Hi, unfortunatly (because I'm quite old) this is not an homework question .. Googling for a PI design I came at this interesting pdf:
https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece486/fa2023/documentation/lectures/slides/Lecture9A_PITuningForFirstOrderSystems.pdf
I don't understand the last page: Why keeping zeta = 1 the step response still have an overshoot?
I think the reason is: the PID feedback makes the system to be a closed loop, so maybe this change what zeta means?
I did a small MATLAB script to test, I will share later Thanks

Hi everyone! Yesterday at work, I was given the task of creating an algorithm to handle a modified version of the 3D Bin Packing Problem for one of our clients. If everything checks out, I'll have some time to brush up on my skills and develop a solution.
Here's the deal: we need to figure out the best way to load up a delivery truck with as many packages as possible. Each package comes with a couple of key details:

• Distance to customer (how far it needs to go).
• Material type (what its made of).

From these attributes emerge three constraints

1. Packages that have to travel farther should be packed underneath ones with shorter trips.
2. Fragile packages should sit on top of the less delicate ones.
3. The solution must be physically stable.

Additionally, I've been asked to tackle this problem using Reinforcement Learning, as the knowledge I gain will be useful for future projects (I currently lack knowledge in RL, so I'll have about a month to train myself in this area).
I've been investigating about reinforcement learning to solve the BPP. Here's the highly summarized details:

• RL have a recent success in combinatorial problems, giving better performance than traditional methods.
• RL solves the BPP with the assumption that the order of the boxes is not known a priori (this is not necessary in this problem as all boxes are known).

This resource was really helpful, if you need to go deeper. I'm thinking we could potentially exploit this assumption about box order in RL, e.g. we can give the agent a sequence of non-fragile boxes first and a sequence of fragile boxes, so the agent will place non-fragile boxes at the bottom.
What do you think? Is it feasible to tackle this problem with Reinforcement Learning, or should I suggest to my boss that a traditional heuristic approach might be more suitable? Appreciate any input!
Thank you!

Hi! I read these books as a young teenager (early 2000's, maybe?) and absolutely loved them but my mother gave them away and now I cannot for the life of god remember the names of them. I'd love to find out what they were called. Help me out, please?
Here is what I remember. I hope we can finally find them and also if I remember something wrong it'd be fun to compare to what actually happened in the books.
OVERALL PREMISE
A teenage girl has the ability to see the forces that cause evil in this world. They seem to be individual humanoid creatures that can fly and are invisible to the human eye. They act in a somewhat unified way or seem to share a sort of common consciousness; so, for example, if one of them notices the protagonist, more of them will know where she is even if they haven't talked to one another. They forcefully will manipulate someone's body to do evil (ex., suddenly drive into someone): this would explain those almost unconscious, spontaneous acts of evil in the world.
The portagonist does not know of anyone else that can see them. She tries to be unnoticed by them, because when they "remember" that she can see them, they focus on making her do naughty, embarrassing stuff publicly to undermine her credibility. As a result, she is lonely and perceived as a basket case.
GENRE AND STYLE
The books are very nightmare-ish and quite dark for teenage literature, but had the simplicity in style and structure of other young adult literature. I think of them as Molly Moon meets RL Stine.
DEMOGRAPHICS
I believe they were a translation from Enlglish and that the books mentioned US American towns and cultural references, but I could be wrong. It is very probable that they were published in the early 2000's or late 90's, if they were relatively new books when I read them.
I believe I owned the first and second volumes of the series and have no idea whether there are more.
PREMISE BOOK 1: INTELLIGENT FARM ANIMALS WITH PSYCHIC POWERS THAT REBEL AGAINST HUMANS
Seemingly the first of the series, it was the first I owned. Her family seems to have financial problems and move around quite often whenever her father gets a new job. This time they move to a small countryside village with lots of farms around. There, I believe, she is for some reason quite popular and gets a boyfriend or starts to know a boy. The evil spirits decide to attack this village, I don´t remember why, and make it so that no one can leave the village. Then animals start to become increasingly intelligent beyond human capacities, acquiring human language, societal organization and psychic powers. They decide to take revenge on slaving humans that have mistreated them for centuries and take control of the village, entrapping humans, allowing them a life only a bit better than the ones they had themselves under their rule and physically and psychically punishing them. In one instance I believe a cow attacks a teenager psychically and telepathically convinces him that he has been hit in the belly; the boy believes it to the extent that is body starts manifesting signs of a physical attack.
Somehow the conflict is solved and everything goes to normal in the end, with the exception of a dog who can still talk and retains his human intelligence. No one remembers anything but the protagonist, who "adopts" this dog. They remain close friends for the rest of the series, even though they were enemies in the first book, because they are the only ones who understand and remember what really happened.
PREMISE BOOK 2: A MIRAGE IN THE DESERT LEADS TO A MENACED LAND OF DREAMS
After this incident the family (dog included) moves to an abandoned airport in the middle of the desert, where the dad has found a job because the last employee disappeared out of nowhere. The family settles there and the father starts acting very weirdly (it gives intense 'The Shining' vibes).
After someone's disappearance (the parents, maybe?), the protagonist finds about a mirage in the desert and crosses it, as it was indeed a portal. They arrive in a sort of dream land where anything and everything can come true. All the disappeared in this dessert through Time peacefully and happily cohabit in there, where there is no such thing as death or aging. Dream-like situations play out for their entertainment.
The protagonist is skeptical about this Dream Land and quickly hears about a menacing force that is turning Dream Land into a nightmarish place and threatens to end this places. There has been numerous attempts to get at the root of it, which is in a palace in the middle of a gigantic garden. She and the dog join an expedition through the garden, which becomes increasingly dangerous and dark as they march on.
At one point they find a hut with a diary in it that belonged to an old expedition just like them. Upon reading it they see they all died there. I remember there is a instance where they all get poisoned by the smell of gigantic flowers and believe they are made of honey and eat themselves? It's really dark.
They somehow survive and get to the palace and discover the evil spirits are behind it all. They liberate Dream Land and are rewarded with the possibility of returning to the real world with their family, which they do. Again, no one but the protagonist (and the dog, I think?) remember anything from this adventure. I assume this happens at the end of every book, but I haven't read more.
DESIGN
This was an edition in Spanish, so maybe not very helpful. I had 2 volumes and one was red and the other one purple. The covers were drawn. One of them depicted the evil forces as somewhat of a ghost-like creature. I think the protagonist was white and must have had short straight brown hair and glasses.

Coursera has a lot of problems as is, but I think having some sort of certificate will look good on my resume when I seek employment in a related field.
However, this course does not do a good job explaining anything and I am just trying to get this certificate before deep diving into books to actually learn more material. So if I don't completely understand some feedback, please be patient.
This first assignment is complete a 2-bit comparator in Quartus and create a testbench that will be tested in Modelsim. They provided 3 files, AAC2M1P1.vhd, AAC2M1P1_tb.vhdp and vectorh.out. The VHDL file for the comparator is not completed and I just need to add some more outputs, fix some syntax, etc. The Testbench file is protected, but I delete the protected portion and looking at the code I understand seems fine. They want you to submit a file called "myvectorh.out" which is produced from a part of the code I don't fully understand (below).

 procedure Load_ROM(signal data_word : inout mem) is file ROMfile : text open read_mode is "vectorh.out"; variable lbuf: line; variable i: integer; variable fdata: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); -- begin while not(endfile(ROMfile)) loop -- read digital data from input file readline(ROMfile, lbuf); hread(lbuf, fdata); data_word(i) <= fdata; i := i + 1; end loop; end procedure; procedure Write_ROM (signal data_word : inout mem) is file ROMfileOut : text open write_mode is "myvectorh.out"; variable row: line; variable i : integer :=0; variable fdata: std_logic_vector (7 downto 0); -- begin while (i<256) loop fdata := data_word(i); hwrite(row, fdata, left,4); writeline(RomfileOut, row); i := i + 1; end loop; end procedure; 

I would love to submit a waveform png or pdf of what my code does to prove it works accordingly, but they require just this myvectorh.out file to be submitted. What is this .out file? Is it a waveform file? I noticed that I can't produce a waveform because my when I try to do "create wave" the description "No ports found in AAC2M1P1_tb" appears. What is this vectorh.out file?
Like I said, nothing was explained and I have spent way to many hours trying to troubleshoot this when I am not even learning in the process. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks

I received an email promotion on May 1st offering a bundle subscription to The New Yorker and Vanity Fair, but the webpage I’m directed to when I click subscribe offers a different subscription deal. Instead of providing the offer from the email as stated, it offers only twelve weeks of The New Yorker and one year of Vanity Fair.
The promotion in the email states that if I subscribe now I would receive one year of both, The New Yorker and Vanity Fair, including the print magazines plus digital access for $24. Nowhere in the email is it mentioned The New Yorker would only be a twelve-week subscription and Vanity Fair, a one-year subscription. It simply states, “Don’t miss your opportunity to get 1 year of both The New Yorker and Vanity Fair for just $24.”
I called The New Yorker customer service line to explain the discrepancy between the offer in the email and the webpage, and request the email offer be honored. They could not provide a resolution or offer a satisfactory explanation.
I understand that each periodical has different publication and delivery terms (ie. Vanity Fair is monthly; The New Yorker is weekly); however, it seems misleading for the email to offer one year of both only to have the webpage change that to alternative terms.
I believe I should receive what the email is offering: one year of both The New Yorker and Vanity Fair for $24.
Am I wrong?
P.S.–This community doesn’t allow attachments or I would include a PDF printout of the email of a screenshot. Is there another community that does allow attachments where this would also be relevant to post?
Thanks!

Tendo em vista a a recente onda de questionamentos em relação aos índices oficiais de inflação, neste texto vou detalhar e responder os principais pontos sobre como a inflação é medida no Brasil.

1. O que é inflação? Inflação é o nome dado ao aumento dos preços de produtos e serviços. Ela é calculada pelos índices de preços. O IBGE produz o IPCA (índice de preços ao consumidor amplo), considerado o índice oficial pelo governo federal.
   
2. Como o IPCA é calculado? O IBGE faz um levantamento mensal de, aproximadamente, 430 mil preços em 30 mil locais. Todos esses preços são comparados com os preços do mês anterior, e ponderados por uma uma cesta padrão de produtos, que representa o consumo mensal do cidadão.
   
3. O que é a cesta padrão? A cesta padrão é representativa das famílias com rendimento mensal de 1 a 40 salários mínimos, residentes nas regiões urbanas de 13 áreas. Ela é baseada na POF - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, feita pela última vez em 2017.
   
4. Então a minha inflação pode ser diferente da geral? Sim. No site https://www.considereainflacao.com.b você pode fazer o cálculo da sua inflação. Acontece que, a não ser que você seja um alienígena, seu índice não vai se distanciar muito do geral.
   
5. Mas o azeite e a picanha estão super caros! As pessoas costumam comparar a inflação com os preços nos supermercados. Apesar de ter um peso relevante, a alimentação responde por 21% do IPCA. Outros itens como saúde, transporte e habitação devem ser considerados.
   

O azeite teve um aumento de 47% nos últimos 12 meses. Como o peso deste item é de 0,09%, o impacto na inflação foi de 0,04%. Portanto o azeite pode triplicar de preço que o impacto será ínfimo no índice.
sidra.ibge.gov.btabela/7060 aqui tem os itens e pesos que compõem o índice

1. Nunca vi nada cair de preço! Para algo ficar de fato mais caro, ele deve aumentar mais que a inflação. Muitos itens tiveram aumentos bem menores que a inflação nos últimos 10 anos. Como é o caso dos serviços de telefonia e internet, dos artigos de residência (móveis e eletrônicos), das tarifas de ônibus e dos automóveis.

Na pesquisa por componente da inflação você pode ver qual produto ficou mais caro ou barato: https://www.considereainflacao.com.b

1. Mas imóvel está um absurdo! Nunca mais vai dar pra comprar. Se um apartamento custava 500 mil reais em 2014, e em 2024 está custando 750 mil, ele DESVALORIZOU. Isto porque a inflação do período foi de 78%, e o imóvel valeria 891 mil reais se acompanhasse o preço da inflação. No gráfico podemos ver que o preço de imóveis caiu de 2014 a 2023 na cidade de São Paulo. https://www.considereainflacao.com.b#fipezap
   
2. Os produtos estão cada vez menores, não dá pra comparar! Isto é contabilizado. Só são comparados produtos idênticos, da mesma marca, com o mesmo tamanho e composição.
   
3. Dólar e IBOVESPA estão batendo recordes? Não. O dólar teve sua máxima em 2002, quando bateu 7,83 em termos reais. Mais recentemente, na pandemia, o valor foi a 6 reais. Valores reajustados pela inflação brasileira e americana: https://www.considereainflacao.com.b#dolar
   

Já o IBOVESPA teve sua máxima em Maio de 2008, ,com 177 mil pontos, em termos reais: https://www.considereainflacao.com.b#ibov

1. Mas porque a sensação é que empobrecemos? A inflação mede o aumento dos preços, mas não mede o poder de compra do cidadão. Se a inflação subir, e o salário não subir junto, o efeito vai ser um empobrecimento de fato. Portanto, o que vai dizer se o poder de compra do brasileiro está maior ou menor é a comparação da inflação com o aumento da renda.
   
2. Mas inflação é o aumento da base monetária! O aumento da base monetária pode gerar inflação, mas não é o único fator que influencia os preços.
   
3. O número do governo é uma fraude! O IBGE é uma fundação pública com servidores estáveis e carreiras próprias, que mede o IPCA desde 1979, passando por todo tipo de governo. Os dados e metodologia são públicos e transparentes. Ademais, outras instituições fazem cálculos independentes da inflação. De 01/2014 a 01/2024, o IPCA-IBGE foi de 78%, o IPC-FGV foi de 75% e o IPC-FIPE foi de 76%.
   
4. A taxa de inflação caiu, mas os preços continuam altos! A taxa cair significa que o aumento foi menor, não significa que os preços caíram.
   
5. Mais informações: Informações básicas: https://www.ibge.gov.bexplica/inflacao.php#:~:text=Infla%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20%C3%A9%20o%20nome%20dado,governo%20federal%2C%20e%20o%20INPC.
   

Se quiser entender melhor a metodologia: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.bvisualizacao/livros/liv101767.pdf
Índices do IBGE, FGV e FIPE: https://www3.bcb.gov.bCALCIDADAO/publico/exibirFormCorrecaoValores.do?method=exibirFormCorrecaoValores&aba=1
Metodo de coleta de preços: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.bvisualizacao/instrumentos_de_coleta/doc5540.pdf

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On the Northern Continent...
Norah's team had just regrouped with Tai's after they had thoroughly searched their expedition area. They encountered many types of wildlife, thriving without the disturbance of people and unbothered by the incoming chaos, that was about to unfold.
Plumes of fire and screams of dying men, rang across the valley, like a beacon, forcing Norah and Tai to race towards Helio's direction. They tried to reach him on the way, but they quickly found out, that comms were down. Then, they looked up.
As the sky, as they last remembered it, turned from, blue to gray and orange. While ships and aircrafts engaged in an intense one-sided struggle. Leaving carnage, rubble, and corpses falling out of the sky. Their soldiers and their way out.
"I'll be back." Norah said, as she quickly spun around and raced back, while cladding herself in electricity and leaving Tai, to go on ahead.
As he got to Helio's site, Norah made it a few seconds behind him. She didn't want to regret not informing their teams to retreat and leave the Rennayan Solar System, as soon as possible. She knew something wasn't right. Still, with shock, what they witnessed seemed like something out of a nightmare.
Helio and his team were excavating and exploring a destroyed ancient city surrounded by a lush forest. That forest was now on fire and decorated with the blood, corpses, and parts of the androids and human members of his expedition team.
They could tell the fire had been started intentionally, as the path of the fire, raged from blue to purple. It wasn't possible for anyone to still be alive in within the forest, but as if rotating, within the circle of flames, they noticed flashes of ice, bursting out, then turning into mist.
Norah raised her hand, then dropped it in the direction, of the last ice burst. With incredible speed, a large streak of blue lightning struck down, breaking through the domain of fire and striking its target.
Moments later, Helio was thrown flying into them, but they caught him safely, as a figure, appeared with a blur in front of them. "So glad of you to gather here, all at once. I knew, I sensed, strong iko on this continent."
Norah instinctively raised her guard at the sight of her. Switching into second gear.
Tai braced himself, but he was more concerned about Helio. He checked the Nova's pouch, noticing Helio had already used a booster, and his spare was destroyed. He gritted his teeth and gave him his own. Knowing it wouldn't be good for him. However, the burns, Helio was suffering from, were too severe.
Tai, could not help but sweat at the sight of the monster, looking them over. However, he still found the courage to speak. His country was watching him. His people. He could not fall here. "Who are you?!"
The child of Atlas, raised a finger to her lips, biting it. "Oh my. How feisty you are. I'm sure you could have come up, with a better pickup line."
She threw her hand back and gave him a slight bow. "I am Princess Zelha, the 94th child of Atlas. Pleased to meet you... and you must be his friends, from the Nova Division. Let's get to know each other!"
In a moment, the distance between her and Tai closed up faster than he could blink, as she zipped towards him, trailing fire. The only thing, stopping his imminent death, was Norah, reacting with incredible speed and aided by a lightning strike, she called down ahead of time. She and the princess, crashed down a few hundred meters before Zelha threw her back and regained her footing in the air.
Norah glanced back at Tai. "Get Helio, out of here, you guys can still make it to the shuttles!"
Tai shook his head. "There's no way, we're leaving you!"
Zelha was shocked, by how they were just ignoring her. "What do you mean leaving? This place, used to have an important temple, you know. Let's pay homage to it. With a temple, dedicated to me!"
As she raised her hands, high up into the air, walls of fire, rose, all around the city. Burning red, blue, then purple into an intricately sculpted, ridiculously large temple, spanning, across the entire, abandoned city. "Zelha's Temple!" She yelled out, beaming at the Novas and excited about her work. "What do you think?!"
The Novas, who were not too thrilled, were struggling, to breathe from the sudden build-up of smoke and carbon monoxide. Yet, Helio stood up, with Tai's support.
"I can still fight!" He spoke, while raising one hand, to form a transparent swirling dome, filtering the air around them.
Tai looked earnestly at the Novas. "Do you guys trust me?"
They were a bit put off, by the timing of the question. Sure, he'd been a bit distant from them, in the beginning, but over time, they had been treating him, as part of the family.
"Of course!" The two spoke in unison.
He nodded back, then proceeded to switch into first gear. He had a lot of trouble at first, but with Nate's help and the training he received from the Rahmanaka clan, he was able to better maintain it, without draining him. On his command, a flame barrier, manifested and layered itself over Helio's dome, charged with the limits of his own iko. "Helio! Crash us through the walls."
Helio looked at Norah, then at Tai. "Are you sure, you can do this? I can't withstand that much heat."
Tai shook his head. "If I can drop the heat around us just a bit, we can! Norah, we'll need your energy."
Norah, who had supercharged herself with electricity, prior, nodded. She placed her hands on both of their backs, as Zelha watched them attempting suicide through her flames.
She laughed and concentrated the majority of the heat on the area, they were targeting. "If you're trying to leave, burn! Burn along with your stupidity!
The Novas were well adept at using sani iko. As such, part of Tai's plan, involved sensing, where Zelha had spread out her energy. The moment she concentrated it all to stop them, was the moment they needed to escape.
"Helio! Now!" Tai yelled out.
Their dome, lurched upwards, away from the violet burning spot, then dove diagonally to the right, through another part of the wall, cooler than the rest. They crashed through, with intense turbulence, as Tai and Helio coughed up blood while struggling against the pressure of Zelha's iko. Norah continued sharing as much of her energy, as they could take.
"Ignite: Yándi Zhī Dùn!"
"Frost: Dominio!"
They broke through, while the dome dissipated into mist, leaving them falling out of the sky. Norah gained flight quickly and grabbed hold of both of them before they dipped low, near the fire and got them to safety.
She got up to watch for the princess, after laying them down. They were both unconscious. She couldn't blame them. This was not a monster, they should face.
The flaming temple crumbled down, within itself, birthing a gigantic version of Zelha instead, and towered over several hundreds of meters, into the sky. The princess then appeared above them, furious. "If there are no worshippers, the temple crumbles doesn't it?" The gigantic, flaming clone of her, raised its fist, getting ready to strike down. "Sinners shall be punished!" She yelled, raising her hands to her sides.
On the Eastern continent...
Kayed was worried about the others. He had just figured out that comms were down and his site was a lot further away from the other Novas & their meeting spot. He ordered his expedition team, to return back to their ships, even before he heard drones racing through the sky, feeling something wrong. Then, without wasting a moment, he rushed towards the clashes of energy, he felt, off in the distance.
The Nova stopped, over a field of plains, with Simon, gravely wounded in third gear, with Carina, whose side effects were starting to kick in. She was assisting him by blocking, volleys of magma, thrown by a child of Atlas.
He was around 6 ft tall, with a stocky build, adorning a cape, he had discarded earlier while fighting the Hashin. His skin tone was pale and complimented by grey, serpent-like eyes. He had the same black slits running down from his eyes to his chin, just like the rest of his family.
Further to their left, the remaining disfigured halves of the Hashins sent to guard them, laid smouldering. Slowly being eaten away, by leftover blobs of magma.
Kayed was seething with anger. He began making his way, aiming to join his comrades, when the child of Atlas, threw their hand into the air. Tremors began below them, followed by a violent earthquake, then an eruption of lava, greater, than they had ever seen before, concentrated into a massive serpent-like wave and dipped down towards them.
Kayed didn't hesitate, although shocked and feeling a bit of despair in the situation they were in, he shifted into second gear, placing all of his might in a quick ball of lava, as Simon and Carina launched attacks of their own, in a last futile attempt. He joined in with them. "Erupt: Burkania!"
Their attacks were completely overwhelmed, as the downpour pressed down, heavier than their force. However, not all of their efforts were wasted. Giving Kayed enough time, to create a platform around their footing with rails and yanked them safely out of there.
"Kayed!" Carina called out, relieved to see him.
He regretted getting there so late. He had still not mastered picking up iko, from long distances, but as he focused, for just a second. He felt all of the chaos unfolding on the majority of the planet.
Simon dropped to his knees at the sight of him. Kayed could tell he was at his limit, with burn marks from his own side effects and some from contact with lava. The fact that, that they had not opted for first aid, made him realize, that they had already used it.
Simon uttered a few words, but Kayed could barely hear them. Not only because of the raging hot winds and the splashing flow of lava below them but because of his anger, clouding his vision. Still, he was able to make out a little of what he had said. "...Don't worry about me, take Carina, and run..."
Kayed raised one hand towards them and reinforced the platform into a diamond dome, complete with see-through windows all around it. Then raised the dome into the sky, as Carina tried breaking the walls and called out to him.
He planned on relinquishing control to her, but he first had to keep them safe. Both of them were precious to him. His first few friends at Beyond. He was grateful for all of the memories he had with them.
Kayed was born weak and sick. It took everything his parents had to keep him alive, as well as his siblings. When the war and famine came, he watched, helplessly, as one by one, they died, because of their circumstance and how powerless he felt to stop it.
His mother had died of sickness, soon after his sister's birth. His little sister was next without enough nutrients, she passed quietly in her sleep.
His father, continued overworking himself day and night, in the high heat, for meager wages. Suffering with their farm, barely producing anything, with his former job holding back his pay. Then one day, his family woke up to airstrikes and explosions, with shots being fired all over his village.
He remembered, his older brother grabbing him and rushing him out of the door, while his father piggybacked his sleepy twin sister. As they ran with the other villagers to safety, a building collapsed, from a nearby explosion. Falling on many villagers, including his father and sister. The tears and screams he let out, were devastating, as his brother continued to drag him away, screaming with and at him. 'Don't look back!'
His older brother never blamed him for anything, not even for being a burden, as he raised him. Nor complained or showed any hints of hunger, when they ate. Even though he knew, his brother always gave him the bigger portions. One day, however, he never came back.
With most of his extended family, killed in the war and famine, he was all alone. Starving to death, in an alley corner. With no one giving him a passing thought.
Until Sarah landed out of the sky, aiding those in need in his neighbourhood and coming across him. She later confirmed to him, that his brother was killed, stealing food, from a shop to keep them fed. With little order, being upheld, his body was almost forgotten.
He owed her everything and wanted to pay her back. His new family, he wanted to protect. However, this monster was standing in the way.
The child of Atlas, floated to his eye level, curious about the newcomer. "And who might you be?"
Kayed dropped his palm, facing the ground. "Erupt: Warrior!"
A warrior made out of lava rose out of the ground and jetted towards the child of Atlas, aiming to bring him down, however, it was roundhouse kicked into oblivion, with little effort. "That's rude. Fine, I'll go first. My name is Demil, the 67th child of Atlas. I'm not sure why you got in my way, you're not even as strong as one of the ones you're trying to protect."
Demil glanced down disappointed, at the dead Hashin. "They weren't even much fun either. This planet isn't as fun as it used to be. Why did father, need to drag me here again."
Kayed shook his head, shaking away any fear he had left. 'I have to use it.'
Since he had excelled in the other aspects of iko faster than the others and had often trained alone, he asked Roku, after the general caught him once, training at night. To teach him more about the flow of earth and magma. How to better access power from their abilities, when they were in a pinch.
That's when the General asked him if he was willing to learn about the forbidden arts. Techniques used only in last resort situations passed down only among the royal family and Hashin.
Sealing his resolve, Kayed made two fists and then punched them into each other, while gathering all of the energy he could muster, for the technique. "Sorry about that, I was a little hot-blooded there. There's no need for anger when God will judge you."
Demil started to laugh."You're kidding, right? You think God will save you from this situation?"
The Nova chuckled lightly, thinking about all of his regrets, then laughed. "No, no, I've already done that myself. You though, should prepare yourself. I'll be sending you to see him soon if you even have a soul."
Demil sneered. "Is that so?"
Kayed smirked, then completed his focus, releasing all of the energy he had been gathering, within his body. "Oh God, please forgive me."
His eyes became fierce, as he locked in his resolve. "Forbidden Art, Self-Volcanization!" He yelled out loud, as he set his heart on fire.
Notes:
Yándi Zhī Dùn means shield of the flame emperor in Chinese.
Dominio means Domain in Spanish.
The Forbidden Arts are a series of moves that use or sacrifice something equivalent, to gain something greater. The sacrifices are typically taboo, hence why the series of moves is called the Forbidden Arts. Self Volcanization is a limit-breaking technique, that will further be explained in the next chapter Kayed is fighting :D
Next chapter drops on May 5th. After volume 1, I plan on taking a month break, to extend the backlog for volume 2, but there are still about 9-10 more chapters left so dw.
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Uptown Funk guitar tabs download as Guitar Pro and PDF on: https://paidtabs.com/search/QRuM2rk2miQ
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Sweden vs. Finland

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Sweden vs. Finland

Metro Arena

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07:00AM	08:00AM	09:00AM	10:00AM	11:00AM	03:00PM	04:00PM	05:00PM	05:00PM

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Question does anyone know where to buy these books or get the PDF for them? Jasher, Nathan the Prophet, Gad the Seer, Shemiah the prophet and iddo the seer? If you know where to get these books to read I would greatly appreciate it.
‭2 Chronicles 12:15 KJV‬ [15] Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, are they not written in the book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the seer concerning genealogies? And there were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam continually.
‭1 Chronicles 29:29 KJV‬ [29] Now the acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer,
‭Joshua 10:13 KJV‬ [13] And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, Until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.

Question does anyone know where to buy these books or get the PDF for them? Jasher, Nathan the Prophet, Gad the Seer, Shemiah the prophet and iddo the seer? If you know where to get these books to read I would greatly appreciate it.
‭2 Chronicles 12:15 KJV‬ [15] Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, are they not written in the book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the seer concerning genealogies? And there were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam continually.
‭1 Chronicles 29:29 KJV‬ [29] Now the acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer,
‭Joshua 10:13 KJV‬ [13] And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, Until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.

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On the Northern Continent...
Norah's team had just regrouped with Tai's after they had thoroughly searched their expedition area. They encountered many types of wildlife, thriving without the disturbance of people and unbothered by the incoming chaos, that was about to unfold.
Plumes of fire and screams of dying men, rang across the valley, like a beacon, forcing Norah and Tai to race towards Helio's direction. They tried to reach him on the way, but they quickly found out, that comms were down. Then, they looked up.
As the sky, as they last remembered it, turned from, blue to gray and orange. While ships and aircrafts engaged in an intense one-sided struggle. Leaving carnage, rubble, and corpses falling out of the sky. Their soldiers and their way out.
"I'll be back." Norah said, as she quickly spun around and raced back, while cladding herself in electricity and leaving Tai, to go on ahead.
As he got to Helio's site, Norah made it a few seconds behind him. She didn't want to regret not informing their teams to retreat and leave the Rennayan Solar System, as soon as possible. She knew something wasn't right. Still, with shock, what they witnessed seemed like something out of a nightmare.
Helio and his team were excavating and exploring a destroyed ancient city surrounded by a lush forest. That forest was now on fire and decorated with the blood, corpses, and parts of the androids and human members of his expedition team.
They could tell the fire had been started intentionally, as the path of the fire, raged from blue to purple. It wasn't possible for anyone to still be alive in within the forest, but as if rotating, within the circle of flames, they noticed flashes of ice, bursting out, then turning into mist.
Norah raised her hand, then dropped it in the direction, of the last ice burst. With incredible speed, a large streak of blue lightning struck down, breaking through the domain of fire and striking its target.
Moments later, Helio was thrown flying into them, but they caught him safely, as a figure, appeared with a blur in front of them. "So glad of you to gather here, all at once. I knew, I sensed, strong iko on this continent."
Norah instinctively raised her guard at the sight of her. Switching into second gear.
Tai braced himself, but he was more concerned about Helio. He checked the Nova's pouch, noticing Helio had already used a booster, and his spare was destroyed. He gritted his teeth and gave him his own. Knowing it wouldn't be good for him. However, the burns, Helio was suffering from, were too severe.
Tai, could not help but sweat at the sight of the monster, looking them over. However, he still found the courage to speak. His country was watching him. His people. He could not fall here. "Who are you?!"
The child of Atlas, raised a finger to her lips, biting it. "Oh my. How feisty you are. I'm sure you could have come up, with a better pickup line."
She threw her hand back and gave him a slight bow. "I am Princess Zelha, the 94th child of Atlas. Pleased to meet you... and you must be his friends, from the Nova Division. Let's get to know each other!"
In a moment, the distance between her and Tai closed up faster than he could blink, as she zipped towards him, trailing fire. The only thing, stopping his imminent death, was Norah, reacting with incredible speed and aided by a lightning strike, she called down ahead of time. She and the princess, crashed down a few hundred meters before Zelha threw her back and regained her footing in the air.
Norah glanced back at Tai. "Get Helio, out of here, you guys can still make it to the shuttles!"
Tai shook his head. "There's no way, we're leaving you!"
Zelha was shocked, by how they were just ignoring her. "What do you mean leaving? This place, used to have an important temple, you know. Let's pay homage to it. With a temple, dedicated to me!"
As she raised her hands, high up into the air, walls of fire, rose, all around the city. Burning red, blue, then purple into an intricately sculpted, ridiculously large temple, spanning, across the entire, abandoned city. "Zelha's Temple!" She yelled out, beaming at the Novas and excited about her work. "What do you think?!"
The Novas, who were not too thrilled, were struggling, to breathe from the sudden build-up of smoke and carbon monoxide. Yet, Helio stood up, with Tai's support.
"I can still fight!" He spoke, while raising one hand, to form a transparent swirling dome, filtering the air around them.
Tai looked earnestly at the Novas. "Do you guys trust me?"
They were a bit put off, by the timing of the question. Sure, he'd been a bit distant from them, in the beginning, but over time, they had been treating him, as part of the family.
"Of course!" The two spoke in unison.
He nodded back, then proceeded to switch into first gear. He had a lot of trouble at first, but with Nate's help and the training he received from the Rahmanaka clan, he was able to better maintain it, without draining him. On his command, a flame barrier, manifested and layered itself over Helio's dome, charged with the limits of his own iko. "Helio! Crash us through the walls."
Helio looked at Norah, then at Tai. "Are you sure, you can do this? I can't withstand that much heat."
Tai shook his head. "If I can drop the heat around us just a bit, we can! Norah, we'll need your energy."
Norah, who had supercharged herself with electricity, prior, nodded. She placed her hands on both of their backs, as Zelha watched them attempting suicide through her flames.
She laughed and concentrated the majority of the heat on the area, they were targeting. "If you're trying to leave, burn! Burn along with your stupidity!
The Novas were well adept at using sani iko. As such, part of Tai's plan, involved sensing, where Zelha had spread out her energy. The moment she concentrated it all to stop them, was the moment they needed to escape.
"Helio! Now!" Tai yelled out.
Their dome, lurched upwards, away from the violet burning spot, then dove diagonally to the right, through another part of the wall, cooler than the rest. They crashed through, with intense turbulence, as Tai and Helio coughed up blood while struggling against the pressure of Zelha's iko. Norah continued sharing as much of her energy, as they could take.
"Ignite: Yándi Zhī Dùn!"
"Frost: Dominio!"
They broke through, while the dome dissipated into mist, leaving them falling out of the sky. Norah gained flight quickly and grabbed hold of both of them before they dipped low, near the fire and got them to safety.
She got up to watch for the princess, after laying them down. They were both unconscious. She couldn't blame them. This was not a monster, they should face.
The flaming temple crumbled down, within itself, birthing a gigantic version of Zelha instead, and towered over several hundreds of meters, into the sky. The princess then appeared above them, furious. "If there are no worshippers, the temple crumbles doesn't it?" The gigantic, flaming clone of her, raised its fist, getting ready to strike down. "Sinners shall be punished!" She yelled, raising her hands to her sides.
On the Eastern continent...
Kayed was worried about the others. He had just figured out that comms were down and his site was a lot further away from the other Novas & their meeting spot. He ordered his expedition team, to return back to their ships, even before he heard drones racing through the sky, feeling something wrong. Then, without wasting a moment, he rushed towards the clashes of energy, he felt, off in the distance.
The Nova stopped, over a field of plains, with Simon, gravely wounded in third gear, with Carina, whose side effects were starting to kick in. She was assisting him by blocking, volleys of magma, thrown by a child of Atlas.
He was around 6 ft tall, with a stocky build, adorning a cape, he had discarded earlier while fighting the Hashin. His skin tone was pale and complimented by grey, serpent-like eyes. He had the same black slits running down from his eyes to his chin, just like the rest of his family.
Further to their left, the remaining disfigured halves of the Hashins sent to guard them, laid smouldering. Slowly being eaten away, by leftover blobs of magma.
Kayed was seething with anger. He began making his way, aiming to join his comrades, when the child of Atlas, threwt their hand into the air. Tremors began below them, followed by a violent earthquake, then an eruption of lava, greater, than they had ever seen before, concentrated into a massive serpent-like wave and dipped down towards them.
Kayed didn't hesitate, although shocked and feeling a bit of despair in the situation they were in, he shifted into second gear, placing all of his might in a quick ball of lava, as Simon and Carina launched attacks of their own, in a last futile attempt. He joined in with them. "Erupt: Burkania!"
Their attacks were completely overwhelmed, as the downpour pressed down, heavier than their force. However, not all of their efforts were wasted. Giving Kayed enough time, to create a platform around their footing with rails and yanked them safely out of there.
"Kayed!" Carina called out, relieved to see him.
He regretted getting there so late. He had still not mastered picking up iko, from long distances, but as he focused, for just a second. He felt all of the chaos unfolding on the majority of the planet.
Simon dropped to his knees at the sight of him. Kayed could tell he was at his limit, with burn marks from his own side effects and some from contact with lava. The fact that, that they had not opted for first aid, made him realize, that they had already used it.
Simon uttered a few words, but Kayed could barely hear them. Not only because of the raging hot winds and the splashing flow of lava below them but because of his anger, clouding his vision. Still, he was able to make out a little of what he had said. "...Don't worry about me, take Carina, and run..."
Kayed raised one hand towards them and reinforced the platform into a diamond dome, complete with see-through windows all around it. Then raised the dome into the sky, as Carina tried breaking the walls and called out to him.
He planned on relinquishing control to her, but he first had to keep them safe. Both of them were precious to him. His first few friends at Beyond. He was grateful for all of the memories he had with them.
Kayed was born weak and sick. It took everything his parents had to keep him alive, as well as his siblings. When the war and famine came, he watched, helplessly, as one by one, they died, because of their circumstance and how powerless he felt to stop it.
His mother had died of sickness, soon after his sister's birth. His little sister was next without enough nutrients, she passed quietly in her sleep.
His father, continued overworking himself day and night, in the high heat, for meager wages. Suffering with their farm, barely producing anything, with his former job holding back his pay. Then one day, his family woke up to airstrikes and explosions, with shots being fired all over his village.
He remembered, his older brother grabbing him and rushing him out of the door, while his father piggybacked his sleepy twin sister. As they ran with the other villagers to safety, a building collapsed, from a nearby explosion. Falling on many villagers, including his father and sister. The tears and screams he let out, were devastating, as his brother continued to drag him away, screaming with and at him. 'Don't look back!'
His older brother never blamed him for anything, not even for being a burden, as he raised him. Nor complained or showed any hints of hunger, when they ate. Even though he knew, his brother always gave him the bigger portions. One day, however, he never came back.
With most of his extended family, killed in the war and famine, he was all alone. Starving to death, in an alley corner. With no one giving him a passing thought.
Until Sarah landed out of the sky, aiding those in need in his neighbourhood and coming across him. She later confirmed to him, that his brother was killed, stealing food, from a shop to keep them fed. With little order, being upheld, his body was almost forgotten.
He owed her everything and wanted to pay her back. His new family, he wanted to protect. However, this monster was standing in the way.
The child of Atlas, floated to his eye level, curious about the newcomer. "And who might you be?"
Kayed dropped his palm, facing the ground. "Erupt: Warrior!"
A warrior made out of lava rose out of the ground and jetted towards the child of Atlas, aiming to bring him down, however, it was roundhouse kicked into oblivion, with little effort. "That's rude. Fine, I'll go first. My name is Demil, the 67th child of Atlas. I'm not sure why you got in my way, you're not even as strong as one of the ones you're trying to protect."
Demil glanced down disappointed, at the dead Hashin. "They weren't even much fun either. This planet isn't as fun as it used to be. Why did father, need to drag me here again."
Kayed shook his head, shaking away any fear he had left. 'I have to use it.'
Since he had excelled in the other aspects of iko faster than the others and had often trained alone, he asked Roku, after the general caught him once, training at night. To teach him more about the flow of earth and magma. How to better access power from their abilities, when they were in a pinch.
That's when the General asked him if he was willing to learn about the forbidden arts. Techniques used only in last resort situations passed down only among the royal family and Hashin.
Sealing his resolve, Kayed made two fists and then punched them into each other, while gathering all of the energy he could muster, for the technique. "Sorry about that, I was a little hot-blooded there. There's no need for anger when God will judge you."
Demil started to laugh."You're kidding, right? You think God will save you from this situation?"
The Nova chuckled lightly, thinking about all of his regrets, then laughed. "No, no, I've already done that myself. You though, should prepare yourself. I'll be sending you to see him soon if you even have a soul."
Demil sneered. "Is that so?"
Kayed smirked, then completed his focus, releasing all of the energy he had been gathering, within his body. "Oh God, please forgive me."
His eyes became fierce, as he locked in his resolve. "Forbidden Art, Self-Volcanization!" He yelled out loud, as he set his heart on fire.
Notes:
Yándi Zhī Dùn means shield of the flame emperor in Chinese.
Dominio means Domain in Spanish.
The Forbidden Arts are a series of moves that use or sacrifice something equivalent, to gain something greater. The sacrifices are typically taboo, hence why the series of moves is called the Forbidden Arts. Self Volcanization is a limit-breaking technique, that will further be explained in the next chapter Kayed is fighting :D
Next chapter drops on May 5th. After volume 1, I plan on taking a month break, to extend the backlog for volume 2, but there are still about 9-10 more chapters left so dw.
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I have changed my margin values on this page and background every which way and still run into this error. Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Just a tech out here trying to make it into the engineer world.

1 Technologien zur Zielverfolgung

In der heutigen Zeit, in der die Grenzen zwischen Sicherheit und Effizienz zunehmend verschwimmen, eröffnen fortgeschrittene Technologien zur Zielverfolgung und Hindernisüberwindung revolutionäre Perspektiven für moderne Überwachungs- und Sicherheitssysteme. Diese Technologien, insbesondere im Kontext der Überwindung von Hindernissen und der Lokalisierung von Zielen durch Strukturen hindurch, reflektieren die doppelte Natur technologischer Fortschritte: einerseits als Rettungsinstrument, andererseits als potenzielles Werkzeug für Überwachungsstaaten.
Technologien zur Zielverfolgung und Hindernisüberwindung, die in den nachfolgend erläuterten Patenten beschrieben werden, bieten tiefe Einblicke in die fortschrittlichen Möglichkeiten moderner Überwachungs- und Sicherheitssysteme und illustrieren Schlüsselaspekte dieser Technologien. Die folgende Analyse widmet sich spezifischen Patenten, die Schlüsselaspekte dieser Technologien illustrieren. Sie demonstrieren, wie diese Innovationen sowohl zur Rettung von Leben als auch zur Überwachung eingesetzt werden können, und unterstreichen die Bedeutung der zugrunde liegenden technischen Konzepte.

1.1.1 1995 Team: Hablov/Schimko 5448501

Die beiden fast zeitgleich im Dezember 1993 eingereichten Patente, das Patent US5448501A „Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem“ (1995) [[1]](#_ftn1), und das Patent EP0601678B1 „Elektronisches Überwachungssystem“ (1998)[[2]](#_ftn2), repräsentieren zwei differenzierte Ansätze zur Nutzung moderner Mikrowellentechnologie für kritische Anwendungen in den Bereichen Notfallrettung und Sicherheitsüberwachung.
[[1]](#_ftnref1) Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 9.
[[2]](#_ftnref2) Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024).
Diese Systeme wurden von einem russischen Erfinderteam um Dimitri V. Hablov und dem deutschen Physiker Richard Schimko, spezialisiert auf Optoelektronik, für die Firma BOS Berlin-Oberspree Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (vormals Borus Spezialverfahren und -geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH) in Berlin entwickelt. Die innovative Detektionstechnologie ermöglicht nach Angaben des Erfinderteams eine hochpräzise Überwachung und eindeutige Identifikation von Personen durch die Analyse von Mikrowellensignalen, die durch die konsistenten Körperschwingungsfrequenzen von Lebewesen, insbesondere Menschen, moduliert werden und eine eindeutige biologische Signatur erzeugen.
Konzeptuelle Beschreibung der Erfindungen:
Das Patent 5448501, charakterisiert als „Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem“, zielt primär darauf ab, Menschenleben in extremen Situationen zu retten. Es ist speziell für den Einsatz als Notfallreaktion nach Naturkatastrophen konzipiert, um Personen, die unter Trümmern verschüttet wurden, zu lokalisieren. In solchen Notfallsituationen, in denen jede Sekunde zählt, ist eine schnelle und präzise Ortung von Überlebenden essentiell, um effektive Rettungsaktionen durchführen zu können. Die Technologie ermöglicht es, durch verschiedene Materialien wie Trümmer und Gesteinsbrocken hindurch biometrische Signaturen wie Herzschlag und Atmung zu erkennen und so lebende von nicht-lebenden Objekten zu unterscheiden. Die hohe Sensitivität des Systems erlaubt es, feinste biometrische Signale, die durch Atmung und Herzschlag von unter Trümmern eingeschlossenen Personen erzeugt werden, präzise zu unterscheiden. Das System ist darauf ausgerichtet, in einer Vielzahl von extremen Umgebungen eingesetzt zu werden, wo traditionelle Suchmethoden zu langsam oder ineffektiv wären.
Das Patent 5530429, beschrieben als „Elektronisches Überwachungssystem“, fokussiert sich auf die Überwachung und Sicherheit. Die Zielsetzung dieses Systems ist die Überwachung und Identifikation von unbefugten Personen in geschützten oder sensiblen Bereichen. Die Technologie spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Sicherheitstechnik, besonders in Gebäuden und Anlagen, wo eine akkurate Unterscheidung zwischen autorisierten und nicht-autorisierten Personen unerlässlich ist. Das System ist darauf ausgelegt, individuelle biometrische Merkmale wie Gangarten oder Herzfrequenzen zu erfassen und auszuwerten, was eine präzise Sicherheitskontrolle ermöglicht und potenziell unbefugten Zugang verhindert. Ein herausragendes Merkmal ist die Integration von Sicherheitsprotokollen, die die Identifikation und Verfolgung spezifischer Individuen innerhalb eines überwachten Bereichs ermöglichen. Diese Funktionen sind entscheidend für die Sicherheit in sensiblen Bereichen, wie etwa in Regierungsgebäuden oder bei Großveranstaltungen. Durch präventive Überwachung und die Fähigkeit, schnell auf Sicherheitsverletzungen zu reagieren, trägt diese Konzeption zur Verhinderung von kriminellen Aktivitäten und zur Sicherheitsgewährleistung von Personen und Eigentum bei.
Während das Lebensdetektionssystem in Katastrophengebieten lebensrettend wirken kann, trägt das Überwachungssystem zur Sicherheit von kritischen Infrastrukturen bei. Trotz der unterschiedlichen Anwendungsgebiete (Rettungsmissionen und Sicherheitsüberwachung) teilen beide Systeme die Grundlage der Mikrowellentechnologie auf innovative Weise, welche die Detektion und Analyse von spezifischen Frequenzmustern zur Identifizierung und Differenzierung von menschlichen Präsenzen ermöglicht, um spezifische Herausforderungen in den Bereichen Rettung und Sicherheit zu adressieren.
Weiterentwicklung bestehender Lebens-Erkennungs-Systeme
Die Patente von Hablov et al. beschreiben eine Weiterentwicklung der in der Publikation von Kun-Mu Chen et al. im „An X-band microwave life-detection system“, veröffentlicht in den IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Band BME 33, Nr. 7, Juli 1986, beschriebenen Technologie. [3] Diese Systeme arbeiten mit hochspezifischen Frequenzbereichseinstellungen, vorzugsweise im Frequenzbereich von 1,3 bis 1,6 GHz, was sie gemäß den Erfindern besonders effizient für die Durchdringung von Baumaterialien und Trümmern macht und zudem mehr Anwendungsmöglichkeiten bietet als das auf ein störungsanfälliges X-Band gesetzte System von Chen et al.. [4]
Technologische Basisprinzipien
Das System nutzt spezifische Mikrowellenfrequenzen, die innerhalb des menschlichen Hörspektrums liegen, um durch Barrieren wie Gebäude oder Trümmer hindurch lebende Wesen zuverlässig zu detektieren und gleichzeitig deren Körperfunktionen zu messen.
(1) Durchdringungsfähigkeit von Mikrowellen: Die Nutzung von Mikrowellen zur Lokalisierung von Personen, die unter Trümmern verschüttet sind, basiert auf der Fähigkeit dieser Wellen, bis zu einem gewissen Grad durch Schutt und Gesteinsbrocken zu dringen. Die reflektierten Signalanteile variieren abhängig vom Material, das sie reflektiert. Die Analyse dieser reflektierten Mikrowellen ermöglicht es, einzigartige biometrische Signaturen zu erkennen und zu differenzieren, was für Rettungseinsätze von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
(2) Modulation durch lebende Organismen: Eine besondere Eigenschaft von Mikrowellen ist, dass sie bei der Reflexion an lebenden Organismen verändert werden, während die von unbelebter Umgebung reflektierten Wellenanteile nicht moduliert sind. Diese Eigenschaft macht es möglich, Mikrowellen zur Identifizierung und Unterscheidung zwischen lebenden und nicht-lebenden Objekten einzusetzen. Wenn Mikrowellenstrahlen auf einen lebenden Organismus treffen, werden diese durch Körperfunktionen wie Herzschlag und Atmung moduliert. Diese spezifischen Modulationen dienen der Erkennung individueller biometrischer Muster, während das von unbelebten Strukturen reflektierte Mikrowellensignal unverändert bleibt und somit eine klare Trennung ermöglicht. [5]
Technische Funktionsweise
Die Funktionsweise wird von Hablov et al. prägnant im Patent beschrieben:
„Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem using microwaves which are reflected to produce a reflected signal from a scanned area, the reflected signal having a portion modulated by body oscillations of a living being and an unmodulated portion, the system having a microwave transmitting/receiving device for generating and radiating the microwaves and also for receiving the reflected signal, the transmitting/receiving device having a first signal-conditioning device for conditioning a received reflected signal by elimination of the unmodulated portion the system also having an indicating device for outputting indication results […].”[6]
„Das beschriebene elektronische Lebenserkennungssystem nutzt Mikrowellen, die von einem gescannten Bereich reflektiert werden, um ein reflektiertes Signal zu erzeugen. Dieses reflektierte Signal besteht aus einem durch Körperoszillationen eines Lebewesens modulierten Teil und einem unmodulierten Teil. Das System verfügt über eine Mikrowellen-Sende-/Empfangseinrichtung, die sowohl für die Erzeugung und Abstrahlung der Mikrowellen als auch für den Empfang des reflektierten Signals zuständig ist. Die Sende-/Empfangseinrichtung beinhaltet eine erste Signalverarbeitungseinheit, die das empfangene reflektierte Signal konditioniert, indem sie den unmodulierten Teil eliminiert. Zudem verfügt das System über ein Anzeigegerät, das die Ergebnisse der Indikation ausgibt.“
1. Mikrowellen-Sende-/Empfangseinrichtung:
Diese Mikrowellenübertragungs- und Empfangseinrichtung bildet das Kernstück beider Patente und erfüllt zwei wesentliche Funktionen:
(1) Sendefunktion: Sie erzeugt und sendet Mikrowellen in den zu überwachenden Bereich, um die Umgebung abzutasten.
(2) Empfangsfunktion: Sie empfängt die von Objekten im überwachten Bereich reflektierten Mikrowellen zurück. Diese zurückgesendeten Wellen sind mit den Lebensfunktionen der dort anwesenden Personen, wie Atem- und Herzfrequenz, moduliert und liefern somit entscheidende Informationen über das Vorhandensein und den Zustand von Lebewesen, wie Atem- und Herzfrequenz. Die Modulation erfolgt durch die Körper-Schwingungsfrequenzen der detektierten Lebewesen.
2. Signalverarbeitung:
Die Signalverarbeitungseinheit spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Analyse der reflektierten Signale, insbesondere bei der Unterscheidung und Messung von Körpersignalen.
(1) Trennung der Signalkomponenten: Der erste Verarbeitungsschritt trennt den modulierten Teil des Signals – der Informationen über die Körperfunktionen wie Atmung und Herzschlag enthält – vom unmodulierten Teil, der keine relevanten biometrischen Informationen trägt.
(2) Eliminierung des unmodulierten Signals: Dieser Schritt verbessert die Klarheit und Qualität des für die Lebenserkennung wichtigen modulierten Signals, indem störende, unmodulierte Signalkomponenten entfernt werden. Beispielsweise können gemäß der Patentschrift bekannte Signalmuster von Lebewesen eliminiert werden, die keine Beobachtungsobjekte darstellen und somit von der Darstellung ausgeschlossen werden.[7]
(3) Frequenzanalyse: Der zweite Verarbeitungsschritt unterzieht das bereinigte Signal einer Frequenzanalyse, wodurch ein detaillierteres Erkennen und Unterscheiden verschiedener lebender Wesen möglich wird. Dies geschieht durch die Erzeugung eines "elektronischen Fingerabdrucks", der eine präzise Identifikation ermöglicht.
3. Anzeigegerät: Das Anzeigegerät visualisiert die verarbeiteten Informationen und spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der schnellen und effektiven Datenkommunikation an die Benutzer. Dies ist besonders in Notfallsituationen von großer Bedeutung, da es den Einsatzkräften ermöglicht, unmittelbar auf die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu reagieren, was bei der Suche nach Verschütteten nach Katastrophen lebensrettend sein kann.
Anpassungsfähigkeit an Signalrauschverhältnisse**:**
Ein automatisches Verstärkungsregelsystem optimiert das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis, um auch unter schwierigen Bedingungen, wie bei schwachen oder stark fluktuierenden Signalen, eine zuverlässige Erkennung zu gewährleisten. Die hohe Empfindlichkeit und Genauigkeit des Empfangskreises ermöglichen es, auch unter schwierigen Bedingungen – etwa bei geringen Signal-Rausch-Verhältnissen – zuverlässige Messungen der Modulationsfrequenzen durchzuführen, die die zugrundeliegenden Körperschwingungsfrequenzen der detektierten Lebewesen widerspiegeln. Diese präzisen Messungen sind essentiell für die zuverlässige Identifikation und Zustandsbestimmung der erfassten Personen und bieten somit eine unerlässliche Unterstützung in vielfältigen Anwendungsbereichen, von der Katastrophenhilfe bis zur Sicherheitsüberwachung.
„In the case of the Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem according to the invention, the receiving circuit is designed such that it permits a measurement even in the case of very small signal-to-noise ratios and without overdriving.
Consequently, an unfalsified sensing of the modulation frequencies (i.e. consequently of the underlying body-oscillation frequencies) of living beings present in the area to be investigated is possible, and consequently depending on the area of application-so too is their identification and/or the establishing of their physical condition.” [8]
„Bei dem elektronischen Lebenserkennungssystem ist der Empfangskreis gemäß der Erfindung so konzipiert, dass er Messungen auch bei sehr kleinen Signal-Rausch-Verhältnissen ermöglicht und ohne Übersteuerung auskommt.
Folglich ist eine unverfälschte Erfassung der Modulationsfrequenzen (d.h. der zugrundeliegenden Körperschwingungsfrequenzen) der in dem zu untersuchenden Bereich anwesenden Lebewesen möglich und je nach Anwendungsbereich auch deren Identifizierung und/oder die Feststellung ihres körperlichen Zustands.“
Erfassung schwacher biologischer Signale: Das System ist besonders effektiv darin, schwache biologische Signale zu erfassen, die von grundlegenden physiologischen Prozessen wie Atmung und Herzschlag herrühren. Diese Fähigkeit ist entscheidend in Situationen, in denen die Signale durch externe Störungen wie Trümmer oder andere Umwelteinflüsse beeinträchtigt werden könnten. Die präzise Erfassung und Analyse dieser Frequenzen ermöglichen es dem System nicht nur, die Anwesenheit von Personen zu erkennen, sondern auch detaillierte Informationen über ihren physiologischen Zustand zu liefern.
Erweiterung der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten: Die Technologie bietet umfangreiche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten über die Notfallrettung hinaus. In medizinischen Einrichtungen oder bei der Überwachung von Personen in kritischen Berufen kann die kontinuierliche Überwachung vitaler Funktionen entscheidend sein. Ebenso findet die Technologie Anwendung in Sicherheitsbereichen, wo sie zur Erkennung und Überwachung von Personen in sensiblen Zonen eingesetzt werden kann.
Richtungsspezifische Mikrowellenübertragung: Durch die Verwendung einer gezielt ausrichtbaren Antenne kann das Überwachungsfeld präzise gesteuert und fokussiert werden, was die Genauigkeit der Lebenserkennung unter verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen signifikant verbessert. Die elektronische Steuerung der Antennenausrichtung ermöglicht es, den Mikrowellenstrahl gezielt zu positionieren, ohne dass eine physische Neupositionierung der Antenne notwendig ist. Dies ist besonders vorteilhaft beim Scannen von Gebäuden oder anderen Strukturen.
Technologische Innovationen und Anwendungsbeispiel: Erstellung elektronischer Fingerabdrücke
Die durchgeführte Frequenzanalyse der reflektierten Mikrowellensignale ermöglicht tiefgreifende Einblicke in physiologische und individuelle Eigenschaften der erfassten Personen.
„The invention embraces a recognition of the idea that the presence or identity of persons or other living be ings can be detected on the basis of the modulated com ponent of the reflected microwave signal if it is subjected to a frequency analysis. The frequency spectrum forms a type of „electronic fingerprint” of the living being with characteristic features, which on the one hand permits a detection by comparison with stored patterns, but on the other hand also permits a distinction between different living beings. It can be advantageously used for increasing accuracy in the detection of living beings, preferably persons, present in buildings without authorization or else in recognising the identity of living beings.” [9]
„Die Erfindung beruht auf der Erkenntnis, dass die Anwesenheit oder Identität von Personen oder anderen Lebewesen auf der Basis des modulierten Anteils des reflektierten Mikrowellensignals erkannt werden kann, wenn dieses einer Frequenzanalyse unterzogen wird. Das Frequenzspektrum bildet eine Art „elektronischen Fingerabdruck“ des Lebewesens mit charakteristischen Merkmalen, der einerseits eine Erkennung durch Vergleich mit gespeicherten Mustern ermöglicht, andererseits aber auch eine Unterscheidung zwischen verschiedenen Lebewesen zulässt. Dies kann vorteilhaft für die Erhöhung der Genauigkeit bei der Erkennung von Lebewesen, vorzugsweise Personen, die sich unbefugt in Gebäuden aufhalten, oder auch zur Erkennung der Identität von Lebewesen eingesetzt werden.“
Verfeinerte Messtechnik und Erstellung individueller Körperschwingungsbilder: Die fortgeschrittene Messtechnik erlaubt die Analyse von Mikrowellenreflexionen, um individuelle Körperschwingungsbilder zu erstellen. Diese Bilder setzen sich aus charakteristischen Merkmalen zusammen, insbesondere aus den Frequenzanteilen der Oberschwingungen, welche durch biologische Funktionen wie Atmung und Herzschlag erzeugt werden. Solche Oberschwingungen bilden spezifische, subtile Muster in den Frequenzspektren, die eine Person sogar unabhängig von deren aktuellem Atem- und Herzrhythmus identifizieren lassen. Diese individuellen Wellen-Eigenschaften sind derart spezifisch, dass sie vergleichbar mit einem Fingerabdruck funktionieren. Solche „elektronischen Fingerabdrücke“ erlauben eine präzise Identifikation und Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Individuen, basierend auf ihren einzigartigen biometrischen Mustern.
„Eine verfeinerte Meßtechnik erlaubt auf dieser Grundlage die Ausfertigung von individuellen, fingerabdruckähnlichen Körperschwingungsbildern, deren charakteristische Merkmale - insbesondere Frequenzanteile aus Oberschwingungen - die Identifizierung einer Person sogar unabhängig von deren aktuellem Atem und Herzrhythmus erlauben.“[10]
Diese einzigartigen Schwingungsbilder ermöglichen die Identifikation einer Person, selbst wenn sich deren physiologische Zustände, wie die Atemfrequenz und der Herzrhythmus, ändern. Somit basiert die Identifikation nicht allein auf sichtbaren oder leicht veränderlichen biometrischen Daten, sondern auf tiefgreifenden, konsistenten Mustern, die durch die körperlichen Prozesse einer Person geprägt sind. Diese Technologie kann in der Praxis dazu verwendet werden, um Personen präzise und zuverlässig zu identifizieren und beispielsweise einen Alarm auszulösen, auch unter Bedingungen, die andere Identifikationsmethoden wie visuelle Überwachung oder herkömmliche biometrische Systeme überfordern könnten.
Nutzung der Technologie zur flächendeckenden Observation: Das patentierte Überwachungssystem speichert eine Muster-Signalmenge, die auf den analysierten Körperschwingungsbildern basiert. Diese umfasst die spezifischen Körperschwingungsspektren aller Personen und Tiere, die sich regulär in einem bestimmten Gebäude oder Gebäudeabschnitt aufhalten dürfen. Diese Muster-Signalmenge dient als Referenz und kann während einer umfassenden Referenzmessung erfasst werden, bei der alle berechtigten Individuen gleichzeitig im Gebäude anwesend sind, oder sie kann aus den zuvor separat aufgezeichneten Körperschwingungsspektren dieser Personen synthetisch zusammengestellt werden.
Im Einsatz vergleicht das Überwachungssystem kontinuierlich die eingehenden Signalbilder mit dieser gespeicherten Referenz. Sollten dabei Frequenzmuster auftreten, die nicht mit den bekannten und als sicher eingestuften Mustern der berechtigten Personen übereinstimmen, wird dies als Indiz für die Anwesenheit unbefugter Personen gewertet. Diese Erkennung ermöglicht eine effektive und präzise Sicherheitsüberwachung, indem sie den Sicherheitsdiensten erlaubt, schnell auf potenzielle Eindringlinge oder Sicherheitsverletzungen zu reagieren. [11]
Vielseitige Anwendungen und tiefgreifende Implikationen der Mikrowellentechnologie: Die Fähigkeit, unverwechselbare Bio-Signaturen, oft als „elektronische Fingerabdrücke“ metaphorisch beschrieben, mit vorher gespeicherten Mustern abzugleichen, eröffnet vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Diese reichen von Sicherheitstechnologien, wie der Erkennung von unbefugtem Zutritt, bis hin zur Rettungstechnik, beispielsweise bei der Lokalisierung von verschütteten oder vermissten Personen. Zudem ermöglicht die differenzierte Analyse des Frequenzspektrums eine nachhaltige und präzise Identifikation von Personen, was insbesondere bei komplexen Rettungsaktionen, Sicherheitsüberprüfungen oder Überwachungsmaßnahmen von entscheidender Bedeutung sein kann.
Anwendungen und Implikationen
Dieses System ist nicht nur für die Rettung von Personen in Notfällen ausgelegt, sondern kann ebenso zur Überwachung von schwer einsehbaren Gebäuden eingesetzt werden, um unbefugte Eindringlinge oder versteckte Personen aufzuspüren. Diese doppelte Nutzungsmöglichkeit unterstreicht die Vielseitigkeit und den potenziellen Wert der Technologie, indem sie sowohl in Krisensituationen als auch in routinemäßigen Sicherheitskontexten wirkungsvoll eingesetzt werden kann.
Darüber hinaus bietet dieser Ansatz erhebliche Vorteile nicht nur in der Sicherheitstechnik, sondern auch in der medizinischen Überwachung und Katastrophenhilfe. Er eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten der Personenidentifikation und -überwachung, die weit über traditionelle Methoden hinausgehen. Das System kann außerdem in Fahrzeugen installiert werden zur mobilen Überwachung mehrerer Gebäude oder Geländeabschnitte. [12]
Datenschutz und ethische Betrachtungen: Die Technologie stellt eine signifikante Weiterentwicklung in der Überwachungs- und Sicherheitstechnik dar und wirft wichtige Fragen hinsichtlich der Rechte der überwachten Personen auf. Diese Bedenken hinsichtlich des unbemerkten Sammelns und Auswertens biometrisches Daten müssen sorgfältig abgewogen werden, um den Schutz der Privatsphäre und die ethische Verantwortung in der Anwendung solcher fortschrittlichen Überwachungssysteme sicherzustellen.
[1] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 9.
[2] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024).
[3] Chen, Kun-Mu / et al. (1986). „An X-Band Microwave Life-Detection System”, In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 33:7 (07.1986), DOI: 10.1109/TBME.1986.325760 (30.04.2024); siehe zur Auswertung der Literatur über die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Lebenserkennungs-Systems Nalawade, Kajal / Pande, Shweta (2017). „Intelligent Life Detection System”, In: International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2:4 (04.2017), URL: https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Intelligent-Life-Detection-System-.pdf (30.04.2024).
[4] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 2; Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 7.
[5] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 2.
[6] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 2.
[7] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 2.
[8] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 2.
[9] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1995). Elektronisches Lebensdetektionssystem, Anmeldung: 03.12.1993, US5448501A (05.09.1995), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5448501A/en?oq=US5448501+Electronic+Life+Detection+System+…%2c+1995 (30.04.2024), 2.
[10] Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 10.
[11] Vgl. Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 10.
[12] Vgl. Hablov, Dimitri / et al. (1998). Elektronisches Überwachungssystem, Anmeldung: 02.12.1993, EP0601678B1 (06.10.1998), Borus Spezielverfahren und Geräte im Sondermaschinenbau GmbH (Berlin, Deutschland), URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0601678B1/de?inventor=Dimitri+Vladimivovich+Hablov (30.04.2024), 4.