Hi all,
I was recently admitted to the American U MPP program for a fall start and was admitted last week. Yay! Now, I need to make a decision. I’m hoping that some of y’all who are current / former SPA grad students might be able to answer a few questions about your experience.

1. Are you a part or full time student? I work full time in DC right now — is it possible to work full time and also be a full time student?
2. How has your experience at American been? Is your cohort friendly / collaborative? Is faculty supportive and engaging? How have your classes been?
3. How is student advising?
4. Do you feel your SPA education has helped / will help you in your career? Do employers like to see an AU MPP on your resume? Do you find the school’s connections helpful?
5. Do you recommend SPA / the MPP program to others?

Thank you!

Hi guys, I am a bit confused about which flags were allowed in the Malmo Arena for Eurovision 2024 so I got curious because I couldn't find a good answer
Are only participating countries and LGBT pride flags allowed? That seems to be what people claim but Nemo said they had to smuggle the nonbinary flag in. What type of LGBT pride flags were allowed then?
Is it true that EU flags and Dutch flags were not allowed because of the controversy?
Can you enter with, for example, an American, Brazilian, New Zealander flag?
Or can you enter with flags of countries that have participated but now don't, like Russia, Hungary, Turkey?
Clarifications will be appreciated

AI has long been discussed in rationalist circles. There’s been a lot of focus on risks from artificial intelligence (particularly the idea that it might cause human extinction), but also the idea that artificial general intelligence might happen quite soon and subsequently transform society (e.g. supercharging economic growth in a technological singularity).
I’ve long found these arguments intriguing, and probably underrated by the public as a whole. I definitely don’t align myself with people like Steven Pinker who dismiss AI concerns entirely.
Nonetheless, I’ve noticed increasingly high confidence in beliefs of near-term transformative AI among rationalists. To be fair, it’s reasonable to update somewhat given recent advances like GPT-4. But among many, there is a belief that AI advances are the single most important thing happening right now. And among a minority, there are people with very extreme beliefs - such as quite high confidence that transformative AI is just a few years away, and/or that AI is very likely to kill us all.
My core arguments in this post are that firstly, from an “epistemic humility” or “outside view” perspective, we should be suspicious of confident views that the world is soon going to end (or change radically).
Secondly, the implications of the most radical views could cause people who hold them to inflict significant harm on themselves or others.

Who Believes In “AI Imminence”?

The single person I am most specifically critiquing is Eliezer Yudkowsky. Yudkowsky appears unwilling to give specific probabilities but writings like “Death With Dignity” has caused many including Scott Alexander to characterise him as believing that AI has a >90% chance of causing human extinction)
As a very prominent and very “doomy” rationalist, I worry that he may have convinced a fair number of people to share similar views, views which if taken seriously could hold its holders to feel depressed and/or make costly irrevocable decisions.
But though I think Yudkowsky deserves the most scrutiny, I don’t want to focus entirely on him.
Take Scott Alexander - he frames himself in the aforementioned link as “not as much of a doomer as some people”, yet gave a 33% probability (later adjusted downwards as a result of outside view considerations like those I raise in here) to “only” ~20%. While this leaves enough room for hope that it’s not as potentially dangerous a view as Yudkowsky’s, I agree with how the top Reddit comment in the original post said:

Is AI risk the only field where someone can write an article about how they’re not (much) of a doomer when they think that the risk of catastrophe/disasteextinction is 33%?

Beyond merely AI risk, claims about “transformative AI” date back to ideas about the “intelligent explosion” or “singularity” that are most popularly associated with Ray Kurzweil. A modern representation of this is Tom Davidson of Open Philanthropy, who wrote a report on takeoff speeds.
Other examples can be seen in (pseudo-)prediction markets popular with rationalists, such as Metaculus putting the median date of AGI at 2032, and Manifold Markets having a 17% chance of AI doom by 2100 (down from its peak of around 50% (!) in mid-2023).

Why Am I Sceptical?

My primary case for (moderate) scepticism is not about the object-level arguments around AI, but appealing to the “outside view”. My main arguments are:

• Superforecasters and financial markets are not giving high credence to transformative AI. Both groups have good track records, so we should strongly consider deferring to their views.
  
• The transformative AI argument is "fishy" (to borrow Will MacAskill’s argument against “The Most Important Century”). It implies that not only we are at an unusually pivotal time in history (perhaps the most important decade, let alone century), but that consequently, rationalists are perhaps the most important prophets in history. When your claims are that extraordinary, it seems much more likely that they're mistaken.
  
• The “inside view” arguments do not seem very robust to me. That is, they are highly speculative arguments that are primarily discussed among an insular group of people in usually relatively informal settings. I think you should be wary of any argument that emerges via this process, even if you can’t point to any specific way in which they are wrong.
  

Why I’m Against Highly Immodest Epistemology

However, maybe appealing to the “outside view” is incorrect? Eliezer Yudkowsky wrote a book, Inadequate Equiibria, which in large part argued against what he saw as excessive use of the “outside view”. He advises:

Try to spend most of your time thinking about the object level. If you’re spending more of your time thinking about your own reasoning ability and competence than you spend thinking about Japan’s interest rates and NGDP, or competing omega-6 vs. omega-3 metabolic pathways, you’re taking your eye off the ball.

I think Yudkowsky makes a fair point about being excessively modest. If you are forever doubting your own reasoning to the extent that you think you should defer to the majority of Americans who are creationists, you’ve gone too far.
But I think his case is increasingly weak the more radically immodest your views here. I’ll explain with the following analogy:
Suppose you were talking to someone who was highly confident in their new business idea. What is an appropriate use of a “modesty” argument cautioning against overconfidence?
A strong-form modesty argument would go something like “No new business idea could work, because if it could, someone would already have done it”. This is refuted by countless real-world examples, and I don’t think anyone actually believes in strong-form modesty.
A moderate-form modesty argument would go something like “Some new business ideas work, but most fail, even when their founders were quite confident in them. As an aspiring entrepreneur, you should think your chances of success in your new venture are similar to those of the reference class of aspiring entrepreneurs”.
The arguments against epistemic modesty in Inadequate Equilibria are mainly targeted against reasoning like this. And I think here there’s a case where we can have reasonable disagreement about the appropriate level of modesty. You may have some good reasons to believe that your idea is unusually good or that you are unusually likely to succeed as an entrepreneur. (Though a caveat: with too many degrees of freedom, I think you run the risk of leading yourself to whatever conclusion you like).
For the weak-form modesty argument, let’s further specify that your aspiring entrepreneur’s claim was “I’m over 90% confident that my business will make me the richest person in the world”.
To such a person, I would say: “Your claim is so incredibly unlikely a priori and so self-aggrandising that I feel comfortable in saying you’re overconfident without even needing to consider your arguments”.
That is basically what I feel about Eliezer Yudwosky and AI.
Let’s take a minute to consider what the implications are if Yudkowsky is correctly calibrated about his beliefs in AI. For a long time, he was one of the few people in the world to be seriously concerned about it, and even now, with many more people concerned about AI risk, he stands out as having some of the highest confidence in doom.
If he’s right, then he’s arguably the most important prophet in history. Countless people throughout history have tried forecasting boon or bust (and almost always been wrong). But on arguably the most important question in human history - when we will go extinct and why - Yudkowsky was among the very few people to see it and easily the most forceful.
Indeed, I’d say this is a much more immodest claim than claiming your business idea will make you the richest person in the world. The title of the richest person in the world has been shared by numerous people throughout history, but “the most accurate prophet of human extinction” is a title that can only ever be held by one person.
I think Scott Alexander’s essay Epistemic Learned Helplessness teaches a good lesson here. Argument convincingness isn’t necessarily strongly correlated with the truth of a claim. If someone gives you what appears to be a strong argument for something that appears crazy, you should nonetheless remain highly sceptical.
Yet I feel like Yudkowsky wants to appeal to “argument convincingness” because that’s what he’s good at. He has spent decades honing his skills arguing on the internet, and much less at acquiring traditional credentials and prestige. “Thinking on the object level” sounds like it’s about being serious and truth-seeking, but I think in practice it’s about privileging convincing-sounding arguments and being a good internet debater above all other evidence.
A further concern I have about “argument convincingness” for AI is that there’s almost certainly a large “motivation gap” in favour of the production of pro-AI-risk arguments compared to anti-AI-risk arguments, with the worriers spending considerably more time and effort than the detractors. As Philip Trammel points out in his post “But Have They Engaged with The Arguments?, this is true of almost any relatively fringe position. This can make the apparent balance of “argumentative evidence” misleading in those cases, with AI no exception.
Finally, Yudkowsky’s case for immodesty depends partly on alleging he has a good track record of applying immodesty to “beat the experts”. But his main examples (a lightbox experiment and the monetary policy of the Bank of Japan) I don’t find that impressive given he could cherry-pick. Here’s an article alleging that Yudkowsky’s predictions have frequently between egregiously wrong and here’s another arguing that his Bank of Japan position in particular didn’t ultimately pan out.

Why I’m Also Sceptical of Moderately Immodest Epistemology

I think high-confidence predictions of doom (or utopia) are much more problematic than relatively moderate views - they are more likely to be wrong, and if taken seriously, more strongly imply that the believer should consider making radical, probably harmful life changes.
But I do still worry that the ability to contrast with super confident people like Yudkowsky lets the “not a total doomer” people off the hook a little too easily. I think it’s admirable that Scott Alexander seriously grappled with the fact that superforecasters disagreed with him and updated downwards based on that observation.
Still, let’s revisit the “aspiring entrepreneur” analogy - imagine they had instead said: “You know what, I’ve listened to your claims about modesty and agree that I’ve been overconfident. I now think there’s only a 20% chance that my business idea will make me the richest person in the world”.
Sure - they’ve moved in the right direction, but it’s easy to see that they’re still not doing modesty very well.
An anti-anti-AI risk argument Scott made (in MR Tries the Safe Uncertainly Fallacy) is that appealing to base rates leaves you vulnerable to “reference class tennis” where both sides can appeal to different reference classes, and the “only winning move is not to play”.
Yet in the case of our aspiring entrepreneur, I think the base rate argument of “extremely few people can become the richest person in the world” is very robust. If the entrepreneur tried to counter with “But I can come up with all sorts of other reference classes in which I come out more favourably! Reference class tennis! Engage with my object-level arguments!”, it would not be reasonable to throw up your hands and say “Well, I can’t come up with good counterarguments, so I guess you probably do have a 20% chance of becoming the richest person in the world then”.
I contend that “many people have predicted the end of the world and they’ve all been wrong” is another highly robust reference class. Yes, you can protest about “anthropic effects” or reasons why “this time is different”. And maybe the reasons why “this time is different” are indeed a lot better than usual. Still, I contend that you should start from a prior of overwhelming skepticism and only make small updates based on arguments you read. You should not go “I read these essays with convincing arguments about how we’re all going to die, I guess I just believe that now”.

What Should We Make Of Surveys Of AI Experts?

Surveys done of AI experts, as well as opinions of well-regarded experts like Geoffrey Hinton and Stewart Russell, have shown significant concerns about AI risk (example).
I think this is good evidence for taking AI risk seriously. One important thing it does is raise AI risk out of the reference class of garden-variety doomsday predictions/crazy-sounding theories that have no expert backing.
However, I think it’s still only moderately good evidence.
Firstly, I think we should not consider it as an “expert consensus” nearly as strong as say, the expert consensus on climate change. There is nothing like an IPCC for AI, for example. This is not a mature, academically rigorous field. I don’t think we should update too strongly from AI experts spending a few minutes filling in a survey. (See for instance this comment about the survey, showing how non-robust the answers given are, indicating the responders aren’t thinking super hard about the questions).
Secondly, I believe forecasting AI risk is a multi-disciplinary skill. Consider for instance asking physicists to predict the chances of human extinction due to nuclear war in the 1930s. They would have an advantage in predicting nuclear capabilities, but after nuclear weapons were developed, the reasons we haven’t had a nuclear war yet have much more to do with international relations than nuclear physics.
And maybe AGI is so radically different from the AI that exists today that perhaps asking AI researchers now about AI risk might have been like asking 19th-century musket manufacturers about the risk from a hypothetical future “super weapon”.
I think an instructive analogy were the failed neo-Malthusian predictions of the 1960s and 1970s, such as The Population Bomb or The Limits to Growth. Although I’m unable to find clear evidence of this, my impression is that these beliefs were quite mainstream among the most “obvious” expert class of biologists (The Population Bomb author Paul Ehlrich had a PhD in biology), and the primary critics tended to be in other fields like economics (most notably Julian Simon). Biologists had insights, but they also had blind spots. Any “expert survey” that only interviewed biologists would have missed crucial insights from other disciplines.

What Are The Potential Consequences Of Overconfidence?

People have overconfident beliefs all the time. Some people erroneously thought Hillary Clinton was ~99% likely to win the 2016 Presidential election. Does it matter that much if they’re overconfident about AI?
Well, suppose you were overconfident about Clinton. You probably didn’t do anything differently in your life, and the only real cost of your overconfidence was being unusually surprised on election day 2016. Even one of the people who was that confident in Clinton didn’t suffer any worse consequences than eating a bug on national television.
But take someone who is ~90% confident that AI will radically transform or destroy society (“singularity or extinction by 2040") and seriously acts like it.
Given that, it seems apparently reasonable to be much more short-term focused. You might choose to stop saving for retirement. You might forgo education on the basis that it will be obsolete soon. These are actions that some people have previously taken, are considering taking or are actually taking because of expectations of AI progress.
At a societal level, high confidence in short-term transformative AI implies that almost all non-AI related long-term planning that humanity does is probably a waste. The most notable example would be climate change. If AI either kills us or radically speeds up scientific and economic growth by the middle of the century, then it seems pretty stupid to be worrying about climate change. Indeed, we’re probably underconsuming fossil fuels that could be used to improve the lives of people right now.
At its worst, there is the possibility of AI-risk-motivated terrorism. Here’s a twitter thread from Emil Torres talking about this, noticeably this tweet in particular about minutes from an AI safety workshop “sending bombs” to OpenAI and DeepMind.
To be fair, I think it’s highly likely the people writing that were trolling. Still - if you’re a cold-blooded utilitarian bullet-biter with short timelines and high p(doom), I could easily see you rationalising such actions.
I want to be super careful about this - I don’t want to come across as claiming that terrorism is a particularly likely consequence of “AI dooming”, nor do I want to risk raising the probability of it by discussing it too much and planting the seed of it in someone’s head. But a community that takes small risks seriously should be cognizant of the possibility. This is a concern that I think anyone with a large audience and relatively extreme views (about AI or anything) should take into account.

Conclusion

This post has been kicking around in draft form since around the release of GPT-4 a year ago. At that time, there were a lot of breathless takes on Twitter about how AGI was just around the corner, Yudkowsy was appearing on a lot of podcasts saying we were all going to die, and I started to feel like lots of people had gone a bit far off on the deep end.
Since then I feel there’s a little bit of a vibe shift away from the most extreme scenarios (as exhibited in the Manifold extinction markets), as well as me personally probably overestimating how many people ever believed in them. I’ve found it hard to try to properly articulate the message: “You’re probably directionally correct relative to society as a whole, but some unspecified number of you have probably gone too far”.
Nonetheless, my main takeaways are:

• Eliezer Yudkowsky (these days) is probably causing harm, and people with moderate concerns about AI should distance themselves from him. Espousing views that we are all likely to die from AI should not be tolerated as a merely strong opinion, but as something that can cause meaningful harm to people who believe it. I feel this might actually be happening to some degree (I think it’s notable that e.g. the 80,000 Hours podcast has never interviewed him, despite interviewing plenty of other AI-risk-concerned people). But I would like to see more of a “Sister Souljah moment” where e.g. a prominent EA thought leader explicitly disavows him.
  
• Yudkowsky being the worst offender doesn't let everyone else off the hook. For instance, I think Scott Alexander is much better at taking modesty seriously, yet I don't think he takes it seriously enough.
  
• We should be generally suspicious of arguments for crazy-sounding things. I have not only become more suspicious of arguments about AI, but also other arguments relatively popular in rationalist or EA circles, but not so much outside it (think certain types of utilitarian arguments that imply that e.g. maybe insect welfare or the long-term future outweighs everything else). I appreciate that they might say something worth considering, and perhaps weak-form versions of them could be reasonable. But the heuristic of “You probably haven’t found the single most important thing ever” is something I think should be given more weight.
  

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MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:

• I certainly wouldn’t do it for such paltry amounts of money. (i.e., anything less than $1,000 per victim.)
• I certainly wouldn’t choose high school & college students as my “target audience” to scam, considering that most people without college degrees have abysmally low annual incomes. Why choose low-income victims when it would be much more profitable to target high-income, high-net-worth individuals earning at least six figures a year? I have knowledge in business consulting, and I promise you that a business owner would be a MUCH more lucrative mark than a low-income college student.
• I wouldn’t choose such a time & energy-draining method of scamming people. Also, communicating back and forth with potential clients is an absurdly long time sink since only less than 10% of all potential clients who reach out to me actually become paying clients of mine. This means that 90% of my time communicating with potential clients ultimately proves to be a colossal waste of my irretrievable time & energy.
• If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now. And I would have been permanently banned from opening new accounts. Therefore, the fact that all my payment apps have been fully active for years should be sufficient proof that I haven’t had people consistently disputing payments sent to me.

HOW TO CONTACT ME:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641

• I take my work as a tutor very seriously, and I always aim to do my best to help my students excel in school. I have a solid and sincere passion for academic achievement, and with my help, I am positive that I can help students obtain very high grades with minimal stress and effort.
• Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in my services and would like to learn more. I'm available 24/7 via phone call, email, and text. Again, thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit tutoring ad, and I hope to hear from you soon!

My contact details:
WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657
Call: +1 727 456 9641
Website: hiraedu. com
Email: [info@hiraedu](mailto:info@hiraedu). com
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If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
ASSESSMENTS I CAN COMPLETE:

• Online Courses (1 - 20 Weeks Long)
• Homework Assignments
• Exams Quizzes Tests
• Excel Projects
• Discussion Forum Posts
• Research Papers Term Papers Essays
• Employment Assessments

MY MATH SUBJECTS OF EXPERTISE:
I am very knowledgeable and proficient in assisting students in a wide range of mathematics classes. I can help students complete their homework assignments and other projects get an A on quizzes, tests, and exams (including proctored assessments) answer online discussion posts write essays & papers in MLA APA Chicago format and provide general overall academic help in each math course listed below:

• Advanced Placement Honors High School Level Math
• AP Calculus AB A.P. Calculus BC
• AP Statistics
• Biostatistics Bio-Statistics
• College Algebra Intermediate Algebra
• Business Calculus
• Business Statistics
• Business Math
• Calculus I Calculus II Calculus III (Calc)
• Geometry
• International Baccalaureate (IB) Maths
• Liberal Arts Math
• Logic & Reasoning
• Multivariable Calculus Multi variable Calculus
• Precalculus Pre-calculus
• Probability & Statistics
• Psychology Statistics Psych Stats
• Quantitative Reasoning Quantitative Methods Quantitative Literacy (Quant)
• Statistics (Stats)
• Statistics for Social Sciences
• Trigonometry (Trig)

STATISTICS HELP (MY BEST SUBJECT):

• I have a master's degree in Applied Statistics from a university in New Jersey, USA. As a result, I am very proficient in helping students with various types of Statistics courses including Biostatistics Business Statistics Elementary Statistics Probability & Statistics Psychology Statistics.
• I have extensive knowledge and skill with helping students get through various statistical concepts including all of the following in alphabetical order:
• ANOVA Bar Graph, Boxplot, Dot Plot, Histogram, Pie Chart Bias Binomial, Exponential, Poisson, Gamma, Uniform Distribution Central Limit Theorem Chi-Square Test Coefficient of Determination (R^2) Conditional & Relative Probability Confidence Interval Correlation Coefficient (r) Critical Region Critical Value Descriptive & Inferential Statistics Effect Size Expected Value Experiment vs Observation Goodness of Fit Test Hypothesis Testing Interpolation & Extrapolation Interquartile Range (IQR) Kurtosis Left, Negative, Right, Positive Skewed Distribution Logistic Regression Mean, Median, Mode, Midrange Multiple Regression Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio I Population Parameter Normal, Symmetric & Bell Shaped Distribution Null & Alternate Hypothesis One & Two Sample T-Test One & Two Sample Z-Test Ordinary Least Squares Outliers P-Value Pooled Variance (Equal Variances) Proportion R^2 Range Regression Regression Line Reject & Fail to Reject Ho Relative & Cumulative Frequency Distributions Relativity & Reliability Right, Left, One, Two Tailed Tailed Hypothesis Test Sample Statistics Sampling Methods (Convenience, Stratified, Simple, Cluster, Systematic) Significance Level (1%, 5%, 10%) Skewness Standard Deviation& Variance T-Score Test Statistic Time Series Type I & Type II Errors Unbiased Estimators Z-Score

ALGEBRA HELP:

• I am well-versed in helping students do well in Algebra 1 & 2 College Algebra Intermediate Algebra Pre-Algebra and I am very knowledgeable and proficient in the following algebra topics in alphabetical order:
• Absolute Values Circle Equation Domain Exponents Graphing Horizontal & Vertical Asymptotes Inequalities, Equations & Functions Inverse Functions Linear, Exponential, Logarithmic, Quadratic Equations Logarithms Maximum & Minimum Values of a Graph Number Lines One-to-One Functions Parallel & Perpendicular Lines Plotting Points & Ordered Pairs Point-Slope Form Polynomial Division Polynomials Radicals Range Rational & Irrational Expressions Rational Functions Real Roots Real Zeros Relations & Functions Slope Slope-Intercept Form Square Roots Standard Form of a Line System of Equations System of Inequalities Variables X and Y Intercepts

CALCULUS HELP:

• I am well-versed in helping students do well in Calculus I, II & III, Calculus 1, 2 & 3, Business Calculus, Multivariable Calculus, Vector Calculus and I am very knowledgeable and proficient in the following calculus topics in alphabetical order:
• Absolute & Local Maximum and Minimum Antiderivative Area & Volume Chain Rule Concavity Continuity Convergence Test Critical Points Curvature Curve of Rotation Curve Sketching Derivatives Divergence Test First & Second Derivative Test Fourier Series Implicit Differentiation Increasing / Decreasing Functions Infinite Series Integrals Integration by Parts Jacobian Matrix Limits L’Hopital’s Rule Maclaurin Series Mean Value Theorem Partial Derivative Product & Quotient Rule Reiman Sum Related Rates Simpson’s Rule Solid of Revolution Substitution Rule Taylor Series

Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
ATTRIBUTES THAT SET ME APART FROM OTHER TUTORS:

• I firmly believe that I have many attributes and skills that set me apart from other tutors. Below is a list of qualities that makes me an ideal fit to help you master your coursework:

I CAN AID STUDENTS TAKING PROCTORED ASSESSMENTS:

• Proficient in CollegeBoard AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC & AP Statistics exams.
• Skilled with International Baccalaureate Math Exams: IB Maths HL & IB Maths SL
• Can intentionally answer a few problems incorrectly at the student's request.
• Can text solutions to the student while they are taking a proctored exam.
• Upon request, can purposely obtain grades below an A (ex: B+, B, C+, C-).
• I can stretch out the time to a plausible length for timed exams and assignments before submitting them.
• Have reliable software that can change my IP address to match the closest major city near the student.
• I have exceptional multiple-choice exam-taking skills. I have mastered the various techniques to make calculated guesses for the correct option in standardized exams such as the SAT & GRE.

I CAN VERIFY MY ACADEMIC KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS:

• I have no problem with requests to solve sample problems upfront to prove my knowledge & proficiency of the course concepts.
• I can provide glowing references & strong examples of work done for past clients to verify my academic skills.
• I can also provide, upon request, complete detailed calculations with explanations for solutions to the problems worked on.
• I am quite skilled and adept in using multiple modernized educational platforms and software, including but not limited to: Brightspace MyStatLab D2L WebAssign Canvas MyMathLab Blackboard ALEKS
• Can format term papers and discussion posts in APA MLA Harvard Chicago Vancouver OSCOLA IEEE format.

I HAVE PAID ACCESS TO OVER 15 STUDY-HELP WEBSITES AND MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE:

• I have multiple paid subscriptions to a wide range of academic tutoring resources, including Chegg, Quizlet, CourseHero, Brainly, Grammarly, Study. com, Bartleby, Slader, Transtutors, Slideshare, StudocU, Turnitin, Academia, SymboLab, WolframAlpha, and Scribd to help guide to solve exam & homework questions that I may not immediately know.
• However, I am smart enough not to blatantly plagiarize solutions online but instead write them in my own unique words, formatting, & mathematical terminology.
• I have access to a very sophisticated graphing calculator and various mathematical software that provides step-by-step solutions to complex mathematical problems within seconds, allowing me to provide exact solutions to the student in a timely manner.
• I have impeccable handwriting and a high-quality mobile scanner app that allows me to scan written solutions in very legible high-definition JPG, PNG, or PDF formats.

MY AVAILABILITY & RELIABILITY:

• Depending on my availability, I can accommodate immediate tutoring requests, 1-24 hour, and 1-30-day deadlines.
• I can schedule live real-time online sessions and meet deadlines in an impressively timely fashion.
• I can provide quick notifications and updates of progress made in the student's class via email text phone calls.
• I can also be available to tutor students for Fall 2021 Spring 2022 Summer 2022 semesters.

MY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE OF EXPERTISE:

• I am very knowledgeable and well-versed in a wide range of educational software to tutor students in including but not limited to: Acellus ALEKS APEX Learning Aplia Blackboard Brightspace Canvas Cengage CengageNow Connect ConnectMath Connexus CPM D2L Discord Edmentum Eviews Examity Excel Hawkes Learning Honorlock Khan Academy Knewton LimeSpring Lumen Maple MasteringChemistry MasteringPhysics MathXL (XL) MATLAB McGraw-Hill Microsoft Word Minitab Moodle MyAccountingLab MyEconLab MyITLab MyLab My Lab MyMathLab My Math Lab MyOpenMath MyPsychLab MySocLab MyStatLab My Stat Lab NCSS Open Source Software Pearson PERT PlatoWeb PowerPoint Prezi R Respondus Lockdown Browser with Webcam Sapling SPSS Stata StraighterLine Straighter Line WebAssign Web Assign Webex (Cisco) WebWork Wiley WileyPlus Wonderlic Zoom

SCHOOLS FROM WHICH I'VE HELPED STUDENTS IN :
As of 2021, I have tutored and helped students enrolled at the following U.S. universities community colleges county & city colleges schools for-profit institutions listed below in alphabetical order:

• A - C: American Public University System (APUS) Arizona State Ashford Brigham Young Brown Broward California State (Fullerton) Capella Chamberlain (Illinois) Colorado Technical Columbia Columbia Southern Cornell
• D - K: Dallas College Dartmouth DeVry Excelsior College Florida International Florida State Full Sail Georgia State Grand Canyon Harvard Houston Community College Ivy Tech Community College Kaplan Kennesaw State Kent State
• L - T: Liberty Lone Star College System Kaplan Miami Dade Michigan State CUNY State University of New York (SUNY) Northern Virginia Ohio State University of Phoenix (UOP) Penn State Princeton Purdue (Davenport) San Diego State San Francisco State San Jose State Southern New Hampshire Southern Nevada Stanford St. Petersburg Strayer Texas Tech
• UNIVERSITY OF: Alabama Arizona California (UC) Central Florida Chicago Cincinnati Florida Houston Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) Iowa Maryland Minnesota Michigan North Texas Pennsylvania Southern Florida Texas Toronto
• U - Z: UCLA Extension Utah State Utah Valley Valencia Walden U Wake Technical Western Governors Wilmington Yale

Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
I OFFER FLEXIBLE PAYMENT PLANS:

• I offer several unique payment plans, including a weekly plan, a discounted monthly plan, a discounted half-now / half-later plan, and highly discounted up-front rates.
• I can accept the following payment methods for my services: PayPal Debit Cards Square Cash Credit Cards Cash App Venmo.
• Only people located in North America have access to Venmo Cash App Zelle.
• This is an excellent way to determine if the person you're dealing with is from the United States.
• Within reason, I offer a partial or full money-Back guarantee if the student is very unsatisfied with my academic services.

TUTORING AVAILABLE FOR OTHER SUBJECTS:

• For other subjects, you can reach out to me, and I can connect you with one of my tutoring partners who can provide general academic assistance for the following subjects:
• Art & Design: Art History Design Film Studies
• Business: Accounting (Acc) Biz Courses Business Administration (Biz Admn) Business Calculus Business Law Business Statistics Corporate Finance Economics (Econ) Finance (Fin) Financial Accounting Intermediate Accounting Intermediate Microeconomics (Micro) Macroeconomics (Macro) Management (Mgmt) Managerial Accounting Marketing MBA
• Computer Science: C C++ Computer Programming (Comp) Java Python R (Introduction & Intermediate Level Only)
• Humanities: Communications (Comm) English Literature Essay & Term Paper Writing, Editing, Proofreading Essays History Papers Philosophy (Phil) Religious Studies Theology (Theo)
• Mathematics: A.P. Calculus AB & BC Psychology Statistics AP Statistics Bio statistics Calculus I (1) Calculus II (2) Calculus III (3) College Algebra Differential Equations Discrete Math Finite Math Functions General Math Geometry Liberal Arts Math Linear Algebra Multi-variable Calculus Partial Differential Equations Precalculus Probability Quantitative Reasoning Real Analysis Statistics Trigonometry (Trig) Vector Calculus
• Science & Medicine: Anatomy & Physiology (A & P) Biochemistry Biology (Bio) Biostatistics Earth Science Environmental Science General Chemistry (Chem) Healthcare Medicine Nursing Nutrition Organic Chemistry Physics (Phys)
• Social Sciences: Anthropology Economics (Econ) Geology Law & Justice Liberal Arts Liberal Studies Political Science Psychology Sociology

THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:

• 1) Speak with you on the phone and answer any questions you may have so that you have the opportunity to assess and analyze my tone, articulation, accent, diction, dialect, regionalisms, pitch, vocabulary, word choice, intonations, and inflections.
• NOTE: I’m a New Jersey-born Irish/Italian-American, but I have been told that I speak in an erudite & articulate suburban American accent with a “professor style” voice somewhat resembling the voice of actor: Ben Stein.
• 2) Agree to do some homework questions of yours upfront with the work fully shown in real-time to prove my mastery of the course content.
• 3) Send you screenshots of at least five past scores I attained from completing exams & homework assignments for other students in the same type of class you need help with.
• 4) Send you full screenshots of written exam solutions I wrote up by hand for students in the past in the same course that you need help with so that you can see my neat handwriting.
• 5) Provide you with the contact information of students who have utilized my services in the past who would be more than willing to vouch for my skills.

MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:

• I certainly wouldn’t do it for such paltry amounts of money. (i.e., anything less than $1,000 per victim.)
• I certainly wouldn’t choose high school & college students as my “target audience” to scam, considering that most people without college degrees have abysmally low annual incomes. Why choose low-income victims when it would be much more profitable to target high-income, high-net-worth individuals earning at least six figures a year? I have knowledge in business consulting, and I promise you that a business owner would be a MUCH more lucrative mark than a low-income college student.
• I wouldn’t choose such a time & energy-draining method of scamming people. Also, communicating back and forth with potential clients is an absurdly long time sink since only less than 10% of all potential clients who reach out to me actually become paying clients of mine. This means that 90% of my time communicating with potential clients ultimately proves to be a colossal waste of my irretrievable time & energy.
• If you pay me to provide academic services and I don’t deliver, you can always dispute the payment with the payment app and easily get your money refunded. If I were in the habit of swindling money from people, then all of my payment accounts would have been investigated and be completely shut down by now. And I would have been permanently banned from opening new accounts. Therefore, the fact that all my payment apps have been fully active for years should be sufficient proof that I haven’t had people consistently disputing payments sent to me.

HOW TO CONTACT ME:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your Online Exams, Assignments or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641

• I take my work as a tutor very seriously, and I always aim to do my best to help my students excel in school. I have a solid and sincere passion for academic achievement, and with my help, I am positive that I can help students obtain very high grades with minimal stress and effort.
• Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in my services and would like to learn more. I'm available 24/7 via phone call, email, and text. Again, thank you for taking the time to read my Reddit tutoring ad, and I hope to hear from you soon!

My contact details:
WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657
Call: +1 727 456 9641
Website: hiraedu. com
Email: [info@hiraedu](mailto:info@hiraedu). com
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Hey All -
I'm thinking of actively engaging in receiving unprotected BJs from various women. I'm trying to understand the risk... here is what I think it is. My wife gave me a hall pass to get a few BJs from escorts.
Am I on track with my thinking that this is reasonably safe?
Oral Chlamydia is extremely rare. Assuming unprotected oral sex is what you received there are only three STDS that really transfer with any frequency at all from this. Those are Gonorrhea, NGU (Urethritis not caused by Gonorrhea and Herpes type 1. That's it. Now let's do a closer look.
STD's transfer inefficiently. Meaning that the chances that you catch an STD every exposure to an infected partner are not 100%. Oral STDs transfer even less inefficiently than that. There are a whole handful of STDs that you either cannot catch from oral sex or the chances are so low that it is really not worth worrying about. DO NOT go searching the internet. Depending on what site you go to there are a whole lot of wild non-science based claims out there.
So the three you can catch, here are the signs to look out for.
Gonorrhea: You can get this from oral sex. If you would have caught Gonorrhea days after the encounter you would have experienced painful urination and a pus like discharge from the penis. You'd notice it. It can be asymptomatic, but most of the time it is not. If you do t experience any of that within like 2 weeks, that's a good sign that you didn't catch it.
NGU: Urethritis that is not from Gonorrhea. This is usually caused by Chlamydia BUT Chlamydia is very rare in the throat. So what is it!?!? Current science says that it is normal oral bacteria that has entered the urethra and the urethra is not used to it so the body has an immune reaction response. Symptoms would be the same as Gonorrhea albeit perhaps milder. Currently thought to be harmless. Basically it would have about the same time frame to develop symptoms as Gonorrhea but perhaps slightly longer.
Finally Herpes.. This would be due to Herpes virus type 1. The one that causes cold sores around the mouth. Most of the population has it. Chances are you already do. If you do have this orally already, you cannot catch it again in the groin. If you don't have herpes, then there is a small chance. The odds are pretty low that you would catch it this way, again oral STDs transfer very inefficiently. If you had caught Herpes within 2 weeks you would have developed liquid filled lesions on your penis. Cold sores. If you have t noticed that, chances are you are totally fine. Herpes can take a longer time to develop, up to like 3 months sometimes BUT, the odds are in your favor that you didn't get it.
STDs you can't get from oral sex:
HIV - Never in the history of the HIV epidemic has anyone ever caught HIV by receiving oral sex alone. The only two ways you really can catch this is by sharing needles with an HIV positive person or by having unprotected vaginal or anal sex with someone who has it. But even there, vaginal sex, it's like 1 chance in a thousand.
Hepatitis no chance. Other forms of NGU like MG, UU, trich no chance.
STDs that are exceedingly rare from oral sex:
Syphilis, Chlamydia, Herpes Type 2.
Chances are very very low that you could have caught those.
most of my research came from AskExpertsNow. To review this go to www.askexpertsnow.com then scroll down and click, "I just want to browse the questions that have been asked by others". This is a forum that was put on by the American Sexual Health Association and they have three docs that have answered all kinds of STD related questions. Two of the doctors are friggin Amazing when it comes to the world of STDs. Dr Edward Hook and Dr Hunter Handsfield. They have studied STDS between them over 40 years. You can browse that forum and see a ton of questions of dudes who have been in your exact scenario. You can see the doctors responses. Dr Hunter Handsfield basically wrote the book on Asymptomatic Gonorrhea in men.

The footage of an alleged creature in Lake Champlain is one of the more famous bits of lost media - though it’s not actually lost. It’s being held by an intellectual property lawyer named Scott Shagin. More on that soon.
The video was apparently viewed by the Times reporter for this story - he doesn’t mention anything about a giant turtle, multiple creatures, nothing. The scientists Shagin consulted on were similarly unmoved.
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/12/nyregion/a-serpent-or-at-least-its-tale-resurfaces.html
”Unfortunately, the video, viewed at the office of Scott Shagin, an intellectual-property lawyer in Paramus, N.J., shows nothing more than a long dark shape impossible to categorize that floats at a distance and at one point seems to go under their boat. The men can be heard talking excitedly, describing it as being like a serpent. But no head emerges from the water, and in the end it's impossible to be sure what was seen.
“Mr. Shagin took the video to Melanie L.J. Stiassny, curator of fishes at the American Museum of Natural History, and some of her colleagues there. They were seriously underwhelmed.
”The evidence I was presented was singularly unconvincing," she said. "We didn't see anything that led any of us to feel anything other than bemused as to what led these guys to think this was anything so special. It certainly wasn't any large vertebrate. We're sure of that."
Now - why would Bodette and Affolter pull a hoax? It’s my contention they didn’t - they believe in what they saw and filmed.
Shagin, though, specializes in exactly this kind of thing - he’s written on the subject along with Matthew Savare. Monetizing media is his stock and trade as an intellectual property attorney.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt6228x10b/qt6228x10b_noSplash_d7a14dd6aaf15d04bee44ea7b426fd04.pdf?t=nnbnqx
https://www.lowenstein.com/media/4737/lawyering-at-the-intersection-of-madisonandvine-ss-and-ms-2005.pdf
Soooo - he allegedly has convincing evidence of a lake monster. He won’t release it and has allegedly upped the offer for it to $100K - a pitifully small sum that Discovery or Nat Geo would happily pay. We have to presume he’s not stupid - it’s not an unreasonable sum of money and it would be an easy and lucrative thing to sell. He is an expert on branding, after all.
So - where is it? Sadly, the answer is that it’s probably just not that great. Showing the video in its entirety would be anticlimactic to the lore surrounding it. It is quite literally worth more if no one sees it.
I recommended a GoFundMe for it in an earlier comment. I disavow that. The price would just climb to keep it out of reach - because it’s not actually for sale. Shagin has a shit video and hasn’t found a way to monetize it.

In Zen, the test of understanding is both the duty and the demonstration of affiliation in the tradition. The testing can either be iin impromptu encounters with total strangers as is the case with Zhaozhou and the old women, Layman Pang and the herdboy, or Budai and the passersby.
Formal testing comes up in situations where the monastic community is assembled specifically to engage with the Zen Master at a designated time and designated place. Zen texts of instruction such as Wumen's Gateless Checkpoint or Wansong's Book of Serenity are also arguably formal tests given that most of the "big name" texts were written by Zen Masters subsequent to their communities urging them to do so.
In both impromptu and formal interviews the Zen Master is free to play both guest and host--the one initially receiving the questions or the one putting them forth. The obligation in receiving a question is to answer it in the Zen tradition; Yunmen's record contains famous examples of how Zen Masters end up holding up both sides of a conversation when those they meet with can't carry their weight:

One day Master Yunmen said, “What is it that you deliberate about and concentrate upon?”
In place of the monks, Master Yunmen answered, “Salt is expensive, rice is cheap.”
__
Once Master Yunmen said, “What is accomplished when one has mentioned the two words ‘Buddha’ and ‘Dharma’?”
He answered in place of the audience, “Dead frogs!”
__
Once Master Yunmen said, “What is a statement that does not fool people?”
In place of his listeners he said, “Don’t tell me that this was one that did!”

There are many more examples. For people without television or video games or sunny weather--this stuff can be super entertaining.
...but the intent wasn't just to give us all a few laughs.
He asked real questions regarding a concern that Zen Masters talk about as a matter of "life and death" and the people (Preceptors) that signed up for the community by shaving their heads and making all sorts of promises failed to answer.
. . .
This Zen tradition stands in sharp contrast to the sequestered, ritualized, and highly scripted religious ceremonies that meditation cults like Dogenism and Hakuuinism conduct in private and fraudulently claim constitutes continuity with the open-air public Q&A of Zen. Add on to this the fact that these cults encourage illiteracy as a matter of religious devotion,have a long history of censoring Zen texts, promoting and enforcing ethno-nationalist and racist policies of the Japanese Empire, and have yet to acknowledge publicly recent decades of scholarship that proven that the entirety of claims that their founder Dogen has made about Zen are false in the same way that Joseph Smith's claims about pre-Columbian American civilization are:
Deliberate misrepresentation by a cultleader.
This the scholarly consensus that no one has disputed.
Only by setting aside cultivated illiteracy, faith in cults to provide "the answers", and intoxicating escapism can anyone actually have a conversation about the meaning of Yunmen's answers, the significance of his questions, and the sober self-assessment that Zen study demands.

Low budget version —high budget version coming soon.
Everyone wants to know the magic formula for becoming rich. Becoming wealthy is simple, yet it’s not easy.
Most people will have everything they need to become a millionaire but will never become one, not because they’re incompetent or lazy but simply because they’re uneducated.
When you have no knowledge about a system, you tend to either: mistrust it; avoid it; use it incorrectly; or, use it correctly and unwisely. Until you’ve developed the adequate knowledge needed to succeed in any system you will never be a wise agent within that system.
But, let’s get to it. How do I get rich man? I want that chedda*, the cheese, the chips! What’s the secret formula, Krabs?!
There is no secret formula.
The simple answer —however— is homeownership.
For many Americans the quickest and simplest path to becoming rich is through owning their home and the property their home sits on.

How does it work?

The process starts with: you and your family, you and your friends, or if your solo, just you; deciding you want to purchase a new cribbo. Your next spizznot, snoop dogg voice.
You go through some back and forth decisioning and reasoning about whether the move is for you — we’ll just assume you’re moving forward with homeownership.
Now, it’s time to begin assessing your budget. “What can I afford? hmm.”
You begin looking into your finances, realizing you make {x} dollars a year, working {y} hours and your spouse brings in {z}; or your {z} is your friends or if you’re solo, y’know you stop at {y} like a sane person but if you’re planning to get married or live with your significant other, you can go up to {y} — you have our permission.
You then pick a home within your budget, then move in. Boom rich! Just kidding, it’s not quite that simple. So…

How does it really work?

The first step towards building wealth in America is by owning your home; It’s something the government is quite aware of so they attempt to make homeownership as easy as possible for first-time homeowners (we’ll cover the first time homebuyer deets in a different post).
To start your journey into homeownership you’ll need to obtain some form of income. Not just any income. So, what kind of income?
Well, practically any income!
You’ll need an income that isolates your mortgage to a little under 30% of your total income. So, if you’re making $2500 monthly, you want your mortgage, HOA, taxes and insurances fees to be under $750 monthly. With a $30k yearly salary your home may be a fixer upper or a diamond in the rough but it’s a start.
That gives you enough wiggle room to afford a $115,000 home, with a $5,000 down payment at a 4.265% interest rate. There are programs that allow you afford more for less and grants but for now, we’ll keep it simple.
So, to get started; make at least $2500 a month and have about $5k to put down! There’s even loans that allow $0 down… so, really… all you need is a source of income that qualifies — preferably a reliable source; people may think you’re a phony if your projected income changes due to some business hiccups.
The best way to think about the price tag? That’ll be your new minimum net worth, once the home is paid off! The reason we say minimum is because homes tend to appreciate! In some instances that’s roughly about 5% per year but if you’re lucky and you find a diamond in the rough, in a growing neighborhood you could double or triple that value, plus your 5*% appreciation.
If you have a home loan for $115k and your home is now worth $300k because you were lucky enough to pick the right neighborhood; you have 190k in equity (remember your 5k down payment toward your principal); home improvements will increase the value of your home thus, improving your equity; and paying towards your balance will increase your home equity.
If you’re lucky enough, before 30 years your home is worth $325k. We’ll let you figure out the rest.
Even if your home only increased to 175k in value, that’s an extra 60k that’s now yours.
If you paid off the house, you’ll always have at least $175-$325k.
Now you’re rich and all you needed to do was own your home.
This is oversimplified, we know. But, it was typed on a phone and this app sucks for writing essays.

In today’s evolving and competitive landscape, the value of innovation is shifting from the traditional closed systems approach to a more open, decentralized, and community-driven approach. Paul Lalovich and Tesha Teshanovich from Agile Dynamics outline what is driving the trend, its implications for organizations, and how leaders can successfully operate at the forefront of the shift.
Innovation transcends the mere conceptualization of fresh ideas; it is the actionable process of enhancing existing products or conjuring entirely new offerings. While there is a strong correlation between R&D and innovation – with the former serving as a wellspring for pioneering thoughts – the journey from groundbreaking research to practical utility can be intricate and protracted.
However, it’s worth noting that innovation isn't solely tethered to structured R&D. It can spontaneously arise from sheer curiosity, a spark of inspiration, or even the simple act of refining or tweaking existing methodologies.
Firms might invest in R&D to catalyze innovation, but they can also harness external advancements – referred to as ‘spillovers’. After all, groundbreaking knowledge isn't always the exclusive domain of its creators, making external inspirations invaluable.
Emerging from a robust foundation of innovation, soft power presents tangible advantages. Leaders in technology often establish benchmarks that others deem beneficial to adopt. As a result, global standards lean favorably toward those pioneers. Moreover, countries recognized for their innovative acumen become prime territories for patent filings. These innovation hubs magnetize not just domestic but international investments and capital.
Perhaps the most profound testament to their soft power is the allure they hold for top-tier talents. For instance, Silicon Valley has evolved into a global nexus, drawing in exceptional minds from the realms of information, communication, and digital technologies. Such concentrations of talent can significantly influence a nation’s trade dynamics.

Tech monopolies slow down innovation

In the arena of global economic dominance, competition emerges as the cornerstone, propelling nations to the forefront of innovation and growth. While Chinese strategies appear to have adapted, embracing the dynamism of competitive markets, the United States stands at a crossroads. Some of its tech behemoths promote their size and market leadership as pivotal for cutting-edge innovation.
Yet, it is crucial to discern the nature of this innovation and whose interests it truly serves. Does it prioritize shareholder returns, or is there a broader, national interest at play? As smaller, agile firms emerge, emphasizing true boundary-pushing innovation, one must ponder: Is the spirit of unbridled competition – a force that once fueled the American economy – being overshadowed by the looming giants?
In the nuanced interplay between governmental oversight and market forces, recent actions within China's technology sector provide a captivating study of regulatory boundaries. This phenomenon, aptly termed ‘de-tycoonification’, captures a deliberate effort to harmonize enterprise innovation with centralized checks.
A leading digital commerce platform in China encountered regulatory attention. The swift determination that its practices were anti-competitive, accompanied by a significant financial penalty, symbolizes a broader intent to redefine market paradigms. Prompt official communique following these events conveys a clear perspective: monopolistic behaviours can inhibit the holistic evolution of a market-based economy.
This stance also emphasizes that thoughtful regulations, rather than restricting growth, might actually serve as pillars to stabilize and nurture it. The regulatory web further ensnared another major digital entity in China, underscoring the principle that technological ingenuity should operate within established ethical and legal frameworks. Such internal checks within China challenge certain dominant narratives in global tech centres.
The notion that maintaining a robust market stature acts as a shield against global tech adversaries comes under scrutiny. The introspective regulatory steps within China necessitate a broader re-evaluation of such assumptions.
The tech landscape today is unmistakably marked by the towering presence of Big Tech, but what underlies this dominance might point towards a concerning reduction in competitive intensity. For two decades, the profits raked in by American tech behemoths have remained unparalleled, with market valuations suggesting this trend is expected to continue, if not amplify, in the coming years.
Such sustained, sky-high profitability isn't typical in a genuinely competitive market. In such a setting, rivals and newcomers usually exert downward pressures, ensuring no single entity retains an overwhelming edge for extended periods. The tech industry's trajectory further points towards a rising penchant for consolidation. This is evidenced by the substantial acquisitions of budding companies by the tech titans.
Data sourced from Mergermarket underscores an uptick in acquisition activity by these colossal tech firms, particularly post-2010. The symbiotic relationship between persistent high profits and a trend toward industry concentration suggests that the tech market might be veering away from the vibrant competitive arena it once was.

Cardwell’s law

The tech landscape’s evolution, in its relationship with innovation, is witnessing a palpable shift in entrepreneurial motivation and vision. Historically, the fervour of pioneering something transformative, encapsulated in the ‘moonshot thinking’, drove entrepreneurs. This audacious spirit envisioned groundbreaking entities akin to the tech luminaries of the late 20th and early 21st century. Yet, today’s entrepreneurial aspirations seem more tempered.
Instead of fostering ambitions of building the next revolutionary tech empire, there’s a growing inclination towards securing an acquisition by an existing tech colossus. This shift in sentiment dims the likelihood of a new tech juggernaut rising to challenge the incumbent titans. Post the era of computer-centric, web-driven, and smartphone-related innovations, a cloud of uncertainty looms over the emergence of new tech powerhouses.
Notably, the promising technological domains of the upcoming decade – be it autonomous vehicles with their exorbitant R&D costs, virtual or augmented reality's significant development expenditures, the data intensity of artificial intelligence, or drones and the Internet of Things with their challenging profit margins – present formidable entry barriers.
These hurdles, combined with a changing entrepreneurial landscape, cast a shadow on the future dynamism of tech innovation. Cardwell's elucidation on the patterns of technological evolution offers a poignant lens through which to view the current landscape dominated by Big Tech.
Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell’s seminal work from 1972 suggests that technological vigor within societies is not an enduring flame, but a fleeting burst of brilliance. Within the European context, as one nation's innovative energy began to wane, another would rise, ensuring a consistent relay of progress across the continent.
Visualize this relay of innovation as a torch, brilliant yet intense. Historically, regions such as Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Spain, and Portugal, and later Holland, Britain, the United States, and Germany, took turns in holding this torch, leading the march of innovation. Yet, no single society clung to this leadership for extended durations. The relay ensured that as one nation's innovation diminished, another took up the mantle, propelling the collective forward.
This phenomenon, coined as ‘Cardwell’s Law’ by Joel Mokyr, posits that when left in isolation, a society’s technological creativity is but a brief spark. Over time, conservatism’s stifling grip, intent on preserving existing structures of power and privilege, often curtails this innovative drive.
This is where the analogy becomes particularly relevant for the Big Tech landscape. In today’s digital age, a few colossal entities dominate, much like the leading nations of old Europe. Yet, as these tech giants solidify their positions, they risk becoming victims of the very conservatism Mokyr speaks of.
Instead of being conduits for continual innovation, their sheer dominance and entrenched positions could lead to a stagnation in technological creativity. As they grow in size and influence, there is an increasing tendency to preserve the status quo, which inadvertently suppresses the innovative spark found in smaller, more agile entities.

Decentralization and open innovation

In the contemporary milieu characterized by the overwhelming dominance of Big Tech monopolies, the paradigms of decentralized innovation and open innovation emerge as potentially transformative alternatives.
The concept of distributed strategy borrows from nature, suggesting that in the same manner that organisms such as trees maximize their efficiency by creating multiple self-similar structures like leaves instead of solely relying on a single core trunk, businesses too need to shift their focus from purely scaling their core processes to nurturing multiple iterative strategies at the organizational peripheries. This can be encapsulated in the mantra of ‘Think Local, Act Global’.
In essence, companies must attune to the nuanced demands and opportunities of each local market, while simultaneously integrating these learnings into a broader global strategy. This is particularly evident in industries undergoing rapid transformation; for instance, the automotive industry's evolution from merely selling cars to offering comprehensive mobility solutions, a shift that is predicted to significantly alter its revenue structure by 2035.
In parallel, in our data-driven age, there is an increasing realization that the sheer volume of data is less crucial than its meaningful interpretation. Organizations need to pivot from prioritizing data accumulation to developing advanced algorithms capable of drawing insights from fragmented, patchy datasets. In the rapidly shifting landscape of today's global business environment, numerous established multinational corporations find themselves at a perplexing crossroads.
The crux of their predicament stems from a foundational dilemma: how to juxtapose traditional scale-driven strategies with the emergent imperative of Distributed strategies. To dissect this conundrum, one must appreciate the inherently divergent organizational philosophies underpinning scale and distributed strategies. Transitioning from a scale-centric model to a distributed-oriented one is not merely about implementing a series of organizational modifications, no matter how profound.
The shift demands a comprehensive reimagining of the organizational ethos and operational mechanics. Moreover, it is a fallacy to view these strategies as mutually exclusive. In actuality, they exist on a continuum, each holding its unique value. The challenge for modern enterprises lies in striking an optimal balance between harnessing the benefits of scale and the agility of Distributed strategies. Regrettably, the journey to this equilibrium is riddled with pitfalls, and many companies, even with their vast resources and global reach, have faltered in this endeavor.
Contrary to scale-centric entities that depend on static assets, with streamlined yet inherently slower supply chains, Distributed organizations harness networks characterized by adaptability and continuous transformation. These networks are primed for swiftly addressing specific local requirements and seizing niche market prospects.
Such frameworks incorporate a blend of proprietary micro-production facilities, possibly utilizing innovations like 3D printing; leasing assets from providers offering asset-on-demand services; and coordinating flexible ecosystems of regional digital collaborators. The overarching aim is twofold: continuously devise innovative solutions tailored for local clientele and escalate them to various markets with optimal speed.
Distributed-oriented organizations prioritize decentralization, contrasting with the top-down hierarchies commonly seen in scale-driven entities. Within these structures, decision-making isn't confined to a centralized corporate core. Instead, considerable authority is delegated to customer-centric teams positioned away from the primary headquarters. This design fosters agility, allowing for a rapid response to localized demands and new opportunities.
Some multinational corporations have observed marked improvements in their performance metrics after such decentralization. They empowered regional leaders with financial oversight, decision-making rights, streamlined communication channels to the central office, and enhanced access to market analytics.
Another trend, seen in the case of an appliance industry giant, involves an even more radical shift. This entity introduced a unique organizational framework aimed at minimizing the distance between the enterprise and its customer base. In a bold move, an entire level of middle management was eliminated, redistributing power to numerous newly-formed, semi-independent, customer-aligned business segments. These units operate in synergy, linked by a unified digital platform.
Further reading: Knowledge and venture capital as a driver of innovation.
Meanwhile, ‘Open Innovation’ offers a complementary model, championing a departure from insular corporate research and development approaches. Instead, it advocates for the amalgamation of external insights, be they from academia, startups, or independent innovators, into the innovation process. This synergistic approach addresses the often-criticized inertia inherent in large tech monopolies, promoting a more dynamic and collaborative innovation ecosystem.
Both these paradigms, however, necessitate a significant cultural shift within organizations, demanding a more flexible, adaptive, and outward-looking ethos to truly harness their potential in countering the inertia often associated with tech giants.
The rise of open innovation, propelled by reduced communication costs and advancements in memory and computation capabilities, has ushered in significant changes in market dynamics and societal interactions. Unlike the traditionally centralized, firm-driven innovation models, open innovation champions a decentralized, peer-based approach that emphasizes intrinsic motivation and societal benefits.
Indeed, the literature has delved into the nature of these peer innovation communities, understanding their social structures and intricacies.
However, the repercussions of this shift towards open innovation on established and emerging firms remain inadequately explored. Current organizational and strategic theories don't fully encapsulate the nuances of community-driven innovation. Despite the transformative potential of open innovation, its influence on mainstream organizational and strategic discourses has been somewhat muted.
As we progress, it becomes imperative to develop a more comprehensive understanding of firms in this new context, addressing the interaction between traditional organizational structures and emerging community-based innovation paradigms.

Conclusion

In an evolving landscape where tasks are increasingly modular and knowledge about solutions becomes more widespread, the traditional closed systems of innovation shift towards open, community-driven models. The implications are profound: we can no longer rely solely on conventional understandings of innovation rooted in cost efficiency, control mechanisms, and external incentives.
As innovation gets embedded in a spectrum ranging from strictly internal processes to open community collaborations, our conceptualization of firms and their boundaries need revisiting. This doesn’t negate the value of traditional models, but it requires a hybrid approach where both internal and open strategies coexist.
A pivotal question arises: under what circumstances should firms toggle between these different modes of innovation? The answer, it appears, lies in understanding the nature of the product and the distribution of problem-solving knowledge.
For products that are inherently integrated and where specialized knowledge is centralized, the conventional in-house R&D model, bolstered by a strong innovation-centric culture, remains relevant. Here, innovation is typically cocooned within the firm's boundaries, spanning from distinct functional divisions to intricate, ambidextrous designs.
However, when a product can be broken down into modular components and the requisite knowledge is dispersed, the limitations of a closed innovation system become evident. In these contexts, the power dynamics of innovation are reshaped by the principles of openness, collaborative sharing, intrinsic motivation, and community engagement.
The challenge, then, for modern enterprises is to discern when to internalize and when to externalize, ensuring that they harness the best of both worlds while navigating the complex terrain of innovation.In today’s evolving and competitive landscape, the value of innovation is shifting from the traditional closed systems approach to a more open, decentralized, and community-driven approach. Paul Lalovich and Tesha Teshanovich from Agile Dynamics outline what is driving the trend, its implications for organizations, and how leaders can successfully operate at the forefront of the shift. Innovation transcends the mere conceptualization of fresh ideas; it is the actionable process of enhancing existing products or conjuring entirely new offerings. While there is a strong correlation between R&D and innovation – with the former serving as a wellspring for pioneering thoughts – the journey from groundbreaking research to practical utility can be intricate and protracted. However, it’s worth noting that innovation isn't solely tethered to structured R&D. It can spontaneously arise from sheer curiosity, a spark of inspiration, or even the simple act of refining or tweaking existing methodologies.
Firms might invest in R&D to catalyze innovation, but they can also harness external advancements – referred to as ‘spillovers’. After all, groundbreaking knowledge isn't always the exclusive domain of its creators, making external inspirations invaluable. Emerging from a robust foundation of innovation, soft power presents tangible advantages. Leaders in technology often establish benchmarks that others deem beneficial to adopt. As a result, global standards lean favorably toward those pioneers. Moreover, countries recognized for their innovative acumen become prime territories for patent filings. These innovation hubs magnetize not just domestic but international investments and capital. Perhaps the most profound testament to their soft power is the allure they hold for top-tier talents. For instance, Silicon Valley has evolved into a global nexus, drawing in exceptional minds from the realms of information, communication, and digital technologies. Such concentrations of talent can significantly influence a nation’s trade dynamics. Tech monopolies slow down innovation In the arena of global economic dominance, competition emerges as the cornerstone, propelling nations to the forefront of innovation and growth. While Chinese strategies appear to have adapted, embracing the dynamism of competitive markets, the United States stands at a crossroads. Some of its tech behemoths promote their size and market leadership as pivotal for cutting-edge innovation. Yet, it is crucial to discern the nature of this innovation and whose interests it truly serves. Does it prioritize shareholder returns, or is there a broader, national interest at play? As smaller, agile firms emerge, emphasizing true boundary-pushing innovation, one must ponder: Is the spirit of unbridled competition – a force that once fueled the American economy – being overshadowed by the looming giants? In the nuanced interplay between governmental oversight and market forces, recent actions within China's technology sector provide a captivating study of regulatory boundaries. This phenomenon, aptly termed ‘de-tycoonification’, captures a deliberate effort to harmonize enterprise innovation with centralized checks. A leading digital commerce platform in China encountered regulatory attention. The swift determination that its practices were anti-competitive, accompanied by a significant financial penalty, symbolizes a broader intent to redefine market paradigms. Prompt official communique following these events conveys a clear perspective: monopolistic behaviours can inhibit the holistic evolution of a market-based economy. This stance also emphasizes that thoughtful regulations, rather than restricting growth, might actually serve as pillars to stabilize and nurture it. The regulatory web further ensnared another major digital entity in China, underscoring the principle that technological ingenuity should operate within established ethical and legal frameworks. Such internal checks within China challenge certain dominant narratives in global tech centres. The notion that maintaining a robust market stature acts as a shield against global tech adversaries comes under scrutiny. The introspective regulatory steps within China necessitate a broader re-evaluation of such assumptions. The tech landscape today is unmistakably marked by the towering presence of Big Tech, but what underlies this dominance might point towards a concerning reduction in competitive intensity. For two decades, the profits raked in by American tech behemoths have remained unparalleled, with market valuations suggesting this trend is expected to continue, if not amplify, in the coming years. Such sustained, sky-high profitability isn't typical in a genuinely competitive market. In such a setting, rivals and newcomers usually exert downward pressures, ensuring no single entity retains an overwhelming edge for extended periods. The tech industry's trajectory further points towards a rising penchant for consolidation. This is evidenced by the substantial acquisitions of budding companies by the tech titans. Data sourced from Mergermarket underscores an uptick in acquisition activity by these colossal tech firms, particularly post-2010. The symbiotic relationship between persistent high profits and a trend toward industry concentration suggests that the tech market might be veering away from the vibrant competitive arena it once was. Cardwell’s law The tech landscape’s evolution, in its relationship with innovation, is witnessing a palpable shift in entrepreneurial motivation and vision. Historically, the fervour of pioneering something transformative, encapsulated in the ‘moonshot thinking’, drove entrepreneurs. This audacious spirit envisioned groundbreaking entities akin to the tech luminaries of the late 20th and early 21st century. Yet, today’s entrepreneurial aspirations seem more tempered. Instead of fostering ambitions of building the next revolutionary tech empire, there’s a growing inclination towards securing an acquisition by an existing tech colossus. This shift in sentiment dims the likelihood of a new tech juggernaut rising to challenge the incumbent titans. Post the era of computer-centric, web-driven, and smartphone-related innovations, a cloud of uncertainty looms over the emergence of new tech powerhouses. Notably, the promising technological domains of the upcoming decade – be it autonomous vehicles with their exorbitant R&D costs, virtual or augmented reality's significant development expenditures, the data intensity of artificial intelligence, or drones and the Internet of Things with their challenging profit margins – present formidable entry barriers. These hurdles, combined with a changing entrepreneurial landscape, cast a shadow on the future dynamism of tech innovation. Cardwell's elucidation on the patterns of technological evolution offers a poignant lens through which to view the current landscape dominated by Big Tech. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell’s seminal work from 1972 suggests that technological vigor within societies is not an enduring flame, but a fleeting burst of brilliance. Within the European context, as one nation's innovative energy began to wane, another would rise, ensuring a consistent relay of progress across the continent. Visualize this relay of innovation as a torch, brilliant yet intense. Historically, regions such as Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Spain, and Portugal, and later Holland, Britain, the United States, and Germany, took turns in holding this torch, leading the march of innovation. Yet, no single society clung to this leadership for extended durations. The relay ensured that as one nation's innovation diminished, another took up the mantle, propelling the collective forward. This phenomenon, coined as ‘Cardwell’s Law’ by Joel Mokyr, posits that when left in isolation, a society’s technological creativity is but a brief spark. Over time, conservatism’s stifling grip, intent on preserving existing structures of power and privilege, often curtails this innovative drive. This is where the analogy becomes particularly relevant for the Big Tech landscape. In today’s digital age, a few colossal entities dominate, much like the leading nations of old Europe. Yet, as these tech giants solidify their positions, they risk becoming victims of the very conservatism Mokyr speaks of. Instead of being conduits for continual innovation, their sheer dominance and entrenched positions could lead to a stagnation in technological creativity. As they grow in size and influence, there is an increasing tendency to preserve the status quo, which inadvertently suppresses the innovative spark found in smaller, more agile entities. Decentralization and open innovation In the contemporary milieu characterized by the overwhelming dominance of Big Tech monopolies, the paradigms of decentralized innovation and open innovation emerge as potentially transformative alternatives. The concept of distributed strategy borrows from nature, suggesting that in the same manner that organisms such as trees maximize their efficiency by creating multiple self-similar structures like leaves instead of solely relying on a single core trunk, businesses too need to shift their focus from purely scaling their core processes to nurturing multiple iterative strategies at the organizational peripheries. This can be encapsulated in the mantra of ‘Think Local, Act Global’. In essence, companies must attune to the nuanced demands and opportunities of each local market, while simultaneously integrating these learnings into a broader global strategy. This is particularly evident in industries undergoing rapid transformation; for instance, the automotive industry's evolution from merely selling cars to offering comprehensive mobility solutions, a shift that is predicted to significantly alter its revenue structure by 2035. In parallel, in our data-driven age, there is an increasing realization that the sheer volume of data is less crucial than its meaningful interpretation. Organizations need to pivot from prioritizing data accumulation to developing advanced algorithms capable of drawing insights from fragmented, patchy datasets. In the rapidly shifting landscape of today's global business environment, numerous established multinational corporations find themselves at a perplexing crossroads. The crux of their predicament stems from a foundational dilemma: how to juxtapose traditional scale-driven strategies with the emergent imperative of Distributed strategies. To dissect this conundrum, one must appreciate the inherently divergent organizational philosophies underpinning scale and distributed strategies. Transitioning from a scale-centric model to a distributed-oriented one is not merely about implementing a series of organizational modifications, no matter how profound. The shift demands a comprehensive reimagining of the organizational ethos and operational mechanics. Moreover, it is a fallacy to view these strategies as mutually exclusive. In actuality, they exist on a continuum, each holding its unique value. The challenge for modern enterprises lies in striking an optimal balance between harnessing the benefits of scale and the agility of Distributed strategies. Regrettably, the journey to this equilibrium is riddled with pitfalls, and many companies, even with their vast resources and global reach, have faltered in this endeavor. Contrary to scale-centric entities that depend on static assets, with streamlined yet inherently slower supply chains, Distributed organizations harness networks characterized by adaptability and continuous transformation. These networks are primed for swiftly addressing specific local requirements and seizing niche market prospects. Such frameworks incorporate a blend of proprietary micro-production facilities, possibly utilizing innovations like 3D printing; leasing assets from providers offering asset-on-demand services; and coordinating flexible ecosystems of regional digital collaborators. The overarching aim is twofold: continuously devise innovative solutions tailored for local clientele and escalate them to various markets with optimal speed. Distributed-oriented organizations prioritize decentralization, contrasting with the top-down hierarchies commonly seen in scale-driven entities. Within these structures, decision-making isn't confined to a centralized corporate core. Instead, considerable authority is delegated to customer-centric teams positioned away from the primary headquarters. This design fosters agility, allowing for a rapid response to localized demands and new opportunities. Some multinational corporations have observed marked improvements in their performance metrics after such decentralization. They empowered regional leaders with financial oversight, decision-making rights, streamlined communication channels to the central office, and enhanced access to market analytics. Another trend, seen in the case of an appliance industry giant, involves an even more radical shift. This entity introduced a unique organizational framework aimed at minimizing the distance between the enterprise and its customer base. In a bold move, an entire level of middle management was eliminated, redistributing power to numerous newly-formed, semi-independent, customer-aligned business segments. These units operate in synergy, linked by a unified digital platform. Further reading: Knowledge and venture capital as a driver of innovation. Meanwhile, ‘Open Innovation’ offers a complementary model, championing a departure from insular corporate research and development approaches. Instead, it advocates for the amalgamation of external insights, be they from academia, startups, or independent innovators, into the innovation process. This synergistic approach addresses the often-criticized inertia inherent in large tech monopolies, promoting a more dynamic and collaborative innovation ecosystem. Both these paradigms, however, necessitate a significant cultural shift within organizations, demanding a more flexible, adaptive, and outward-looking ethos to truly harness their potential in countering the inertia often associated with tech giants. The rise of open innovation, propelled by reduced communication costs and advancements in memory and computation capabilities, has ushered in significant changes in market dynamics and societal interactions. Unlike the traditionally centralized, firm-driven innovation models, open innovation champions a decentralized, peer-based approach that emphasizes intrinsic motivation and societal benefits. Indeed, the literature has delved into the nature of these peer innovation communities, understanding their social structures and intricacies. However, the repercussions of this shift towards open innovation on established and emerging firms remain inadequately explored. Current organizational and strategic theories don't fully encapsulate the nuances of community-driven innovation. Despite the transformative potential of open innovation, its influence on mainstream organizational and strategic discourses has been somewhat muted. As we progress, it becomes imperative to develop a more comprehensive understanding of firms in this new context, addressing the interaction between traditional organizational structures and emerging community-based innovation paradigms. Conclusion In an evolving landscape where tasks are increasingly modular and knowledge about solutions becomes more widespread, the traditional closed systems of innovation shift towards open, community-driven models. The implications are profound: we can no longer rely solely on conventional understandings of innovation rooted in cost efficiency, control mechanisms, and external incentives. As innovation gets embedded in a spectrum ranging from strictly internal processes to open community collaborations, our conceptualization of firms and their boundaries need revisiting. This doesn’t negate the value of traditional models, but it requires a hybrid approach where both internal and open strategies coexist. A pivotal question arises: under what circumstances should firms toggle between these different modes of innovation? The answer, it appears, lies in understanding the nature of the product and the distribution of problem-solving knowledge. For products that are inherently integrated and where specialized knowledge is centralized, the conventional in-house R&D model, bolstered by a strong innovation-centric culture, remains relevant. Here, innovation is typically cocooned within the firm's boundaries, spanning from distinct functional divisions to intricate, ambidextrous designs. However, when a product can be broken down into modular components and the requisite knowledge is dispersed, the limitations of a closed innovation system become evident. In these contexts, the power dynamics of innovation are reshaped by the principles of openness, collaborative sharing, intrinsic motivation, and community engagement. The challenge, then, for modern enterprises is to discern when to internalize and when to externalize, ensuring that they harness the best of both worlds while navigating the complex terrain of innovation.

Earlier today Reddit user u/apndrew posted this article claiming a study had found extensive bias against Israel and against Jewish perspectives across English-language Wikipedia. The article is based on a 20-page paper titled "The Bias Against Israel on Wikipedia", written by Dr. Shlomit Aharoni Lir for the World Jewish Congress.
My post started as a comment in that thread, but Reddit wouldn't let me post it (presumably because it's too long), so I'm going to put it here as a post and hope it doesn't get taken down.
First, a direct praise of the article: Nowhere in the paper does Dr. Lir equate anti-Israel bias with antisemitism. This is a good thing! The article OP links does, and OP seems happy to suggest these things are the same, but the actual paper does not, which is good since they aren't the same thing.
Nearly everything else I say will be negative.

1. This is kind of a nitpick, but when this paper links to Wikipedia articles, it links to the article itself, as opposed to linking to the specific revision the author is talking about. This is not helpful. It seems unlikely that any of these articles have remained unedited in the time between when this paper was written and now. This means any or all of the problems being discussed may not be present now, or might be much worse, and there's no way to find out without having to guess at when Dr. Lir was doing the research.
2. The last sentence on page 2 concerns me. "In a broader context, this is also a call to action for legislators, regulators, and users to notice bias and the subsequent ill effects created through a wide range of internet platforms beyond social media." Is this a demand for wikipedia to be censored or banned for not supporting Israel, or for not meeting Israeli demands in its coverage of the Israel-Hamas war? I don't know how else to interpret "a call to action for legislators and regulators".
3. On page 6, Dr. Lir references "the fact that Wikipedia is perceived as a reliable and objective source of knowledge", and I don't know how exactly Wikipedia could address that. The front page of the site says "anyone can edit", and the disclaimers page states in all caps at the top of the page that "Wikipedia makes no guarantee of validity". If some private company is being stupid (google using Wikipedia to answer questions instead of being a search engine, dumbasses feeding Wikipedia into generative AI, etc), they probably shouldn't do that, but it isn't the fault of Wikipedia.
4. This paper claims to be about English-language Wikipedia, but the only discussion under "Violation of the Principle of Neutrality" on page 9 is about Arabic Wikipedia, and it's only to do with them adding a Palestinian flag and pro-Palestinian message on their home page on the 12th of October last year. Should they have referenced October 7th when they did this? I'd say so. Is it a sign of English Wikipedia being biased? Not a bit.
5. The question of Holocaust accuracy and coverage is an important one, and not one I have much knowledge on, so I'm going to assume Dr. Lir is speaking accurately about this and if so, it's definitely a problem. She doesn't go into any specifics at all, other than that some articles "perpetuate and reinforce damaging stereotypes and misconceptions", which makes it difficult to get any insight as to what we're talking about.
6. At the bottom of page 10, we finally arrive at the start of the actual subject of the paper. Dr. Lir breaks down anti-Israel bias into 6 categories: Content Bias, Deletion Attacks and Deletion Attempts, Editing Restrictions, Selective Enforcement, Anti-Israeli Editors, and Biased Sources. "Editing Restrictions" refers to Dr. Lir's belief that making articles extended-protected is inherently biased against Israelis, and this is blatantly stupid so I'm not going to engage with it.
7. Our first "content analysis" is of the article "Palestinian genocide accusation". Dr. Lir's first claim is that this title is inherently biased and should say "Allegations of Palestinian Genocide". I'm going to be honest, I have no idea what she's getting at here. The claim that the article "focuses predominantly on accusations against Israel, while giving little space to Israel's perspective or to arguments against the genocide claims" seems odd to me, given that the article is about the accusation that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians. It seems expected that the article would focus on that subject.
   1. Despite Dr. Lir's claim that the article "is not anchored in a variety of sources", it cites over 350 of them, including 5 different articles from the Times of Israel and 7 from The Jerusalem Post. I don't know whether these were added later, but it seems unlikely. This is, however, another good reason to link to the specific version of the article you're upset with, since this one may have changed a lot in that time. "
   2. As a result [of the bias in sources], Israel is presented as the sole aggressor in the region, when it can be argued that the opposite is true." No it can't. No one could reasonably argue that Israel is never an aggressor in its region. It's far from the only aggressor, but there's no way one could define the repeated illegal settlements in the West Bank as anything but aggression, nor could the numerous documented cases of forced displacement and sexual violence.
   3. "The entry does not include facts that support Israel's position or challenge the accusations that it committed genocide." This is not correct, the article does have multiple sections on responses from American and Israeli critics of the accusations. Again, this is why you link to the specific version of the article. I almost suspect that Dr. Lir was aware of this kind of confusion, and is using it for plausible deniability if one of her claims is unfounded.

I could continue, but this post is way too long as it is. The paper brings up some points of interest when it's talking in a general sense, but everything falls apart when she starts trying to give examples. Her claims of bias nearly always either rely on a claim which isn't true in the article or come from a place of heavy pro-Israel bias.

A fragment of a meteor strikes the Nigerian savanna. From the crater, a pillar of green light emerges. In a nearby village, eleven-year-old Tobe stirs from his sleep. The young lad peers out of his ramshackle window, the bright glow of the impact sight catching his attention. He seems inexplicably drawn towards it as if it was calling his name.
Unable to resist, Tobe quietly gets out of bed. The boy sneaks across the cold stone floor, keeping sure not to wake his mother or younger sister. He skitters out of town and towards the light.
He finds the indent in the earth, the glowing object at its center. His curiosity overcomes any sense of danger he might have had otherwise; he touches the object. The emanating light flashes bright, almost blinding. Tobe feels himself falling with no end in sight, causing him to black out.
When he awakes, his eyesight is slightly blurred; possibly an effect of the light. Tobe rubs away the mist obscuring his vision and is greeted by a vast forest reminiscent of the North American wilderness. Before he can question where in the world he is, he takes notice of the watch-like device strapped to his wrist. It has no numbers on its bright digital face, but that same bright green light flickers on its screen.
Before he is given time to contemplate all the goings on, the sound of buzzing wings reaches Tobe’s ears. It is louder than any swarm the young boy has ever heard. He looks in every direction until he catches sight of a huge insect flying high over the treetops. It has the body of a bee and the mane of a lion.
[FLYMON - Adult / Virus / Insect / Deadly Sting]
The large creature takes a sharp dip in the air, darting towards Tobe. There is nothing more that he can do but run. The adrenaline of danger has him showing unexpected feats of athleticism, leaping over logs and stones. School yard soccer has not prepared him for this.
Flymon launches its stingers at our young lad, knocking branches off trees and digging into the earth. Tobe comes to a raging river, the current too strong for him to swim across. His foe fires off another round of stingers when a voice, new yet somehow familiar, sounds from the brush.
“Baby Breath!”
A ball of red hot flame blasts the giant insect, leaving it momentarily stunned. Out of the shadows of the trees, a dragon-like creature appears between Tobe and Flymon. It has tattered red wings and horns, teal scales, and ivory claws.
“Run!” he says to the boy. The two take off, getting as far from the stinging beast as they can. The small beast guides Tobe into a cave where they can hide out for a while.
Now out of danger, the two can be properly introduced. Tobe is still a bit on edge and unsure of what to think of the odd life form in front of him.
“Who are you?” he asks.
“Dracomon,” the creature answers with a smile.
[DRACOMON - Child / Data / Dragon / Baby Breath]

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Do you like props? I like props. Saved by the Bell, being a school show, features a lot of books. Here are some of them.

American History

Of all the books in the series, this is the most heavily featured. Miss Bliss is the history teacher and this is the book she uses. This is the book that in "Practical Jokes" supposedly contains the guidelines of a criminal trial in chapters six and seven. If you're wondering, no, it doesn't have anything like that. This is also the book used for Mr. Testaverde's freshman history class. They're still using it as sophomores in Mr. Dickerson's class. The book continues to make appearances throughout the series, probably because they had so many of them. The actual book is American History by John Garraty, a middle school history textbook from 1982. You can check out the teacher's edition here.

Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare Made Easy

In "The Substitute" they use various books in the Shakespeare Made Easy series from Barron's. You're familiar with this style of book, right? Elizabethan English on the left, modern English and explanations on the right. Apparently they had a set of books for various Shakespeare plays, covered the titles, and wrote Romeo and Juliet on the covers. So when Screech is serenading Lisa, he is actually reading out of Hamlet. Note the prominent skull on the cover. Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Lisa. You can read the actual Romeo and Juliet version here. Tony Crane meanwhile has what might be an evaluation copy.

Physics Made Simple

In "Beauty and the Screech" Kelly is failing physics. Screech agrees to tutor her and they fall in love. Kind of. We've all been there. All the while they're using these slim red books that don't look like textbooks. That book is supposed to be Physics Made Simple, a title in the Made Simple Self-Teaching "Encyclopedia" series. The pretense of being part of an encyclopedia explains explains why the spine looks like that. Presumably, the production had several different books in the series and someone added the word Physics to all of the covers. The contents are simple and threadbare with crude illustrations. It is indeed not the sort of textbook you would find in a US high school in the 80s. These books appear in many other editions and you can read one here. You can spot these books in other episodes filling out some book shelves.

Geometry for Fun and Challenge

The class that drives Jesse to stimulant abuse is Geometry. Jesse spends the episode buried in and stressing out with this book. High school geometry is not hard but in her defense everything is hard when you're not getting enough sleep. Anyway, the book is called Geometry for Fun and Challenge. Here is a copy of a later edition. Despite the casual and playful name, it is a standard high school textbook.

The many books of Date Auction

In "Date Auction" we meet Brian. He is a stuck up intellectual-type who is reading the Hunchback of Notre Dame at The Max. I think it's a hardcover edition of this Signet Classics translation which you can see but not read. Lisa comes on strong multiple times and I think he makes a good case that they don't have anything in common. Unwilling to take no for an answer, Lisa pretends to get sophisticated. She shows up talking about Tolstoy and carrying an armful of random books. What books? There's the Gault-Millau Le Guide de Paris, a travel guide full of stuff that doesn't make the usual travel guides. I think her copy is in French. Here is an English version. There's another book called In The GAP, an evangelical Christian how-to book. I'm guessing it was chosen for the cover. A third book, The American Character, is a book from the 1940s exploring why Americans are the way they are. A fourth book is Alexandre Dumas: The King of Romance, a biography. I think this is the only one that is fit for purpose.

Odds and ends

Toward the end of sophomore year, the production started using book covers. You know, brown grocery bags cut up and used as a jacket. Or maybe you don't know. I think it's an American thing. No more taping over stuff or trying to change the title of a book but also basically no more bookspotting. Here are some odds and ends to fill things out. Miss Bliss usually has a couple volumes of The Illustrated Library of the World and its Peoples on her desk among other books. World Geography and You cameos in a few scenes. In "Screech's Woman", we see Zack sleeping before class starts with Spanish for Mastery 1 on the desk in front of him. In "Driver's Education" there's an unknown textbook. I was surprised to learn that driving textbooks are real (I would have assumed it was all handbooks and workbooks) but I don't think they're using one because they've taped over the cover again. In the later seasons we see a few magazines, including Wrestling Superstars and Hot Rod.
That's enough, right? Too much? Okay.

Hi yall,
So I have taken the Naplex twice now and here is what I learned. Both times there was something consistent I realized and it makes the NAPLEX actually extremely simple.
BRAND / GENERIC if you do not know brand names you won’t be able to answer half of the questions, “if your pharmacy doesn’t have odefsey, what is the best alternative” well what are the generic components? If you don’t know, those are easy points lost.

1. MOA: literally probably 10% of the exam is knowing the MOA
   
2. Calculations: why is calculations so important, there’s calculations in EVERY chapter, not just the calculations chapters. You’ll get regular calculations, biostats calculations, CrCl from renal, insulin from diabetes, calcium and phenytoin from metabolic/ Neuro. Calculations end up being around 40% of the exam because it’s part of adjusting therapeutics (ex: if phenytoin therapeutic levels are off because of, what should you do? We’ll check and see if the albumin is low first because you will have to do the phenytoin adjustment calculation, this will determine if you need to increase, decrease or keep the dose the same)
   
3. DDI/BBW/Contraindications: this portion seems like a lot but if you study the foundations chapters you’ll be able to answer 3/4th of these answers… AS LONG AS YOU KNOW BRAND GENERIC. for other chapters, there will always be 1-2 drugs that have a BBW/CI that is different from its class, or if is the only drug in a class meant for that disease state, know those. This is probably another 30% of the exam
   
4. Compounding: this is a decent 5% know the BUD dates for unit dose and multi dose sterile compounded drugs (always 1 question on it), know what goes into compounding an ointment/cream, powdered capsule (1 question came up both times)
   

These 4 will guarantee you a pass.
MAIN FOCUS: FOUNDATIONS 1-2, CALCULATIONS, BIOSTATS , COMPOUNDING
Now if you wanna go above and beyond

• sad but true, how to adjust meds, not a huge portion in my opinion. Most of the time, adjusting meds is due to ALLERGIES (penicillin allergy switch to a non beta-lactam), race (African American in HTN require a CCB or thiazide diuretic if they don’t have CKD or diabetes), PREGNANCY.
  
• counseling: main counseling is always the patches, eye drops, inhalers. Also don’t even need to read the disease chapters, it’s all in the drug formulations foundation chapter
  
• what causes an increase or decrease of electrolytes
  

Additional: there is no one topic that comes up more than the other but in my opinion, I would focus on

• Anticoagulants
• Cardio
• Parkinson’s/Alzheimer’s/seizures (most of the drug interactions come from this chapter)
• Psych (depression, anxiety, psychotic)
• Antibiotic/antifungal: don’t even bother learning everything for it, go to the end of the chapter to the chart that tells you which drugs can be used for which bacteria/fungi

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Hi, I hope to get some answers bc not even the lady from the consulate would help us. Me (German citizen) and my American husband have been married for 7 years, we already lived in the US together (2017-2021) so I did the whole I130 application - got approved, moved to US, got the green card for 2 years and then even the 10 year one after that, but then we decided to move back to Germany to be with family and friend. We have two kids, born in US and now we realized it was a mistake and we want to go back. My I don’t know what Visa I need to be applying for, so we just did the I130 again back in October 2023. But since processing times are just nuts I was wondering if anyone knows if there is a different option we could try. Thanks in advance 🤞🏻

Hey Guys,
I have a short question. Im playing Aztecs and saw the high american convert in the mission tree. Whats that about? Does it make sense to go high american? What are the differences to my aztec tech group? I have no Idea. :D
Already thanks for your answers. :)

Venting a little bit. I understand some dispatchers don’t deserve a min of anyones time. But why shit on ALL dispatchers? Why are some brokers so strict about not working with a dispatch company? If a family owned/Operated company contacts you because you have a load that is going straight back to their home, would you not let them take it?
I own a small Hotshot/Expedited Trucking company, and I Dispatch for my uncles trucks and my cousins trucks as well. I am Extremely strict about never trans-loading any loads or booking a load under the MC whom is not going to take it. Ive got references from some of the leaders in LTL and expedited shipping in the country.
My cousin was in Minneapolis since Wed, on Fri morning a Broker posted a load and the notes read “ NO DISPATCH COMPANIES”
Being that we’ve been empty for days, I call the broker hear them out and then talk to them. As soon as he saw that my number (Personal Cell) wasn’t in FMCSA Automatically he went batshit. I was begging the dude to call the number on FMCSA So my cousin can confirm any questions he has, dude hung up on me and never answered again :/
Ended up Deadheading home empty from Minneapolis to Dallas 🤦🏽‍♂️
PLEASE DONT DISCRIMINATE on All dispatchers! Some are legit Americans citizens like you whom are trying to work.
Blessings to all have a great weekend