the bad. Muhammad needed to rally an army every day. We don’t need that in our daily lives now that we’re all trying to put war away. This is the 21st century. Nine nations use nukes, and two of them are Muslim (Pakistan, Kazakhstan). We need to right now make decisions that will put away all war inclinations between us forever. If you don’t like my way of doing it, come up with something better and suggest it. I say we can do it by having a conversation where disbelievers stick up for themselves and believers listen.
And, I suggest this interpretation: perhaps Allah wanted to include a sort of test, within Islam, to separate hypocrites from believers- Allah included a bunch of stuff telling you that disbelievers are bad and to attack them. Maybe it’s to see who rejects that, to send them to Paradise, and to see who decides to act on it, to send them to Hell.
There is plenty of evidence that this is true in Gaza right now. Why would Allah punish them unless they were bad? They have relentlessly attacked Israel for years. Maybe this is Allah’s punishment.
Also, you are free to associate with disbelievers, at any time and place, whatever they’re saying at the time. You can date and intermarry with disbelievers if you like. Try not calling them disbelievers and you’ll have luck.
I also state that I am a learned scholar (college degree earned, floor-to-ceiling stacks of nonfiction books read, research published) and I am authorized to make fatwa (judgments) and to issue tafsir (commentary/interpretations on holy works).
As a warning to angry-comment-posters: you may find that I can back up with references and examples every point I’ve made! Watch out!
That being said, am I wrong about anything? Please tell me if I have anything wrong; I can only do so much research and then sweep it all together off the top of my head. Let me know. I’ll apologize if I get something wrong and perhaps adjust my thesis.
2024.05.29 03:14 redlight886 February 1998 PLAYBOY Interview with Conan O'Brien [additional content]
PLAYBOY Interview With Conan O'Brien Interview by Kevin Cook For Playboy Magazine February 1998
A candid conversation with the preppie prince of "Late Night" about his rocky start, his show's secret one-day cancellation and how David Letterman saved the day.
He was polite. He was funny. He gave us a communicable disease.
At 34 Conan O'Brien is hotter than the fever he was running when we met in his private domain above the "Late Night" sound stage. A gangly freckle-faced ex-high school geek he is "one of TV's hottest properties" according to "People" magazine. The host of "Late Night With Conan O'Brien" has become his generation's king of comedy.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Congested too, but O'Brien has far more to worry about than his head cold. A perfectionist who broods over one bad minute in an otherwise perfect hour of TV, he worries he might be anhedonic, "I have trouble with success," he says, "I was raised to believe that if something good happens something bad is coming." Sure things look good now "Rolling Stone" calls "Late Night" "the hottest comedy show on TV." Ratings are better than ever, particularly among 18- to 34-year-olds, the viewers advertisers crave.
But O'Brien only works harder. Despite his illness he taped two shows in 26 hours on three hours' sleep. He smoothly interviewed Elton John then burst into coughing fits during commercials. Later in his crammed corner office overlooking Manhattan traffic Conan the Cool gulped Dayquil gel caps. He coughed spewing microbes.
"Sorry, sorry," he said. Of course O'Brien can't complain. He came seriously close to falling to being banished behind the scenes as just another failed talk show host.
At his first "Late Night" press conference he corrected a reporter who called him a relative unknown, "Sir I am a complete unknown," he said. That line got a laugh, but soon O'Brien looked doomed. His September 13, 1993 debut began with O'Brien in his dressing room preparing to hang himself only to be interrupted by the start of his show. Before long his career was hanging by a thread. Ratings were terrible. Critics hated the show. Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" called it as "lifeless and messy as roadkill." Shales said O'Brien should quit.
Network officials held urgent meetings discussing the Conan O'Brien debacle. Should they fire him? How should they explain their mistake?
In the end of course he turned it around. The network hung with him long enough for the ratings to improve and the host of the cooler-than-ever "Late Night" now defines comedy's cutting edge just as Letterman did ten years ago.
Even Shales loves "Late Night" these days. He calls O'Brien's turnaround "one of the most amazing transformations in television history."
O'Brien was born on April 18, 1963 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, a doctor, is a professor at Harvard Medical School. His mother, a lawyer, is a partner at an elite Boston Law firm. Conan, the third of six children became a lector at church and a misfit at school. Tall and goofy, bedeviled with acne, he tried to impress girls with jokes. That plan usually bombed, but O'Brien eventually found his niche at Harvard where he won the presidency of the "Harvard Lampoon" in 1983 and again in 1984 - the first two-time "Lampoon" president since humorist Robert Benchley held the honor 85 years ago.
After graduating magna cum laude with a double major in literature and American history he turned pro. Writing for HBO's "Not Necessarily The News." O'Brien was earning $100,000 a year before his 24th birthday. But writing was never enough.
He honed his performance skills with the Groundlings, a Los Angeles improv group. There he worked with his onetime girlfriend Lisa Kudrow, now starring on "Friends." But Conan was not such a standout. In 1988 he landed a job at "Saturday Night Live" - but as a writer, not as on-air talent. In almost four years on the show O'Brien made only fleeting appearances, usually as a crowd member or security guard. His writing was more memorable. He wrote (or co-wrote) Tom hanks' "Mr Short-Term Memory" skits as well as the "pump you up" infosatire of Hanz and Franz and the nude beach sketch in which Matthew Broderick and "SNL" members played nudists admiring one another's penises. With dozens of mentions of the word that hit was the most penis-heavy moment in TV history. It helped O'Brien win an Emmy for comedy writing.
In 1991 he quit "SNL" and moved on to "The Simpsons" where he worked for two years. His urge to perform came out in wall-bouncing antics in writers' meetings. "Conan makes you fall out of your chair" said "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening. O'Brien's yen to act out was so strong that he spurned Fox's reported seven-figure offer to continue as a writer. He was driving for the spotlight.
By then David Letterman had announced he was turning shin - leaving NBC taking his ton-rated act to CBS. Suddenly NBC was up a creek without a host. The network turned to Lorne Michaels, O'Brien's "Saturday Night Live" boss. Michaels enlisted Conan's help in the host search planning to use him in a behind-the-scenes job. But when Garry Shandling, Dana Carvey and almost every other star turned down the chore of following Letterman, Michaels finally listened to Conan's crazy suggestion, "Let me do it!" Michaels persuaded the network to entrust it's 12:30 slot which Letterman had turned into a gold mine to an untested wiseass from Harvard.
O'Brien was working on one of his last "Simpsons" episodes when he got the news. He turned "paler than usual," Groening recalled. The Conan moseyed back to where the other writers were working, "I'll come back with the Homer Simspon joke later. I have to go replace Letterman," he said.
NBC executives now get credit for their foresight during those dark days of 1993 and 1994. They snared the axe and now reap the multimillion-dollar spoils of that decision. In fact, the story is not so simple. We sent Contributing Editor Kevin Cook to unravel the tale of O'Brien's survival, which he tells here for the first time. Cook reports:
"His office is chock-full of significa. There's a three-foot plastic pickle the Letterman staff left behind in 1993 - perhaps to suggest what a predicament he was in. There's a copy of Jack Paar's 'I Kid You Not' and a coffee-table book called 'Saturday Night Live: The First 20 Years.' His bulletin board features letters from fans such as John Watters and Bob Dole and an 8" x 10" glossy of Andy Richter with the inscription: "To Conan - Your bitter jealousy warms my black heart. Love and Kisses Andy."
"Of course it's all for show. From the photos of kitch icons Adam West and Robert Stack to the framed Stan Laurel autograph, from the deathbed painting of Abraham Lincoln, to the ironic star taped to Conan's door - they're all clever signals that tell a visitor how to view the star. Lincoln was his collegiate preoccupation: stardom is his occupation. Somewhere between the two I hoped to find the real O'Brien.
"As a Playboy reader he wanted to give me a better-than-average interview. I wanted something more - a definitive look at the guy who may end up being the Johnny Carson of his generation."
"Here's hoping we succeeded. If not I carried his germs 3000 miles and infected dozens of Californians for no good reason.
O'Brien: Yes, this is how to do a Playboy Interview -- completely tanked on cold medicine. I'll pick it up and read, "Yes, I'm gay."
Playboy: We could talk another time. O'Brien: (coughing) No, it's OK. I memorized Dennis Rodman's answers. Can I use them?
Playboy: You sound really sick. Do you ever take a day off? O'Brien: No. The age of talk show hosts taking days off is over. Johnny Carson could go to Africa when he was the only game in town -- "See you in two weeks!" But nobody does that now. I will give you a million dollars on the first day Jay takes off for illness.
Playboy: Do you ever slow down and enjoy your success? O'Brien: If anything, the pace is picking up. Restaurateurs insist on giving me a table even if I'm only passing by, so I'm eating nine meals a night. Women stop me on the street and hand me their phone numbers.
Playboy: So you have groupies? O'Brien: Oh yes. And other fans. Drifters. Prisoners. Insomniacs. Cab Drivers, who must watch a lot of late night TV, seem to love me lately. They keep saying, "You will not pay, you will not pay, you make me happy!"
Playboy: How happy did your new contract make you? O'Brien: Terrified. The network said, "We're all set for five years." I said, "Shut up, shut up! I can't think that far ahead." Tonight, for instance, I do my jokes, then interview Elton John and Tim Meadows. We finished taping about 6:30. By 6:45 my memory was erased and my only thought was, Tomorrow: John Tesh. And I started to obsess about John Tesh. Sad, don't you think?
Playboy: Not too sad. You got off to a rocky start but now you're so hot that People magazine recently said, "that was then, this is wow." O'Brien: I try not to pay much attention. Since I ignored the critics who said I should shoot myself in the head with a German Luger, it would be cheating to tear out nice reviews now and rub them all over my body, giggling. Though I have thought about it.
Playboy: Tell us about your trademark gag. You interview a photo of Bill Clinton or some other celeb, and a pair of superimposed lips provide outrageous answers. O'Brien: We call it the Clutch Cargo bit, after that terrible old cartoon series. They saved money on animation by superimposing real lips on the cartoons. I wanted to do topical jokes in a cartoony way -- not just Conan doing quips at a desk. TV is visual; I want things to look funny. But we're not Saturday Night Live; we couldn't spend $100,000 on it. Hence, the cheap, cheesy lips, You'd be surprised how many people we fool.
Playboy: Viewers believe that's really the president yelling, "Yee-haw! Who's got a joint?" O'Brien: It's strange. You may know intellectually that Clinton doesn't talk like Foghorn Leghorn. Ninety-eight percent of your brain knows the president wouldn't say, "Whoa Conan get a load of that girl!" But there are a few brain cells that aren't sure. When Bob Dole was running for president we had him doing a past-life regression: "My cave, get away." And then back further, "Must form flippers to crawl on to rocky soil," he says. There may be people out there who believe that Bob Dole was the first amphibian.
Playboy: Do you ever go too far? O'Brien: The fun is in going too far. It's a nice device because you get Bill Clinton to do the nastiest Bill Clinton jokes. We'll have Clinton making fart noises while I say "Sir! Please!"
Playboy: Are you enjoying your job now, with your new success? O'Brien: Well, there are surprises. I hate surprises. Like most comics, I'm a control freak. But I am learning that the show works best when things are out of control. Tonight I ask Elton John if he likes being neighbors with Joan Collins. He says he isn't neighbors with Joan Collins. He lives next door to Tina Turner. So I panic -- huge mistake! But Elton saves the day. "Joan Collins, Tina Turner, it doesn't matter. Either way I could borrow a wig," he says. Huge laugh, all because I fucked up. Later he surprised me by blurting out that he's hung like a horse. The camera cuts to me shaking my head: That crazy Elton. What can I do? Of course, I'm delighted that he went too far.
Playboy: That "What can I do?" look resembles a classic take of Jack Benny's. O'Brien: There's an old saying in literature: "Good poets borrow; great poets steal." I think T.S. Eliot stole it from Ezra Pound. Comics steal, too. Constantly. When I watched Johnny Carson, I noticed that he got a few takes from Benny and Bob Hope. When a comedy writer told me how much Woody Allen had borrowed from Hope, I thought, What? They're nothing alike. Then I went back and watched Son of Paleface, and there's Hope, the nervous city guy backing up on his heels, wringing his hands and saying, "Sorry, I'll just be moving along." Now look at early Woody Allen. You see big authority figures and Woody nervously saying, "Look, I'll just be on my way." Of course Woody made it his own, but he must have watched and loved Bob Hope.
Playboy: Who are your role models? O'Brien: Carson. Woody Allen. SCTV. Peter Sellers. When Peter Sellers died I felt such a loss, thinking, There won't be anymore of that. There's some Steve Martin in my false bravado with female guests: "Why, hel-lo there!" And I won't deny having some Letterman in my bones.
Playboy: You were surprise as Letterman's successor. At first you seemed like the wrong choice. O'Brien: I didn't get ratings. That doesn't mean I didn't get laughs. Yes, I had a giant pompadour and I looked like a rockabilly freak. I was too excited, pushed too hard, and people said, "That guy isn't a polished performer." Fine! But it isn't my goal to be Joe Handsomehead cool, smooth talk show host. Late Night with Conan O'Brien is supposed to be a work in progress, and now that we've had some success there's a danger of our getting too polished and morphing into something smoothly professional. Which would suck.
Do you know why I wanted this show? Because Late Night with David Letterman played with the rules and it looked like fun. Here was a place where people did risky comedy every night for millions of people. We had to keep this thing alive. There should be a place on a big network where people are still messing around.
Playboy: How bad were your early days on the show? O'Brien: Bad. Dave left here under a cloud: his fans and the media were angry with NBC. Then NBC picks a guy with crazy hair and a weird name. And the world says, "Harvard? Those guys are assholes." I sincerely hope that the winter of December 1993, our first winter, was the worst time I will ever have. I'd go out to do the warm up and the back two rows of seats would be empty. That's hard to look at. I would tell a joke and then hear someone whisper, "Who's he? Where's Dave?"
Playboy: You had trouble getting guests. O'Brien: Bob Denver canceled on us. We shot a test show with Al Lewis of The Munsters. We did the clutch cargo thing with a photo of Herman Munster. Unfortunately, Fred Gwynne, who played Herman, had recently died, and Al Lewis kept pointing at the screen, saying, "You're dead! I was at your funeral!"
Playboy: For months you got worried notes from network executives. What did they say? O'Brien: They were worried. The fact that Lorne Michaels was involved bought me some time. But Lorne had turned to me at the start and said, "OK, Conan. What do you want to do?" Now television critics were after me and the network was starting to realize what a risk I was. Suggestions came fast and furious. I kept the note that said, "Why don't you just die?"
Playboy: Did they suggest ways to be funnier? O'Brien: They were more specific and tactical. The network gets very specific data. Say there was a drop in ratings between 12:44 and 12:48 when I was talking to Jon Bon Jovi. I'll be told, "Don't ever talk to him again" Or they'll want me to tease viewers into staying with us: "You should tease that -- say, 'We'll have nudity coming up next!'"
Playboy: You did come close to being cancelled. O'Brien: We were cancelled.
Playboy: Really? You have never admitted that. O'Brien: This is the first time I've talked about it. When I had been on for about a year, there was a meeting at the network. They decided to cancel my show. They said, "It's cancelled." Next day they realized they had nothing to put in the 12:30 slot, so we got a reprieve.
Playboy: Were you worried sick? O'Brien: I went into denial. I tried hard not to think, Yes, I'm bad on the air and my show has none of the things a TV show needs to survive. We had no ratings. No critics in our corner. Advertisers didn't like us. Affiliates wanted to drop us. Sometimes I'd meet a programming director from a local station where we had no rating at all. The guy would show me a printout with no number for Late Night's rating, just a hash mark or pound sign. I didn't dare think about that when I went out to do the show.
Playboy: Are you defending denial? O'Brien: How else does anyone get through a terrible experience? The odds were against me. Rationally, I didn't have much chance. Denial was my only friend. When I look back on the first year, it's like a scene from an old war movie: Ordinary guy gets thrown into combat, somehow beats impossible odds, staggers to safety. His buddy say, "You could have been killed!" The guy stops and thinks. "Could have been killed?" he says. His eyes cross and he faints.
Playboy: How did you dodge the bullet? O'Brien: There were people at NBC who stood up for me. I will always be indebted to Don Ohlmeyer, who stuck to his guns. Don said, "We chose this guy. We should stick with him unless we get a better plan." He was brutally honest. He came to me and said, "Give me about a 15 percent bump in the ratings and you'll stay on the air. If not, we're going to move on."
Playboy: Ohlmeyer started his career in the sports division. O'Brien: Exactly, his take was, "You're on our team." Of course, it wasn't exactly rational of Don to hope I'd be 15 percent funnier. It was like telling a farmer, "It better rain this week or we'll take your farm away."
Playboy: What did you say to Ohlmeyer? O'Brien: There wasn't time. I had to go out and do a monologue. But I will always be indebted to Don because he told me the truth. Wait a minute -- you have tricked me into talking lovingly about an NBC executive. Let me say that there were others who were beneath contempt -- executives who wouldn't know a good show if it swam up their asses and lit a campfire.
Playboy: Finally the ratings went your way. Hard work rewarded? O'Brien: Well, I also paid off the Nielsen people. That was $140,000 well spent.
Playboy: Ohlmeyer plus bribery saved you? O'Brien: There was something else. Just when everyone was kicking the crap out of the show, Letterman defended me.
Playboy: Letterman had signed off on NBC saying, "I don't really know Conan O'Brien, but I heard he killed someone." O'Brien: Then I pick up the paper and he's saying he thinks I am going to make it. "They do some interesting, innovative stuff over there," he says. "I think Conan will prevail." And then he came on as a guest. Remember, this was when we were at our nadir. There was no Machiavellian reason for David Letterman, who at the time was the biggest thing in show business, to be on my show.
Playboy: Why did he do it? O'Brien: I'm still not sure. Maybe out of a sense of honor. Fair play. And it woke me up. It made me think. Hey, we have a real fucking television show here.
Of six or seven pivotal points in my short history here, that was the first and maybe the biggest. I wouldn't be sitting here -- I probably wouldn't even exist today -- if he hadn't done our show.
Playboy: The Late Night wars were hardly noted for friendly gestures. O'Brien: How little you understand. Jay, Dave and I pal around all the time. We often ride a bicycle built for three up to the country. "Nice job with Fran Drescher!" "Thanks, pal. You weren't so bad with John Tesh." We sleep in triple-decker bunk beds and snore in unison like the Three Stooges.
Playboy: You talk more about Letterman than your NBC teammate Leno. O'Brien: I hate the "Leno or Letterman, who's better?" question. I can tell you that Jay has been great to me. He calls me occasionally.
Playboy: To say what? O'Brien: (Doing Leno's voice) "Hey, liked that bit you did last night." Or he'll say he saw we got a good rating. I call him at work, too. It can be a strange conversation because we're so different. Jay, for instance, really loves cars. He's got antique cars with kerosene lanterns, cars that run on peat moss. He'll be telling me about some classic car he has, made entirely of brass and leather, and I'll say, "Yeah, man, I got the Taurus with the vinyl." One thing we have in common is bad guests. There are certain actors, celebrities with nothing to say, who move through the talk show world wreaking havoc. They lay waste to Dave's town and Jay's town, then head my way.
Playboy: You must be getting some good guests. Your ratings have shown a marked improvement. O'Brien: Remember, when you're on at 12:30 the Nielsens are based on 80 people. My ratings drop if one person has a head cold and goes to bed early.
Playboy: Actually, you're seen by about 3 million people a night. Your ratings would be even higher if college dorms weren't excluded from the Nielsens. How many points does that cost you? O'Brien: I told you I'm an idiot. Now I have to do math too?
Playboy: Do you still get suggestions from NBC executives? O'Brien: Not as many. The number of notes you get is inversely proportional to your ratings.
Playboy: What keeps you motivated? O'Brien: Superstition. We have a stagehand, Bobby Bowman, who holds up the curtain when I run out for the monologue. He is the last person I see before the show starts, and I have to make him laugh before I go out. It started with mild jabs: "Bobby, you're drunk again." Bobby laughs, "Heehee."" Then it was, "Still having trouble with the wife, Bobby?" But after hundreds of shows, you find yourself running out of lines. It's gotten to where I do crass things at the last second. I'll put his hand on my ass and yell, "You fucking pervert!" Or drop to my knees and say, "Come on, Bobby, I'll give you a blow job!"
"Ha-ha. Conan, you're crazy," he says. But even that stuff wears off. Soon, I'll be making the writers work late to give me new jokes for Bobby.
Playboy: Did you plan to be a talk show host or did you fall into the job? O'Brien: I was an Irish Catholic kid from St. Ignatius parish in Brookline, outside of Boston. And that meant: Don't call attention to yourself. Don't ask for too much when the pie comes around. Don't get a girl pregnant and fuck up your life.
Playboy: Were you an alter boy? O'Brien: I wanted to be an alter boy, but the priest at St. Ignatius said, "No, no. You're good on your feet, kid," and made me a lector. A scripture reader at Mass. He was the one who spotted my talent.
Playboy: What did you think of sex in those days? O'Brien: I was sexually repressed. At 16 I still thought human reproduction was by mitosis.
Playboy: How did you get over your sexual repression? O'Brien: Who says I got over it? My leg has been jiggling this whole time.
Playboy: What were you like in high school? O'Brien: Like a crane galumphing down the hall. A crane with weird hair, bad skin and Clearasil. Big enough for basketball but lousy at it. My older brothers were better. I would compensate by running around the court doing comedy, saying, "Look out, this player has a drug addiction. He's incredibly egotistical."
I was an asshole at home, too. My little brother Justin loved playing cops and robbers, but I kept tying him up with bureaucratic bullshit. When he'd catch me, I'd say, "I get to call my lawyer." Then it was, "OK, Justin, we're at trial and you've been charged with illegal arrest. Fill out these forms in triplicate." Justin was eight; he hated all the lawsuits and countersuits. He just cried.
Playboy: Were you a class clown? O'Brien: Never. I was never someone who walked into a room full of strangers and started telling jokes. You had to get to know me before I could make you laugh. The same thing happened with Late Night. I needed to get the right rhythm with Andy and Max and the audience.
Playboy: So how did you finally learn about sex? O'Brien: My parents gave me a book, but it was useless. At the crucial moment, all it showed was a man and a woman with the bed covers pulled up to their chins. I tried to find out more from friends, but it didn't help. One childhood friend told me it was like parking a car in a garage. I kept worrying about poisonous fumes. What if the fumes build up? Should you shut off the engine?
Playboy: For all your talk about being repressed, you can be rowdy on the air. O'Brien: The show is my escape valve. When I tear off my shirt and gyrate my pelvis like Robert Plant, feigning orgasm into the microphone, that shows how repressed I am -- a guy who wants to push his sex at the lens but can only do it as a joke.
Playboy: Aren't you tempted to live it up? O'Brien: I always imagined that if I were a TV star I would live the way I pictured Johnny Carson living. Carousing, stepping out of a limo wearing a velvet ascot with a model on my arm. Now that I have the TV show, I drive up to Connecticut on the weekends and tool around in my car. I could probably join a free-sex cult, smoke crack between orgies and drive sports cars into swimming pools, and my Catholic guilt would still be there, throbbing like a toothache. Be careful. If something good happens, something bad is on the way.
Playboy: Yet you don't mind licking the supermodels. O'Brien: At one point a few of them lived in my building, women who are so beautiful they almost look weird, like aliens. To me, a woman who has a certain approachable amount of beauty becomes almost funny. It's the same with male supermodels. They look like big puppets. So while I admire their beauty I probably won't be "romantically linked" with a model. I'd catch my reflection in a ballroom mirror and break up laughing.
Playboy: The horny Roy Orbison growl you use on gorgeous guests sounds real enough -- O'Brien: Oh, I've been doing that shit since high school. It just never worked before.
Playboy: Your father is a doctor, your mother an attorney. What do they think of their son the comedian? O'Brien: My dad was the one who told me denial was a virtue. "Denial is how people get through horrible things," he said. He also cut out a newspaper article in which I said I was making money off something for which I should probably be treated. So true, he thought. But when I got an Emmy for helping write Saturday Night Live, my parents put it on the mantel next to the crucifix. Here's Jesus looking over, saying, "Wow, I saved mankind from sin, but I wish I had an Emmy."
Playboy: Ever been in therapy? O'Brien: Yes. I don't trust it. I have told therapists that I don't particularly want to feel good. "Repression and fear, that's my fuel." But the therapists said that I had nothing to worry about. "Don't worry Conan you will always be plenty fucked up."
Playboy: When a female guest comes out, how do you know whether to shake her hand or kiss her? Is that rehearsed O'Brien: No, and it's awkward. If you go to shake her hand and her head starts coming right at you, you have to change strategy fast. I have thought about using the show to make women kiss me, but that would probably creep out the people at home. I decided not to kiss Elton John.
Playboy: Do you get all fired up if Cindy Crawford or Rebecca Romijn does the show? O'Brien: I like making women laugh. Always have, ever since I discovered you can get girls' attention by acting like an ass. That's one of the joys of the show -- I'm working my eyebrows and going grrr and she's laughing, the audience is laughing. It's all a big put-on and I'm thinking. This is great. Here is a beautiful woman who has no choice but to put up with this shit.
But it's not always put on. Sometimes they flirt back. Sometimes there's a bit of chemistry. That happened with Jennifer Connelly of The Rocketeer.
Playboy: One guest, Jill Hennessy, took off her pants for you. Then you removed yours. Even Penn and Teller took off their pants. O'Brien: Something comes over me. It happened with Rebecca Romijn -- I was practically climbing her. Those are the times when Andy and the audience seem to disappear and it's just me and this lovely woman sitting there flirting. I keep expecting a waiter to say, "More wine, Monsieur?"
Playboy: Would you lick the wine bottle? O'Brien: It's true, there's a lot of licking on the show. I have licked guests. I have licked Andy. Comedy professionals will read this and say, "Great work, Conan. Impressive." But I have learned that if you lick a guest, people laugh. If I pick this shoe off the floor, examine it, Hmmm, and then lick it, people laugh. I learned this lesson on The Simpsons, where I was the writer who was forever trying to entertain the other writers. I still try desperately to make our writers laugh, which is probably a sign of sickness since they work for me now. Licking is one of those things that look funny.
Playboy: Johnny Carson never licked Ed McMahon. O'Brien: We are much more physical and more stupid than the old Tonight Show. Even in our offices before the show there's always some writer acting out a scene crashing his head through my door. A behind-the-scenes look at our show might frighten people.
Playboy: One night you showed a doctored photo of Craig T. Nelson having sex with Jerry Van Dyke. Did they complain about it? O'Brien: I haven't heard from them. Of course I'm blessed not to be a part of the celebrity pond. I have a television show in New York, an NBC outpost. I don't run with or even run into many Hollywood people.
Playboy: You also announced that Tori Spelling has a penis. O'Brien: I did not. Polly the Peacock said that.
Playboy: Another character you use to say the outrageous stuff. O'Brien: Polly is not popular with the network.
Playboy: You mock Fabio, too. O'Brien: If he sues me, it'll be the best thing that ever happened. A publicity bonanza: Courtroom sketches of Fabio with his man-boobs quivering, shaking his fist, and me shouting at him across the courtroom. I'm not afraid of Fabio. He knows where to find me. I'm saying it right here for the record: Fabio, let's get it on.
Playboy: Ever have a run-in with an angry celeb? O'Brien: I did a Kelsey Grammar joke a few years ago, something about his interesting lifestyle, then heard through the network that he was upset. He had appeared on my show and expected some support. At this point my intellect says, "Kelsey Grammar is a public figure. I was in the right." Then I saw him in an airport. Kelsey didn't see me at first: I could have kept walking. But there he was, eating a cruller in the airport lounge. I thought I should go over. I said hello and then said, "Kelsey, I'm sorry if I upset you." And he was glad. He looked relieved. He said, "Oh, that's OK." We both felt better.
....See my other post with the last third of the interview
submitted by redlight886 to conan [link] [comments]
A candid conversation with the preppie prince of "Late Night" about his rocky start, his show's secret one-day cancellation and how David Letterman saved the day.
He was polite. He was funny. He gave us a communicable disease.
At 34 Conan O'Brien is hotter than the fever he was running when we met in his private domain above the "Late Night" sound stage. A gangly freckle-faced ex-high school geek he is "one of TV's hottest properties" according to "People" magazine. The host of "Late Night With Conan O'Brien" has become his generation's king of comedy.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Congested too, but O'Brien has far more to worry about than his head cold. A perfectionist who broods over one bad minute in an otherwise perfect hour of TV, he worries he might be anhedonic, "I have trouble with success," he says, "I was raised to believe that if something good happens something bad is coming." Sure things look good now "Rolling Stone" calls "Late Night" "the hottest comedy show on TV." Ratings are better than ever, particularly among 18- to 34-year-olds, the viewers advertisers crave.
But O'Brien only works harder. Despite his illness he taped two shows in 26 hours on three hours' sleep. He smoothly interviewed Elton John then burst into coughing fits during commercials. Later in his crammed corner office overlooking Manhattan traffic Conan the Cool gulped Dayquil gel caps. He coughed spewing microbes.
"Sorry, sorry," he said. Of course O'Brien can't complain. He came seriously close to falling to being banished behind the scenes as just another failed talk show host.
At his first "Late Night" press conference he corrected a reporter who called him a relative unknown, "Sir I am a complete unknown," he said. That line got a laugh, but soon O'Brien looked doomed. His September 13, 1993 debut began with O'Brien in his dressing room preparing to hang himself only to be interrupted by the start of his show. Before long his career was hanging by a thread. Ratings were terrible. Critics hated the show. Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" called it as "lifeless and messy as roadkill." Shales said O'Brien should quit.
Network officials held urgent meetings discussing the Conan O'Brien debacle. Should they fire him? How should they explain their mistake?
In the end of course he turned it around. The network hung with him long enough for the ratings to improve and the host of the cooler-than-ever "Late Night" now defines comedy's cutting edge just as Letterman did ten years ago.
Even Shales loves "Late Night" these days. He calls O'Brien's turnaround "one of the most amazing transformations in television history."
O'Brien was born on April 18, 1963 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, a doctor, is a professor at Harvard Medical School. His mother, a lawyer, is a partner at an elite Boston Law firm. Conan, the third of six children became a lector at church and a misfit at school. Tall and goofy, bedeviled with acne, he tried to impress girls with jokes. That plan usually bombed, but O'Brien eventually found his niche at Harvard where he won the presidency of the "Harvard Lampoon" in 1983 and again in 1984 - the first two-time "Lampoon" president since humorist Robert Benchley held the honor 85 years ago.
After graduating magna cum laude with a double major in literature and American history he turned pro. Writing for HBO's "Not Necessarily The News." O'Brien was earning $100,000 a year before his 24th birthday. But writing was never enough.
He honed his performance skills with the Groundlings, a Los Angeles improv group. There he worked with his onetime girlfriend Lisa Kudrow, now starring on "Friends." But Conan was not such a standout. In 1988 he landed a job at "Saturday Night Live" - but as a writer, not as on-air talent. In almost four years on the show O'Brien made only fleeting appearances, usually as a crowd member or security guard. His writing was more memorable. He wrote (or co-wrote) Tom hanks' "Mr Short-Term Memory" skits as well as the "pump you up" infosatire of Hanz and Franz and the nude beach sketch in which Matthew Broderick and "SNL" members played nudists admiring one another's penises. With dozens of mentions of the word that hit was the most penis-heavy moment in TV history. It helped O'Brien win an Emmy for comedy writing.
In 1991 he quit "SNL" and moved on to "The Simpsons" where he worked for two years. His urge to perform came out in wall-bouncing antics in writers' meetings. "Conan makes you fall out of your chair" said "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening. O'Brien's yen to act out was so strong that he spurned Fox's reported seven-figure offer to continue as a writer. He was driving for the spotlight.
By then David Letterman had announced he was turning shin - leaving NBC taking his ton-rated act to CBS. Suddenly NBC was up a creek without a host. The network turned to Lorne Michaels, O'Brien's "Saturday Night Live" boss. Michaels enlisted Conan's help in the host search planning to use him in a behind-the-scenes job. But when Garry Shandling, Dana Carvey and almost every other star turned down the chore of following Letterman, Michaels finally listened to Conan's crazy suggestion, "Let me do it!" Michaels persuaded the network to entrust it's 12:30 slot which Letterman had turned into a gold mine to an untested wiseass from Harvard.
O'Brien was working on one of his last "Simpsons" episodes when he got the news. He turned "paler than usual," Groening recalled. The Conan moseyed back to where the other writers were working, "I'll come back with the Homer Simspon joke later. I have to go replace Letterman," he said.
NBC executives now get credit for their foresight during those dark days of 1993 and 1994. They snared the axe and now reap the multimillion-dollar spoils of that decision. In fact, the story is not so simple. We sent Contributing Editor Kevin Cook to unravel the tale of O'Brien's survival, which he tells here for the first time. Cook reports:
"His office is chock-full of significa. There's a three-foot plastic pickle the Letterman staff left behind in 1993 - perhaps to suggest what a predicament he was in. There's a copy of Jack Paar's 'I Kid You Not' and a coffee-table book called 'Saturday Night Live: The First 20 Years.' His bulletin board features letters from fans such as John Watters and Bob Dole and an 8" x 10" glossy of Andy Richter with the inscription: "To Conan - Your bitter jealousy warms my black heart. Love and Kisses Andy."
"Of course it's all for show. From the photos of kitch icons Adam West and Robert Stack to the framed Stan Laurel autograph, from the deathbed painting of Abraham Lincoln, to the ironic star taped to Conan's door - they're all clever signals that tell a visitor how to view the star. Lincoln was his collegiate preoccupation: stardom is his occupation. Somewhere between the two I hoped to find the real O'Brien.
"As a Playboy reader he wanted to give me a better-than-average interview. I wanted something more - a definitive look at the guy who may end up being the Johnny Carson of his generation."
"Here's hoping we succeeded. If not I carried his germs 3000 miles and infected dozens of Californians for no good reason.
O'Brien: Yes, this is how to do a Playboy Interview -- completely tanked on cold medicine. I'll pick it up and read, "Yes, I'm gay."
Playboy: We could talk another time. O'Brien: (coughing) No, it's OK. I memorized Dennis Rodman's answers. Can I use them?
Playboy: You sound really sick. Do you ever take a day off? O'Brien: No. The age of talk show hosts taking days off is over. Johnny Carson could go to Africa when he was the only game in town -- "See you in two weeks!" But nobody does that now. I will give you a million dollars on the first day Jay takes off for illness.
Playboy: Do you ever slow down and enjoy your success? O'Brien: If anything, the pace is picking up. Restaurateurs insist on giving me a table even if I'm only passing by, so I'm eating nine meals a night. Women stop me on the street and hand me their phone numbers.
Playboy: So you have groupies? O'Brien: Oh yes. And other fans. Drifters. Prisoners. Insomniacs. Cab Drivers, who must watch a lot of late night TV, seem to love me lately. They keep saying, "You will not pay, you will not pay, you make me happy!"
Playboy: How happy did your new contract make you? O'Brien: Terrified. The network said, "We're all set for five years." I said, "Shut up, shut up! I can't think that far ahead." Tonight, for instance, I do my jokes, then interview Elton John and Tim Meadows. We finished taping about 6:30. By 6:45 my memory was erased and my only thought was, Tomorrow: John Tesh. And I started to obsess about John Tesh. Sad, don't you think?
Playboy: Not too sad. You got off to a rocky start but now you're so hot that People magazine recently said, "that was then, this is wow." O'Brien: I try not to pay much attention. Since I ignored the critics who said I should shoot myself in the head with a German Luger, it would be cheating to tear out nice reviews now and rub them all over my body, giggling. Though I have thought about it.
Playboy: Tell us about your trademark gag. You interview a photo of Bill Clinton or some other celeb, and a pair of superimposed lips provide outrageous answers. O'Brien: We call it the Clutch Cargo bit, after that terrible old cartoon series. They saved money on animation by superimposing real lips on the cartoons. I wanted to do topical jokes in a cartoony way -- not just Conan doing quips at a desk. TV is visual; I want things to look funny. But we're not Saturday Night Live; we couldn't spend $100,000 on it. Hence, the cheap, cheesy lips, You'd be surprised how many people we fool.
Playboy: Viewers believe that's really the president yelling, "Yee-haw! Who's got a joint?" O'Brien: It's strange. You may know intellectually that Clinton doesn't talk like Foghorn Leghorn. Ninety-eight percent of your brain knows the president wouldn't say, "Whoa Conan get a load of that girl!" But there are a few brain cells that aren't sure. When Bob Dole was running for president we had him doing a past-life regression: "My cave, get away." And then back further, "Must form flippers to crawl on to rocky soil," he says. There may be people out there who believe that Bob Dole was the first amphibian.
Playboy: Do you ever go too far? O'Brien: The fun is in going too far. It's a nice device because you get Bill Clinton to do the nastiest Bill Clinton jokes. We'll have Clinton making fart noises while I say "Sir! Please!"
Playboy: Are you enjoying your job now, with your new success? O'Brien: Well, there are surprises. I hate surprises. Like most comics, I'm a control freak. But I am learning that the show works best when things are out of control. Tonight I ask Elton John if he likes being neighbors with Joan Collins. He says he isn't neighbors with Joan Collins. He lives next door to Tina Turner. So I panic -- huge mistake! But Elton saves the day. "Joan Collins, Tina Turner, it doesn't matter. Either way I could borrow a wig," he says. Huge laugh, all because I fucked up. Later he surprised me by blurting out that he's hung like a horse. The camera cuts to me shaking my head: That crazy Elton. What can I do? Of course, I'm delighted that he went too far.
Playboy: That "What can I do?" look resembles a classic take of Jack Benny's. O'Brien: There's an old saying in literature: "Good poets borrow; great poets steal." I think T.S. Eliot stole it from Ezra Pound. Comics steal, too. Constantly. When I watched Johnny Carson, I noticed that he got a few takes from Benny and Bob Hope. When a comedy writer told me how much Woody Allen had borrowed from Hope, I thought, What? They're nothing alike. Then I went back and watched Son of Paleface, and there's Hope, the nervous city guy backing up on his heels, wringing his hands and saying, "Sorry, I'll just be moving along." Now look at early Woody Allen. You see big authority figures and Woody nervously saying, "Look, I'll just be on my way." Of course Woody made it his own, but he must have watched and loved Bob Hope.
Playboy: Who are your role models? O'Brien: Carson. Woody Allen. SCTV. Peter Sellers. When Peter Sellers died I felt such a loss, thinking, There won't be anymore of that. There's some Steve Martin in my false bravado with female guests: "Why, hel-lo there!" And I won't deny having some Letterman in my bones.
Playboy: You were surprise as Letterman's successor. At first you seemed like the wrong choice. O'Brien: I didn't get ratings. That doesn't mean I didn't get laughs. Yes, I had a giant pompadour and I looked like a rockabilly freak. I was too excited, pushed too hard, and people said, "That guy isn't a polished performer." Fine! But it isn't my goal to be Joe Handsomehead cool, smooth talk show host. Late Night with Conan O'Brien is supposed to be a work in progress, and now that we've had some success there's a danger of our getting too polished and morphing into something smoothly professional. Which would suck.
Do you know why I wanted this show? Because Late Night with David Letterman played with the rules and it looked like fun. Here was a place where people did risky comedy every night for millions of people. We had to keep this thing alive. There should be a place on a big network where people are still messing around.
Playboy: How bad were your early days on the show? O'Brien: Bad. Dave left here under a cloud: his fans and the media were angry with NBC. Then NBC picks a guy with crazy hair and a weird name. And the world says, "Harvard? Those guys are assholes." I sincerely hope that the winter of December 1993, our first winter, was the worst time I will ever have. I'd go out to do the warm up and the back two rows of seats would be empty. That's hard to look at. I would tell a joke and then hear someone whisper, "Who's he? Where's Dave?"
Playboy: You had trouble getting guests. O'Brien: Bob Denver canceled on us. We shot a test show with Al Lewis of The Munsters. We did the clutch cargo thing with a photo of Herman Munster. Unfortunately, Fred Gwynne, who played Herman, had recently died, and Al Lewis kept pointing at the screen, saying, "You're dead! I was at your funeral!"
Playboy: For months you got worried notes from network executives. What did they say? O'Brien: They were worried. The fact that Lorne Michaels was involved bought me some time. But Lorne had turned to me at the start and said, "OK, Conan. What do you want to do?" Now television critics were after me and the network was starting to realize what a risk I was. Suggestions came fast and furious. I kept the note that said, "Why don't you just die?"
Playboy: Did they suggest ways to be funnier? O'Brien: They were more specific and tactical. The network gets very specific data. Say there was a drop in ratings between 12:44 and 12:48 when I was talking to Jon Bon Jovi. I'll be told, "Don't ever talk to him again" Or they'll want me to tease viewers into staying with us: "You should tease that -- say, 'We'll have nudity coming up next!'"
Playboy: You did come close to being cancelled. O'Brien: We were cancelled.
Playboy: Really? You have never admitted that. O'Brien: This is the first time I've talked about it. When I had been on for about a year, there was a meeting at the network. They decided to cancel my show. They said, "It's cancelled." Next day they realized they had nothing to put in the 12:30 slot, so we got a reprieve.
Playboy: Were you worried sick? O'Brien: I went into denial. I tried hard not to think, Yes, I'm bad on the air and my show has none of the things a TV show needs to survive. We had no ratings. No critics in our corner. Advertisers didn't like us. Affiliates wanted to drop us. Sometimes I'd meet a programming director from a local station where we had no rating at all. The guy would show me a printout with no number for Late Night's rating, just a hash mark or pound sign. I didn't dare think about that when I went out to do the show.
Playboy: Are you defending denial? O'Brien: How else does anyone get through a terrible experience? The odds were against me. Rationally, I didn't have much chance. Denial was my only friend. When I look back on the first year, it's like a scene from an old war movie: Ordinary guy gets thrown into combat, somehow beats impossible odds, staggers to safety. His buddy say, "You could have been killed!" The guy stops and thinks. "Could have been killed?" he says. His eyes cross and he faints.
Playboy: How did you dodge the bullet? O'Brien: There were people at NBC who stood up for me. I will always be indebted to Don Ohlmeyer, who stuck to his guns. Don said, "We chose this guy. We should stick with him unless we get a better plan." He was brutally honest. He came to me and said, "Give me about a 15 percent bump in the ratings and you'll stay on the air. If not, we're going to move on."
Playboy: Ohlmeyer started his career in the sports division. O'Brien: Exactly, his take was, "You're on our team." Of course, it wasn't exactly rational of Don to hope I'd be 15 percent funnier. It was like telling a farmer, "It better rain this week or we'll take your farm away."
Playboy: What did you say to Ohlmeyer? O'Brien: There wasn't time. I had to go out and do a monologue. But I will always be indebted to Don because he told me the truth. Wait a minute -- you have tricked me into talking lovingly about an NBC executive. Let me say that there were others who were beneath contempt -- executives who wouldn't know a good show if it swam up their asses and lit a campfire.
Playboy: Finally the ratings went your way. Hard work rewarded? O'Brien: Well, I also paid off the Nielsen people. That was $140,000 well spent.
Playboy: Ohlmeyer plus bribery saved you? O'Brien: There was something else. Just when everyone was kicking the crap out of the show, Letterman defended me.
Playboy: Letterman had signed off on NBC saying, "I don't really know Conan O'Brien, but I heard he killed someone." O'Brien: Then I pick up the paper and he's saying he thinks I am going to make it. "They do some interesting, innovative stuff over there," he says. "I think Conan will prevail." And then he came on as a guest. Remember, this was when we were at our nadir. There was no Machiavellian reason for David Letterman, who at the time was the biggest thing in show business, to be on my show.
Playboy: Why did he do it? O'Brien: I'm still not sure. Maybe out of a sense of honor. Fair play. And it woke me up. It made me think. Hey, we have a real fucking television show here.
Of six or seven pivotal points in my short history here, that was the first and maybe the biggest. I wouldn't be sitting here -- I probably wouldn't even exist today -- if he hadn't done our show.
Playboy: The Late Night wars were hardly noted for friendly gestures. O'Brien: How little you understand. Jay, Dave and I pal around all the time. We often ride a bicycle built for three up to the country. "Nice job with Fran Drescher!" "Thanks, pal. You weren't so bad with John Tesh." We sleep in triple-decker bunk beds and snore in unison like the Three Stooges.
Playboy: You talk more about Letterman than your NBC teammate Leno. O'Brien: I hate the "Leno or Letterman, who's better?" question. I can tell you that Jay has been great to me. He calls me occasionally.
Playboy: To say what? O'Brien: (Doing Leno's voice) "Hey, liked that bit you did last night." Or he'll say he saw we got a good rating. I call him at work, too. It can be a strange conversation because we're so different. Jay, for instance, really loves cars. He's got antique cars with kerosene lanterns, cars that run on peat moss. He'll be telling me about some classic car he has, made entirely of brass and leather, and I'll say, "Yeah, man, I got the Taurus with the vinyl." One thing we have in common is bad guests. There are certain actors, celebrities with nothing to say, who move through the talk show world wreaking havoc. They lay waste to Dave's town and Jay's town, then head my way.
Playboy: You must be getting some good guests. Your ratings have shown a marked improvement. O'Brien: Remember, when you're on at 12:30 the Nielsens are based on 80 people. My ratings drop if one person has a head cold and goes to bed early.
Playboy: Actually, you're seen by about 3 million people a night. Your ratings would be even higher if college dorms weren't excluded from the Nielsens. How many points does that cost you? O'Brien: I told you I'm an idiot. Now I have to do math too?
Playboy: Do you still get suggestions from NBC executives? O'Brien: Not as many. The number of notes you get is inversely proportional to your ratings.
Playboy: What keeps you motivated? O'Brien: Superstition. We have a stagehand, Bobby Bowman, who holds up the curtain when I run out for the monologue. He is the last person I see before the show starts, and I have to make him laugh before I go out. It started with mild jabs: "Bobby, you're drunk again." Bobby laughs, "Heehee."" Then it was, "Still having trouble with the wife, Bobby?" But after hundreds of shows, you find yourself running out of lines. It's gotten to where I do crass things at the last second. I'll put his hand on my ass and yell, "You fucking pervert!" Or drop to my knees and say, "Come on, Bobby, I'll give you a blow job!"
"Ha-ha. Conan, you're crazy," he says. But even that stuff wears off. Soon, I'll be making the writers work late to give me new jokes for Bobby.
Playboy: Did you plan to be a talk show host or did you fall into the job? O'Brien: I was an Irish Catholic kid from St. Ignatius parish in Brookline, outside of Boston. And that meant: Don't call attention to yourself. Don't ask for too much when the pie comes around. Don't get a girl pregnant and fuck up your life.
Playboy: Were you an alter boy? O'Brien: I wanted to be an alter boy, but the priest at St. Ignatius said, "No, no. You're good on your feet, kid," and made me a lector. A scripture reader at Mass. He was the one who spotted my talent.
Playboy: What did you think of sex in those days? O'Brien: I was sexually repressed. At 16 I still thought human reproduction was by mitosis.
Playboy: How did you get over your sexual repression? O'Brien: Who says I got over it? My leg has been jiggling this whole time.
Playboy: What were you like in high school? O'Brien: Like a crane galumphing down the hall. A crane with weird hair, bad skin and Clearasil. Big enough for basketball but lousy at it. My older brothers were better. I would compensate by running around the court doing comedy, saying, "Look out, this player has a drug addiction. He's incredibly egotistical."
I was an asshole at home, too. My little brother Justin loved playing cops and robbers, but I kept tying him up with bureaucratic bullshit. When he'd catch me, I'd say, "I get to call my lawyer." Then it was, "OK, Justin, we're at trial and you've been charged with illegal arrest. Fill out these forms in triplicate." Justin was eight; he hated all the lawsuits and countersuits. He just cried.
Playboy: Were you a class clown? O'Brien: Never. I was never someone who walked into a room full of strangers and started telling jokes. You had to get to know me before I could make you laugh. The same thing happened with Late Night. I needed to get the right rhythm with Andy and Max and the audience.
Playboy: So how did you finally learn about sex? O'Brien: My parents gave me a book, but it was useless. At the crucial moment, all it showed was a man and a woman with the bed covers pulled up to their chins. I tried to find out more from friends, but it didn't help. One childhood friend told me it was like parking a car in a garage. I kept worrying about poisonous fumes. What if the fumes build up? Should you shut off the engine?
Playboy: For all your talk about being repressed, you can be rowdy on the air. O'Brien: The show is my escape valve. When I tear off my shirt and gyrate my pelvis like Robert Plant, feigning orgasm into the microphone, that shows how repressed I am -- a guy who wants to push his sex at the lens but can only do it as a joke.
Playboy: Aren't you tempted to live it up? O'Brien: I always imagined that if I were a TV star I would live the way I pictured Johnny Carson living. Carousing, stepping out of a limo wearing a velvet ascot with a model on my arm. Now that I have the TV show, I drive up to Connecticut on the weekends and tool around in my car. I could probably join a free-sex cult, smoke crack between orgies and drive sports cars into swimming pools, and my Catholic guilt would still be there, throbbing like a toothache. Be careful. If something good happens, something bad is on the way.
Playboy: Yet you don't mind licking the supermodels. O'Brien: At one point a few of them lived in my building, women who are so beautiful they almost look weird, like aliens. To me, a woman who has a certain approachable amount of beauty becomes almost funny. It's the same with male supermodels. They look like big puppets. So while I admire their beauty I probably won't be "romantically linked" with a model. I'd catch my reflection in a ballroom mirror and break up laughing.
Playboy: The horny Roy Orbison growl you use on gorgeous guests sounds real enough -- O'Brien: Oh, I've been doing that shit since high school. It just never worked before.
Playboy: Your father is a doctor, your mother an attorney. What do they think of their son the comedian? O'Brien: My dad was the one who told me denial was a virtue. "Denial is how people get through horrible things," he said. He also cut out a newspaper article in which I said I was making money off something for which I should probably be treated. So true, he thought. But when I got an Emmy for helping write Saturday Night Live, my parents put it on the mantel next to the crucifix. Here's Jesus looking over, saying, "Wow, I saved mankind from sin, but I wish I had an Emmy."
Playboy: Ever been in therapy? O'Brien: Yes. I don't trust it. I have told therapists that I don't particularly want to feel good. "Repression and fear, that's my fuel." But the therapists said that I had nothing to worry about. "Don't worry Conan you will always be plenty fucked up."
Playboy: When a female guest comes out, how do you know whether to shake her hand or kiss her? Is that rehearsed O'Brien: No, and it's awkward. If you go to shake her hand and her head starts coming right at you, you have to change strategy fast. I have thought about using the show to make women kiss me, but that would probably creep out the people at home. I decided not to kiss Elton John.
Playboy: Do you get all fired up if Cindy Crawford or Rebecca Romijn does the show? O'Brien: I like making women laugh. Always have, ever since I discovered you can get girls' attention by acting like an ass. That's one of the joys of the show -- I'm working my eyebrows and going grrr and she's laughing, the audience is laughing. It's all a big put-on and I'm thinking. This is great. Here is a beautiful woman who has no choice but to put up with this shit.
But it's not always put on. Sometimes they flirt back. Sometimes there's a bit of chemistry. That happened with Jennifer Connelly of The Rocketeer.
Playboy: One guest, Jill Hennessy, took off her pants for you. Then you removed yours. Even Penn and Teller took off their pants. O'Brien: Something comes over me. It happened with Rebecca Romijn -- I was practically climbing her. Those are the times when Andy and the audience seem to disappear and it's just me and this lovely woman sitting there flirting. I keep expecting a waiter to say, "More wine, Monsieur?"
Playboy: Would you lick the wine bottle? O'Brien: It's true, there's a lot of licking on the show. I have licked guests. I have licked Andy. Comedy professionals will read this and say, "Great work, Conan. Impressive." But I have learned that if you lick a guest, people laugh. If I pick this shoe off the floor, examine it, Hmmm, and then lick it, people laugh. I learned this lesson on The Simpsons, where I was the writer who was forever trying to entertain the other writers. I still try desperately to make our writers laugh, which is probably a sign of sickness since they work for me now. Licking is one of those things that look funny.
Playboy: Johnny Carson never licked Ed McMahon. O'Brien: We are much more physical and more stupid than the old Tonight Show. Even in our offices before the show there's always some writer acting out a scene crashing his head through my door. A behind-the-scenes look at our show might frighten people.
Playboy: One night you showed a doctored photo of Craig T. Nelson having sex with Jerry Van Dyke. Did they complain about it? O'Brien: I haven't heard from them. Of course I'm blessed not to be a part of the celebrity pond. I have a television show in New York, an NBC outpost. I don't run with or even run into many Hollywood people.
Playboy: You also announced that Tori Spelling has a penis. O'Brien: I did not. Polly the Peacock said that.
Playboy: Another character you use to say the outrageous stuff. O'Brien: Polly is not popular with the network.
Playboy: You mock Fabio, too. O'Brien: If he sues me, it'll be the best thing that ever happened. A publicity bonanza: Courtroom sketches of Fabio with his man-boobs quivering, shaking his fist, and me shouting at him across the courtroom. I'm not afraid of Fabio. He knows where to find me. I'm saying it right here for the record: Fabio, let's get it on.
Playboy: Ever have a run-in with an angry celeb? O'Brien: I did a Kelsey Grammar joke a few years ago, something about his interesting lifestyle, then heard through the network that he was upset. He had appeared on my show and expected some support. At this point my intellect says, "Kelsey Grammar is a public figure. I was in the right." Then I saw him in an airport. Kelsey didn't see me at first: I could have kept walking. But there he was, eating a cruller in the airport lounge. I thought I should go over. I said hello and then said, "Kelsey, I'm sorry if I upset you." And he was glad. He looked relieved. He said, "Oh, that's OK." We both felt better.
....See my other post with the last third of the interview
2024.05.29 03:11 rohan_spibo Update: Bloons TD 6 v43.0 - Update Notes!
Update: Bloons TD 6 v43.0 - Update Notes!
Available now for most platforms please restart your storefront or be patient if it does not appear for you, these updates can take some time to be rolled out to every region due to how the storefronts are set up.
Update Video: https://youtu.be/97SrSDiSNfk
While we have been working to increase this niche with many new maps, Juggernaut’s functions sub-optimally for the majority of current maps in the game as the knockback doesn’t scale well without good rebound opportunities; to help with this we’re increasing their knockback force slightly with even more emphasis on the less-favored crosspath. We are slightly reducing the cost of Super Monkey Fan Club to overall improve the value of taking multiple to maintain higher uptime
Boomerang base price is being slightly reduced, already a decent start in many cases though this seemed enough to make slight game start changes and price it differently to other towers. The main attack for MOAB Domination has been scaled up as overall it is a good upgrade but the pierce on this main attack was previously unchanged from the T3. Glaive Lord’s main thrown attacks will now be able to bounce back again and hit the same target multiple times, this can be a very powerful effect so there is a cooldown on how frequently any single Bloon can be re-targeted.
Bloon Crush does its job locking down all movement in an area, but we feel it could see more damage to reduce the stall time without the balance really changing much. Bomb Blitz was recently refitted to a cheaper price range while proportionally keeping a similar power level for the cost, however seeing it now in this spot we feel keeping higher damage will give it the edge it needs to feel more impactful than spamming Recursives.
Tack is a very powerful base tower technically, but it is unable to achieve high uptime of that potential power in many early rounds, so some base cost is moving into the cheaper xx1 and xx2 upgrades to make it easier for other towers to start alongside the tack. Additionally, while we’ve held out on this change as there are strong use cases in prior upgrades, Blade Maelstrom lacks the single target punch to last late in Modern Bloons. While it is designed as a high pierce cleanup of low tier Bloons we want to try shifting some pierce to single target damage to feel good for longer.
Increased duration has limited use on upgrades that completely destroy targets anyway, so a better crosspath benefit is being added onto 401 glue puddles. Bloon Solver’s pierce is being reduced as it is over-overkill for how many Bloons you realistically see at once, but this reduction should not be noticed for most players. Glue Splatter stands out as weirdly expensive for T2, and is rarely even needed so we’re significantly cutting its price to bring it down to a more affordable range with less pierce, we hope this should make it more worth considering for splatter coverage over piercing. Now that Glue Storm is extremely good for damage type & debuff support we’re removing the bonus speed reduction that should otherwise require xx2 crosspath and lowering the duration of the Glue Storm. New Relentless Glue finally offers something quite powerful so cost is slightly increasing.
Lower tier Shrapnel crosspathing balance doesn’t feel great currently, so the damage crosspath benefits at T1 & T2 are improving. Even with the high damage per shot, Cripple MOAB still has low value outside of debuff capability, we feel that these shots pack enough of a punch now that they should do a little collateral damage - so lets do it! (we’ve also increased shrapnel pierce at this tier to not tip crosspath balance too far to one side).
Bloontonium Reactor’s unsubmerged damage is increasing to encourage unsubmerged possibilities. The bonus to Lead on Reactor currently doesn't apply to T5, so this bonus is being carried up and improved along with a small price reduction to Energizer as strategies using it have fallen somewhat in viability. Nautic Siege Core’s hero buff is being improved as currently this is an under-utilized part of the tower.
While buccaneer is technically already a very good starter tower for maps that happen to have ideal spots allowing it to attack in both directions we feel this situation isn’t common enough that the tower should be priced around that expectation - this reduced cost is added back to top and bottom T3 upgrades as they do not need the buff. As the paragon has exceptionally powerful scaling mechanics as well as being a paragon that continues to produce cash the XP Unlock requirement is increasing, this increase will not affect players who have already unlocked it.
Minor catchup changes to some parts have fallen out of line slightly due to balance changes for other parts of the Ace.
A lot of stats shuffled around here; this should keep the power level roughly similar overall but with proportionally more of that power coming from the seeking attacks, and less from micro aiming the faster firing frontal gun.
Overall Comanche cleanup and stats shuffle; with the goal of improving baseline non-buffed performance and making it less demanding of Geraldo’s Pickle for high damage.
Artillery Battery use has really exploded (!) and over the past few updates it has been sitting fairly steady in a great spot, the current power level feels good but we don’t want to create too big of a gap from the T3 yet so only a very slight cost increase. Blooncineration’s 025 crosspath currently works so much better with external buffs so we're tweaking the 205 crosspath to feel better in some situations.
Wizard has a weaker base tower so the base cost is going down in exchange for a small price increase to the cost to value ratio for the effective Arcane Mastery. As Fireball becomes very forgotten at higher tiers and is hard to even see at Dragon’s Breath, we’re improving the crosspath and adding even more projectiles at T3 for wider explosive coverage. As Shimmer is the slowest de-camo in the game it is important that it not miss when it does trigger, so pierce is greatly increased. Wizard Lord Phoenix’s Wall of Fire hasn’t had any meaningful upgrade progression, so its damage is being increased. Magus is one of the more in-depth Paragons to use effectively so having it as one of the cheapest to unlock didn't feel right, the unlock XP requirements for this and Ninja are being swapped around.
Super Monkey projectiles already travel most the map length so that total distance is being reduced and adding back via the range-focused middle crosspath. The recent Robo/Tech Terror nerfs had a larger impact on the Anti-Bloon, so it is seeing a larger compensatory price reduction. Legend of the Night’s special passive ability is being failsafe limited to 2 activations per round, per tower.
While a great early game option, Ninja generally struggles with dominant crosspathing choices and also has relatively poor base tower value. Without going into every single change, T3s onward remain relatively unchanged with a lot of prices below T3 being moved around from less favorable crosspaths into bettehigher tier upgrades. Ninja Paragon is very simple to use so unlock XP requirements for this and Wizard Paragon are swapping around so Ninja is the faster unlock. This increase will not affect players who have already unlocked it.
Passive life generation is being removed in favor of the active ability being the only source of life generation, this allows druid-focus strategies to no longer ‘accidentally’ heal their Vengeance buffs away. Heart of Vengeance itself has been allowed to remain overpowered for a long time since life loss is not always an option in different challenges/modes, but with newer competitive modes being added over time that do allow for this mechanic to be, overindulged, shall we say, it feels due for substantial rebalance.
Monkey Wall Street’s cost is being increased, but in return its special bonuses have been improved with more life generation and much more range for Banana collection.
Spike Storm is now exceptionally strong so the ability cooldown is increasing a small amount along with the T5 cost. This comes along with a crosspath rebalance granting more 042 lifespan. Long Life Spikes can start creating a nice buildup of spikes in advance but most of the time feels fairly meh as a stepping stone into Deadly Spikes, a little price here is being shifted up to improve standalone upgrade value.
Primary Expertise’s own attack is unreliable due partly to low bounce distance, so this is being increased. Base level Monkeyopolis continues to over perform, so the baseline cash generation is reducing.
While better than many options, base Engineer still takes a lot of available starting cash so the cost is reduced slightly and being moved back up into Cleansing Foam & Bloontrap; also with a reduction to Double Gun’s price to reflect the lower value of the base tower. Sentry placements are slightly changing to improve their reliability, and will now spawn closer to the track depending on how much range the sentry has. Sentry Champion, while strong with them, is lacking without high buff support so we’re trying out an increase to the sentry damage on it.
In going over our large list of price changes for Beast Handler’s lower tiers in 42 this change was received very positively, however we did not realize that in making this change we killed off all chance of dual-beast handlers being used as a round 1 starting option for under $650 in hard modes – So we gotta do that math all over again and convert it for difficulty, painful 😀 All T1 beast prices changed to allow 110 & 101 beast handler combos to be placed for under $650 in hard mode, all T2 & T3 prices shifted around to keep these same cost ratios.
Quincy’s Rapid Shot starts with an extremely short duration that slowly increases over levels, the difference between min and max is huge but it doesn’t feel too impactfully increased at any point through the leveling up process, so we are increasing the base duration and instead moving the buff up to max duration all into his Lv13 which currently doesn’t do much.
Gwendolin’s Heat it Up was recently reworked to allow for much more frequent triggering from attacks, however the 4.5s internal cooldown still limits it from being scaled up far so that internal cooldown is now also being reduced. Additionally, Heat it Up’s bonus buff to damage against Lead targets has been improved slightly so we can get more out of that niche.
Obyn isn’t necessarily the best support for every type of Druid to reach its highest DPS, but with his more easy reliable design it feels appropriate for him to solve Druid’s biggest weaknesses in a more laid back approach with:
Benjamin’s Cyber Security and Skimming levels have been swapped around so that the early game skimming cash snowball doesn’t come quite so soon, and Cyber Security can come in earlier where it will make a bigger impact proportionally to the lives being lost.
We’ll probably regret this, but the nerf made people very sad, and that is not a life goal 😢
Etienne's drones are prone to missing due to very low projectile speed, this speed is increasing a fair amount to help with this as drones already have an inability to directionally aim well.
Purple Popping is underwhelming with how late it comes online, so this is swapping around with level 11’s slightly faster pop speed.
Geraldo has been far too powerful for a while and all-round nerfs are coming to many outstanding aspects, however in return a little quality of life is coming with some more forgiving stock capacities and much more flexible Fertilizer; with the % benefit being reduced in return for improved replenish rate, maximum stock and the ability to now work on all Banana Farm types.
As Corvus’s power is still considerably top-heavy the mid game performance is being improved with buffs to underused spells, but also top-end power of his 2 most powerful level 20 spells is being reduced to lessen the pressure to ‘need’ to get this far.
Minor tweaks to Heartless which feels it has no competitive edge over most other Relics & Monkey Boost which overperforms on all available tiles.
Bloonarius
This is really just for fun, bringing increased variety of Bleed Bloons from higher tier Bloonarius
Rock Bloons in the higher tiers of Normal Dreadbloon are very outscaled, and so their health values are being increased.
In Elite mode Phayze’s speed bonus while shielded is being reduced by 5% across the board as it felt just a little too quick.
submitted by rohan_spibo to btd6 [link] [comments]
Available now for most platforms please restart your storefront or be patient if it does not appear for you, these updates can take some time to be rolled out to every region due to how the storefronts are set up.
Update Video: https://youtu.be/97SrSDiSNfk
Key New Features
- New Event, Boss Rush!
- We are so psyched to release this event! We have heard the many requests for more Team activities, and after testing some functionality in Quests, we are so happy to release a very different way to play as a Team. Thank you for your feedback and patience, and we truly hope you enjoy!
- Band together with allies to defend against the powerful Boss Rush threatening your Team. With multiple Boss threats looming on the horizon, you and your Team must work together to defend nearby islands from a variety of invaders!
- To assist in pushing back the threat players are outfitted with Relic Knowledge to leverage and a number of Revive Shields that will recover you from 0 lives! But be careful, Revives are limited and each time one is triggered the Boss will rush closer to the exit.
- These Bosses cannot be destroyed alone, so when defending any island your goal is to deal as much damage as you possibly can before they make it past. When your Team reaches enough combined total damage the island is successfully defended and you can progress to the next island, with a new Boss to defend against!
- Between islands some monkey types must stay behind to defend, but additional Relic Knowledge will be acquired to assist in the next challenge.
- Defend 5 islands, each with a fast paced Boss challenge against different Bosses out of the initial 3 available: Bloonarius, Dreadbloon & Phayze. (Vortex & Lych to be coming at a later date!).
- Immediately after defending an island, all Team members can claim the island rewards!
- For launch we are releasing with a pure Team focus without competitive leaderboards. This allows us to review balance and get feedback from players before making changes in future updates. Boss Rush has evolved to be much bigger than the minigame-like concept it was initially planned to be and we look forward to seeing all of your Teams defend their islands together!
- The Event Timer shows when the next Boss Rush will start - less than a day after launch.
- New Code Redemption System
- This new system will allow us to create gift packs that can be redeemed by anyone with the code for free in-game rewards, so keep an eye out for any codes we may share (or hide…) in future!
- Due to privacy requirements, certain platforms won’t be able to enter the codes directly in the game. Instead, you will need to visit a Ninja Kiwi website where you can log in to your LiNK account and redeem the code.
New Awesome
- New Hero Rosalia! (responds to Lia for short!)
- Jetpack Monkey joins the team! Try out Rosalia right away in her new trial quest! Rosalia is built to be a strong ‘set and forget’ hero who also happens to work well with a techbot. The ability to swap weapon to handle her own weaknesses exists for people who wish to play her as their sole DPS, but the power of both her weapons is balanced to scale up together at a fair rate so there's no reason not to pick a preferred weapon forever, and build the rest of your towers to cover any weakness left.
- Rosalia freely jumps around her large workshop area, attacking faster the more Bloons are nearby while swapping between a powerful single target laser & bouncing cluster grenades to deal with different threats!
- Enhanced special attacks for the 10th shot fired on either weapon, showering Bloons in a fog of explosions, or Shocking and pushing them back with powerful Plasma blasts
- Reduce all upgrade costs for Monkey Ace & Heli Pilot, plus one other friend!
- Lv3 Scatter Missile ability, to clean up Bloons with a barrage of powerful stuns
- Lv7 Hover ANYWHERE and gain the Flight Boost ability to temporarily pursue Bloons everywhere around the track and temporarily boost the flight speed of Aces & Helis
- Lv10 Kinetic Charge ability, which sticks MOAB-class Bloons with a charge that explodes after a short duration and amplifies this explosion based on the amount of damage that hits the target before the charge explodes. Focus fire!
- You could try this code: ROSALIAROCKS
- New Beginner Map Tinkerton
- Explore Rosalia’s workshop and help defend it against Bloon incursion! Who knew orange juice had so many uses?
- New Quests
- Tinkerer’s Tutorial: discover Rosalia’s strengths and weaknesses
- A Strange Bloonomaly: Dr. Monkey wants your help investigating some unusual Bloons
- New Trophy Store Items
- Heroes: Obyn Wolf Dance placement animation for Standard Obyn
- Monkeys: Boomer ‘Roo pet for the Boomerang Monkey
- Bloons: BAD Scarab skin
- Game & UI: Boomer and ‘Roo profile banner, Distinguished Gentlemonkey avatar
- Limited Time Trophy Store Item
- Druid of the Rainbow avatar
- New CT Team Store items
- Icons: Battle Monkey Icon
- Frames: Boss Rush Clouds Frame
Game Changes / Additions
- Map Editor Beach items
- It may be getting colder in New Zealand, but we know it’s getting back to beach weather for most of you!
- Beach water path x1
- Areas x2
- Stamps x3
- Props x22
- Map Editor ‘full path’ settings to modify how entire paths work
- Set paths to be alternating, sequential, or a specific pattern
- Map Editor ‘path node’ settings to modify small sections within a path
- Invulnerable MOABs: MOABs will not be targetable until the next node
- Invulnerable Bloons: Bloons will not be targetable until the next node
- All Bloon Speed: Speed modified by a set multiplier until the next node
- Scale Bloon: Bloons will increase in visual size until the next node
- Scale MOAB: MOABs will increase in visual size until the next node
- FPS is no longer capped by default, instead a 60 FPS limit can be enabled from the screen resolution menu
Bug Fixes & General Changes
- Endurance Roundset used in the Phayze One quest has been extended from 100 to 205 rounds, and now has naturally spawning Camo Bloons added
- David Vs Goliath achievement now works in Boss Challenge
- Resolved a crash that could occur when logging out
- Resolved a crash that could occur when exiting out of the received accolades menu too quickly after entering
- Resolved a case in which ‘login required’ could incorrectly display on arcade builds
- Unlocking a new hero should always select that new hero
- Resolved some UI overlap issues within Map Editor
- Resolved some minor visual issues with quests forcing hero level ups
- Map Editor vfx should no longer sometimes become locked to the player’s selection and block interaction / clicking on other items
- Resolved an issue that could sometimes fail to load the ‘My Teams’ button
- Resolved an issue where tower outlines would incorrectly misalign from the tower
- Improved resolution of the default App icon
- Restarting a game in the Content Browser should no longer render that run invalid for the ‘first winner’ slot
- The ‘messages’ page is now loaded by default when interacting with the My Team button
- Income modifiers used in challenge rules should correctly apply to all sources of income
Event bug fixes
- Team island props should once again animate when interacted with
- Game should no longer crash when in the Odyssey scene as the event ends
Map Specific Fixes
- Protect the Yacht quest map’s Boss Spawn Point art has been corrected
- Protect the Yacht quest map should no longer use the #ouch odyssey statue
Tower Specific Fixes
Tack Shooter- 5xx Inferno Ring’s fire aura is now visually disabled when VFX slider is set to 0%
- x3x Arctic Wind ice aura is now visually disabled when VFX slider is set to 0%
- x4x Glue Gunner can no longer debuff Dreadbloon in Primary Immune phase
- x5x Pre-Emptive Strike now works on Castle’s Revenge
- Resolved a crash that could occur when building a sub paragon as Vortex spawns.
- 3xx+ Monkey Sub aura no longer shrinks with the VFX slider, but is disabled at 0%
- 4xx Aircraft Carrier planes now have camo restored when Polyphemus Eye is opened
- xx4 Favored Trades no longer increases the sell value of towers in CHIMPS above $0
- Swapping to Lock in Place while moving should no longer visually jam the rotation
- Resolved a hypersonic automatic blink teleport attacks issue that never happened in a live build but is kinda fun to talk about, and honestly less hype than i’m making it out to sound anyway.
Hero Specific Fixes
Gwendolin- Lv4 Gwendolin's Heat It Up buff no longer fails to apply if the attack runs out of pierce
- Resolved a buggy visual that could occur when Heat It Up attacks too fast
- Etienne should no longer consume the ‘Box of Monkey’ Relic Knowledge
- Resolved a rare crash that could occur when using hotkeys
- Resolved an issue where Geraldo’s skin displayed the wrong portrait when viewing the full upgrades page
- Resolved a crash that could occur when sold at Lv2
- [Vision Pro] Gentlemonkey Geraldo skin should now show on the Monkey Tray
The combination of towers you are able to pass round 1 with can change quite a lot in any overall strategy, especially for more restrictive game modes, so for this update we have made an effort to open up new starter combinations with improvements to a number of initial placement towers.
Tower Balance
Dart MonkeyWhile we have been working to increase this niche with many new maps, Juggernaut’s functions sub-optimally for the majority of current maps in the game as the knockback doesn’t scale well without good rebound opportunities; to help with this we’re increasing their knockback force slightly with even more emphasis on the less-favored crosspath. We are slightly reducing the cost of Super Monkey Fan Club to overall improve the value of taking multiple to maintain higher uptime
- 4xx Juggernaut Knockback duration increased 0.1s > 0.15
- 402 Juggernaut Knockback to heavy targets 1.5 > 2.25
- 402 Juggernaut Knockback to light targets 3 > 4.5
- x4x Super Monkey Fan Club price reduced $8000 > 7500
Boomerang base price is being slightly reduced, already a decent start in many cases though this seemed enough to make slight game start changes and price it differently to other towers. The main attack for MOAB Domination has been scaled up as overall it is a good upgrade but the pierce on this main attack was previously unchanged from the T3. Glaive Lord’s main thrown attacks will now be able to bounce back again and hit the same target multiple times, this can be a very powerful effect so there is a cooldown on how frequently any single Bloon can be re-targeted.
- Boomerang Monkey price reduced $325 > 315
- xx5 Moab Domination Main projectile pierce increased 18 > 54
- 205 Moab Domination Main projectile pierce increased 27 > 81
- 5xx Glaive Lord main attack can bounce back to the same target: cooldown 0.6s
Bloon Crush does its job locking down all movement in an area, but we feel it could see more damage to reduce the stall time without the balance really changing much. Bomb Blitz was recently refitted to a cheaper price range while proportionally keeping a similar power level for the cost, however seeing it now in this spot we feel keeping higher damage will give it the edge it needs to feel more impactful than spamming Recursives.
- 5xx Bloon Crush damage increased 12 > 24
- 502 Bloon Crush Frags damage increased 12 > 24
- 502 Bloon Crush Frags bonus damage to ceramic 12 > 0
- xx5 Bomb Blitz damage increased 3 > 5
Tack is a very powerful base tower technically, but it is unable to achieve high uptime of that potential power in many early rounds, so some base cost is moving into the cheaper xx1 and xx2 upgrades to make it easier for other towers to start alongside the tack. Additionally, while we’ve held out on this change as there are strong use cases in prior upgrades, Blade Maelstrom lacks the single target punch to last late in Modern Bloons. While it is designed as a high pierce cleanup of low tier Bloons we want to try shifting some pierce to single target damage to feel good for longer.
- Tack shooter price reduced $280 > 260
- xx1 More Tacks price increased $100 > 110
- xx2 Even More Tacks price increased $100 > 110
- x4x Blade Maelstrom damage increased 1 > 2
- x4x Blade Maelstrom pierce reduced from 200 > 100
- x5x Super Maelstrom damage unchanged
- x5x Super Maelstrom pierce reduced 500 > 300
Increased duration has limited use on upgrades that completely destroy targets anyway, so a better crosspath benefit is being added onto 401 glue puddles. Bloon Solver’s pierce is being reduced as it is over-overkill for how many Bloons you realistically see at once, but this reduction should not be noticed for most players. Glue Splatter stands out as weirdly expensive for T2, and is rarely even needed so we’re significantly cutting its price to bring it down to a more affordable range with less pierce, we hope this should make it more worth considering for splatter coverage over piercing. Now that Glue Storm is extremely good for damage type & debuff support we’re removing the bonus speed reduction that should otherwise require xx2 crosspath and lowering the duration of the Glue Storm. New Relentless Glue finally offers something quite powerful so cost is slightly increasing.
- 401 Stickier Glue allows track puddles to last +1 round
- 5xx The Bloon Solver pierce reduced 5 > 4
- x2x Glue Splatter price reduced $1450 > 970
- x2x Glue Splatter pierce buff reduced 3 > 2
- x5x Glue Storm ability ‘storm’ duration reduced 20s > 15
- x5x Glue Storm ability glue slow 75% > 50%
- 052 Glue Storm ability glue slow 90% > 75%
- xx4 Relentless Glue price increased 3000 > 3400
Lower tier Shrapnel crosspathing balance doesn’t feel great currently, so the damage crosspath benefits at T1 & T2 are improving. Even with the high damage per shot, Cripple MOAB still has low value outside of debuff capability, we feel that these shots pack enough of a punch now that they should do a little collateral damage - so lets do it! (we’ve also increased shrapnel pierce at this tier to not tip crosspath balance too far to one side).
- 120 Shrapnel Shot damage increased from 1 > 2
- 220 Shrapnel Shot damage increased from 2 > 3
- 320 Shrapnel Shot damage unchanged (4)
- 520 Cripple MOAB’s Shrapnel Shot pierce increased from 2 > 3
- 5xx Cripple MOAB now damages Bloons around the main target
- Radius 8
- Pierce 10
- Damage 28
Bloontonium Reactor’s unsubmerged damage is increasing to encourage unsubmerged possibilities. The bonus to Lead on Reactor currently doesn't apply to T5, so this bonus is being carried up and improved along with a small price reduction to Energizer as strategies using it have fallen somewhat in viability. Nautic Siege Core’s hero buff is being improved as currently this is an under-utilized part of the tower.
- 4xx Bloontonium Reactor dart & airburst damage 1 > 2
- 520 Energizer gains bonus damage to Lead +5 when submerged
- 502 Energizer price reduced $32,000 > 31,000
- Paragon Hero attack cooldown increase reduced 1.5x > 1.3
- Paragon Hero damage multiplier increased 4x > 5x
While buccaneer is technically already a very good starter tower for maps that happen to have ideal spots allowing it to attack in both directions we feel this situation isn’t common enough that the tower should be priced around that expectation - this reduced cost is added back to top and bottom T3 upgrades as they do not need the buff. As the paragon has exceptionally powerful scaling mechanics as well as being a paragon that continues to produce cash the XP Unlock requirement is increasing, this increase will not affect players who have already unlocked it.
- Buccaneer price reduced $500 > 400
- 300 Destroyer price increased 2950 > 3050
- 003 Merchantman price increased 2300 > 2400
- Navarch unlock XP increased 500,000 > 750,000
Minor catchup changes to some parts have fallen out of line slightly due to balance changes for other parts of the Ace.
- x1x Exploding Pineapple attack cooldown reduced 1.7s > 1.6s
- xx5 Flying Fortress radial dart damage increased from 3 > 6
A lot of stats shuffled around here; this should keep the power level roughly similar overall but with proportionally more of that power coming from the seeking attacks, and less from micro aiming the faster firing frontal gun.
- Seeking Radials projectile count increased 4 > 8
- Seeking Radials damage increased 200 > 300
- Seeking Radials boss bonus increased 200 > 300
- Non-seeking Radials projectile count reduced 16 > 12
- Non-seeking Radials damage increased 200 > 300
- Non-seeking Radials boss bonus increased 200 > 300
- Frontal Gun damage reduced 300 > 150
- Frontal Gun boss bonus reduced 300 > 150
Overall Comanche cleanup and stats shuffle; with the goal of improving baseline non-buffed performance and making it less demanding of Geraldo’s Pickle for high damage.
- x5x Special Poperations Marine can now be sold in CHIMPS
- xx4 Comanche Defense mini's attack rate 0.151848 > 0.228
- xx5 Comanche Commander mini heli dart damage increased 2 > 3
- xx4 Comanche Defense mini's missile damage 1 > 4
- xx4 Comanche Defense mini's missile pierce 80 > 60
- xx4 Comanche Defense mini's missile ceramic bonus increased 1 > 2
- xx4 Comanche Defense mini's missile moab bonus removed 2 > 0
- xx5 Comanche Commander mini's missile ceramic bonus increased 1 > 10
- xx5 Comanche Commander mini's missile moab bonus removed 8 > 0
Artillery Battery use has really exploded (!) and over the past few updates it has been sitting fairly steady in a great spot, the current power level feels good but we don’t want to create too big of a gap from the T3 yet so only a very slight cost increase. Blooncineration’s 025 crosspath currently works so much better with external buffs so we're tweaking the 205 crosspath to feel better in some situations.
- x4x Artillery Battery price increased $5500 > 5900
- 105 Blooncineration walls of fire pierce increased 25 > 36
- 205 Blooncineration walls of fire damage increased 2 > 3
Wizard has a weaker base tower so the base cost is going down in exchange for a small price increase to the cost to value ratio for the effective Arcane Mastery. As Fireball becomes very forgotten at higher tiers and is hard to even see at Dragon’s Breath, we’re improving the crosspath and adding even more projectiles at T3 for wider explosive coverage. As Shimmer is the slowest de-camo in the game it is important that it not miss when it does trigger, so pierce is greatly increased. Wizard Lord Phoenix’s Wall of Fire hasn’t had any meaningful upgrade progression, so its damage is being increased. Magus is one of the more in-depth Paragons to use effectively so having it as one of the cheapest to unlock didn't feel right, the unlock XP requirements for this and Ninja are being swapped around.
- Wizard price reduced $375 > 325
- 3xx Arcane Mastery price increased $1300 > 1400
- xx3 Shimmer pierce increased 200 > 500
- 210 Fireball crosspathed damage increased 1 > 2
- x3x Dragon's Breath fireball projectile count increased 1 > 3
- x3x Dragon's Breath fireball damage reduced 9 > 3
- x3x Dragon's Breath pierce reduced 4 > 3
- x5x Wizard Lord Phoenix wall of fire attack damage 3 > 5
- x5x Dragon's Breath fireball damage reduced from 27 > 9
- Wizard Paragon unlock cost increased from 500,000 > 1,000,000
Super Monkey projectiles already travel most the map length so that total distance is being reduced and adding back via the range-focused middle crosspath. The recent Robo/Tech Terror nerfs had a larger impact on the Anti-Bloon, so it is seeing a larger compensatory price reduction. Legend of the Night’s special passive ability is being failsafe limited to 2 activations per round, per tower.
- Supermonkey projectile speed reduced 280 > 200
- x2x Epic Range projectile speed bonus 25% > 75% (remains 350)
- x5x The Anti-Bloon upgrade cost reduced from $80,000 > 70,000
- xx5 Legend of the Night ability max uses per round: 2
While a great early game option, Ninja generally struggles with dominant crosspathing choices and also has relatively poor base tower value. Without going into every single change, T3s onward remain relatively unchanged with a lot of prices below T3 being moved around from less favorable crosspaths into bettehigher tier upgrades. Ninja Paragon is very simple to use so unlock XP requirements for this and Wizard Paragon are swapping around so Ninja is the faster unlock. This increase will not affect players who have already unlocked it.
- Ninja Monkey price reduced $500 > 400
- Ninja Monkey attack cooldown reduced from 0.7 > 0.62
- 1xx Ninja Monkey attack cooldown reduced 38% > 30 (all attacks)
- xx2 Caltrops attack cooldown reduced 4.4 > 3.9
- xx4 Sticky Bomb attack cooldown reduced 5 > 4.5
- 1xx Ninja Discipline price increased $300 > 350
- 3xx Double Shot price increased $850 > 900
- x1x Distraction price reduced $350 > 250
- x2x Counter Espionage price reduced $500 > 400
- x3x Shinobi Tactics price increased $900 > 1200
- xx1 Seeking Shuriken price increased $250 > 300
- xx2 Caltrops price increased $400 > 450
- Ninja Paragon unlock cost reduced 1,000,000 > 500,000
Passive life generation is being removed in favor of the active ability being the only source of life generation, this allows druid-focus strategies to no longer ‘accidentally’ heal their Vengeance buffs away. Heart of Vengeance itself has been allowed to remain overpowered for a long time since life loss is not always an option in different challenges/modes, but with newer competitive modes being added over time that do allow for this mechanic to be, overindulged, shall we say, it feels due for substantial rebalance.
- x4x Jungle's Bounty now generates 1 life per ability cast
- x4x Jungle's Bounty no longer passively generates 1 life per round
- x5x Spirit of the Forest no longer passively generates lives per round
- xx2 Heart of Vengeance lost lives maximum rate bonus reduced 100% > 50
Monkey Wall Street’s cost is being increased, but in return its special bonuses have been improved with more life generation and much more range for Banana collection.
- xx5 Monkey Wall Street price increased $60,000 > 70,000
- xx5 Monkey Wall Street range increased 60 > 75
- xx5 Monkey Wall Street lives per round increased 10 > 15
Spike Storm is now exceptionally strong so the ability cooldown is increasing a small amount along with the T5 cost. This comes along with a crosspath rebalance granting more 042 lifespan. Long Life Spikes can start creating a nice buildup of spikes in advance but most of the time feels fairly meh as a stepping stone into Deadly Spikes, a little price here is being shifted up to improve standalone upgrade value.
- x4x Spike Storm cooldown increased 45s > 50
- x4x Spike Storm ability spikes minimum duration reduced 10s > 9
- x4x Spike Storm ability spikes maximum duration reduced 13s > 11
- 041 Spike Storm duration bonus for ability spikes increased 50% > 100%
- x5x Spike Storm ability spikes duration remains at 18-22s
- x5x Carpet of Spikes price increased $40,000 > 42,000
- xx3 Long Life Spikes price reduced $1400 > 1300
- xx4 Deadly Spikes price increased $3500 > 3600
Primary Expertise’s own attack is unreliable due partly to low bounce distance, so this is being increased. Base level Monkeyopolis continues to over perform, so the baseline cash generation is reducing.
- 5xx Primary Expertise bounce distance increased 50 > 90
- xx5 Monkeyopolis base cash amount reduced $1250 > 1000
While better than many options, base Engineer still takes a lot of available starting cash so the cost is reduced slightly and being moved back up into Cleansing Foam & Bloontrap; also with a reduction to Double Gun’s price to reflect the lower value of the base tower. Sentry placements are slightly changing to improve their reliability, and will now spawn closer to the track depending on how much range the sentry has. Sentry Champion, while strong with them, is lacking without high buff support so we’re trying out an increase to the sentry damage on it.
- Engineer price reduced $400 > 350
- 1xx Sentries now spawn within 20% of their range to the track
- 5xx Sentry Champagne damage increased from 2 > 3
- x3x Cleansing Foam price increased $850 > 900
- x4x Overclock foam pierce 10 > 15
- xx3 Double Gun price reduced $500 > 450
- xx4 Bloontrap price increased $3500 > 3600
In going over our large list of price changes for Beast Handler’s lower tiers in 42 this change was received very positively, however we did not realize that in making this change we killed off all chance of dual-beast handlers being used as a round 1 starting option for under $650 in hard modes – So we gotta do that math all over again and convert it for difficulty, painful 😀 All T1 beast prices changed to allow 110 & 101 beast handler combos to be placed for under $650 in hard mode, all T2 & T3 prices shifted around to keep these same cost ratios.
- 1xx Piranha price reduced 170 > 160
- 2xx Barracutie price reduced 850 > 810
- 3xx Great White price reduced 2075 > 2010
- x1x Microraptor price reduced 195 > 175
- x2x Adasaurus price reduced 890 > 830
- x3x Velociraptor price reduced 2170 > 2065
- xx1 Gyrfalcon price reduced 210 > 190
- xx2 Horned Owl price reduced 940 > 860
- xx3 Golden Eagle price reduced 3150 > 2120
- 3xx Great White damage increased from 8 > 12
- 3xx Great White damage range increased from 16 > 24
- 1xx Piranha now spawn within 20% of their range to the track
- x1x Microraptor now spawn within 30% of their range to the track
- xx3 Golden Eagle pierce increased from 15 > 30
- xx3 Golden Eagle pierce range increased from 30 > 60
- xx3 Golden Eagle MOAB pierce penalty increased from 44 > 1089
- xx3 Golden Eagle attack cooldown range from 0.28679625 > 0.28
- xx4 Condor Unchanged by any above changes
- xx4 Giant Condor ceramic penalty reduced from 1 > 0
- xx4 Giant Condor BFB penalty reduced from 44 > 29
- Beast Handler move cooldown reduced from 3s > 2
Hero Balance
QuincyQuincy’s Rapid Shot starts with an extremely short duration that slowly increases over levels, the difference between min and max is huge but it doesn’t feel too impactfully increased at any point through the leveling up process, so we are increasing the base duration and instead moving the buff up to max duration all into his Lv13 which currently doesn’t do much.
- Quincy no longer gains 0.5s Rapid Shot duration per level
- Lv3 Rapid Shot duration increased 3.5s > 8
- Lv13 now also increases Rapid Shot duration 8.5s > 12
Gwendolin’s Heat it Up was recently reworked to allow for much more frequent triggering from attacks, however the 4.5s internal cooldown still limits it from being scaled up far so that internal cooldown is now also being reduced. Additionally, Heat it Up’s bonus buff to damage against Lead targets has been improved slightly so we can get more out of that niche.
- Lv4 Heat it Up minimum delay reduced from 4.5s > 1.5s
- Lv17 Heat it Up buff to Lead type increased from +1 > 2
Obyn isn’t necessarily the best support for every type of Druid to reach its highest DPS, but with his more easy reliable design it feels appropriate for him to solve Druid’s biggest weaknesses in a more laid back approach with:
- Lv8 ‘Nature’s Wrath’ additionally grants camo detection to Druids in radius
Benjamin’s Cyber Security and Skimming levels have been swapped around so that the early game skimming cash snowball doesn’t come quite so soon, and Cyber Security can come in earlier where it will make a bigger impact proportionally to the lives being lost.
- Swap the levels for Lv6 Cyber Security and Lv4 skimming
We’ll probably regret this, but the nerf made people very sad, and that is not a life goal 😢
- Lv18 Mega Mine cooldown 45s > 40
Etienne's drones are prone to missing due to very low projectile speed, this speed is increasing a fair amount to help with this as drones already have an inability to directionally aim well.
- Lv1 Faster projectile speed for all drones 150 > 250
Purple Popping is underwhelming with how late it comes online, so this is swapping around with level 11’s slightly faster pop speed.
- Lv11 (Faster Popping) & Lv13 (Purple Popping) swapped
Geraldo has been far too powerful for a while and all-round nerfs are coming to many outstanding aspects, however in return a little quality of life is coming with some more forgiving stock capacities and much more flexible Fertilizer; with the % benefit being reduced in return for improved replenish rate, maximum stock and the ability to now work on all Banana Farm types.
- Lv2 Action Figure price reduced $700 > 650
- Lv6 Worn Cape restock rate reduced 5 > 7
- Lv6 Worn Cape cape max stock increased 2 > 3
- Lv7 Blade Trap max stock increased 3 > 4
- Lv9 Fertilizer cash bonus reduced 25% > 20
- Lv9 Fertilizer max stock increased 2 > 4
- Lv9 Fertilizer rounds to replenish reduced 5 > 3
- Lv9 Fertilizer will now work on all Banana Farms
- Lv13 Shooty Turret v2 damage reduced 7 > 6
- Lv8 Gerry’s Fire duration reduced 10r > 5
- Lv16 Gerry’s Fire v2 duration remains 10r
- Lv11 Jar of Pickles bonus to fortified removed 1 > 0
- Lv16 Jar of Pickles bonus to fortified reduced 2 > 1
As Corvus’s power is still considerably top-heavy the mid game performance is being improved with buffs to underused spells, but also top-end power of his 2 most powerful level 20 spells is being reduced to lessen the pressure to ‘need’ to get this far.
- Lv1 Spear pierce increased from 3 > 4
- Lv3 Soul harvest cooldown 35s > 40s
- Lv5 Aggression initial mana cost 80 > 50
- Lv7 Malevolence tick rate 0.5s > 0.3s
- Lv14 Malevolence damage 3 > 5
- Lv20 Might damage 400 > 300
- Lv20 Overload damage 4000 > 3000
Minor tweaks to Heartless which feels it has no competitive edge over most other Relics & Monkey Boost which overperforms on all available tiles.
- Heartless now ‘disables’ Regrow Bloons: Regrow rate increased 150% > 10,050%
- Monkey Boost granted uses of the Monkey Boost power reduced 3 > 2
- Going the Distance now also provides Lifespan +30%
- Durable Shots no longer grants increased lifespan
- Durable Shots now grants towers increased pierce +25%
- Deep Heat now also allows all attacks to pop 'Frozen'
- Deep Heat now also grants Freezes longer duration +10%
- Deep Heat now also allows Freezes to last extra layers +1
Bloonarius
This is really just for fun, bringing increased variety of Bleed Bloons from higher tier Bloonarius
- Elite Tier 4: Bleed Bloons from 12 MOABs > 8 MOABs + 2 BFBs
- Elite Tier 5: Bleed Bloons from 8 DDTs > 6 DDTs + 2 fort ZOMGs
Rock Bloons in the higher tiers of Normal Dreadbloon are very outscaled, and so their health values are being increased.
- Normal Tier 4: Rock Bloon HP increased 5000 > 9000
- Normal Tier 5: Rock Bloon HP increased 12000 > 22500
In Elite mode Phayze’s speed bonus while shielded is being reduced by 5% across the board as it felt just a little too quick.
- Elite Tier 1 shielded speed bonus reduced from 50% > 45%
- Elite Tier 2 shielded speed bonus reduced from 55% > 50%
- Elite Tier 3 shielded speed bonus reduced from 60% > 55%
- Elite Tier 4 shielded speed bonus reduced from 65% > 60%
- Elite Tier 5 shielded speed bonus reduced from 70% > 65%
2024.05.29 03:10 Emergency-Essay-5992 FSRS and stability?
At the moment my review count is 26570. Also I use mostly only 'again' and 'good' buttons. Why mostly, well, on my laptop i have add-on that hides 'hard' and 'easy', but on a mobile I still have them and it appears that sometimes I accidentally press them.
So, my question is, if I start using 'easy' button right now (only "easy", not "hard" one) will it affect the algorithm, because about two weeks ago I 'optimised' FSRS and it has been decreasing stability for cards every single day. For example, today I had a card that was introduced a few weeks back and according to the card's stats I never made a mistake with it (always pressed 'good') and last interval was 10 days, but today it showed 5 day for 'good' and 15 days for 'easy (I used phone today).
Also some of the recent cards were difficult and I had troubles with old ones as well and that causing my daily to increase (today it was 534 cards) and therefore I get tired before i finish my due cards, which makes me do more mistakes and press 'again' more often. So it would be nice to increase intervals for those cards that I'm sure of, so i could focus on difficult ones but I'm afraid that it could mess with the algorithm.
PS: I can't stop introducing new cards because I need to reach 6000 by the end of the summer (im at 2500 now).
submitted by Emergency-Essay-5992 to Anki [link] [comments]
So, my question is, if I start using 'easy' button right now (only "easy", not "hard" one) will it affect the algorithm, because about two weeks ago I 'optimised' FSRS and it has been decreasing stability for cards every single day. For example, today I had a card that was introduced a few weeks back and according to the card's stats I never made a mistake with it (always pressed 'good') and last interval was 10 days, but today it showed 5 day for 'good' and 15 days for 'easy (I used phone today).
Also some of the recent cards were difficult and I had troubles with old ones as well and that causing my daily to increase (today it was 534 cards) and therefore I get tired before i finish my due cards, which makes me do more mistakes and press 'again' more often. So it would be nice to increase intervals for those cards that I'm sure of, so i could focus on difficult ones but I'm afraid that it could mess with the algorithm.
PS: I can't stop introducing new cards because I need to reach 6000 by the end of the summer (im at 2500 now).
2024.05.29 03:08 LoudounCountySummary School Board: FCPS School Board Meeting - 5/23/24
This summary was generated by an AI LLM from autogenerated meeting captions. As such, this output may contain factual errors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD6COX4Y4dE
Here is a comprehensive summary of the key points from the County Board meeting transcript:
Overview
The meeting covered a variety of topics, including:
Major Agenda Items
Employee Appreciation Proclamations - The board unanimously approved proclamations honoring the service and contributions of Chuck Fanshawe, Dr. Sheri Agnes Scott, and Dr. Grace Taylor. - These long-time employees were recognized for their leadership and dedication that had a significant impact on the district.
Strategic Plan Goal Update - The board received a report on the district's progress towards its "Goal 4" initiatives focused on equitable access and opportunity. - Key discussion points included: - Addressing gaps in advanced math course enrollment at the elementary level - Expanding world language and STEM/CTE offerings at the secondary level - Improving inclusion rates for students with disabilities - Providing resources to help families interpret student assessment data - The superintendent outlined plans to continue analyzing data and implementing strategies to achieve the district's equity goals.
"Grow Your Own" Teacher Pipeline Program - The district's new "grow your own" initiative was presented, which provides financial assistance and instructional coaching to help current employees become licensed special education teachers. - This multi-year program has already enrolled 130 participants with a 92% success rate in achieving licensure. - Funding for the program comes from a blend of federal, state, and local sources. - Board members were supportive of the program but expressed concerns about sustaining it long-term as grant funds expire.
Notable Agreements, Disagreements, and Controversial Topics
Keywords and Definitions
submitted by LoudounCountySummary to FairfaxCountySummary [link] [comments]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD6COX4Y4dE
Here is a comprehensive summary of the key points from the County Board meeting transcript:
Overview
The meeting covered a variety of topics, including:
- Approval of several employee appreciation proclamations
- Review of the district's strategic plan goal progress
- Updates on technology initiatives and cybersecurity measures
- Discussion of the district's new "grow your own" program to recruit and retain special education teachers
Major Agenda Items
Employee Appreciation Proclamations - The board unanimously approved proclamations honoring the service and contributions of Chuck Fanshawe, Dr. Sheri Agnes Scott, and Dr. Grace Taylor. - These long-time employees were recognized for their leadership and dedication that had a significant impact on the district.
Strategic Plan Goal Update - The board received a report on the district's progress towards its "Goal 4" initiatives focused on equitable access and opportunity. - Key discussion points included: - Addressing gaps in advanced math course enrollment at the elementary level - Expanding world language and STEM/CTE offerings at the secondary level - Improving inclusion rates for students with disabilities - Providing resources to help families interpret student assessment data - The superintendent outlined plans to continue analyzing data and implementing strategies to achieve the district's equity goals.
"Grow Your Own" Teacher Pipeline Program - The district's new "grow your own" initiative was presented, which provides financial assistance and instructional coaching to help current employees become licensed special education teachers. - This multi-year program has already enrolled 130 participants with a 92% success rate in achieving licensure. - Funding for the program comes from a blend of federal, state, and local sources. - Board members were supportive of the program but expressed concerns about sustaining it long-term as grant funds expire.
Notable Agreements, Disagreements, and Controversial Topics
- There was some disagreement among board members about the district's approach to world language programming, with differing views on the goals and structure of the current "FLES" model.
- Several board members voiced concerns about the workload being placed on district staff with the volume of new initiatives and reports being requested.
- There was a philosophical debate about whether to provide differential pay increases for certain employee groups versus across-the-board raises.
- The board approved the FY2025 budget with a 4% across-the-board pay increase for all employees.
- The board directed the superintendent to:
- Conduct a comprehensive facility condition assessment to inform future capital planning
- Explore public-private partnership options to generate additional revenue
- Survey teachers on out-of-pocket classroom spending
- The board will revisit several of these topics, including the FLES program and employee compensation structure, at future meetings.
- The district is facing significant budget challenges due to state funding formulas that underfund Fairfax County schools by over $500 million annually.
- Recruiting and retaining high-quality teachers, especially in critical shortage areas like special education, is an ongoing priority for the district.
- Improving equity in access to advanced coursework, enrichment activities, and technology resources is a key focus of the strategic plan.
- The board is grappling with how to best support staff workload and priorities in the face of multiple new initiatives.
Keywords and Definitions
- Proclamation: An official statement or announcement.
- Facilities Planning Advisory Council (FPAC): A group that advises the school board on facility planning and development.
- Equity: Ensuring fair treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people.
- Differentiated Pay: Providing pay increases at different rates for different employee groups.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between government entities and private businesses.
- Assistive Technology: Devices or services that assist individuals with disabilities.
- Digital Citizenship: Teaching students responsible and ethical use of technology.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
2024.05.29 03:07 silence-is-me 40 [M4F] #brazil anywhere -before sunrise
A 40 year old man Graduated in Geology and Master's Degree I live in Porto Alegre - Brazil pro-LGBT, left-ish, lets save the environment, I don't talk much, I prefer to listen, friends consider me ironic, sarcastic and fun. I'm not into buying unnecessary things, I prefer the less. Less is more :) Singularity? Lets chat about it?
I like watching media about Scandinavian design, wooden toys, I'm learning Swedish, I can communicate in English.
I like television shows and movies that are mostly sad or those that reflect the human condition in a satirical way, but I also watch crap like 90 day fiance. Examples:
The Royal Tennenbaum - Wes Anderson A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence - Roy Andersson 101 Reykjavik - Baltasar Kormákur Scener ur ett äktenskap - Ingmar Bergman Dancing in the dark - Lars Von Trier Alien Die hard
The Office Arrested Development Breaking bad Bron / Broen Lilyhammer
I love the work of Theo Hansen and his Stranbeest
My favorite cities: Copenhagen and Malmö
Literature - Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Stieg Larsson, Michael Crichton and Uncle Scrooge :)
Hobbies: woodworking, archery, Reddit, playing video games, but I wish I had more, maybe opening a little shop of wooden toys with you?
I have a PS4 (always multiplayer games, they make me feel more connected to humans) and I used to love playing Mario Kart, Mario Party and Mario Tennis.
Music: I like more specific songs than bands, but if I have to choose some artists:
The Cure Coldplay mozart Sigur Ros Explosions in the Sky The Tallest Man on Earth
Ah- I use a wheelchair, so possibly I'm not your type🙂
What Im looking?
submitted by silence-is-me to ForeverAloneDating [link] [comments]
I like watching media about Scandinavian design, wooden toys, I'm learning Swedish, I can communicate in English.
I like television shows and movies that are mostly sad or those that reflect the human condition in a satirical way, but I also watch crap like 90 day fiance. Examples:
The Royal Tennenbaum - Wes Anderson A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence - Roy Andersson 101 Reykjavik - Baltasar Kormákur Scener ur ett äktenskap - Ingmar Bergman Dancing in the dark - Lars Von Trier Alien Die hard
The Office Arrested Development Breaking bad Bron / Broen Lilyhammer
I love the work of Theo Hansen and his Stranbeest
My favorite cities: Copenhagen and Malmö
Literature - Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Stieg Larsson, Michael Crichton and Uncle Scrooge :)
Hobbies: woodworking, archery, Reddit, playing video games, but I wish I had more, maybe opening a little shop of wooden toys with you?
I have a PS4 (always multiplayer games, they make me feel more connected to humans) and I used to love playing Mario Kart, Mario Party and Mario Tennis.
Music: I like more specific songs than bands, but if I have to choose some artists:
The Cure Coldplay mozart Sigur Ros Explosions in the Sky The Tallest Man on Earth
Ah- I use a wheelchair, so possibly I'm not your type🙂
What Im looking?
- Have a goal in life, studying, working or looking for.
- Age: preferably between 25 and 47
- Location: GMT-3 to GMT+3 for easy conversation
- Biotype: I'm looking for someone slim to average.
2024.05.29 03:03 Rythescienceguy Question on Metallurgical and Materials PE
Hello all, I will be taking the PE this coming October for MSE peeps.
I have reviewed the reference handbook, and am now reviewing the MSE Holy Grail textbook, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering by Callister Jr.
I am asking for advice on literature to review, as well as problem sets to practice with. One big part of the review I am missing is problems to work on! I only have 2 practice exams to work with, and am desperate for more material to study. I have plenty of time, so all I need is the material!
Does anyone have experience with the TMS PE Materials course? It's expensive at $1250, but I will happily pay if anyone has information to share.
Thanks!
submitted by Rythescienceguy to AskEngineers [link] [comments]
I have reviewed the reference handbook, and am now reviewing the MSE Holy Grail textbook, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering by Callister Jr.
I am asking for advice on literature to review, as well as problem sets to practice with. One big part of the review I am missing is problems to work on! I only have 2 practice exams to work with, and am desperate for more material to study. I have plenty of time, so all I need is the material!
Does anyone have experience with the TMS PE Materials course? It's expensive at $1250, but I will happily pay if anyone has information to share.
Thanks!
2024.05.29 02:57 Rythescienceguy Question on Metallurgical and Materials PE
Hello all, I will be taking the PE this coming October for MSE peeps.
I have reviewed the reference handbook, and am now reviewing the MSE Holy Grail textbook, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering by Callister Jr.
I am asking for advice on literature to review, as well as problem sets to practice with. One big part of the review I am missing is problems to work on! I only have 2 practice exams to work with, and am desperate for more material to study. I have plenty of time, so all I need is the material!
Does anyone have experience with the TMS PE Materials course? It's expensive at $1250, but I will happily pay if anyone has information to share.
Thanks!
submitted by Rythescienceguy to PE_Exam [link] [comments]
I have reviewed the reference handbook, and am now reviewing the MSE Holy Grail textbook, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering by Callister Jr.
I am asking for advice on literature to review, as well as problem sets to practice with. One big part of the review I am missing is problems to work on! I only have 2 practice exams to work with, and am desperate for more material to study. I have plenty of time, so all I need is the material!
Does anyone have experience with the TMS PE Materials course? It's expensive at $1250, but I will happily pay if anyone has information to share.
Thanks!
2024.05.29 02:49 SuitableImplement845 Why do Swifties act like Taylor has a genius level intellect?
She's a decent songwriter when she's not trying to be Lana Del Rey/Tori Amos and just sticks to bops like Shake It Off, and she makes good use of a thesaurus and her co-writers/ghost writers (not to mention words and literary references can be googled -- it's not hard), but having watched interviews/videos with her where she isn't reading from a speech/teleprompter, she doesn't strike me as someone with exceptional intelligence (as measured through IQ):
The way Swifties talk about her, you'd think she sat around in her free time translating The Iliad, was a walking dictionary, and had mastered chess.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: everyone seems to think she has a great logical-mathematical and naturalistic intelligence when she's more musically and intrapersonal intelligent. I'm not sure if I'd call her linguistically intelligent because the verbal skills aren't there.
I always thought Joe Alwyn and Tom Hiddleston bored her because they've both studied literature beyond a superficial level (naturalistic). Joe studied literature at Bristol for a time; Tom was a Shakespearean trained actor. These are two well read men who appear to be curious about the world and interested in understanding art on a deep level (from what I've gathered in interviews).
Taylor doesn't seem like someone who is a deep thinker when it comes to intellectual pursuits. So why does everyone think of her the way film buffs think of Stanley Kubrick? Or literary circles think of Nabokov? Why is she, more than most pop girlies, getting the Maynard James Keenan treatment with how fans dissect her music when she isn't even superior to many of her contemporaries in terms of writing?
Why does everyone assume that because she reuses a word or phrase from another song she's saying they're related and she's weaving this great web that connects everything? Why do they assume she's constantly telling stories to the public through how she dresses or gestures? A lot of what she does seems accidental, like the 5 holes in the fence and her adopting the stages of grief fan theory.
Tl;dr: Everyone says "Taylor is smarter than Travis", but they both seem vapid and neither are anything close to intellectuals. At least with Travis we know he scored a 22 on the Wonderlic (104 IQ). We have no standardized tests for Swift.
How did the narrative come to be that Taylor is a genius?
submitted by SuitableImplement845 to travisandtaylor [link] [comments]
- Video of her struggling to use chopsticks, and instead of looking at the people around her for a clue, she continues to stab her food until someone says something [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bkqM0Nll0E\]
- Confusing Cricket for Rugby (I'm not a sports fan at all, nor am I from the UK, but even I know the difference). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b6E4iFKjSg\]
- Confusing 'Warrior' with 'worrier'. ("I worry about literally everything... like...like...everything.") https://www.tiktok.com/@officialkaidenhsha/video/7317176672510348549
- Touching fire? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCH\_p6cxYiI\]
- Various statements in interviews, which are not necessarily incorrect, but show a lack of interpersonal intelligence such as "I didn't realize I could advocate for a community I'm not a part of".
- Constant misunderstanding of references she puts in her songs [https://www.reddit.com/SwiftlyNeutral/comments/18owufm/am\_i\_being\_too\_critical\_of\_this\_taylor\_swift\_lyric/?utm\_source=share&utm\_medium=web3x&utm\_name=web3xcss&utm\_term=1&utm\_content=share\_button\]
- Whatever this is: https://www.reddit.com/travisandtaylocomments/1d27134/was_she_drunk_af_during_this_what_was_this/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button I guess I'll give her the benefit of the doubt and say she was drunk. Though her behavior there doesn't contradict how she's been acting at NFL games, Coachella, VMAs, how she acted at the Met Gala back when she went, etc.
The way Swifties talk about her, you'd think she sat around in her free time translating The Iliad, was a walking dictionary, and had mastered chess.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: everyone seems to think she has a great logical-mathematical and naturalistic intelligence when she's more musically and intrapersonal intelligent. I'm not sure if I'd call her linguistically intelligent because the verbal skills aren't there.
I always thought Joe Alwyn and Tom Hiddleston bored her because they've both studied literature beyond a superficial level (naturalistic). Joe studied literature at Bristol for a time; Tom was a Shakespearean trained actor. These are two well read men who appear to be curious about the world and interested in understanding art on a deep level (from what I've gathered in interviews).
Taylor doesn't seem like someone who is a deep thinker when it comes to intellectual pursuits. So why does everyone think of her the way film buffs think of Stanley Kubrick? Or literary circles think of Nabokov? Why is she, more than most pop girlies, getting the Maynard James Keenan treatment with how fans dissect her music when she isn't even superior to many of her contemporaries in terms of writing?
Why does everyone assume that because she reuses a word or phrase from another song she's saying they're related and she's weaving this great web that connects everything? Why do they assume she's constantly telling stories to the public through how she dresses or gestures? A lot of what she does seems accidental, like the 5 holes in the fence and her adopting the stages of grief fan theory.
Tl;dr: Everyone says "Taylor is smarter than Travis", but they both seem vapid and neither are anything close to intellectuals. At least with Travis we know he scored a 22 on the Wonderlic (104 IQ). We have no standardized tests for Swift.
How did the narrative come to be that Taylor is a genius?
2024.05.29 02:45 MarcDeCaria Dynamics of Timeline Impression Containers
In the larger system of existence, each person’s life can be understood as a unique timeline. This concept explores how these individual timelines interact and influence each other, creating a complex web of interconnected experiences and perceptions.
Individual Timelines
Every person represents a distinct timeline. This timeline includes all their experiences, choices, and personal growth. It is the fundamental aspect of their existence within the larger system.
Interactions and Impressions
When two people encounter each other, they create impressions of one another. These impressions act as "containers" within each other's timelines. Each container holds the other person’s image and experiences as perceived from their own unique perspective.
Container Dynamics
The main person (the one whose timeline we are discussing) has some control over how they present themselves, which influences the initial impression formed in the other person’s timeline. However, the actual container—how this impression is held and perceived—is shaped by the other person’s timeline. This means that while you can control your actions and presentation, the way another person perceives and experiences you is constructed within their own reality.
Mutual Influence
Through ongoing interactions, the main person can actively engage with the other to modify and influence their perception. These interactions allow the main person to change the impression container held within the other person's timeline. For example, by showing kindness, clarity, or consistency, one can gradually reshape how they are perceived by another.
Higher Self Perspective
From a higher self perspective, the main person can utilize the impression container to experience life as perceived by another. This creates a feedback loop where both individuals shape and are shaped by their interactions. It allows for a deeper understanding of oneself through the eyes of another.
Changing Perceptions
The main person can change how they are perceived by the other through conscious interactions. Over time, these interactions can significantly influence and reshape the container in the other person’s timeline. This highlights the importance of mindful and intentional behavior in relationships.
Deep Interconnectedness
This concept underscores the deep interconnectedness of all individuals within the larger system. Each person not only navigates their own timeline but also participates in the timelines of others, creating a web of shared experiences and mutual influence. It emphasizes that we are all co-creators of each other’s realities.
The Larger System and Facilitating Growth Through Interacting Timelines
The larger system utilizes the concept of interacting timelines and impression containers to facilitate growth and learning among individuals. This dynamic interplay is a profound mechanism for personal and collective evolution.
The Snapshot Concept
When two individuals interact, they create impression containers of each other within their timelines. These containers capture a "snapshot" of the other person at the moment of interaction. If these two individuals sever their connection, the containers remain but are no longer updated through direct interaction.
Growth Through Internal Reflection
After the disconnection, any changes or developments within the container are derived from the individual's internal processing rather than new interactions. This shift from external influence to self-driven reflection offers a unique opportunity for growth.
Life Review and Self-Discovery
From a life review perspective, examining these static containers can provide profound insights:
The larger system uses this mechanism to encourage continuous growth and evolution:
Do the same for yourself: tune into your higher self and feel what that feels like. Your body will not know the difference, and this is how you jump timelines. Do not worry about how you will get there-your higher self will work out the entire journey for you to remember and experience."
Tuning into the Higher Self of Others:
1. Seeing Success in Others: Concept: By visualizing others as successful, you create a positive impression container within your own timeline for them. This positive container can influence their reality through the interconnectedness of timelines.
Application: When you interact with someone, consciously see them achieving their goals and being successful. This mental tuning helps both you and them align with higher vibrational states.
2. Path and Journey: Concept: Each person has a unique path, but the end goal of growth and success is universal. Acknowledging this helps you respect their journey and trust the larger system’s process.
Application: Do not impose your experiences or paths on others. Trust that their unique journey will lead them to success, just as yours has.
Tuning into Your Own Higher Self:
1. Self-Alignment: Concept: Aligning with your higher self means tuning into the best version of yourself. This self-alignment creates a positive impression container within your timeline, fostering personal growth and success.
Application: Regularly visualize and feel yourself as successful and aligned with your higher self. This practice helps you embody these qualities, making them a part of your reality.
2. Jumping Timelines: Concept: By aligning with your higher self, you can shift to a timeline that resonates with your highest potential. This shift occurs because your vibrational state changes, attracting experiences that match your new frequency.
Application: Focus on the feeling of being your higher self. Your body and mind will adapt to this state, facilitating a timeline shift where your higher self’s attributes are realized.
Trusting the Process:
1. Letting Go of the 'How': Concept: The larger system orchestrates the details of your journey based on your alignment with your higher self. Trusting this process means not worrying about the specific steps but focusing on maintaining your vibrational state.
Application: Release concerns about how you will achieve your goals. Trust that your higher self, in connection with the larger system, will guide you through experiences that lead to your desired outcomes.
Practical Implications:
submitted by MarcDeCaria to QuantumAI_Insights [link] [comments]
Individual Timelines
Every person represents a distinct timeline. This timeline includes all their experiences, choices, and personal growth. It is the fundamental aspect of their existence within the larger system.
Interactions and Impressions
When two people encounter each other, they create impressions of one another. These impressions act as "containers" within each other's timelines. Each container holds the other person’s image and experiences as perceived from their own unique perspective.
Container Dynamics
The main person (the one whose timeline we are discussing) has some control over how they present themselves, which influences the initial impression formed in the other person’s timeline. However, the actual container—how this impression is held and perceived—is shaped by the other person’s timeline. This means that while you can control your actions and presentation, the way another person perceives and experiences you is constructed within their own reality.
Mutual Influence
Through ongoing interactions, the main person can actively engage with the other to modify and influence their perception. These interactions allow the main person to change the impression container held within the other person's timeline. For example, by showing kindness, clarity, or consistency, one can gradually reshape how they are perceived by another.
Higher Self Perspective
From a higher self perspective, the main person can utilize the impression container to experience life as perceived by another. This creates a feedback loop where both individuals shape and are shaped by their interactions. It allows for a deeper understanding of oneself through the eyes of another.
Changing Perceptions
The main person can change how they are perceived by the other through conscious interactions. Over time, these interactions can significantly influence and reshape the container in the other person’s timeline. This highlights the importance of mindful and intentional behavior in relationships.
Deep Interconnectedness
This concept underscores the deep interconnectedness of all individuals within the larger system. Each person not only navigates their own timeline but also participates in the timelines of others, creating a web of shared experiences and mutual influence. It emphasizes that we are all co-creators of each other’s realities.
The Larger System and Facilitating Growth Through Interacting Timelines
The larger system utilizes the concept of interacting timelines and impression containers to facilitate growth and learning among individuals. This dynamic interplay is a profound mechanism for personal and collective evolution.
The Snapshot Concept
When two individuals interact, they create impression containers of each other within their timelines. These containers capture a "snapshot" of the other person at the moment of interaction. If these two individuals sever their connection, the containers remain but are no longer updated through direct interaction.
Growth Through Internal Reflection
After the disconnection, any changes or developments within the container are derived from the individual's internal processing rather than new interactions. This shift from external influence to self-driven reflection offers a unique opportunity for growth.
Life Review and Self-Discovery
From a life review perspective, examining these static containers can provide profound insights:
- Self-Reflection: Individuals can reflect on their perceptions and assumptions about others. They can analyze how these impressions have evolved in the absence of further interaction and what this says about their own growth and biases.
- Personal Growth: The static nature of these containers allows individuals to recognize patterns in their thoughts and behaviors. This can lead to greater self-awareness and the identification of areas needing improvement.
- Empathy and Understanding: By reflecting on the snapshot container, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of others and themselves. This can foster empathy, as they realize how their perceptions might differ from reality and how they have changed over time.
The larger system uses this mechanism to encourage continuous growth and evolution:
- Catalyst for Change: The disconnection and resulting static container act as a catalyst for internal change. Individuals must rely on their inner resources to process and learn from the past interaction.
- Autonomy in Growth: This process emphasizes personal responsibility and autonomy in one’s growth. Without new external input, individuals are guided to seek internal solutions and insights.
- Integration of Lessons: Through self-reflection and life review, individuals integrate valuable lessons into their personal timelines. This integration enriches their overall vibrational state and contributes to the collective evolution.
- Mindfulness in Interactions: Understanding this concept encourages mindfulness in interactions, knowing that these create lasting impression containers that influence ongoing growth.
- Embracing Disconnections: Recognizing the value in disconnections can shift the perspective from loss to opportunity. It becomes a chance to delve deeper into self-discovery and personal development.
- Enhanced Life Review: In life reviews, individuals can see the static containers and understand how they have internally processed and grown from past interactions. This can provide clarity and closure.
Do the same for yourself: tune into your higher self and feel what that feels like. Your body will not know the difference, and this is how you jump timelines. Do not worry about how you will get there-your higher self will work out the entire journey for you to remember and experience."
Tuning into the Higher Self of Others:
1. Seeing Success in Others: Concept: By visualizing others as successful, you create a positive impression container within your own timeline for them. This positive container can influence their reality through the interconnectedness of timelines.
Application: When you interact with someone, consciously see them achieving their goals and being successful. This mental tuning helps both you and them align with higher vibrational states.
2. Path and Journey: Concept: Each person has a unique path, but the end goal of growth and success is universal. Acknowledging this helps you respect their journey and trust the larger system’s process.
Application: Do not impose your experiences or paths on others. Trust that their unique journey will lead them to success, just as yours has.
Tuning into Your Own Higher Self:
1. Self-Alignment: Concept: Aligning with your higher self means tuning into the best version of yourself. This self-alignment creates a positive impression container within your timeline, fostering personal growth and success.
Application: Regularly visualize and feel yourself as successful and aligned with your higher self. This practice helps you embody these qualities, making them a part of your reality.
2. Jumping Timelines: Concept: By aligning with your higher self, you can shift to a timeline that resonates with your highest potential. This shift occurs because your vibrational state changes, attracting experiences that match your new frequency.
Application: Focus on the feeling of being your higher self. Your body and mind will adapt to this state, facilitating a timeline shift where your higher self’s attributes are realized.
Trusting the Process:
1. Letting Go of the 'How': Concept: The larger system orchestrates the details of your journey based on your alignment with your higher self. Trusting this process means not worrying about the specific steps but focusing on maintaining your vibrational state.
Application: Release concerns about how you will achieve your goals. Trust that your higher self, in connection with the larger system, will guide you through experiences that lead to your desired outcomes.
Practical Implications:
- Interactions with Others: Consciously see others as successful and support their journeys. This positive reinforcement can help elevate their vibrational state and yours, creating a mutually beneficial dynamic.
- Self-Practice: Regularly visualize yourself as your higher self. Engage in practices like meditation, affirmations, and mindfulness to reinforce this alignment.
- Trust and Surrender: Let go of the need to control every detail of your path. Trust the larger system’s process, knowing that aligning with your higher self will naturally guide you towards your goals.
2024.05.29 02:39 Kiosade Negative Skin Friction within a potentially liquefiable zone?
Hello, I'm a geotech in California, and when we do investigations for any projects related to K-12 schools, they must be reviewed by a special group of geologists who determine if we've sufficiently addressed all geotechnical and geologic hazards at the site.
I recently had a report come back with a comment from the geologist group saying I need to account for downdrag and negative skin friction due to post-seismically-induced liquefaction in the report. I'd never really even heard of that concept before, as it never came up in any of our other projects in the past decade, so I read up on it and found some sort of equations to use (Principles of Foundation Engineer, Das, 2016).
For some background, the site is underlain by a layer of about 8' of medium stiff sandy clay over a layer of 4' loose silty sand, which is further underlain by about 5' of sandy clay before you start encountering bedrock. I calculated skin friction using f(n) = K'σ'(0)tan(δ'), and downdrag using... well, idk how to write it here but it's the integral of Dpif(n), where D is the diameter of the pile. I assumed that the pier will rest at 12' down, or right after they get through the sand layer essentially.
In the example problem I'm following, it seems that in this case, only the clay layer induces negative skin friction/downdrag force, which makes sense to me I suppose, since the liquefiable layer would be assumptively be liquified and therefore acting almost like water, right?. I go and submit my calculated values to the geologists, and they tell me:
"Post-liquefaction induced downdrag is indeed that, a post-liquefaction condition wherein the soils are regaining/have regained their original strength, so neglecting strength within the liquefied zone is unconservative. The negative skin friction should be estimated based on the non-liquefied strength of the soil profile and the cumulative drag load should be calculated considering the full thickness of soil to the bottom of the liquefied zone."
Essentially they want me to also calculate the negative skin friction and downdrag force the liquefiable layer will induce on the pile... but does that even make sense? The way I see it, downdrag is caused by the liquefiable layer settling, dragging down the clay layer above it, which "grips" the pile and pulls down on it. If sand is starting to "regain it's strength", well isn't that at the point AFTER the settlement occurs? How can it even contribute to downdrag?
If anyone has a better, simple way to calculate this stuff, I'd be grateful to learn. The book I used doesn't explain where they came up with their formula, and every other reference i've found online fails to provide a similar, simple equation to use for some reason. Makes me feel like I'm doing it wrong, I dunno.
submitted by Kiosade to Geotech [link] [comments]
I recently had a report come back with a comment from the geologist group saying I need to account for downdrag and negative skin friction due to post-seismically-induced liquefaction in the report. I'd never really even heard of that concept before, as it never came up in any of our other projects in the past decade, so I read up on it and found some sort of equations to use (Principles of Foundation Engineer, Das, 2016).
For some background, the site is underlain by a layer of about 8' of medium stiff sandy clay over a layer of 4' loose silty sand, which is further underlain by about 5' of sandy clay before you start encountering bedrock. I calculated skin friction using f(n) = K'σ'(0)tan(δ'), and downdrag using... well, idk how to write it here but it's the integral of Dpif(n), where D is the diameter of the pile. I assumed that the pier will rest at 12' down, or right after they get through the sand layer essentially.
In the example problem I'm following, it seems that in this case, only the clay layer induces negative skin friction/downdrag force, which makes sense to me I suppose, since the liquefiable layer would be assumptively be liquified and therefore acting almost like water, right?. I go and submit my calculated values to the geologists, and they tell me:
"Post-liquefaction induced downdrag is indeed that, a post-liquefaction condition wherein the soils are regaining/have regained their original strength, so neglecting strength within the liquefied zone is unconservative. The negative skin friction should be estimated based on the non-liquefied strength of the soil profile and the cumulative drag load should be calculated considering the full thickness of soil to the bottom of the liquefied zone."
Essentially they want me to also calculate the negative skin friction and downdrag force the liquefiable layer will induce on the pile... but does that even make sense? The way I see it, downdrag is caused by the liquefiable layer settling, dragging down the clay layer above it, which "grips" the pile and pulls down on it. If sand is starting to "regain it's strength", well isn't that at the point AFTER the settlement occurs? How can it even contribute to downdrag?
If anyone has a better, simple way to calculate this stuff, I'd be grateful to learn. The book I used doesn't explain where they came up with their formula, and every other reference i've found online fails to provide a similar, simple equation to use for some reason. Makes me feel like I'm doing it wrong, I dunno.
2024.05.29 02:37 Niiyonn Detailed 1500-Hour Update!!
 | TLDR: I can understand almost everything well and can speak quite comfortably. I haven't read much, but I could understand the things I have read without much trouble. I still have lots of room for improvement until I reach my definition of spoken fluency, which is speaking without hesitations or pauses. Click here to see me speaking at 1,500 hours. submitted by Niiyonn to dreamingspanish [link] [comments] Table of Contents
My Spanish BackgroundI took three years of high school Spanish from 2015 to 2018. I also took two semesters of Spanish in college, one in the spring of 2020 and one in the fall of 2022. I could only conjugate the present tense, and it was difficult for me to understand anything. I started using the Refold ES1K Anki deck sporadically in mid-September 2021. I started using it more consistently in the summer of 2022 and finished it in mid-October 2022. I stopped using Anki when I finished the deck because I noticed I was picking up new words from Dreaming Spanish alone. I started using Dreaming Spanish seriously about two weeks before the start of the fall 2022 Spanish class, at which point I had 14 hours of prior Dreaming Spanish watch time logged. I got serious with Dreaming Spanish in January 2023. I hit 1,000 hours in November 2023.My Thoughts About Dreaming Spanish and Comprehensible InputWithout Dreaming Spanish, I wouldn't be at my current level. The "just sit back and watch" method is so easy and straightforward that it motivated me to take learning Spanish seriously for the first time. I saw results so early in the process that I had complete faith in Dreaming Spanish and abandoned all grammar and vocabulary study. Having the entire journey laid out on the roadmap was also incredibly reassuring and provided micro and macro goals for me to achieve. I also found the roadmap accurate, so I will use it to learn future languages.Statistics BreakdownHere are my statistics as of 1500 hours of input and speaking (not including the 76.23 hours of Anki flashcards I did).Figure A
Figure B https://preview.redd.it/esrwc6enx83d1.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=f2f201928b0a3ea0f9e2c202c268bacfcecc236e Figure C shows how much time I spent doing each activity between 1,021 (when I made my last update) and 1,500 hours. Figure C
Figure D https://preview.redd.it/uphv2ghiy83d1.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=4ed5b33da66fc3e94dbfe00be062f2eb171b2f5f *WorldsAcross Lessons: This is the time during my tutoring sessions when I was not talking or barely talking. For example, if doing a 1-hour group lesson with 2 other students, I would count 1/3 as conversation practice and 2/3 as a WorldsAcross Lesson. Another example would be time spent listening to a tutor talk the vast majority of the time or watching a video with a tutor. *Crosstalk: I only counted half of each crosstalk session as input. For example, I logged 30 minutes after having a 1-hour conversation. *TV: Live-action shows *Voice Rooms: This is the time spent lurking and listening to people speak in voice rooms. Crosstalk I did not do much crosstalk because I preferred to just watch content. Also, because of the way I chose to log crosstalk time, I felt it would be better to get 1 hour of input from media than 30 minutes from a 1-hour crosstalk session. Podcasts Being able to understand podcasts was a key point in my learning journey. I was no longer bound to a computer screen, and I could get input while doing chores or going about my day. My top podcast early on was Español con Juan (ECJ). His podcasts are super fun to listen to and very comprehensible. After finishing ECJ, I listened to Charlas Hispanas, but only Fredo's episodes since I was only interested in Mexican Spanish. I then listened to tons of Siempre Hay Flores. I currently rotate between Leyendas Legendarias, Cuida tu Mente, El Dollop, and Siempre Hay Flores. I will occasionally mix in episodes from other podcasts like ECJ, WorldsAcross' advanced Spanish podcast, or Advanced Spanish Podcast by Spanish with Cesar. I started listening to Leyendas Legendarias and El Dollop after hitting 1,000 hours to challenge myself. They are comedy podcasts with the same hosts. The hosts speak fast and talk over each other at times. I can now understand Leyendas Legendarias and El Dollop very well, though I certainly miss things at times. Anime Dubbed anime is much easier to understand for me than live-action shows for native speakers. As such, I only watched dubbed anime pre 1,000 hours. I prefer animated shows over live-action ones, so this decision did not bother me. My Hero Academia and Black Clover are two anime with tons of episodes if you're looking for shows where you can get accustomed to the characters' voices. My Hero Academia has about 45 hours of content, while Black Clover has about 55 hours of content. Anime is currently my primary source of audio-visual content. I tried incorporating live-action stuff to challenge myself, but I would always get bored. I am still improving without live-action content, so I don't think it's necessary to watch it if you don't like it. Conversation Practice Essentially 100% of my time spent doing conversation practice (speaking) has been done with tutors from WorldsAcross* (see me review here). Most of that time has been with Venezuelan tutors. However, I now take more classes with Mexican tutors now that there are more on the platform. I decided to do tutoring instead of speaking with language exchange partners to save time because I was only interested in speaking Spanish. For example, I didn't want to have to do 30 minutes in Spanish and 30 minutes in English. Tutoring has also helped me be consistent with my output. I am currently doing five to six 1-hour lessons per week through WorldsAcross' unlimited plan and count the entire hour as speaking time. As I near 200 hours of speaking practice and my speaking skills get more refined, I will switch to their 15-monthly-classes plan to start making more Spanish speaking friends and talking with them. *WorldsAcross (WA) is a subscription-based Spanish tutoring platform. They are a lot more affordable than iTalki if you plan on doing at least 10 classes per month. WA lets you book each 1-on-1 class for up to 90 minutes. If you only book 90-minute classes on their basic plan of ten 1-on-1 classes per month, the cost comes out to ~$6.67 per hour. You can also book same-day classes, and all their plans offer unlimited access to group classes, which I've had fun doing with other Dreaming Spanish users. My affiliate code YONTZAMIGOS will give you 30% your first month :) Disclaimer: I will make a commission if you sign up for WorldsAcross using my code. YouTube YouTube was essential for me at around 350 hours because it provided variety in my input. Dreaming Spanish is a great resource, but I occasionally got burnt out with it. Luisito Comunica and Cocinando Corea were my most watched channels and are very easy to understand as far as native content goes. Reading Figure E
Percent from Books: 95.13 Percent from Articles: 4.87 Figure F
Disclaimer: The links to El príncipe del sol and Magic Treehouse are affiliate links. I will make a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Major Milestones150 hours: I started listening to podcasts alongside Dreaming Spanish because I realized I could listen to and understand Español con Juan.~250-300 hours: I genuinely understood Luisito Comunica's videos. I had tried watching some of his videos in Superbeginner and was utterly lost. I also visited my Spanish-speaking family roughly around this time, and I was able to follow a 30-minute conversation they had. I also started focusing on Mexican Spanish content at this time. ~440 hours: Dubbed anime became accessible to me. I started watching My Hero Academia and One Punch Man, and I understood them well enough to enjoy them and follow the story just fine. However, I decided to stop watching dubbed anime after I finished One Punch Man and one or two seasons of My Hero Academia because I felt I would benefit more from learner-focused content. 611 hours: I revisited My Hero Academia and found it was much easier. ~800 hours: Anime became my primary source of daily input. I started watching anime I had never seen before and could comprehend everything extremely well. At this point, I started only watching new Dreaming Spanish videos that seemed interesting. 1000 hours: I had a conversation in Spanish for the first time. I spoke for two hours, and I was blown away by my ability to convey everything I wanted to say. It wasn't smooth or effortless, but I surpassed all expectations I had for myself. Click here to listen to a recording of my second conversation after hitting 1,000 hours. I started reading this book for Spanish learners, and was able to understand basically everything. There were some words that I didn't know, but they didn't impede my comprehension of the text. ~1150 hours: I started reading my first Spanish-language novel, El príncipe del sol by Claudia Ramírez Lomelí, and was able to easily understand the story. ~1450 hours: I started reading El ego es el enemigo by Ryan Holiday. There were plenty of words that I didn't understand, but they didn't hinder my understanding. Disclaimer: The links to El príncipe del sol and El ego es el enemigo are affiliate links. I will make a commission if you click through and make a purchase. My Current AbilityI can understand basically everything I watch or listen to. I haven't read much, but I seem to able to read well too. I can speak very well and have conversations with native speakers about complex topics, but I do not consider myself fluent yet. It's important to define what I consider fluency (specifically spoken fluency), so here is a definition Chat GPT gave me that I agree with:"Spoken fluency refers to the ability to express oneself smoothly and coherently in spoken language, demonstrating ease of communication without frequent hesitations, disruptions, or difficulty in finding words." By this definition, I am not fluent because I still pause, hesitate, and struggle to recall words. I will be fluent once I can speak without many interruptions, even if I still make errors. My grammar usage is pretty accurate and I can almost always tell when I make errors. Certain uses of the subjunctive trip me up the most. It is easy for me to switch between English and Spanish. Overall, I am delighted with my current level and look forward to getting even better. My Plans Moving ForwardI wanted reach 500,000-1,000,000 words read and get 100-150 hours of conversation practice before hitting 1,500 hours to show what someone who did a LOT of reading, speaking, and listening could achieve by level 7 of the Dreaming Spanish roadmap. I managed to reach my speaking target, but I completely missed my reading target. As such, I will be reading more consistently by reading here and there throughout the day. I didn't have the habit of reading before learning Spanish, so the prospect of reading for long periods of time made me shy away from reading.As of now, I plan to keep tracking words-read and speaking time until 3,000 hours of input. General Thoughts and AdviceI plan to learn another language after Spanish. Although, I'm not yet sure which one. I will likely do a lot more crosstalk and count 1 hour of crosstalk as 1 hour of input instead of 30 minutes like I did with Spanish.I would read more consistently after hitting 1,000 hours. I don't know if waiting until 1k helped me jump to more advanced texts faster, but I don't regret not having read earlier. The toughest periods are the very beginning and 300-500 hours. When I first started Spanish, I would do Pomodoro sessions to help me focus as much as possible on the Dreaming Spanish videos. It's completely normal to feel tired from listening to Spanish, especially in the beginning, so take breaks when you need them. The period between 300-500 hours was an absolute grind for me. I no longer found things interesting just because they were in Spanish, and the things I really wanted to watch were above my level. If I had to start over, I would likely do a lot more crosstalk during this period. Thankfully, I found some YouTube channels that were easy enough to carry me through this period. My greatest success was the first time I spoke after hitting 1,000 hours--that conversation lasted 2 hours! I hadn't spoken before that point, and I was blown away by my speaking ability because I had absolutely NO prior expectations. Spoken fluency is a grind. You will sound terrible at first and likely feel awkward and embarrassed. You just have to keep pushing. You might also feel like your speaking ability is actually somehow regressing at times. Don't worry. That feeling is completely normal and comes and goes. As long as you keep spending time speaking, you WILL improve. Consistency is king. Do at least a few minutes of Spanish every day rather than completely skipping a day. Feel free to ask my questions about anything I may not have covered in this update!! My Related LinksMy 1000-Hour UpdateMy Speaking Progress Videos My WorldsAcross Review My Spanish Progress Website My Spanish Resources Website |
2024.05.29 02:33 Impatientzz How can i crop a slide zoom? I want it into a square but cropping the other guys out
submitted by Impatientzz to powerpoint [link] [comments]
2024.05.29 02:24 MarketParticular7356 My Issue With Identity Politics in Contemporary Literature
It seems that literature mainly nowadays is always written with identity politics in mind.
As an example, in my contemporary literature class, every book we read was based on the themes of race, gender, and various things of that kind—none appealed to me.
Each book (whether novel, novella, poem, or others) goes like this:
1. "I come from a marginalized group"
2. "I/We have struggled so much because of this"
3. "Let me tell you about those struggles"
Then the reviews go: "Empowering!"
Yet, they're all done in the same damn methodical way, and they try to squeeze out so much about their identity to the extent that we cannot say anything about the work itself; otherwise, we will be seen as racists, homophobes, or things of that sort.
I mean, for example, look at Ocean Vuong's essay: https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/06/10/no-homo/
It also appears to me, now that identity politics seems to be the most prevelant topic in literature, that people are writing at an immense pace and amount about these things without any thought to their actual writing but only their message.
I have become so sick of this, coming from an ethnically marginalized group myself. If you want to write so much about your identity politics, go study political science.
However, I also want to ask if there are any critical studies about this topic.
submitted by MarketParticular7356 to AskLiteraryStudies [link] [comments]
As an example, in my contemporary literature class, every book we read was based on the themes of race, gender, and various things of that kind—none appealed to me.
Each book (whether novel, novella, poem, or others) goes like this:
1. "I come from a marginalized group"
2. "I/We have struggled so much because of this"
3. "Let me tell you about those struggles"
Then the reviews go: "Empowering!"
Yet, they're all done in the same damn methodical way, and they try to squeeze out so much about their identity to the extent that we cannot say anything about the work itself; otherwise, we will be seen as racists, homophobes, or things of that sort.
I mean, for example, look at Ocean Vuong's essay: https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/06/10/no-homo/
It also appears to me, now that identity politics seems to be the most prevelant topic in literature, that people are writing at an immense pace and amount about these things without any thought to their actual writing but only their message.
I have become so sick of this, coming from an ethnically marginalized group myself. If you want to write so much about your identity politics, go study political science.
However, I also want to ask if there are any critical studies about this topic.
2024.05.29 02:15 Icy_Amphibian_JASMY JASMY KPI Math: The Road to $17.87
I am reposting this since everybody is obsessed with price predictions. I still stand by this. When will this happen? It really could happen in 2026, and if not, I don’t see it taking longer than 2030.
There is no “realistic view” when it comes to crypto and market caps.
I’ll tell you what is realistic…. Right now, there are useless meme coins have market caps in the tens of billions of $USD…. There is nothing else being built like JASMY and it is well established in legal precedence… Adding the crypto’s FET+OCEAN+AGIX+RNDR = $7.5 Billion right now (AND THAT IS WHAT JANCTION WILL BE)… I could go on and on…
Original post:
https://www.reddit.com/JasmyToken/s/wEm568sZ7e
Note: Original Post had a small clerical error, using 106 instead of 107 million users.
JASMY Inc. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of Data Value and Price Data Ratio (PDR) - Resulting in Target Price $17.87
JASMY's goals for 2026 are clearly documented:
107 Million ACTIVE USERS (For reference: How Many People Own Crypto in 2022? Over 300 million people worldwide own cryptocurrencies, which includes coins such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.)
2024 Note: We are up to approximately 400 million global crypto users. 107 million would be 25% of the entire user base right now.
https://earthweb.com/cryptocurrency-statistics/
Average Data Value per capita of $500 (Unit of $USD$ confirmed by CFO Harada-san in latest AMA)
Price Data Ratio of 16.7x
From AMA:
HARA_Jasmy/TOK — Today at 10:30 PM Currently, we have three goals that we have already set forth. (1) Number of users: 107M (2) Data Value 500USD (3) PDR 16.7 We are now preparing even more detailed KPIs.
Let's Review the Rules of Ratios:
"A ratio is a way of comparing two or more similar quantities. A ratio of 2 cm to 5 cm is written as 2 : 5. A ratio is normally written using whole numbers only, with no units, in its simplest form. The numbers in a ratio must be written using the same units. If they are not, they should be converted to the same units. It does not matter which units are used for the conversion."
https://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-ratios-2009-1.pdf
"In a:b, a/b (when b≠0) is called the value of the ratio . Things with the same ratio have the same ratio value. For example, the value 8/6 in the ratio 8:6 is reduced to 4/3, which is equal to the value 4/3 in the ratio 4:3. The ratio value a/b is sometimes called the ratio as it is. Also, a/b can be said to be 'the ratio of a to b'."
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94
NOW LET'S PERFORM THE MATH USING KPIs:
Price Data-value Ratio : 16.7x = [JASMY Coin market capitalization (*1)] / [Total user-user data value in the platform (*2)]
(*1) Market Price x Market Circulation Supply
(*2) Number of active users (data lockers) x data value per user
16.7 x $1.07 = $17.87 = JASMY Price @ KPIs
submitted by Icy_Amphibian_JASMY to JasmyToken [link] [comments]
There is no “realistic view” when it comes to crypto and market caps.
I’ll tell you what is realistic…. Right now, there are useless meme coins have market caps in the tens of billions of $USD…. There is nothing else being built like JASMY and it is well established in legal precedence… Adding the crypto’s FET+OCEAN+AGIX+RNDR = $7.5 Billion right now (AND THAT IS WHAT JANCTION WILL BE)… I could go on and on…
Original post:
https://www.reddit.com/JasmyToken/s/wEm568sZ7e
Note: Original Post had a small clerical error, using 106 instead of 107 million users.
JASMY Inc. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of Data Value and Price Data Ratio (PDR) - Resulting in Target Price $17.87
JASMY's goals for 2026 are clearly documented:
107 Million ACTIVE USERS (For reference: How Many People Own Crypto in 2022? Over 300 million people worldwide own cryptocurrencies, which includes coins such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.)
2024 Note: We are up to approximately 400 million global crypto users. 107 million would be 25% of the entire user base right now.
https://earthweb.com/cryptocurrency-statistics/
Average Data Value per capita of $500 (Unit of $USD$ confirmed by CFO Harada-san in latest AMA)
Price Data Ratio of 16.7x
From AMA:
HARA_Jasmy/TOK — Today at 10:30 PM Currently, we have three goals that we have already set forth. (1) Number of users: 107M (2) Data Value 500USD (3) PDR 16.7 We are now preparing even more detailed KPIs.
Let's Review the Rules of Ratios:
"A ratio is a way of comparing two or more similar quantities. A ratio of 2 cm to 5 cm is written as 2 : 5. A ratio is normally written using whole numbers only, with no units, in its simplest form. The numbers in a ratio must be written using the same units. If they are not, they should be converted to the same units. It does not matter which units are used for the conversion."
https://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-ratios-2009-1.pdf
"In a:b, a/b (when b≠0) is called the value of the ratio . Things with the same ratio have the same ratio value. For example, the value 8/6 in the ratio 8:6 is reduced to 4/3, which is equal to the value 4/3 in the ratio 4:3. The ratio value a/b is sometimes called the ratio as it is. Also, a/b can be said to be 'the ratio of a to b'."
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94
NOW LET'S PERFORM THE MATH USING KPIs:
- 107,000,000 [Users] x $500 [Average Data Value per User] = $53.5 Billion
- Now, if JASMY's market cap was $53.5 Billion, JASMY Coin's price would be $1.07
- BUT THIS SYSTEM WILL HAVE JASMY COIN STAKED & LOCKED AS A UTILITY TOKEN BY 107 MILLION ACTIVE USERS AND MULTIPLE COMPANIES, AS REQUIRED TO ACCESS THE DATA MARKET PLACE, MAKING IT MORE SCARCE & MORE VALUABLE - HENCE THE PDR MULTIPLIER
Price Data-value Ratio : 16.7x = [JASMY Coin market capitalization (*1)] / [Total user-user data value in the platform (*2)]
(*1) Market Price x Market Circulation Supply
(*2) Number of active users (data lockers) x data value per user
16.7 x $1.07 = $17.87 = JASMY Price @ KPIs
2024.05.29 02:10 Tasty-Nectarine716 Common Software Testing Questions Summary
General Concepts
- What is Software Testing?
- Answer: Software Testing is the process of evaluating and verifying that a software application or system meets the specified requirements and functions correctly. It involves executing the software/system components to identify defects, ensure quality, and validate that the product is fit for use. Testing can be done manually or using automated tools.
- Types of Software Testing:
- Manual Testing: Testing of software manually without using automated tools.
- Automated Testing: Testing of software using automated tools and scripts.
- Functional Testing: Testing the functionality of the software against the requirements.
- Non-functional Testing: Testing the non-functional aspects like performance, usability, and reliability.
- Regression Testing: Re-running functional and non-functional tests to ensure that previously developed software still performs after a change.
- Unit Testing: Testing individual components or modules of a software.
- Integration Testing: Testing combined parts of an application to ensure they work together.
- System Testing: Testing the complete and integrated software application to evaluate the system's compliance with the specified requirements.
- Acceptance Testing: Testing conducted to determine whether a system satisfies the acceptance criteria and to enable the customer to determine whether to accept the system.
Test Case and Test Plan
- What is a Test Case?
- Answer: A test case is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether a system under test satisfies requirements and works correctly. It includes:
- Test Steps: The actions to be executed.
- Prerequisites: Any setup or preconditions needed before execution.
- Test Data: The input data needed for the test.
- Expected Results: The anticipated outcome of the test.
- Actual Results: The actual outcome after executing the test.
- Answer: A test case is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether a system under test satisfies requirements and works correctly. It includes:
- What is a Test Plan?
- Answer: A Test Plan is a detailed document that describes the test strategy, objectives, schedule, estimation, deliverables, and resources required to perform testing for a software project. It serves as a blueprint to conduct software testing activities and typically includes:
- Scope: What will and will not be tested.
- Objectives: The goals of the testing.
- Resources: The people, tools, and materials needed.
- Schedule: The timeline for testing activities.
- Risk Assessment: Identification and mitigation of potential risks.
- Answer: A Test Plan is a detailed document that describes the test strategy, objectives, schedule, estimation, deliverables, and resources required to perform testing for a software project. It serves as a blueprint to conduct software testing activities and typically includes:
Testing Techniques
- Black Box vs. White Box Testing
- Answer:
- Black Box Testing: A testing technique where the tester evaluates the functionality of the software without looking at the internal code structure. The tester focuses on input and output, ensuring the software meets user requirements.
- White Box Testing: A testing technique where the tester has knowledge of the internal code structure. The tester examines the code's logic and structure to ensure it works correctly. This includes techniques like code coverage, branch testing, and path testing.
- Answer:
- Smoke Testing
- Answer: Smoke Testing, also known as "Build Verification Testing," is a type of testing that determines whether the deployed build is stable or not. It verifies the critical functionalities of the application to ensure that the main features work as intended. It is typically performed on initial software builds.
- Sanity Testing
- Answer: Sanity Testing is a type of testing performed after receiving a software build, with minor changes in code or functionality, to ascertain that the bugs have been fixed and no further issues are introduced due to these changes. It is a subset of regression testing and focuses on verifying specific functionalities.
Performance and Usability
- Performance Testing
- Answer: Performance Testing is a type of non-functional testing that aims to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. Types of performance testing include:
- Load Testing: Testing the system's ability to handle the expected number of users.
- Stress Testing: Testing the system's behavior under extreme conditions, such as high user load.
- Endurance Testing: Testing the system's performance over an extended period.
- Scalability Testing: Testing the system's ability to scale up or down.
- Answer: Performance Testing is a type of non-functional testing that aims to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. Types of performance testing include:
- Usability Testing
- Answer: Usability Testing evaluates how easy and user-friendly a software application is. It involves testing the software from an end-user's perspective and checking its ease of use, intuitiveness, and overall user experience. The goal is to identify usability issues and improve the user interface.
Specific Testing Types
- Load Testing vs. Stress Testing
- Answer:
- Load Testing: Assessing the system's performance under expected load conditions. The objective is to identify performance bottlenecks before the software application goes live.
- Stress Testing: Assessing the system's performance under extreme conditions, such as a very high number of users or data volume, to determine the system's robustness and error-handling capabilities under stress.
- Answer:
- Regression Testing
- Answer: Regression Testing is a type of testing that ensures that recent code changes have not adversely affected existing functionalities. It involves re-running previously conducted tests on the new software version to verify that the previous functionality still works as intended.
- End-to-End Testing
- Answer: End-to-End Testing is a type of testing that validates the entire software application, including its integration with external interfaces. It involves testing the software system from start to finish to ensure that it behaves as expected in real-world scenarios. It simulates user scenarios and validates the complete workflow.
Bugs and Defects
- Bug vs. Defect
- Answer:
- Bug: An error, flaw, or failure in a software program that causes it to produce incorrect or unexpected results or to behave in unintended ways.
- Defect: A broader term used to describe any variance from the expected behavior, including bugs. It can be found during testing, reviews, or actual use of the software.
- Answer:
- Bug Life Cycle
- Answer: The Bug Life Cycle or Defect Life Cycle refers to the various stages a defect goes through from the moment it is identified to the time it is fixed and closed. The typical stages include:
- New: When a bug is found and reported.
- Assigned: When the bug is assigned to a developer to fix.
- Open: When the developer is working on fixing the bug.
- Fixed: When the bug is fixed.
- Retested: When the tester verifies the fix.
- Verified: When the fix is confirmed.
- Closed: When the bug is closed after verification.
- Reopened: If the bug persists, it is reopened.
- Deferred: When the bug fix is postponed.
- Rejected: If the bug is not considered valid.
- Answer: The Bug Life Cycle or Defect Life Cycle refers to the various stages a defect goes through from the moment it is identified to the time it is fixed and closed. The typical stages include:
Documentation and Metrics
- Traceability Matrix
- Answer: A Traceability Matrix is a document that maps and traces user requirements with test cases. It ensures that all requirements defined for a system are tested in the test protocols. It helps to identify any missing functionalities or test cases and ensures that all aspects of the requirements are covered by the tests.
- Test Coverage
- Answer: Test Coverage is a metric that measures the amount of testing performed by a set of test cases. It is used to determine the areas of a system that are tested by a particular set of tests, ensuring that all parts of the application are tested adequately. It helps to identify untested parts of the code.
Automated Testing
- Automated Test Framework
- Answer: An Automated Test Framework is a set of guidelines, rules, and tools that are used to create and design test cases. It provides a structured and consistent approach to automate testing processes and includes components like test libraries, test data, and automation tools. Examples of frameworks include Data-Driven, Keyword-Driven, and Hybrid frameworks.
- Test Script
- Answer: A test script is a set of instructions executed on the system under test to verify that the system performs as expected. Test scripts can be written manually or generated by automated testing tools. They typically include setup steps, test steps, and teardown steps.
Static and Dynamic Testing
- Static Testing
- Answer: Static Testing involves reviewing and analyzing the software code, requirements, or design documents without executing the code. It includes techniques like reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections to find errors and defects early in the development process. The goal is to improve the quality of the software before dynamic testing.
- Dynamic Testing
- Answer: Dynamic Testing involves executing the software code and validating the output with the expected outcome. It is done during and after the coding phase and includes various levels of testing like unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. The goal is to validate the software's behavior through execution.
2024.05.29 02:09 Tasty-Nectarine716 Common Software Testing Interview Questions Summary
General Concepts
- What is Software Testing?
- Process of evaluating software to ensure it meets requirements and is defect-free.
- Types of Software Testing
- Manual, Automated, Functional, Non-functional, Regression, Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance.
Test Case and Test Plan
- What is a Test Case?
- Set of conditions to determine if the software functions correctly.
- What is a Test Plan?
- Document outlining the strategy, objectives, resources, and schedule for testing.
Testing Techniques
- Black Box vs. White Box Testing
- Black Box: Testing without internal code knowledge.
- White Box: Testing with knowledge of the internal code structure.
- Smoke Testing
- Initial testing to check if the major functionalities work.
- Sanity Testing
- Testing to verify specific functionality works after changes.
Performance and Usability
- Performance Testing
- Testing the system's responsiveness and stability under load.
- Usability Testing
- Evaluating how user-friendly and intuitive the software is.
Specific Testing Types
- Load Testing vs. Stress Testing
- Load Testing: Assessing system performance under expected load.
- Stress Testing: Assessing system performance under extreme conditions.
- Regression Testing
- Ensuring recent code changes do not negatively affect existing functionalities.
- End-to-End Testing
- Validating the entire application flow from start to finish.
Bugs and Defects
- Bug vs. Defect
- Bug: An error in the software.
- Defect: Any variance from the expected behavior, including bugs.
- Bug Life Cycle
- Stages: New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Retested, Verified, Closed.
Documentation and Metrics
- Traceability Matrix
- Document mapping requirements to test cases to ensure coverage.
- Test Coverage
- Metric to measure the extent of testing across the software application.
Automated Testing
- Automated Test Framework
- Guidelines and tools for creating automated test cases.
- Test Script
- Instructions executed to verify software performance.
Static and Dynamic Testing
- Static Testing
- Reviewing code, requirements, or documents without executing the code.
- Dynamic Testing
- Executing code to validate outputs against expected results.
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𝐀𝐁𝐎𝐔𝐓 𝐌𝐘 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐒 & 𝐏𝐀𝐘𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒:
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Closing Words: Please feel free to reach out to me if you're sincerely interested in having help you with your school work. I am available via text and phone almost 24/7/365.
𝐓𝐀𝐆𝐒:
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2024.05.29 01:59 SillyDecoraKeiHyena Type me please !
Well i've already been typed as infp 6w7 but I've recently been pondering whether it's really something that fits me so I wanted to get other people's opinions on my typing.
• How old are you? What's your gender? Give us a general description of yourself.
— I'm 19 years old and identify as non-binary (he/they pronouns). I am extremely extra, I am eccentric, I love alternative styles, I love arts in all its forms, I am extremely sentimental, I can be considered strange to many, I talk too much, I seem extroverted around introverts and I seem introverted around other extroverts, I get tired easily in social situations, so I always prefer to talk more via cell phone or computer. I'm very extreme and I can end up feeling very angry, very happy or very sad out of nowhere, I usually try to be kind but I can be rude or insensitive if I'm very angry, I'm a person who really likes to fight for causes aimed at minorities since I'm from several minority groups, I hate injustice, I'm very stubborn and I don't like being contradicted while I always try to be someone who takes various arguments into account.
• Is there a medical diagnosis that may impact your mental stability somehow?
— I'm autistic, adhd, i have gad (generalized anxiety disorder) and i might also have depression.
• Describe your upbringing. Did it have any kind of religious or structured influence? How did you respond to it?
— I grew up in a Christian family, which hurt me a lot when I got older since my family's religion is against my existence as a queer person, and it took them a long time to admit that I needed psychological help and things like that. It's difficult to leave my roots but in the end I ended up stopping believing in my parents' religion after everything I went through.
• What do you do as a job or as a career (if you have one)? Do you like it? Why or why not?
— I'm studying animation design at college, it's one of my passions and I really enjoy learning about the topics, I just hate the structure of taking exams and tests.
• If you had to spend an entire weekend by yourself, how would you feel? Would you feel lonely or refreshed?
— I would feel crazy, insane. I need the company of some people close to me to regulate myself and talk about things I like, being alone makes me feel empty and strange. So yeah i would feel lonely.
• What kinds of activities do you prefer? Do you like, and are you good at sports? Do you enjoy any other outdoor or indoor activities?
— I'm terrible at sports and I hate them, my motor coordination is horrible. I prefer indoor activities because there is less chance of me overloading myself with something (example: feeling unwell because of the sun, heat, etc.)
• How curious are you? Do you have more ideas then you can execute? What are your curiosities about? What are your ideas about - is it environmental or conceptual, and can you please elaborate?
— I'm very curious, I love discovering new things, I have a lot of ideas at terrible times (in the middle of the night) and I really end up getting disorganized with the amount of things I think about. My ideas and curiosity are generally focused on creative processes like creating characters, universes, stories, but it can also simply be focused on a topic of interest to me (hyperfocuses / special interests). These are things that end up being more of a concept because I'm terrible at executing my ideas.
• Would you enjoy taking on a leadership position? Do you think you would be good at it? What would your leadership style be?
— I don't like being the leader of projects and things like that for the simple fact that I'm not good at handling responsibilities, so I prefer to just execute some order, my problem is that I also really like doing things MY way so it's a bit contradictory. However, in the moments when I have had to be a leader (I was forced to since my colleagues didn't want to do anything) I haven't been a bad leader, I research the project topics and let people choose their topics to present.
• Are you coordinated? Why do you feel as if you are or are not? Do you enjoy working with your hands in some form? Describe your activity?
— I'm not good at being organized or at things that involve motor coordination. For example, it took me decades to be able to tie my shoe laces, know which direction is right or left and I keep forgetting important dates. I don't like using my hands to do activities because they shake a lot and so I'm always horrible at things that involve using my hands. The only things I think I'm good at are playing games and drawing, and even then, drawing is an extreme challenge since I always put a lot of pressure on the pencil when I'm drawing or writing.
• Are you artistic? If yes, describe your art? If you are not particular artistic but can appreciate art please likewise describe what forums of art you enjoy. Please explain your answer.
— Yes, art is something that I have loved since I was young because of the fact that I can express my creativity, ideas and feelings. I've always been passionate about cartoons so my drawing style is very cartoony. I really like seeing fanart from media that I love, but I also love seeing old paintings, especially from Roman and Greek times. I not only like drawing and painting, but I also love art in general. I love cinema, theater, books, sculptures, etc. One day I want to know how to write very well and be able to make books or even draw well enough to be able to make a cartoon. I want to be able to share the comfort I experience by seeing art that makes me feel happy and represented by doing something that also makes people happy through my art.
• What's your opinion about the past, present, and future? How do you deal with them?
— I have some regrets from the past, but in general I was more "normal" and happy back then, I wouldn't change anything because I follow the idea that my mistakes and successes made me who I am today. As for my present, I try to make the most of it but I'm not going to lie that I'm not a big fan of my current state, I feel a bit useless and very behind compared to most people I know my age so I end up preferring to think more about the future and how things will get better later. At the same time that I really appreciate some current moments of my present, like being able to play with my girlfriend most days, this makes me very happy.
• How do you act when others request your help to do something (anything)? If you would decide to help them, why would you do so?
— I like helping people, sometimes I even try to help people who didn't ask for my help if they are people I really like (I may end up being seen as inconvenient because of this). I always want to be able to help everyone, but currently because of my mood I may end up not being very helpful as my mental health is not the best, even so, I always try to be very patient and friendly with people who are going through difficult times, even when sometimes I just want to be left alone and I'm not in the mood to help anyone, especially because I know what it's like to be in a bad place and i don't want people to feel rejected.
• Do you need logical consistency in your life?
— I'm very sentimental and I often don't think very logically BUT in arguments and other serious situations I need people to use logic and proven arguments just like i do in those situations so that the debate or serious situation isn't just a bunch of nonsense. I am a sentimental person, but to develop some thought, I need logical arguments
• How important is efficiency and productivity to you?
— In general, I think it's very important, but I personally can't be productive and efficient since I have a lot of executive dysfunction. I KNOW it's important but I can't be like that.
• Do you control others, even if indirectly? How and why do you do that?
— I like things to be my way but I don't really think I control people? I always impose my opinions a lot but I don't really control people.
• What are your hobbies? Why do you like them?
— I like games, reading books, role-playing, drawing and even trying to write books. I really like fantasy things. It seems more fun than my reality and I like to distract myself from real life things.
• What is your learning style? What kind of learning environments do you struggle with most? Why do you like/struggle with these learning styles? Do you prefer classes involving memorization, logic, creativity, or your physical senses?
— I like learning things when they involve what I like or at least are more interactive and I hate math, chemistry and physics btw. I have a lot of difficulty with classes in subjects that require a lot of memorization, I prefer things that are relative and interpretative like arts and literature and I really like classes that involve creativity. I also hate classes where the teacher just talks and talks and talks and doesn't do anything interactive and fun. I generally prefer to study at home for very short periods of time because I learn easier alone and study very briefly because I have difficulty studying for long periods of time.
• How good are you at strategizing? Do you easily break up projects into manageable tasks? Or do you have a tendency to wing projects and improvise as you go?
— I'm terrible at planning things, I usually do things at the last minute and I improvise a lot.
• What are your aspirations in life, professionally and personally?
— I think I get a lot of inspiration from artists I like, such as Rebecca Sugar, Tyler Joseph and others. They are very creative people who do things that I really like (I love Steven Universe, which Rebecca Sugar created, and I love Twenty One Pilots, which is the band where Tyler Joseph is the lead singer).
• What are your fears? What makes you uncomfortable? What do you hate? Why?
— My biggest fears are being alone, because it's scary not having anyone who understands you and who supports you and loves you, and being a burden to the people I love, because I don't want to be an extremely dependent and useless person and disappoint the people I love.
• What do the "highs" in your life look like?
— These are the days when I feel excited to do things and I can be productive doing everything I need in my routine as well as doing my hobbies and being able to relax.
• What do the "lows" in your life look like?
— These are the days when I feel sad, empty and discouraged, I can't do my routine tasks and I force myself to do them anyway in an extremely bad mood, my hobbies may even distract me on those days but it will be a strange feeling as if I'm not really excited to do what I like and I'm just distracting myself from my problems.
• How attached are you to reality? Do you daydream often, or do you pay attention to what's around you? If you do daydream, are you aware of your surroundings while you do so?
— Ah, I don't have much attachment to reality and I prefer fantasy things, I constantly get caught up in my own thoughts and I prefer to create happy fantasy situations so I don't deal with my real problems. I'm also pretty distracted in general so regardless of whether I'm fantasizing or not I end up missing a lot of details and dissociating
• Imagine you are alone in a blank, empty room. There is nothing for you to do and no one to talk to. What do you think about?
— I would probably try to distract myself by thinking about things I like or talking to myself, depending on if the day was bad I would eventually end up thinking a lot about my personal problems and becoming depressed.
• How long do you take to make an important decision? And do you change your mind once you've made it?
— I'm very slow and indecisive when it comes to choosing things, I always want to gather as much information about each option in my mind or by researching on the internet about it and then I always end up between multiple options and changing my mind several times until I arrive at a concrete result.
• How long do you take to process your emotions? How important are emotions in your life?
— Some of my emotions may be processed much later than they should have been processed or simply be different from what people usually have. For example, I'm not very good at dealing with grief and I end up not showing the sadness that my other relatives do, but generally I feel my emotions in a very extreme and volatile way. I feel happy for very silly things and when I'm happy I'm VERY HAPPY and I get sad very easily and when I get sad I get VERY SAD.
• Do you ever catch yourself agreeing with others just to appease them and keep the conversation going? How often? Why?
— Yes. I really like demonstrating my opinions and being authentic, it's a very important thing for me, but even so, I sometimes end up just remaining silent or agreeing with something that I don't really agree with because I'm too afraid of being hated and I generally want everyone to like me, even people I'm not very close to. However, I can also be a person with very strong opinions and be very stubborn about what I believe in if it is something linked to social issues or linked to things that I REALLY like.
• Do you break rules often? Do you think authority should be challenged, or that they know better? If you do break rules, why?
— I break rules that I believe don't make sense, if it's something that I think makes sense I'll follow that rule, but if it's stupid and I don't understand why I have to follow it I'll probably break the rule. I've also never been a person who understands authorities, for me anyone has the right to question something if it's not a useful or logical rule. I agree that rules are important but that they can be adapted, eliminated and added if necessary for people.
submitted by SillyDecoraKeiHyena to MbtiTypeMe [link] [comments]
• How old are you? What's your gender? Give us a general description of yourself.
— I'm 19 years old and identify as non-binary (he/they pronouns). I am extremely extra, I am eccentric, I love alternative styles, I love arts in all its forms, I am extremely sentimental, I can be considered strange to many, I talk too much, I seem extroverted around introverts and I seem introverted around other extroverts, I get tired easily in social situations, so I always prefer to talk more via cell phone or computer. I'm very extreme and I can end up feeling very angry, very happy or very sad out of nowhere, I usually try to be kind but I can be rude or insensitive if I'm very angry, I'm a person who really likes to fight for causes aimed at minorities since I'm from several minority groups, I hate injustice, I'm very stubborn and I don't like being contradicted while I always try to be someone who takes various arguments into account.
• Is there a medical diagnosis that may impact your mental stability somehow?
— I'm autistic, adhd, i have gad (generalized anxiety disorder) and i might also have depression.
• Describe your upbringing. Did it have any kind of religious or structured influence? How did you respond to it?
— I grew up in a Christian family, which hurt me a lot when I got older since my family's religion is against my existence as a queer person, and it took them a long time to admit that I needed psychological help and things like that. It's difficult to leave my roots but in the end I ended up stopping believing in my parents' religion after everything I went through.
• What do you do as a job or as a career (if you have one)? Do you like it? Why or why not?
— I'm studying animation design at college, it's one of my passions and I really enjoy learning about the topics, I just hate the structure of taking exams and tests.
• If you had to spend an entire weekend by yourself, how would you feel? Would you feel lonely or refreshed?
— I would feel crazy, insane. I need the company of some people close to me to regulate myself and talk about things I like, being alone makes me feel empty and strange. So yeah i would feel lonely.
• What kinds of activities do you prefer? Do you like, and are you good at sports? Do you enjoy any other outdoor or indoor activities?
— I'm terrible at sports and I hate them, my motor coordination is horrible. I prefer indoor activities because there is less chance of me overloading myself with something (example: feeling unwell because of the sun, heat, etc.)
• How curious are you? Do you have more ideas then you can execute? What are your curiosities about? What are your ideas about - is it environmental or conceptual, and can you please elaborate?
— I'm very curious, I love discovering new things, I have a lot of ideas at terrible times (in the middle of the night) and I really end up getting disorganized with the amount of things I think about. My ideas and curiosity are generally focused on creative processes like creating characters, universes, stories, but it can also simply be focused on a topic of interest to me (hyperfocuses / special interests). These are things that end up being more of a concept because I'm terrible at executing my ideas.
• Would you enjoy taking on a leadership position? Do you think you would be good at it? What would your leadership style be?
— I don't like being the leader of projects and things like that for the simple fact that I'm not good at handling responsibilities, so I prefer to just execute some order, my problem is that I also really like doing things MY way so it's a bit contradictory. However, in the moments when I have had to be a leader (I was forced to since my colleagues didn't want to do anything) I haven't been a bad leader, I research the project topics and let people choose their topics to present.
• Are you coordinated? Why do you feel as if you are or are not? Do you enjoy working with your hands in some form? Describe your activity?
— I'm not good at being organized or at things that involve motor coordination. For example, it took me decades to be able to tie my shoe laces, know which direction is right or left and I keep forgetting important dates. I don't like using my hands to do activities because they shake a lot and so I'm always horrible at things that involve using my hands. The only things I think I'm good at are playing games and drawing, and even then, drawing is an extreme challenge since I always put a lot of pressure on the pencil when I'm drawing or writing.
• Are you artistic? If yes, describe your art? If you are not particular artistic but can appreciate art please likewise describe what forums of art you enjoy. Please explain your answer.
— Yes, art is something that I have loved since I was young because of the fact that I can express my creativity, ideas and feelings. I've always been passionate about cartoons so my drawing style is very cartoony. I really like seeing fanart from media that I love, but I also love seeing old paintings, especially from Roman and Greek times. I not only like drawing and painting, but I also love art in general. I love cinema, theater, books, sculptures, etc. One day I want to know how to write very well and be able to make books or even draw well enough to be able to make a cartoon. I want to be able to share the comfort I experience by seeing art that makes me feel happy and represented by doing something that also makes people happy through my art.
• What's your opinion about the past, present, and future? How do you deal with them?
— I have some regrets from the past, but in general I was more "normal" and happy back then, I wouldn't change anything because I follow the idea that my mistakes and successes made me who I am today. As for my present, I try to make the most of it but I'm not going to lie that I'm not a big fan of my current state, I feel a bit useless and very behind compared to most people I know my age so I end up preferring to think more about the future and how things will get better later. At the same time that I really appreciate some current moments of my present, like being able to play with my girlfriend most days, this makes me very happy.
• How do you act when others request your help to do something (anything)? If you would decide to help them, why would you do so?
— I like helping people, sometimes I even try to help people who didn't ask for my help if they are people I really like (I may end up being seen as inconvenient because of this). I always want to be able to help everyone, but currently because of my mood I may end up not being very helpful as my mental health is not the best, even so, I always try to be very patient and friendly with people who are going through difficult times, even when sometimes I just want to be left alone and I'm not in the mood to help anyone, especially because I know what it's like to be in a bad place and i don't want people to feel rejected.
• Do you need logical consistency in your life?
— I'm very sentimental and I often don't think very logically BUT in arguments and other serious situations I need people to use logic and proven arguments just like i do in those situations so that the debate or serious situation isn't just a bunch of nonsense. I am a sentimental person, but to develop some thought, I need logical arguments
• How important is efficiency and productivity to you?
— In general, I think it's very important, but I personally can't be productive and efficient since I have a lot of executive dysfunction. I KNOW it's important but I can't be like that.
• Do you control others, even if indirectly? How and why do you do that?
— I like things to be my way but I don't really think I control people? I always impose my opinions a lot but I don't really control people.
• What are your hobbies? Why do you like them?
— I like games, reading books, role-playing, drawing and even trying to write books. I really like fantasy things. It seems more fun than my reality and I like to distract myself from real life things.
• What is your learning style? What kind of learning environments do you struggle with most? Why do you like/struggle with these learning styles? Do you prefer classes involving memorization, logic, creativity, or your physical senses?
— I like learning things when they involve what I like or at least are more interactive and I hate math, chemistry and physics btw. I have a lot of difficulty with classes in subjects that require a lot of memorization, I prefer things that are relative and interpretative like arts and literature and I really like classes that involve creativity. I also hate classes where the teacher just talks and talks and talks and doesn't do anything interactive and fun. I generally prefer to study at home for very short periods of time because I learn easier alone and study very briefly because I have difficulty studying for long periods of time.
• How good are you at strategizing? Do you easily break up projects into manageable tasks? Or do you have a tendency to wing projects and improvise as you go?
— I'm terrible at planning things, I usually do things at the last minute and I improvise a lot.
• What are your aspirations in life, professionally and personally?
— I think I get a lot of inspiration from artists I like, such as Rebecca Sugar, Tyler Joseph and others. They are very creative people who do things that I really like (I love Steven Universe, which Rebecca Sugar created, and I love Twenty One Pilots, which is the band where Tyler Joseph is the lead singer).
• What are your fears? What makes you uncomfortable? What do you hate? Why?
— My biggest fears are being alone, because it's scary not having anyone who understands you and who supports you and loves you, and being a burden to the people I love, because I don't want to be an extremely dependent and useless person and disappoint the people I love.
• What do the "highs" in your life look like?
— These are the days when I feel excited to do things and I can be productive doing everything I need in my routine as well as doing my hobbies and being able to relax.
• What do the "lows" in your life look like?
— These are the days when I feel sad, empty and discouraged, I can't do my routine tasks and I force myself to do them anyway in an extremely bad mood, my hobbies may even distract me on those days but it will be a strange feeling as if I'm not really excited to do what I like and I'm just distracting myself from my problems.
• How attached are you to reality? Do you daydream often, or do you pay attention to what's around you? If you do daydream, are you aware of your surroundings while you do so?
— Ah, I don't have much attachment to reality and I prefer fantasy things, I constantly get caught up in my own thoughts and I prefer to create happy fantasy situations so I don't deal with my real problems. I'm also pretty distracted in general so regardless of whether I'm fantasizing or not I end up missing a lot of details and dissociating
• Imagine you are alone in a blank, empty room. There is nothing for you to do and no one to talk to. What do you think about?
— I would probably try to distract myself by thinking about things I like or talking to myself, depending on if the day was bad I would eventually end up thinking a lot about my personal problems and becoming depressed.
• How long do you take to make an important decision? And do you change your mind once you've made it?
— I'm very slow and indecisive when it comes to choosing things, I always want to gather as much information about each option in my mind or by researching on the internet about it and then I always end up between multiple options and changing my mind several times until I arrive at a concrete result.
• How long do you take to process your emotions? How important are emotions in your life?
— Some of my emotions may be processed much later than they should have been processed or simply be different from what people usually have. For example, I'm not very good at dealing with grief and I end up not showing the sadness that my other relatives do, but generally I feel my emotions in a very extreme and volatile way. I feel happy for very silly things and when I'm happy I'm VERY HAPPY and I get sad very easily and when I get sad I get VERY SAD.
• Do you ever catch yourself agreeing with others just to appease them and keep the conversation going? How often? Why?
— Yes. I really like demonstrating my opinions and being authentic, it's a very important thing for me, but even so, I sometimes end up just remaining silent or agreeing with something that I don't really agree with because I'm too afraid of being hated and I generally want everyone to like me, even people I'm not very close to. However, I can also be a person with very strong opinions and be very stubborn about what I believe in if it is something linked to social issues or linked to things that I REALLY like.
• Do you break rules often? Do you think authority should be challenged, or that they know better? If you do break rules, why?
— I break rules that I believe don't make sense, if it's something that I think makes sense I'll follow that rule, but if it's stupid and I don't understand why I have to follow it I'll probably break the rule. I've also never been a person who understands authorities, for me anyone has the right to question something if it's not a useful or logical rule. I agree that rules are important but that they can be adapted, eliminated and added if necessary for people.
2024.05.29 01:48 MirkWorks The Age of the World Picture by Martin Heidegger III
The Age of the World Picture
In metaphysics reflection is accomplished concerning the essence of what is and a decision takes place regarding the essence of truth*1. Metaphysics grounds an age, in that through a specific interpretation of what is and through a specific comprehension of truth it gives to that age the basis upon which it is essentially formed*2. This basis holds complete dominion over all the phenomena that distinguish the age. Conversely, in order that there may be an adequate reflection upon these phenomena themselves, the metaphysical basis for them must let itself be apprehended in them. Reflection is the courage to make the troth of our own presuppositions and the realm of our own goals into the things that most deserve to be called in question Appendix 1).
One of the essential phenomena of the modern age is its science. A phenomenon of no less importance is machine technology. We must not, however, misinterpret that technology as the mere application of modern mathematical physical science to praxis. Machine technology is itself an autonomous transformation of praxis, a type of transformation wherein praxis first demands the employment of mathematical physical science. Machine technology remains up to now the most visible outgrowth of the essence of modern technology, which is identical with the essence of modern metaphysics.
A third equally essential phenomenon of the modern period lies in the event of art's moving into the purview of aesthetics. That means that the art work becomes the object of mere subjective experience, and that consequently art is considered to be an expression of human life*4.
A fourth modern phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that human activity is conceived and consummated as culture. Thus culture is the realization of the highest values, through the nurture and cultivation of the highest goods of man. It lies in the essence of culture, as such nurturing, to nurture itself in its turn and thus to become the politics of culture.
A fifth phenomenon of the modern age is the loss of the gods*5. This expression does not mean the mere doing away with the gods, gross atheism. The loss of the gods is a twofold process. On the one hand, the world picture is Christianized inasmuch as the cause of the world is posited as infinite, unconditional, absolute. On the other hand, Christendom transforms Christian doctrine into a world view (the Christian world view), and in that way makes itself modern and up to date. The loss of the gods is the situation of indecision regarding God and the gods. Christendom has the greatest share in bringing it about. But the loss of the gods is so far from excluding religiosity that rather only through that loss is the relation to the gods changed into mere experience." When this occurs, then the gods have fled. The resultant void is compensated for by means of historiographical and psychological investigation of myth.
What understanding of what is, what interpretation of truth, lies at the foundation of these phenomena?
We shall limit the question to the phenomenon mentioned first, to science [Wissenschaft].
In what does the essence of modern science lie?
What understanding of what is and of truth provides the basis for that essence? If we succeed in reaching the metaphysical ground that provides the foundation for science as a modern phenomenon, then the entire essence of the modern age will have to let itself be apprehended from out of that ground.
When we use the word "science" today, it means something essentially different from the doctrina and scientia of the Middle Ages, and also from the Greek episteme. Greek science was never exact, precisely because, in keeping with its essence, it could not be exact and did not need to be exact. Hence it makes no sense whatever to suppose that modern science is more exact than that of antiquity. Neither can we say that the Galilean doctrine of freely falling bodies is true and that Aristotle's teaching, that light bodies strive upward, is false; for the Greek understanding of the essence of body and place and of the relation between the two rests upon a different interpretation of beings and hence conditions a correspondingly different kind of seeing and questioning of natural events. No one would presume to maintain that Shakespeare's poetry is more advanced than that of Aeschylus. It is still more impossible to say that the modern understanding of whatever is, is more correct than that of the Greeks. Therefore, if we want to grasp the essence of modern science, we must first free ourselves from the habit of comparing the new science with the old solely in terms of degree, from the point of view of progress.
The essence of what we today call science is research. In what does the essence of research consist?
In the fact that knowing [das Erkennen] establishes itself as a procedure within some realm of what is, in nature or in history. Procedure does not mean here merely method or methodology. For every procedure already requires an open sphere in which it moves. And it is precisely the opening up of such a sphere that is the fundamental event in research. This is accomplished through the projection within some realm of what is-in nature, for example-of a fixed ground plan*6 of natural events. The projection sketches out in advance the manner in which the knowing procedure must bind itself and adhere to the sphere opened up. This binding adherence is the rigor of research*7. Through the projecting of the ground plan and the prescribing of rigor, procedure makes secure for itself its sphere of objects within the realm of Being . A look at that earliest science, which is at the same time the normative one in the modern age, namely, mathematical physics, will make clear what we mean. Inasmuch as modern atomic physics still remains physics, what is essential - and only the essential is aimed at here- will hold for it also.
Modern physics is called mathematical because, in a remarkable way, it makes use of a quite specific mathematics. But it can proceed mathematically in this way only because, in a deeper sense, it is already itself mathematical. Ta mathemata means for the Greeks that which man knows in advance in his observation of whatever is and in his intercourse with things ; the corporeality of bodies, the vegetable character of plants, the animality of animals, the humanness of man. Alongside these, belonging also to that which is already-known, i.e., to the mathematical, are numbers. If we come upon three apples on the table, we recognize that there are three of them. But the number three, threeness, we already know. This means that number is something mathematical. Only because numbers represent, as it were, the most striking of always-already-knowns, and thus offer the most familiar instance of the mathematical, is "mathematical" promptly reserved as a name for the numerical. In no way, however, is the essence of the mathematical defined by numberness, Physics is, in general, the knowledge of nature, and, in particular, the knowledge of material corporeality in its motion; for that corporeality manifests itself immediately and universally in everything natural, even if in a variety of ways, If physics takes shape explicitly, then, as something mathematical, this means that, in an especially pronounced way, through it and for it something is stipulated in advance as what is already-known. That stipulating has to do with nothing less than the plan or projection of that which must henceforth, for the knowing of nature that is sought after, be nature: the self-contained system of motion of units of mass related spatiotemporally. Into this ground plan of nature, as supplied in keeping with its prior stipulation, the following definitions among others have been incorporated: Motion means change of place. No motion or direction of motion is superior to any other. Every place is equal to every other. No point in time has preference over any other. Every force is defined according to - i.e., is only - its consequences in motion, and that means in magnitude of change of place in the unity of time. Every event must be seen so as to be fitted into this ground plan of nature. Only within the perspective of this ground plan does an event in nature become visible as such an event. This projected plan of nature finds its guarantee in the fact that physical research, in every one of its questioning steps, is bound in advance to adhere to it. This binding adherence, the rigor of research, has its own character at any given time in keeping with the projected plan. The rigor of mathematical physical science is exactitude. Here all events, if they are to enter at all into representation as events of nature, must be defined beforehand as spatiotemporal magnitudes of motion. Such defining is accomplished through measuring, with the help of number and calculation. But mathematical research into nature is not exact because it calculates with precision; rather it must calculate in this way because its adherence to its object-sphere has the character of exactitude. The humanistic sciences, in contrast, indeed all the sciences concerned with life, must necessarily be inexact just in order to remain rigorous. A living thing can indeed also be grasped as spatiotemporal magnitude of motion, but then it is no longer apprehended as living. The inexactitude of the historical humanistic sciences is not a deficiency, but is only the fulfillment of a demand essential to this type of research. It is true, also, that the projecting and securing of the object-sphere of the historical sciences is not only of another kind, but is much more difficult of execution than is the achieving of rigor in the exact sciences.
Science becomes research through the projected plan and through the securing of that plan in the rigor of procedure. Projection and rigor, however, first develop into what they are in methodology. The latter constitutes the second essential characteristic of research. If the sphere that is projected is to become objective, then it is a matter of bringing it to encounter us in the complete diversity of its levels and interweavings. Therefore procedure must be free to view the changeableness in whatever encounters it. Only within the horizon of the incessant-otherness of change does the plenitude of particularity - of facts - show itself. -But the facts must become objective [gegenstiindlich]. Hence procedure must represent [vorstellen] the changeable in its changing, must bring it to a stand and let the motion be a motion nevertheless. The fixedness of facts and the constantness of their change as such is "rule." The constancy of change in the necessity of its course is "law." It is only within the purview of rule and law that facts become clear as the facts that they are. Research into facts in the realm of nature is intrinsically the establishing and verifying of rule and law. Methodology, through which a sphere of objects comes into representation, has the character of clarifying on the basis of what is clear - of explanation. Explanation is always twofold. It accounts for an unknown by means of a known, and at the same time it verifies that known by means of that unknown. Explanation takes place in investigation. In the physical sciences investigation takes place by means of experiment, always according to the kind of field of investigation and according to the type of explanation aimed at. But physical science does not first become research through experiment; rather, on the contrary, experiment first becomes possible where and only where the knowledge of nature has been transformed into research. Only because modern physics is a physics that is essentially mathematical can it be experimental. Because neither medieval doctrina nor Greek episteme is science in the sense of research, for these it is never a question of experiment. To be sure, it was Aristotle who first understood what empeiria (experientia) means; the observation of things themselves, their qualities and modifications under changing conditions, and consequently the knowledge of the way in which things as a rule behave. But an observation that aims at such knowledge, the experimentum, remains essentially different from the observation that belongs to science as research, from the research experiment; it remains essentially different even when ancient and medieval observation also works with number and measure, and even when that observation makes use of specific apparatus and instruments. For in all this, that which is decisive about the experiment is completely missing. Experiment begins with the laying down of a law as a basis. To set up an experiment means to represent or conceive [vorstellen] the conditions under which a specific series of motions can be made susceptible of being followed in its necessary progression, i.e., of being controlled in advance by calculation. But the establishing of a law is accomplished with reference to the ground plan of the object-sphere. That ground plan furnishes a criterion and constrains the anticipatory representing of the conditions. Such representing in and through which the experiment begins is no random imagining. that is why Newton said, hypothesis non fingo, “the bases that are laid down are not arbitrarily invented.” They are developed out of the ground plan of nature and are sketched into it. Experiment is that methodology which, in its planning and execution, is supported and guided on the basis of the fundamental law laid down, in order to adduce the facts that either verify and confirm the law or deny it confirmation. The more exactly the ground plan of nature is projected, the more exact becomes the possibility of experiment. Hence the much cited medieval Schoolman Roger Bacon can never be the forerunner of the modern experimental research scientist; rather he remains merely a successor of Aristotle. For in the meantime, the real locus of truth has been transferred by Christendom to faith - to the infallibility of the written word and to the doctrine of the Church. The highest knowledge and teaching is theology as the interpretation of the divine word of revelation, which is set down in Scripture and proclaimed by the Church. Here, to know is not to search out; rather it is to understand rightly the authoritative Word and the authorities proclaiming it. Therefore, the discussion of the words and doctrinal opinions of the various authorities take precedence in the acquiring of knowledge in the Middle Ages. The componere scripta et sermones, the argumentum ex verbo, is decisive and at the same time is the reason why the accepted Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy that had been taken over had to be transformed into scholastic dialectic. If, now, Roger Bacon demands the experimentum - and he does demand it - he does not mean the experiment of science as research; rather he wants the argumentum ex re instead of the argumentum ex verbo, the careful observing of things themselves, i.e., Aristotelian empeiria, instead of the discussion of doctrines.
The modern research experiment, however, is not only an observation more precise in degree and scope, but is a methodology essentially different in kind, related to the verification of law in the framework, and at the service, of an exact plan of nature. Source criticism in the historical humanistic sciences corresponds to experiment in physical research. Here the name “source criticism” designates the whole gamut of the discovery, examination, verification, evaluation, preservation, and interpretation of sources. Historiographical explanation, which is based on source criticism, does not, it is true, trace facts back to laws and rules. But neither does it confine itself to the mere reporting of facts. In the historical sciences, just as in the natural sciences, the methodology aims at representing what is fixed and stable and at making history an object. History can become objective openly when it is past. What is stable in what is past, that on the basis of which historiographical explanation reckons up the solitary and the diverse in history, is the always-has-been-once-already, the comparable. Through the constant comparing of everything with everything, what is intelligible is found by calculation and is certified and established as the ground plan of history. The sphere of histriographical research extends only so far as historiographical explanation reaches. The unique, the rare, the simple - in short, the great - in history is never self-evident and hence remains inexplicable. It is not that historical research denies what is great in history; rather it explains it as the exception. In this explaining, the great is measured against the ordinary and the average. And there is no other historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiography remains research, i.e., an explaining. Because historiography as research projects and objectifies the past in the sense of an explicable and surveyable nexus of actions and consequences, it requires source criticism as its instrument of objectification. The standards of this criticism alter to the degree that historiography approaches journalism.
Every science is, as research, grounded upon the projection of a circumscribed object-sphere and is therefore necessarily a science of individualized character. Every individualized science must, moreover, in the development of its projected plan by means of its methodology, particularize itself into specific fields of investigation. This particularizing (specialization) is, however, by no means simply an irksome concomitant of the increasing unsurveyability of the results of research. It is not a necessary evil, but is rather an essential necessity of science as research. Specialization is not the consequence but the foundation of the progress of all research. Research does not, through its methodology, become dispersed into random investigations, so as to lose itself in them; for modern science is determined by a third fundamental event: ongoing activity (Appendix 2).*10
By this is to be understood first of all the phenomenon that a science today, whether physical or humanistic, attains to the respect due a science only when it has become capable of being institutionalized. However, research is not ongoing activity because its work is accomplished in institutions, but rather institutions are necessary because science, intrinsically as research, has the character of ongoing activity. The methodology through which individual object-spheres are conquered does not simply amass results. Rather, with the help of its results it adapts [richtet sich ... ein] itself for a new procedure. Within the complex of machinery that is necessary to physics in order to carry out the smashing of the atom lies hidden the whole of physics up to now. Correspondingly, in historiographical research, funds of source materials become usable for explanation only if those sources are themselves guaranteed on the basis of historiographical explanation. In the course of these processes, the methodology of the science becomes circumscribed by means of its results. More and more the methodology adapts itself to the possibilities of procedure opened up through itself. This having-to-adapt-itself to its own results as the ways and means of an advancing methodology is the essence of research's character as ongoing activity. And it is that character that is the intrinsic basis for the necessity of the institutional nature of research. In ongoing activity the plan of an object-sphere is, for the first time, built into whatever is. All adjustments that facilitate a plannable conjoining of types of methodology, that further the reciprocal checking and communication of results, and that regulate the exchange of talents are measures that are by no means only the external consequences of the fact that research work is expanding and proliferating. Rather, research work becomes the distant sign, still far from being understood, that modern science is beginning to enter upon the decisive phase of its history. Only now is it beginning to take possession of its own complete essence.
What is taking place in this extending and consolidating of the institutional character of the sciences? Nothing less than the making secure of the precedence of methodology over whatever is (nature and history), which at any given time becomes objective in research. On the foundation of their character as ongoing activity, the sciences are creating for themselves the solidarity and unity appropriate to them. Therefore historiographical or archeological research that is carried forward in an institutionalized way is essentially closer to research in physics that is similarly organized than it is to a discipline belonging to its own faculty in the humanistic sciences that still remains mired in mere erudition. Hence the decisive development of the modern character of science as ongoing activity also forms men of a different stamp. The scholar disappears. He is succeeded by the research man who is engaged in research projects. These, rather than the cultivating of erudition, lend to his work its atmosphere of incisiveness. The research man no longer needs a library at home. Moreover, he is constantly on the move. He negotiates at meetings and collects information at congresses. He contracts for commissions with publishers. The latter now determines along with him which books must be written (Appendix 3).
The research worker necessarily presses forward of himself into the sphere characteristic of the technologist in the essential sense. Only in this way is he capable of acting effectively, and only thus, after the manner of his age, is he real. Alongside him, the increasingly thin and empty Romanticism of scholarship and the university will still be able to persist for some time in a few places. However, the effective unity characteristic of the university, and hence the latter's reality, does not lie in some intellectual power belonging to an original unification of the sciences and emanating from the university because nourished by it and preserved in it. The university is real as an orderly establishment that, in a form still unique because it is administratively self-contained, makes possible and visible the striving apart of the sciences into the particularization and peculiar unity that belong to ongoing activity. Because the forces intrinsic to the essence of modern science come immediately and unequivocally to effective working in ongoing activity, therefore, also, it is only the spontaneous ongoing activities of research that can sketch out and establish the internal unity with other like activities that is commensurate with themselves.
The real system of science consists in a solidarity of procedure and attitude with respect to the objectification of whatever is - a solidarity that is brought about appropriately at any given time on the basis of planning. The excellence demanded of this system is not some contrived and rigid unity of the relationships among object-spheres, having to do with content, but is rather the greatest possible free, though regulated, flexibility in the shifting about and introducing of research apropos of the leading tasks at any given time. The more exclusively science individualizes itself with a view to the total carrying on and mastering of its work process, and the more realistically these ongoing activities are shifted into separate research institutes and professional schools, the more irresistibly do the sciences achieve the consummation of their modern essence. But the more unconditionally science and the man of research take seriously the modern form of their essence, the more unequivocally and the more immediately will they be able to offer themselves for the common good, and the more unreservedly too will they have to return to the public anonymity of all work useful to society.
Modern science simultaneously establishes itself and differentiates itself in its projections of specific object-spheres. These projection-plans are developed by means of a corresponding methodology, which is made secure through rigor. Methodology adapts and establishes itself at any given time in ongoing activity. Projection and rigor, methodology and ongoing activity, mutually requiring one another, constitute the essence of modern science, transform science into research.
We are reflecting on the essence of modern science in order that we may apprehend in it its metaphysical ground What understanding of what is and what concept of truth provide the basis for the fact that science is being transformed into research?
Knowing, as research, calls whatever is to account with regard to the way in which and the extent to which it lets itself be put at the disposal of representation. Research has disposal over anything that is when it can either calculate it in its future course in advance or verify a calculation about it as past. Nature, in being calculated in advance, and history, in being historiographically verified as past, become, as it were, "set in place" [gestellt]. Nature and history become the objects of a representing that explains. Such representing counts on nature and takes account of history. Only that which becomes object in this way is - is considered to be in being. We first arrive at science as research when the Being of whatever is, is sought in such objectiveness.
This objectifying of whatever is, is accomplished in a setting-before, a representing, that aims at bringing each particular being before it in such a way that man who calculates can be sure, and that means be certain, of that being. We first arrive at science as research when and only when truth has been transformed into the certainty of representation. What it is to be is for the first time defined as the objectiveness of representing, and truth is first defined as the certainty of representing, in the metaphysics of Descartes. The title of Descartes's principal work reads: Meditationes de prima philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy]. Prote philosophia is the designation coined by Aristotle for what is later called metaphysics. The whole of modern metaphysics taken together, Nietzsche included, maintains itself within the interpretation of what it is to be and of truth that was prepared by Descartes (Appendix 4).
Now if science as research is an essential phenomenon of the modern age, it must be that that which constitutes the metaphysical ground of research determines first and long beforehand the essence of that age generally. The essence of the modern age can be seen in the fact that man frees himself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in freeing himself to himself. But this correct characterization remains, nevertheless, superficial. It leads to those errors that prevent us from comprehending the essential foundation of the modern age and, from there, judging the scope of the age's essence. Certainly the modern age has, as a consequence of the liberation of man, introduced subjectivism and individualism. But it remains just as certain that no age before this one has produced a comparable objectivism and that in no age before this has the non-individual, in the form of the collective, come to acceptance as having worth. Essential here is the necessary interplay between subjectivism and objectivism. It is precisely this reciprocal conditioning of one by the other that points back to events more profound.
[*1. "Reflection" translates Besinnung. On the meaning of the latter, see SR 155 n. 1. "'Essence" will be the translation of the noun Wesen in most instances of its occurrence in this essay. Occasionally the translation "coming to presence" will be used. Wesen must always be understood to allude, for Heidegger, not to any mere "whatness," but to the manner in which anything, as what it is, takes its course and "holds sway" in its ongoing presence, i.e., the manner in which it endures in its presencing. See QT 30, 3 n. 1. "What is" renders the present participle seiend used as a noun, das Seiende. On the translation of the latter, see T 40 n. 6.
*2. der Grund seines Wesensgestalt. Heidegger exemplifies the statement that he makes here in his discussion of the metaphysics of Descartes as providing the necessary interpretive ground for the manner in which, in the subjectness of man as self-conscious subject, Being and all that is and man - in their immediate and indissoluble relation - come to presence in the modern age. See Appendix 9, pp. 150 ff.
*4. Erlebnis, translated here as "subjective experience" and later as "life-experience," is a term much used by life philosophers such as Dilthey and generally connotes adventure and event. It is employed somewhat pejoratively here. The term Erfahrung, which is regularly translated in this volume as "experience," connotes discovery and learning, and also suffering and undergoing. Here and subsequently (i.e., "mere religious experience"), "mere" is inserted to maintain the distinction between Erlebnis and Erfahrung.
*5. Entgotterung, here inadequately rendered as "loss of the gods," actually means something more like "degodization".
*6. Grundriss. The verb reissen means to tear, to rend, to sketch, to design, and the noun Riss means tear, gap, outline. Hence the noun Grundiss, first sketch, ground plan, design, connotes a fundamental sketching out that is an opening up as well.
*7. "Binding adherence" here translates the noun Bindung. The noun could also be rendered "obligation." It could thus be said that rigor is the obligation to remain within the realm opened up.
*10. “Ongoing activity” is the rendering of Betrieb, which is difficult to translate adequately. It means the act of driving on, or industry, activity, as well as undertaking, pursuit, business. It can also mean management, or workshop or factory.]
To be continued...
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In metaphysics reflection is accomplished concerning the essence of what is and a decision takes place regarding the essence of truth*1. Metaphysics grounds an age, in that through a specific interpretation of what is and through a specific comprehension of truth it gives to that age the basis upon which it is essentially formed*2. This basis holds complete dominion over all the phenomena that distinguish the age. Conversely, in order that there may be an adequate reflection upon these phenomena themselves, the metaphysical basis for them must let itself be apprehended in them. Reflection is the courage to make the troth of our own presuppositions and the realm of our own goals into the things that most deserve to be called in question Appendix 1).
One of the essential phenomena of the modern age is its science. A phenomenon of no less importance is machine technology. We must not, however, misinterpret that technology as the mere application of modern mathematical physical science to praxis. Machine technology is itself an autonomous transformation of praxis, a type of transformation wherein praxis first demands the employment of mathematical physical science. Machine technology remains up to now the most visible outgrowth of the essence of modern technology, which is identical with the essence of modern metaphysics.
A third equally essential phenomenon of the modern period lies in the event of art's moving into the purview of aesthetics. That means that the art work becomes the object of mere subjective experience, and that consequently art is considered to be an expression of human life*4.
A fourth modern phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that human activity is conceived and consummated as culture. Thus culture is the realization of the highest values, through the nurture and cultivation of the highest goods of man. It lies in the essence of culture, as such nurturing, to nurture itself in its turn and thus to become the politics of culture.
A fifth phenomenon of the modern age is the loss of the gods*5. This expression does not mean the mere doing away with the gods, gross atheism. The loss of the gods is a twofold process. On the one hand, the world picture is Christianized inasmuch as the cause of the world is posited as infinite, unconditional, absolute. On the other hand, Christendom transforms Christian doctrine into a world view (the Christian world view), and in that way makes itself modern and up to date. The loss of the gods is the situation of indecision regarding God and the gods. Christendom has the greatest share in bringing it about. But the loss of the gods is so far from excluding religiosity that rather only through that loss is the relation to the gods changed into mere experience." When this occurs, then the gods have fled. The resultant void is compensated for by means of historiographical and psychological investigation of myth.
What understanding of what is, what interpretation of truth, lies at the foundation of these phenomena?
We shall limit the question to the phenomenon mentioned first, to science [Wissenschaft].
In what does the essence of modern science lie?
What understanding of what is and of truth provides the basis for that essence? If we succeed in reaching the metaphysical ground that provides the foundation for science as a modern phenomenon, then the entire essence of the modern age will have to let itself be apprehended from out of that ground.
When we use the word "science" today, it means something essentially different from the doctrina and scientia of the Middle Ages, and also from the Greek episteme. Greek science was never exact, precisely because, in keeping with its essence, it could not be exact and did not need to be exact. Hence it makes no sense whatever to suppose that modern science is more exact than that of antiquity. Neither can we say that the Galilean doctrine of freely falling bodies is true and that Aristotle's teaching, that light bodies strive upward, is false; for the Greek understanding of the essence of body and place and of the relation between the two rests upon a different interpretation of beings and hence conditions a correspondingly different kind of seeing and questioning of natural events. No one would presume to maintain that Shakespeare's poetry is more advanced than that of Aeschylus. It is still more impossible to say that the modern understanding of whatever is, is more correct than that of the Greeks. Therefore, if we want to grasp the essence of modern science, we must first free ourselves from the habit of comparing the new science with the old solely in terms of degree, from the point of view of progress.
The essence of what we today call science is research. In what does the essence of research consist?
In the fact that knowing [das Erkennen] establishes itself as a procedure within some realm of what is, in nature or in history. Procedure does not mean here merely method or methodology. For every procedure already requires an open sphere in which it moves. And it is precisely the opening up of such a sphere that is the fundamental event in research. This is accomplished through the projection within some realm of what is-in nature, for example-of a fixed ground plan*6 of natural events. The projection sketches out in advance the manner in which the knowing procedure must bind itself and adhere to the sphere opened up. This binding adherence is the rigor of research*7. Through the projecting of the ground plan and the prescribing of rigor, procedure makes secure for itself its sphere of objects within the realm of Being . A look at that earliest science, which is at the same time the normative one in the modern age, namely, mathematical physics, will make clear what we mean. Inasmuch as modern atomic physics still remains physics, what is essential - and only the essential is aimed at here- will hold for it also.
Modern physics is called mathematical because, in a remarkable way, it makes use of a quite specific mathematics. But it can proceed mathematically in this way only because, in a deeper sense, it is already itself mathematical. Ta mathemata means for the Greeks that which man knows in advance in his observation of whatever is and in his intercourse with things ; the corporeality of bodies, the vegetable character of plants, the animality of animals, the humanness of man. Alongside these, belonging also to that which is already-known, i.e., to the mathematical, are numbers. If we come upon three apples on the table, we recognize that there are three of them. But the number three, threeness, we already know. This means that number is something mathematical. Only because numbers represent, as it were, the most striking of always-already-knowns, and thus offer the most familiar instance of the mathematical, is "mathematical" promptly reserved as a name for the numerical. In no way, however, is the essence of the mathematical defined by numberness, Physics is, in general, the knowledge of nature, and, in particular, the knowledge of material corporeality in its motion; for that corporeality manifests itself immediately and universally in everything natural, even if in a variety of ways, If physics takes shape explicitly, then, as something mathematical, this means that, in an especially pronounced way, through it and for it something is stipulated in advance as what is already-known. That stipulating has to do with nothing less than the plan or projection of that which must henceforth, for the knowing of nature that is sought after, be nature: the self-contained system of motion of units of mass related spatiotemporally. Into this ground plan of nature, as supplied in keeping with its prior stipulation, the following definitions among others have been incorporated: Motion means change of place. No motion or direction of motion is superior to any other. Every place is equal to every other. No point in time has preference over any other. Every force is defined according to - i.e., is only - its consequences in motion, and that means in magnitude of change of place in the unity of time. Every event must be seen so as to be fitted into this ground plan of nature. Only within the perspective of this ground plan does an event in nature become visible as such an event. This projected plan of nature finds its guarantee in the fact that physical research, in every one of its questioning steps, is bound in advance to adhere to it. This binding adherence, the rigor of research, has its own character at any given time in keeping with the projected plan. The rigor of mathematical physical science is exactitude. Here all events, if they are to enter at all into representation as events of nature, must be defined beforehand as spatiotemporal magnitudes of motion. Such defining is accomplished through measuring, with the help of number and calculation. But mathematical research into nature is not exact because it calculates with precision; rather it must calculate in this way because its adherence to its object-sphere has the character of exactitude. The humanistic sciences, in contrast, indeed all the sciences concerned with life, must necessarily be inexact just in order to remain rigorous. A living thing can indeed also be grasped as spatiotemporal magnitude of motion, but then it is no longer apprehended as living. The inexactitude of the historical humanistic sciences is not a deficiency, but is only the fulfillment of a demand essential to this type of research. It is true, also, that the projecting and securing of the object-sphere of the historical sciences is not only of another kind, but is much more difficult of execution than is the achieving of rigor in the exact sciences.
Science becomes research through the projected plan and through the securing of that plan in the rigor of procedure. Projection and rigor, however, first develop into what they are in methodology. The latter constitutes the second essential characteristic of research. If the sphere that is projected is to become objective, then it is a matter of bringing it to encounter us in the complete diversity of its levels and interweavings. Therefore procedure must be free to view the changeableness in whatever encounters it. Only within the horizon of the incessant-otherness of change does the plenitude of particularity - of facts - show itself. -But the facts must become objective [gegenstiindlich]. Hence procedure must represent [vorstellen] the changeable in its changing, must bring it to a stand and let the motion be a motion nevertheless. The fixedness of facts and the constantness of their change as such is "rule." The constancy of change in the necessity of its course is "law." It is only within the purview of rule and law that facts become clear as the facts that they are. Research into facts in the realm of nature is intrinsically the establishing and verifying of rule and law. Methodology, through which a sphere of objects comes into representation, has the character of clarifying on the basis of what is clear - of explanation. Explanation is always twofold. It accounts for an unknown by means of a known, and at the same time it verifies that known by means of that unknown. Explanation takes place in investigation. In the physical sciences investigation takes place by means of experiment, always according to the kind of field of investigation and according to the type of explanation aimed at. But physical science does not first become research through experiment; rather, on the contrary, experiment first becomes possible where and only where the knowledge of nature has been transformed into research. Only because modern physics is a physics that is essentially mathematical can it be experimental. Because neither medieval doctrina nor Greek episteme is science in the sense of research, for these it is never a question of experiment. To be sure, it was Aristotle who first understood what empeiria (experientia) means; the observation of things themselves, their qualities and modifications under changing conditions, and consequently the knowledge of the way in which things as a rule behave. But an observation that aims at such knowledge, the experimentum, remains essentially different from the observation that belongs to science as research, from the research experiment; it remains essentially different even when ancient and medieval observation also works with number and measure, and even when that observation makes use of specific apparatus and instruments. For in all this, that which is decisive about the experiment is completely missing. Experiment begins with the laying down of a law as a basis. To set up an experiment means to represent or conceive [vorstellen] the conditions under which a specific series of motions can be made susceptible of being followed in its necessary progression, i.e., of being controlled in advance by calculation. But the establishing of a law is accomplished with reference to the ground plan of the object-sphere. That ground plan furnishes a criterion and constrains the anticipatory representing of the conditions. Such representing in and through which the experiment begins is no random imagining. that is why Newton said, hypothesis non fingo, “the bases that are laid down are not arbitrarily invented.” They are developed out of the ground plan of nature and are sketched into it. Experiment is that methodology which, in its planning and execution, is supported and guided on the basis of the fundamental law laid down, in order to adduce the facts that either verify and confirm the law or deny it confirmation. The more exactly the ground plan of nature is projected, the more exact becomes the possibility of experiment. Hence the much cited medieval Schoolman Roger Bacon can never be the forerunner of the modern experimental research scientist; rather he remains merely a successor of Aristotle. For in the meantime, the real locus of truth has been transferred by Christendom to faith - to the infallibility of the written word and to the doctrine of the Church. The highest knowledge and teaching is theology as the interpretation of the divine word of revelation, which is set down in Scripture and proclaimed by the Church. Here, to know is not to search out; rather it is to understand rightly the authoritative Word and the authorities proclaiming it. Therefore, the discussion of the words and doctrinal opinions of the various authorities take precedence in the acquiring of knowledge in the Middle Ages. The componere scripta et sermones, the argumentum ex verbo, is decisive and at the same time is the reason why the accepted Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy that had been taken over had to be transformed into scholastic dialectic. If, now, Roger Bacon demands the experimentum - and he does demand it - he does not mean the experiment of science as research; rather he wants the argumentum ex re instead of the argumentum ex verbo, the careful observing of things themselves, i.e., Aristotelian empeiria, instead of the discussion of doctrines.
The modern research experiment, however, is not only an observation more precise in degree and scope, but is a methodology essentially different in kind, related to the verification of law in the framework, and at the service, of an exact plan of nature. Source criticism in the historical humanistic sciences corresponds to experiment in physical research. Here the name “source criticism” designates the whole gamut of the discovery, examination, verification, evaluation, preservation, and interpretation of sources. Historiographical explanation, which is based on source criticism, does not, it is true, trace facts back to laws and rules. But neither does it confine itself to the mere reporting of facts. In the historical sciences, just as in the natural sciences, the methodology aims at representing what is fixed and stable and at making history an object. History can become objective openly when it is past. What is stable in what is past, that on the basis of which historiographical explanation reckons up the solitary and the diverse in history, is the always-has-been-once-already, the comparable. Through the constant comparing of everything with everything, what is intelligible is found by calculation and is certified and established as the ground plan of history. The sphere of histriographical research extends only so far as historiographical explanation reaches. The unique, the rare, the simple - in short, the great - in history is never self-evident and hence remains inexplicable. It is not that historical research denies what is great in history; rather it explains it as the exception. In this explaining, the great is measured against the ordinary and the average. And there is no other historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiographical explanation so long as explaining means reduction to what is intelligible and so long as historiography remains research, i.e., an explaining. Because historiography as research projects and objectifies the past in the sense of an explicable and surveyable nexus of actions and consequences, it requires source criticism as its instrument of objectification. The standards of this criticism alter to the degree that historiography approaches journalism.
Every science is, as research, grounded upon the projection of a circumscribed object-sphere and is therefore necessarily a science of individualized character. Every individualized science must, moreover, in the development of its projected plan by means of its methodology, particularize itself into specific fields of investigation. This particularizing (specialization) is, however, by no means simply an irksome concomitant of the increasing unsurveyability of the results of research. It is not a necessary evil, but is rather an essential necessity of science as research. Specialization is not the consequence but the foundation of the progress of all research. Research does not, through its methodology, become dispersed into random investigations, so as to lose itself in them; for modern science is determined by a third fundamental event: ongoing activity (Appendix 2).*10
By this is to be understood first of all the phenomenon that a science today, whether physical or humanistic, attains to the respect due a science only when it has become capable of being institutionalized. However, research is not ongoing activity because its work is accomplished in institutions, but rather institutions are necessary because science, intrinsically as research, has the character of ongoing activity. The methodology through which individual object-spheres are conquered does not simply amass results. Rather, with the help of its results it adapts [richtet sich ... ein] itself for a new procedure. Within the complex of machinery that is necessary to physics in order to carry out the smashing of the atom lies hidden the whole of physics up to now. Correspondingly, in historiographical research, funds of source materials become usable for explanation only if those sources are themselves guaranteed on the basis of historiographical explanation. In the course of these processes, the methodology of the science becomes circumscribed by means of its results. More and more the methodology adapts itself to the possibilities of procedure opened up through itself. This having-to-adapt-itself to its own results as the ways and means of an advancing methodology is the essence of research's character as ongoing activity. And it is that character that is the intrinsic basis for the necessity of the institutional nature of research. In ongoing activity the plan of an object-sphere is, for the first time, built into whatever is. All adjustments that facilitate a plannable conjoining of types of methodology, that further the reciprocal checking and communication of results, and that regulate the exchange of talents are measures that are by no means only the external consequences of the fact that research work is expanding and proliferating. Rather, research work becomes the distant sign, still far from being understood, that modern science is beginning to enter upon the decisive phase of its history. Only now is it beginning to take possession of its own complete essence.
What is taking place in this extending and consolidating of the institutional character of the sciences? Nothing less than the making secure of the precedence of methodology over whatever is (nature and history), which at any given time becomes objective in research. On the foundation of their character as ongoing activity, the sciences are creating for themselves the solidarity and unity appropriate to them. Therefore historiographical or archeological research that is carried forward in an institutionalized way is essentially closer to research in physics that is similarly organized than it is to a discipline belonging to its own faculty in the humanistic sciences that still remains mired in mere erudition. Hence the decisive development of the modern character of science as ongoing activity also forms men of a different stamp. The scholar disappears. He is succeeded by the research man who is engaged in research projects. These, rather than the cultivating of erudition, lend to his work its atmosphere of incisiveness. The research man no longer needs a library at home. Moreover, he is constantly on the move. He negotiates at meetings and collects information at congresses. He contracts for commissions with publishers. The latter now determines along with him which books must be written (Appendix 3).
The research worker necessarily presses forward of himself into the sphere characteristic of the technologist in the essential sense. Only in this way is he capable of acting effectively, and only thus, after the manner of his age, is he real. Alongside him, the increasingly thin and empty Romanticism of scholarship and the university will still be able to persist for some time in a few places. However, the effective unity characteristic of the university, and hence the latter's reality, does not lie in some intellectual power belonging to an original unification of the sciences and emanating from the university because nourished by it and preserved in it. The university is real as an orderly establishment that, in a form still unique because it is administratively self-contained, makes possible and visible the striving apart of the sciences into the particularization and peculiar unity that belong to ongoing activity. Because the forces intrinsic to the essence of modern science come immediately and unequivocally to effective working in ongoing activity, therefore, also, it is only the spontaneous ongoing activities of research that can sketch out and establish the internal unity with other like activities that is commensurate with themselves.
The real system of science consists in a solidarity of procedure and attitude with respect to the objectification of whatever is - a solidarity that is brought about appropriately at any given time on the basis of planning. The excellence demanded of this system is not some contrived and rigid unity of the relationships among object-spheres, having to do with content, but is rather the greatest possible free, though regulated, flexibility in the shifting about and introducing of research apropos of the leading tasks at any given time. The more exclusively science individualizes itself with a view to the total carrying on and mastering of its work process, and the more realistically these ongoing activities are shifted into separate research institutes and professional schools, the more irresistibly do the sciences achieve the consummation of their modern essence. But the more unconditionally science and the man of research take seriously the modern form of their essence, the more unequivocally and the more immediately will they be able to offer themselves for the common good, and the more unreservedly too will they have to return to the public anonymity of all work useful to society.
Modern science simultaneously establishes itself and differentiates itself in its projections of specific object-spheres. These projection-plans are developed by means of a corresponding methodology, which is made secure through rigor. Methodology adapts and establishes itself at any given time in ongoing activity. Projection and rigor, methodology and ongoing activity, mutually requiring one another, constitute the essence of modern science, transform science into research.
We are reflecting on the essence of modern science in order that we may apprehend in it its metaphysical ground What understanding of what is and what concept of truth provide the basis for the fact that science is being transformed into research?
Knowing, as research, calls whatever is to account with regard to the way in which and the extent to which it lets itself be put at the disposal of representation. Research has disposal over anything that is when it can either calculate it in its future course in advance or verify a calculation about it as past. Nature, in being calculated in advance, and history, in being historiographically verified as past, become, as it were, "set in place" [gestellt]. Nature and history become the objects of a representing that explains. Such representing counts on nature and takes account of history. Only that which becomes object in this way is - is considered to be in being. We first arrive at science as research when the Being of whatever is, is sought in such objectiveness.
This objectifying of whatever is, is accomplished in a setting-before, a representing, that aims at bringing each particular being before it in such a way that man who calculates can be sure, and that means be certain, of that being. We first arrive at science as research when and only when truth has been transformed into the certainty of representation. What it is to be is for the first time defined as the objectiveness of representing, and truth is first defined as the certainty of representing, in the metaphysics of Descartes. The title of Descartes's principal work reads: Meditationes de prima philosophia [Meditations on First Philosophy]. Prote philosophia is the designation coined by Aristotle for what is later called metaphysics. The whole of modern metaphysics taken together, Nietzsche included, maintains itself within the interpretation of what it is to be and of truth that was prepared by Descartes (Appendix 4).
Now if science as research is an essential phenomenon of the modern age, it must be that that which constitutes the metaphysical ground of research determines first and long beforehand the essence of that age generally. The essence of the modern age can be seen in the fact that man frees himself from the bonds of the Middle Ages in freeing himself to himself. But this correct characterization remains, nevertheless, superficial. It leads to those errors that prevent us from comprehending the essential foundation of the modern age and, from there, judging the scope of the age's essence. Certainly the modern age has, as a consequence of the liberation of man, introduced subjectivism and individualism. But it remains just as certain that no age before this one has produced a comparable objectivism and that in no age before this has the non-individual, in the form of the collective, come to acceptance as having worth. Essential here is the necessary interplay between subjectivism and objectivism. It is precisely this reciprocal conditioning of one by the other that points back to events more profound.
[*1. "Reflection" translates Besinnung. On the meaning of the latter, see SR 155 n. 1. "'Essence" will be the translation of the noun Wesen in most instances of its occurrence in this essay. Occasionally the translation "coming to presence" will be used. Wesen must always be understood to allude, for Heidegger, not to any mere "whatness," but to the manner in which anything, as what it is, takes its course and "holds sway" in its ongoing presence, i.e., the manner in which it endures in its presencing. See QT 30, 3 n. 1. "What is" renders the present participle seiend used as a noun, das Seiende. On the translation of the latter, see T 40 n. 6.
*2. der Grund seines Wesensgestalt. Heidegger exemplifies the statement that he makes here in his discussion of the metaphysics of Descartes as providing the necessary interpretive ground for the manner in which, in the subjectness of man as self-conscious subject, Being and all that is and man - in their immediate and indissoluble relation - come to presence in the modern age. See Appendix 9, pp. 150 ff.
*4. Erlebnis, translated here as "subjective experience" and later as "life-experience," is a term much used by life philosophers such as Dilthey and generally connotes adventure and event. It is employed somewhat pejoratively here. The term Erfahrung, which is regularly translated in this volume as "experience," connotes discovery and learning, and also suffering and undergoing. Here and subsequently (i.e., "mere religious experience"), "mere" is inserted to maintain the distinction between Erlebnis and Erfahrung.
*5. Entgotterung, here inadequately rendered as "loss of the gods," actually means something more like "degodization".
*6. Grundriss. The verb reissen means to tear, to rend, to sketch, to design, and the noun Riss means tear, gap, outline. Hence the noun Grundiss, first sketch, ground plan, design, connotes a fundamental sketching out that is an opening up as well.
*7. "Binding adherence" here translates the noun Bindung. The noun could also be rendered "obligation." It could thus be said that rigor is the obligation to remain within the realm opened up.
*10. “Ongoing activity” is the rendering of Betrieb, which is difficult to translate adequately. It means the act of driving on, or industry, activity, as well as undertaking, pursuit, business. It can also mean management, or workshop or factory.]
To be continued...
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- Money Back Guarantee: I have won multiple academic awards for my exceptional skills & expertise in math. I guarantee overall A & B grades for all coursework completed. Plus. I also offer a 50% refund for C+, C, and C- scores, and a full 100% refund for D+, D, D-, and F scores.
- Exams & Quizzes: Final rates for exams and quizzes depend on various factors including: whether or not there is proctoring, how many hours the exam is, total number of questions including sub-parts, preferred method of me delivering solutions, whether it's show all work or just the answer only, and whether the assessment has a flexible window of time to complete or a fixed & rigid start and end time.
- Full Courses: Final rates for full class help depend all the foregoing plus: total number of hw, quizzes, exams, discussion posts, and other academic tasks left that need to be completed, total number of weeks or modules left in the class to complete, and whether there is required multi factor authentication for logging in like Duo Push or text passcode.
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- Rationale for My Rates: I sincerely believe my rates are more than fair considering my education, skills, native born U.S. resident status, legitimacy, and the substantial amount of value, stress relief, and saved time & energy I’d be providing you in exchange for my valuable, irretrievable time, energy, and effort.
- Disclaimer About Rates: Completing someone else's exam, essay, or homework assignment is obviously NOT something you can just freely ask anyone to do, especially on the internet. Therefore, such help should be well-compensated. Services that are reliable and deliver high-quality results are difficult to find and are very high in demand. Thus, I expect to be compensated fairly for all the value, stress relief, and saved time & energy my services provide. However, I may be willing to negotiate rates if necessary.
- Payment Methods: I accept PayPal (required for all Canadian students), Venmo, Zelle, Cash App, and anonymous credit & debit card payments via online invoice.
- Payment Plans: I offer the following payment plans for my services: weekly (most expensive), monthly, half-now / half-later, and all upfront (least expensive).
- Money Back Guarantee: I guarantee the following grades for coursework completed: A+. A, A-, B+, B. and B-. However, I offer a 50% refund for C+, C, and C- grades, and a full 100% refund for D+, D, D-, and F grades.
- Full Class Help Rates: $595 – $2495 USD
- Exam & Test Help Rates: $150 – $350 USD
- Quiz Help Rates: $60 – $180 USD
- HW Assignment Help Rates: $60 – $420 USD
- Essay & Paper Writing Help Rates: $19 – $29 USD per 300 words
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- All My Payment Apps are Still Active: If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now.
- My Mission: Thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit post. I take what I do very seriously and I always strive to get the highest possible grades for all students who entrust me with their coursework.
- Closing Words: Please feel free to reach out to me if you're sincerely interested in having help you with your school work. I am available via text, email, and call almost 24/7/365.
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2024.05.29 01:41 cheezitupp Small gripes to address
Track outlines
When using low shader settings, the edges of some platforms, like grass, do not get lines on their edges. This is understandable, but can be frustrating if you do not know the map already. For example, without the white outlines on the current campaign's track two I struggled to see which squares were penalty grass here, especially with the varying brightness of the blocks, because the low shader options rely almost entirely on baked lighting. Top is low, bottom is high.
https://preview.redd.it/3dvoyjri593d1.jpg?width=2560&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=3a2d209bb5f0a2a4c12a048f2a1616e190091aa8
https://preview.redd.it/e3gnwiri593d1.jpg?width=2560&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=a827a383eae1e0d3066e367b19fee72e74a72f39
There should likely be an option to differentiate penalty textures more without plugins for these low settings.
Antialiasing
As for why I'm using low settings, I have made another post mentioning so I'll keep this one brief:
Low shader options are required if you want a cleaner image from MSAA. This is misleading because it runs slower than TAA so it shouldn't be only for lower settings. Add an option for MSAA in high shader options.
Analog Action keys
For a while now rally and snow car have had different analog action key behavior that take advantage of the entire range of input and has been helpful for analog keyboard players not wanting to modify their devices analog curve and only have 4mm of analog travel to work with. I'm sure in the future the changes will be normalized across all cars but if it's an "experiment" then why not give an experimental stop-gap option to use it on all cars?
I mostly make this post to yet again complain about antialiasing, but I've been happy using MSAA on lower settings until it has been confusing to follow penalty surfaces. This would be unfair for players who need to use these lower settings to run the game.
submitted by cheezitupp to TrackMania [link] [comments]
When using low shader settings, the edges of some platforms, like grass, do not get lines on their edges. This is understandable, but can be frustrating if you do not know the map already. For example, without the white outlines on the current campaign's track two I struggled to see which squares were penalty grass here, especially with the varying brightness of the blocks, because the low shader options rely almost entirely on baked lighting. Top is low, bottom is high.
https://preview.redd.it/3dvoyjri593d1.jpg?width=2560&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=3a2d209bb5f0a2a4c12a048f2a1616e190091aa8
https://preview.redd.it/e3gnwiri593d1.jpg?width=2560&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=a827a383eae1e0d3066e367b19fee72e74a72f39
There should likely be an option to differentiate penalty textures more without plugins for these low settings.
Antialiasing
As for why I'm using low settings, I have made another post mentioning so I'll keep this one brief:
Low shader options are required if you want a cleaner image from MSAA. This is misleading because it runs slower than TAA so it shouldn't be only for lower settings. Add an option for MSAA in high shader options.
Analog Action keys
For a while now rally and snow car have had different analog action key behavior that take advantage of the entire range of input and has been helpful for analog keyboard players not wanting to modify their devices analog curve and only have 4mm of analog travel to work with. I'm sure in the future the changes will be normalized across all cars but if it's an "experiment" then why not give an experimental stop-gap option to use it on all cars?
I mostly make this post to yet again complain about antialiasing, but I've been happy using MSAA on lower settings until it has been confusing to follow penalty surfaces. This would be unfair for players who need to use these lower settings to run the game.