1. Resistors:

Function: Limits current, divides current, creates voltage drops, adjusts voltage.
Variable Parameter: Resistance (R) - measured in Ohms (Ω).
Significance: The higher the resistance value, the lower the current through it, and vice versa.
Construction: A resistive core (carbon, metal, ceramic, etc.) coated with an insulating layer.
Operating Principle: Based on the collision of electrons with atoms in the resistive core, reducing the energy of the electrons and converting it into heat energy.
Applications: Widely used in electronic circuits, from simple to complex circuits. For example: limiting current through LEDs, dividing current in amplifier circuits, creating voltage drops for voltage regulator circuits, adjusting voltage in filter circuits...

2. Capacitors:

Function: Stores electrical energy, filters signals, blocks AC current, passes DC current.
Variable Parameter: Capacitance (C) - measured in Farads (F).
Significance: The higher the capacitance value, the greater the ability to store electrical energy, and vice versa.
Construction: Two parallel metal plates separated by an insulating dielectric (paper, ceramic, mica...).
Operating Principle: When a voltage is applied, an electric field is created between the capacitor plates, charging the capacitor plates. When the power is turned off, the electric field remains and keeps the capacitor plates charged.
Applications: Very diverse in electronic circuits, from power supply filtering to oscillator circuits. For example: filtering power for electronic circuits, generating pulses for oscillator circuits, blocking noise signals...

3. Inductors:

Function: Stores electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field, resists sudden changes in current, creates time delays.
Variable Parameter: Inductance (L) - measured in Henrys (H).
Significance: The higher the inductance value, the greater the resistance to sudden changes in current, and vice versa.
Construction: A coil of conductive wire wrapped around a core (plastic, iron...).
Operating Principle: When current flows through the inductor, a magnetic field is created around it. When the current changes, the magnetic field also changes, generating an induced voltage in the opposite direction of the current, counteracting the sudden change in current.
Applications: Common in power supply filtering, resonant circuits, transformer circuits... For example: filtering power for electronic circuits, generating pulses for oscillator circuits, converting voltage...

4. Diodes:

Function: Allows current to flow in one direction, blocks current in the opposite direction.
Variable Parameter: Threshold voltage (Uf) - measured in Volts (V).
Significance: The higher the threshold voltage, the higher the voltage required for the diode to conduct.
Construction: Two semiconductor layers joined together to form a P-N junction.
Operating Principle: Based on the principle of electron and hole diffusion. When there is a forward voltage, current flows through the diode. When there is a reverse voltage, the current is blocked.
Applications: Widely used in electronic circuits, from rectification circuits to protection circuits. For example: rectifying AC power to DC power, protecting electronic circuits from reverse voltage...

5. Transistors:

Function: Amplifies electrical signals, controls current, switches on and off electrical circuits.
Variable Parameter: Hfe (β) - current gain.
Construction: Three semiconductor layers joined together to form N-P-N or P-N-P.
Operating Principle: Based on the control of current through one semiconductor layer (base) by current in another semiconductor layer (emitter, collector).
Applications: Very diverse in electronic circuits, from audio amplifier circuits to microprocessor circuits...

Integrated Circuits (ICs): Operating Principle

Integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are assemblies of electronic components interconnected on a small semiconductor substrate. These components can include transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes, and many other types. ICs are used to perform a wide range of electronic functions, from simple to complex.
The basic operating principle of ICs is to utilize the properties of semiconductor materials to create transistors and other electronic components. These transistors are then interconnected according to pre-designed circuit diagrams to perform the desired functions.
There are two main types of ICs:
Digital ICs: This type of IC uses electronic signals at two voltage levels (usually 0V and 5V) to represent data. Digital ICs are used in electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and many other devices.
Analog ICs: This type of IC uses electronic signals that can change continuously to represent data. Analog ICs are used in electronic devices such as audio amplifiers, filters, and other devices.

Essential Circuit Blocks in Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are the cornerstone of modern electronics. These tiny marvels of engineering pack millions of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components onto a single semiconductor substrate, enabling them to perform a vast array of functions. Understanding the fundamental circuit blocks that make up ICs is crucial for comprehending their operation and appreciating their versatility.
1. Amplifier Circuits:
o Function: Amplify electronic signals (voltage or current) to enhance their strength.
o Structure: Comprises transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components connected in amplifier configurations like BJT amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.
o Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of controlling current through a transistor to modify the voltage or current at the output.
o Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like radios, televisions, computers, etc.
2. Logic Circuits:
o Function: Perform logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) on electronic signals.
o Structure: Consists of logic gates constructed from transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components.
o Operating Principle: Employs the principle of switching voltage states (0 or 1) to represent the outcome of a logical operation.
o Applications: Employed to build central processing units (CPUs), control circuitry in electronic devices, etc.
3. Oscillator Circuits:
o Function: Generate electronic signals with a periodic oscillating waveform of specific frequency and amplitude.
o Structure: Comprises transistors, capacitors, resistors, and other components connected in oscillator configurations like LC oscillators, RC oscillators, etc.
o Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of charging and discharging a capacitor coupled with transistor amplification to produce an oscillating signal.
o Applications: Utilized in electronic devices like clocks, radio transmitters, etc.
4. Memory Circuits:
o Function: Store data in the form of electronic signals.
o Structure: Consists of memory cells like flip-flops, SRAM, DRAM, etc.
o Operating Principle: Employs the principle of altering the state of memory cells to retain data.
o Applications: Employed in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.

5. Pulse Generator Circuits:

· Function: Generate electrical pulses with square, triangular, or other waveform shapes at specific frequencies and amplitudes.
· Structure: Comprises multivibrators, 555 timer ICs, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of charging and discharging a capacitor coupled with transistor amplification to produce electrical pulses.
· Applications: Employed in electronic devices like clocks, computers, etc.

6. Filter Circuits:

· Function: Eliminate unwanted components from electronic signals, such as noise, harmonic signals, etc.
· Structure: Consists of inductors, capacitors, resistors, and other components connected in filter configurations like RC filters, LC filters, etc.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of blocking or attenuating components with frequencies different from the desired frequency.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like radios, televisions, computers, etc.

7. Comparator Circuits:

· Function: Compare two electronic signals and generate an output signal indicating which signal is greater, smaller, or equal.
· Structure: Comprises voltage comparators or current comparators constructed from transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Employs the principle of comparing the voltage or current of two input signals to produce an appropriate output signal.
· Applications: Utilized in electronic devices like control circuits, timing circuits, etc.

8. Signal Conversion Circuits:

· Function: Convert electronic signals from one form to another, such as converting analog signals to digital signals and vice versa.
· Structure: Consists of A/D converters, D/A converters, comparators, filters, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of sampling analog signals, encoding them into digital signals, or decoding digital signals into analog signals.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.

9. Control Circuits:

· Function: Control the operation of other circuits within an IC or an electronic system.
· Structure: Comprises logic gates, flip-flops, counters, decoders, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Employs the principle of processing logic signals to control the state of other circuits.
· Applications: Utilized in most electronic devices.

10. Communication Circuits:

· Function: Enable ICs to communicate with other devices in an electronic system or with users.
· Structure: Consists of communication buses, buffers, communication controllers, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of transmitting and receiving data between devices.
· Applications: Employed in most electronic devices.

11. Voltage Regulator Circuits:

· Function: Provide a stable voltage supply to other circuits within an IC or an electronic system.
· Structure: Comprises transistors, Zener diodes, resistors, and other components connected in voltage regulator configurations like linear regulators, switching regulators, etc.
· Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of adjusting the output voltage by modifying the resistance or current through the transistor or Zener diode.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.
These essential circuit blocks form the foundation of ICs, empowering them to perform a vast array of functions that underpin modern electronics. From amplifying signals to processing data and enabling communication, ICs have revolutionized technology and continue to drive innovation across various industries.
Many sources

I am trying to design an astable multivibrator in multisim from the schematic attached. I have built it in Multisim as can be seen in the image. It's supposed to osciallate and generate a clock signal whose frequency can be controlled by changing the values of R and C. However, at the moment, it outputs a clock signal but the frequency does not change despite altering the values. In fact, I can set R and C equal to zero and get the same result. I was hoping someone here could help me figure out what I am doing wrong in the simulation. Thanks I really appreciate it.
https://preview.redd.it/mftroi7l3gxc1.png?width=1185&format=png&auto=webp&s=5ede91459d237f08a60de40c76e50d57d0e12679
https://preview.redd.it/hj9s1fja4gxc1.png?width=1303&format=png&auto=webp&s=f4c74be2904f2a2fa2d7992faad81860cd82e2e7

T flip flop
In electronics, the term "digital" signifies data processing, generation, or storage in the form of two states: HIGH or LOW, positive or non-positive, set or reset, which are essentially binary. Digital technology relies on representing information using sequences of 0's and 1's, such as in the example 011010, where each digit denotes an individual state. Hardware accomplishes this through components like latches or flip-flops, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, and decoders, collectively known as sequential logic circuits.
Now, let's delve into flip-flops, also known as latches. Flip-flops, akin to bistable multivibrators, exhibit two stable states. Typically, these latch circuits can be either active-high or active-low, triggered by HIGH or LOW signals, respectively.
Among the common types of flip-flops are:
RS Flip-flop (RESET-SET)
D Flip-flop (Data)
JK Flip-flop (Jack-Kilby)
T Flip-flop (Toggle)
Of these types, only JK and D flip-flops are commonly available in integrated circuit (IC) form and are widely used across various applications. In this article, we'll focus on the T Flip Flop.
The T Flip-flop, named for its toggling operation, finds significant applications in counters and control circuits. It's essentially a modified version of the JK flip-flop, operating in the toggling region.
In a T flip-flop, when the clock signal is LOW, the input doesn't affect the output state; it's only when the clock is HIGH that the inputs become active. Thus, the T flip-flop functions as a controlled bi-stable latch, with the clock signal acting as the control. The output toggles between two stable states based on the inputs.
​
T flip flop Logic Diagram
The flip-flop is constructed using multiple logic gates, typically NAND gates. The logic diagram for a T flip-flop resembles that of a JK flip-flop, with the difference being that the J and K inputs are combined to form the T input.
The truth table of a T flip-flop illustrates how the output state changes based on the clock and T inputs. The excitation table provides insights into the flip-flop's transition from one state to another.
​
T flip flop Truth Table
Moreover, comparing D flip-flops and T flip-flops, while the former stores data, capturing and holding it until the next clock pulse, the latter toggles its output state with each clock pulse, useful in applications like counters and control circuits.
Converting a D flip-flop to a T flip-flop involves adding an XOR gate to the D input. Similarly, a JK flip-flop can be created using a T flip-flop by connecting the J and K inputs together.
​
JK Flip Flop
T flip Flop
In practical circuits, components like MC74HC73A (Dual JK flip-flop), LM7805 voltage regulator, tactile switches, LEDs, and resistors are employed. These components are interconnected on a breadboard to demonstrate the operation of the T flip-flop.
Demonstrating various states of the T flip-flop involves manipulating clock, T (Toggle), and R (Reset) inputs, with LEDs indicating the corresponding output states. The circuit's operation is contingent upon clock pulses and input changes, showcasing the flip-flop's toggling functionality.
This comprehensive understanding of the T flip-flop's operation is crucial for designing and implementing digital circuits effectively.
Check out the complete tutorial : https://youtu.be/wpoXdZmbIF0

Hello, I'm trying to learn electronics as a hobby, or more specifically, circuit design, but at this point, I'm struggling HEAVILY with very basic concepts. Over the past two days, I've been stuck trying to understand the why and how of the Astable Multivibrator or the so-called Oscillator circuit, and I just realized that my efforts have yielded very little progress. In all honesty, I have spent somewhere around 8 hours or more in total trying to understand how it works, from reading to watching videos on YouTube. One conclusion I have come to is that I'm really struggling to understand basic concepts, that is, electric potential between two points. Even after all this time, I still have almost no clue what the role of capacitors in circuits is as well. I am really, really struggling with learning and understanding circuits, almost to the point where whenever I see a slightly complicated-looking circuit, I feel immensely overwhelmed and lost. I personally never found any other subject more difficult than this, not even calculus, although I know all of this is highly subjective, but still. If I'm being specific, I don't understand how the voltage behaves in this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWlD7gL9gS0&t=277s , I have a basic understand of transistors and have done some projects involving full adders and multipliers which are made of logic gates, so I know the logic behind them. I guess for some of you that stuff is laughably easy, but if you could link some video or resource explaining how voltage behaves in a circuit, it would be very nice. I understand that usually things can be hard and overwhelming at the beginning, but should it be THAT difficult for someone? Is there even a point in me keeping at it or should I find something else? Feel free to share your personal journey in learning electronics.

Original post: https://www.reddit.com/FPGA/comments/190kjo3/resume_review_request_from_an_ece_student/
Hello, I am a second-year ECE student. I have already posted my resume for review before but I would like to ask for a final review before I start applying. I have done two internships in software development but i'm looking to get an FPGA internship. I understand that I am really lacking in FPGA experience, so I'm currently devoting more effort to doing FPGA projects. Thank you for your feedback and time.
​
Anon Resume

Hi everyone! I'm pretty novice at creating electrical circuits, I really only got into it because I wanted to make a cheaper version of something than is available to buy, but I'm having trouble replicating my earlier success.
I've made a homemade theratapper (a therapeutic device where two hand held "tappers" vibrate alternately) using an astable multivibrator created with 2N2222A transistors. It worked perfectly, I was very pleased with myself and thought I was incredibly clever (I know, it's a simple circuit, I got ahead of myself... the circuit diagram is at the bottom)
I promised another friend who would benefit from the device that I'd make them one, and using the exact same design hasn't worked for some reason. Instead of the motors vibrating alternatingly, they both vibrate continuously. (The way the device works is by having each side alternate to activate different parts of the brain, helping ground you when you're having a hard time doing so yourself, so both of them vibrating continuously isn't quite what we're looking for).
I also tried with a different circuit design (with a 555 chip) but that had the same problem.
Does anyone have any suggestions, or any alternative designs I could use? I'd be extremely, and eternally grateful.
Thanks for any advice!
-Mel
​
Edit to add: I test the circuit with LEDs, and it works fine, then I replace the LEDs with the motors, and the corresponding resistors with resistors appropriate for the motors, and suddenly it stops working properly.
I'd love to be able to figure this out so I can make more for people who would benefit from them.

You may have noticed a bunch of bible quotes and the like posted here along the usual anime tiddies and degenerate jokes. What are your thoughts on this?

​
Personally I don't care if you're christian or jewish or satanist or anything, but I don't feel like this is the place to post religious propaganda. If people want to see religious posts they go to a religious sub. IMHO posting bible quotes here is like going to baking and making a post about designing a doorbell using an NE555 Monostable Multivibrator Circuit.
View Poll

Link to the schematic.
Somewhat of a learning project partly inspired by the fact I don't have a dedicated battery capacity testing tool and a quest to actually figure out how to design a constant current circuit, I've made this (very) basic circuit that simulates a set current draw and load.

Test procedure:

1. Draw ~150-220mA from the battery (fully charged @ 4.2V)
2. Immediate Voltage reading on the battery when circuit is turned on to see how much voltage was dropped
3. Voltage reading after 5, 15, 30 minutes and 1 hour (cut-off time)
4. Rate of discharge - if the battery reaches the 3.0V before the maximum time (1 hour) then the test is ended immediately.
5. If the battery causes an abnormal amount of discharge (perhaps due to overheating or being faulty) then a fuse should be triggered and the circuit is permanently disconnected before further damage can occur - unless the battery continues to do some internal damage to itself, which is a different (and terrifying) situation altogether.

Breakdown of the circuit:

• Setup a five-diode reverse polarity protection: this is due to the voltage drop I picked up on LTSpice - moreover, with this setup, the current output also drops significantly.
  • I'm using either a set of FR107s or 1N4001s, but the reference diode I used in LTSpice (1SR154-600) has much higher forward voltage drop (if my measurements are correct) of 0.8V vs. 0.5V/0.6V for the other two.
• Voltage dividers setup to maintain an almost-constant, predictable voltage input to the base of the BC547s where Vb ≤ 0.81V @ Vin = 4.2V
  • However, due to a current-limiting 2.7 ohm resistor on the emitter of the BC547s, the actual value is Vb ≤ 0.942V @ Vin = 4.2V
• Voltage dividers setup to maintain an almost-constant, predictable voltage input to the base of the 2N3906s where Vb ≥ 3.24V
  • However, due to a current-limiting 2.7 ohm resistor on the emitter of the 2N3906s, the actual value is Vb ≥ 3.11V
• Biasing resistors (R4, R8, R12, R16) connected between base-collector (BC547B) and base-emitter (2N3906)
  • Initially it was done because it appeared to influence the power dissipation of the load resistors, however this seemed to change either when I added the 2.7 ohm resistor to both transistors OR I changed something else and forgot because they don't seem to do much of that.
  • They were also meant to act as a feedback, however it doesn't seem to give the desired results - not sure if I've even applied them correctly and/or how they should be applied as well as if they do indeed assist in provide a stable and constant current output to the load resistor.
• Maximum power output/dissipation over each transistor (via LTSpice):
  • ~11mW for the BC547B @ Vin = 4.2V
  • ~9.767mW for the 2N3906 @ Vin = 4.2V
• Maximum power output/dissipation (via LTSpice) is 893.36mW @ Vin = 4.2V

It's a really basic circuit in the end.

Things left out of the drawing:

1. A switching circuit - I'm thinking of using either a TIP41 or a PN2222 to handle the "automatic" turning off of the entire circuit by, for example, connecting all of the grounds of the BC547s and 2N3906s to it's collector and then subsequently setup the base to fall below 0.6V/0.7V when the battery voltage (Vcc) is 3.0V or less.
2. Fuse - there needs to be a ±1.0A fuse placed just before the polarity-protection diode array. Couldn't add it in LTSpice but I intend to add it in there for a worst-case scenario situation.
3. BMS - that would be independent of the circuit and so I won't bother adding it in, plus that would make the schematic/diagram a bit too complicated and unnecessarily so.

Things I wish to add:

1. Multivibrator - I'm interested in seeing what effects I will get from running a 100-1000Hz square-wave signal within this test, meaning that the transistors will be switched on and off at this frequency. If I read the datasheets correctly, all transistors should be good for this frequency and much, much more.
2. Capacitance - Not sure if it will "cheat" the test, since the capacitors will store up some energy and discharge it continuously. I'm probably overthinking this bit, but if I'm wrong and it won't affect the test negatively then I will consider adding it in.
   1. FWIW, I will be using capacitance in the event that I implement the multivibrator sub-circuit.
3. Constant-current capability - right now this circuit will not maintain a stable current draw over the load resistors and so I'm more-or-less utilising an average current rating between the abovementioned current draw values and/or whichever start and end current draw values I get from the tested battery.

​

What do I need?

Help, advice, guidance, correction, critique, opinions.
Honestly I'd like to hear what you all have to say about this design/circuit.
​

Why do this test?

I have a bunch of cheap Li-ion batteries with rather "interesting" results - they appear to possess ~0.8-1Ah of capacity (estimate is part thumb-sucking and part research on similar cheap Li-ions I've seen online being tested and marketed with these values vs. 12000mAh) and so I want to test them out in a manner that more-or-less resembles how I'd actually use them: I've got some 3-6VDC motors (max. 300mA), 12V chassis fans (max. 300mA as well) that I'd like to use them with (along with multivibrators and PWM circuits).
I don't really want to find myself popping one in and then realising it's only got 100mA capacity, for example - because these things likely have a 1C discharge rate (no datasheets so I'm not risking higher Cs) and running them at higher currents could be a problem in such a situation I assume.
When I do get around to breadboarding this circuit, I'll start with using 2x or 3x fresh AA batteries (3.0V-3.26V or ~4.5-4.9 respectivelyV) as first test before moving to my Lithium-ion batteries.
BONUS: The subjects of this test.

I figure someone ought to know what you'll get for your $18USD + whatever shipping was. I was bored and looking for interesting logic ICs to toy with, so I picked grabbed this "Grab Bag" for fun. WHO KNOWS what treasures await???
Well besides the fact that they ripped me off and there were only 93 ICs in the bag(2 of which were SMD which I promptly tossed in the parts bin) This is the remaining 91 Chips which were all DIP package.
​
I kid. But what did I get? Is it worth grabbing to stock up on your IC parts bin? Who knows, Im not really even sure what 90% of these do but here is the list.
While listing this out maybe someone who is knowledgeable lurking here can clue me in.
There were several "random label chips Im unsure of what they are. Ill list them first;
​
HEF(Are these just CD4000 series chips?) (EDIT: NXP Semiconductors/Nexperia? make these)
4557 -4 Chips 1-to-64 bit variable length shift register
4014 -9 Chips 8-bit static shift register
4076 -3 Chips Quadruple D-type register with 3-state outputs
HCF (CD4000? Whats the difference between HEF/HCF?) EDIT: (STMicroelectronics makes these)
4724 -3 Chips 8 BIT ADDRESSABLE LATCH
4012 -1 Chip DUAL 4 INPUT NAND GATE
4019 -2 Chips QUAD AND/OR SELECT GATE
4041 -3 Chips QUAD TRUE/COMPLEMENT BUFFER
The Next lot are all weird labeled chips that I have no idea what they are.. Ill have to work on my Google-Foo, They begin with the designations HD, MC (Motorola?) MM, and MN....
HD14014 -5 Chips Hitachi Semiconductor 8-bit Static Shift Register
MC14527 -2 Chips Motorola"Freescale Inc" BCD Rate Multiplier ???
MC14012 -2 Chips Dual 4-Input NAND Gates
MC14174 -1 Chip Hex Type D Flip-Flop
MM74C32N ( Fairchild Semiconductor OLD Chips) -2 Chips Quad 2-Input OR Gate
MN4519 -1 Chip UNKNOWN Panasonic chip
MN40098 -2 Chips UNKNOWN Panasonic chip
​
On to more familiar territory s whole bunch of CD4000 series. About 1/4 of the bag including a really neat old RCA branded chip in an Aluminum Package.
40161 -4 Chips CMOS Synchronous Programmable 4-Bit Counters
40110 -4 Chips CMOS DECADE UP-DOWN COUNTELATCH/DISPLAY DRIVER
4023 -2 Chips Buffered Triple 3-Input NAND Gate
4010 -3 Chips CMOS HEX BUFFERS/CONVERTERS
40109 -4 Chips CMOS Quad Low-to-High Voltage Lever Shifter
4019 -2 Chips UNKNOWN
4099 -2 Chips CMOS 8-Bit Addressable Latch
4017 UNKNOWN, 4022 CMOS 8-Bit Addressable Latch , 4023 Buffered Triple 3-Input NAND Gate , 4042 CMOS Quad Clocked "D" Latch ,, 4541 PROGRAMMABLE TIMER * -1 Chip Each
4012 -1 REALLY Cool, old Aluminum RCA branded Chip. DUAL 4 INPUT NAND GATE
​
Alright, last was all the chips I know a little better with doing Ben's project and a bit of my own retro PC experience... The HCT and HC Chips
74HCT -17 Chips total
393 -6 Chips Dual 4-bit binary ripple counter
123 -2 Chips Dual retriggerable monostable multivibrator with reset
05 -2 Chips Quad 2-input NAND gate
03 -3 Chips Quad 2-input NAND gate
00 -4 Chips Quad 2-input NAND gate
74HC -16 Chips total
241 -7 Chips Octal buffeline driver; 3-state
4316 -3 Chips Quad bilateral switches
00 -3 Chips Quad 2-input NAND gate
32 -3 Chips Quad 2-input OR gate
​
Well was it worth $18? I have no idea. Ill probably get my entertainment out of looking up what half of these I dont recognize even do...... If anyone spots any neat finds, please feel free to leave a comment. Also leave a comment if you feel this was worth the cost, or should I stay away from the Jameco "Grab Bags"? It works out to like 18 cents a chip(If I had actually gotten 100 of them), but... Im not sure if its "Worth" it...

Stratistics MRC’s Astable Multivibrator Market report explains company profiling, key segments, market trends, top players and regional, country-level segments.
Astable multivibrator is an electronic circuit which has no stable states. These devices are used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers, and flip-flops. Astable multivibrators are free running in nature and they generate square waveforms without the aid of any external eliciting pulse.
Browse complete “Astable Multivibrator Market” report with TOC @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market
By geography, North America is going to have high growth during the forecast period as the region is home to advanced technologies and manufacturers in the region are the early adopters of emerging technologies and developments in semiconductor technologies throughout advanced and emerging markets is boosting the growth of this market in North America.
Some of the key players profiled in the Astable Multivibrator Market include NXP Semiconductors, Toshiba Corp, Microchip Technology, Texas Instruments Incorporated, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Visionics Sweden HB, Fairchild Semiconductor, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics and Nexperia.
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Hello, I've recently started learning electronics and am interested in being able to understand practical real life circuits and analyse their behaviour.
I've learnt the various components and their ideal behaviours, and have started trying to determine the functions of current and voltage over time of a circuit.
But it seems impractical? Non trivial circuits have things like diodes and transistors whose governing equations aren't the sort of thing that look amenable to solving equations involving, that is to say, things like capacitors and inductors are OK, because their equations naturally lead to solvable looking differential equations, diodes, not so much.
For instance, I was hoping to write down a function which would tell me the voltage across a load in a 'voltage doubler' circuit (https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-voltdouble.html) as a function of time, but I get a bit stuck. Earlier I tried to analyse the 'astable multivibrator' (https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-multivib-a.html) and found I couldn't, and people online seem to suggest there isn't an analytic solution, which I can believe.
It seems like it is only practical to analyse circuits involving these elements on a more macroscopic level, it's somewhat easy to see in the above cases what the circuits 'do' roughly, and you can make some headway if you split the analysis into 'states', e.g. analyse what happens when a diode is in forward bias state.
But I am concerned that neither of these approaches will be useful when there is some resonance in the system, as then subtle inaccuracies caused by the simplification will result in a wrong analysis?
Am I wasting my time trying to analytically solve circuits? It seems like the way to go is just dump a circuit into a simulator, and to design circuits the idea is probably to create something which macroscopically is right, and then tune the numbers with a simulator?

I'm developing voltage-controlled multivibrators for my spectral synthesis technique. In this research, I stumbled onto a really interesting multivibrator circuit that does not create square waves. It actually makes fairly nice sawtooth waves in quadrature, as well as differential triangle waves.
The circuit design tested certainly does have room for improvement. But it's already a kind of amazing core, something that other new, more capable designs could be built from.
Technical analysis and bench testing notes on my EMS blog:https://modeliiiems.blogspot.com/2021/1 ... rator.html

Stratistics MRC’s Global Astable Multivibrator Market report enables readers to understand details of the market, summary, drivers and segmentation with types.
Astable multivibrator is an electronic circuit which has no stable states. These devices are used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers, and flip-flops. Astable multivibrators are free running in nature and they generate square waveforms without the aid of any external eliciting pulse.
View complete Astable Multivibrator Market with Table of Content @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market
By geography, North America is going to have high growth during the forecast period as the region is home to advanced technologies and manufacturers in the region are the early adopters of emerging technologies and developments in semiconductor technologies throughout advanced and emerging markets is boosting the growth of this market in North America.
Request a Sample of Astable Multivibrator Market research @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market/request-sample
Some of the key players profiled in the Astable Multivibrator Market include NXP Semiconductors, Toshiba Corp, Microchip Technology, Texas Instruments Incorporated, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Visionics Sweden HB, Fairchild Semiconductor, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics and Nexperia.
What our report offers: - Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments - Strategic recommendations for the new entrants - Covers Market data for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2025, and 2028 - Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations) - Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations - Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends - Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments - Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
For more information about this report visit https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market
Related Markets:
1) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/atomic-layer-deposition-equipment-market
2) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/pin-insertion-machine-market
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Stratistics MRCs report on Global Security Solutions Market explains key challenges, emerging markets, trends, top players and regional, country-level segments.
Security solutions consist of a security system that prevents unauthorized intrusion and access into personal, government, and defense premises, among others, and if such attempts are made, then the security system reports these attempts. Security solutions are mainly designed to protect the broad range of threats such as espionage, accidents, fire, subversion, crime, and attack. Security solutions protect physical infrastructure as well as software data of organizations from theft or damage. These security solutions are responsible for the assurance of the software or hardware within the company is being well protected. The need for the implementation of a data security threat is prevalent due to the rise in the frequency and complexity of data security threats.
View complete Security Solutions Market with Table of Content @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/security-solutions-market
By geography, North America is going to have high growth during the forecast period as most of the residential and commercial buildings in this region are equipped with fire protection systems, due to firm fire and safety protection norms. North America is one of the early adopters of security technologies such as access control, video surveillance, and fire protection system, among others and strong growth in banking and financial services provides plentiful growth opportunities for the security solutions market in this region.
Request a Sample of Security Solutions Market research @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/security-solutions-market/request-sample
Some of the key players profiled in the Security Solutions Market include Honeywell International Inc., Johnson Controls, Robert Bosch, Dahua Technology Co., Ltd, Axis Communications AB, Nortek Security & Control, United Technologies, Siemens, Hochiki Corporation, Hormakaba Holding AG, Allegion plc, Hikvision Digital Technology, and Tyco International.
What our report offers: - Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments - Strategic recommendations for the new entrants - Covers Market data for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2025, and 2028 - Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations) - Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations - Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends - Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments - Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
For more information about this report visit https://www.strategymrc.com/report/security-solutions-market
Related Markets:
1) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market
2) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/hardware-wallet-market
About Us:
Stratistics MRC offer a wide spectrum of research and consulting services with in-depth knowledge of different industries. Our research reports and publications are routed to help our clients to design their business models and enhance their business growth in the competitive market scenario. We have a strong team with hand-picked consultants including project managers, implementers, industry experts, researchers, research evaluators and analysts with years of experience in delivering the complex projects.
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Stratistics MRCs 2021 Global Soundbar Market report enables readers to understand details of the market, summary, drivers, threats, and segmentation with types.
Soundbars are audio devices that can project sound from a wider enclosure. They are also known as media bars, and are generally mounted underneath or above a display device. It helps in enhancing the sound experience of consumers.
View complete Soundbar Market with Table of Content @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/soundbar-market
By geography, Asia Pacific is going to have high growth during the forecast period owing to growing media consumption and presence of global, regional, and local industry players.
Request a Sample of Soundbar Market research @ https://www.strategymrc.com/report/soundbar-market/request-sample
Some of the key players profiled in the Soundbar Market include Bose Corporation, Sonos Inc, Panasonic Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co Ltd, LG Electronics Inc , Boston Acoustics Inc, Hisense Home Appliance Group Co Ltd , Sony Corporation, Xiaomi Corporation, Koninklijke Philips NV, Blaupunkt GmbH (Aurelius Group), Voxx International Corporation, Edifier International Ltd, Polk Audio (DEI Holdings Inc), VIZIO Inc, Sennheiser Electronic GmbH & Co KG, and Onkyo Corporation.
What our report offers: - Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments - Strategic recommendations for the new entrants - Covers Market data for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2025, and 2028 - Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations) - Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations - Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends - Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments - Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
For more information about this report visit https://www.strategymrc.com/report/soundbar-market
Related Markets:
1) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/astable-multivibrator-market
2) https://www.strategymrc.com/report/hardware-wallet-market
About Us:
Stratistics MRC offer a wide spectrum of research and consulting services with in-depth knowledge of different industries. Our research reports and publications are routed to help our clients to design their business models and enhance their business growth in the competitive market scenario. We have a strong team with hand-picked consultants including project managers, implementers, industry experts, researchers, research evaluators and analysts with years of experience in delivering the complex projects.
Contact Us:
Email: sales@strategymrc.com
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This post was originally posted in Maybe more than a bachelor's but the original person deleted the answer. I kept an offline copy of the same. So, I am posting it here. ________________________________________________
So I have written this like the advice I would give myself if I could travel back in time or what I really hope to see in the undergrads I want to hire. I hope you don't get discouraged/put off.
First thing: Solidworks/ProE/AutoCAD/Rhino/BlendeCATIA and GD&T are not skills for degree'd engineers. You don't do a BS/ME for draftsmanship. It's like putting MS Office on your resume. You can pick that skill up on your own time.
Second thing: I am talking about becoming an engineer here. You know, the kind that build rockets and microengines (Sandia MEMS Home Page)
). I have nothing against grades, but I don't care very much for them. So I am not talking about getting the best grades.
Now. Here's what you need to acquire proficiency in through your 4-year BS.

1. Read Wikipedia.
   
2. Programming - Start with Matlab/Python. Then graduate to C++. An example of a programming goal would be to use this to create your own computational graphics engines. Why? Because this teaches you about visualizing vectors, arrays, transforms and leads you to higher-dimensional algebra. Make sure you can understand and implement Runge-Kutta family of algorithms before you think you are done. A recommendation would be to ditch Windows and move to some flavour of Linux or Mac. You need to understand concepts behind batch/shell scripting and importing open source scripts to embed inside your own. If you don't do anything else in your freshman or sophomore years, that's fine. But make sure you master this.
   
3. Linear algebra and differential equations - Now, most ME syllabi force the courses on you early on. But very few MEs truly understand these topics. This is the source of all ME theory. I CANNOT STRESS THIS ENOUGH! Most ME professors DO NOT understand linear algebra or its importance - they will fuck it up for you so you will be confused/avoid derivative topics forever. Don't take these courses offered inside your department - take them from CS or EE or Math professors. Or learn it from Gilbert Strang on Youtube. Tie this together with your programming to create numerical simulations. Do NOT take these courses until you are done with your programming.
   
4. Statistics - Take this twice. Audit it as a freshman. Then take the course again as a senior. This will be the single most important course you ever take as a professional in any field.
   
5. Engineering mathematics -The rest of your life depends on this. Pay attention to spatial transforms, Fourier analysis, Complex analysis, Potential theory, PDEs, Interpolation/curve fitting, optimization theory. Look for ways to implement these concepts using your programming skills. If you ever wonder about the usefulness of any of this, or you get the choice to skip a few topics - you are doing it wrong. Good engineers use these concepts EVERYDAY.
   
6. Dynamics/Advanced dynamics - Take this in the Physics department. ME profs screw it up here again, they focus on the mechanics of algebraic manipulation and don't explain concepts very well. Your objective would be to be able to independently construct FBDs of complex interacting mechanisms, and generate classical non/autonomous, non/linear differential equations that describe the time-history of the system. Develop a familiarity with index notation and tensors and operator spaces. Your indicial programming experience will really help you here.
   
7. Statics/Solid mechanics - Master Timoshenko GoodieTheory of elasticity. Even if it takes you the rest of your life. If you got through point 2, you should be able to point out the inefficiency of the SFDs and BMDs and Mohr's circle concepts. Try visualizing the simple cases while cognizant that life is not simple. Use your programming finesse to program numerical solutions to your ODEs and equations.
   
8. Vibration theory - If you actually got through point 2, you will find this a breeze. All they do here is study a second order, non/homogenous, non/autonomous non/dimensionalized ordinary differential equation and the effects of parametric variations (mkc, forcing frequency). If you got through 5, you should be able to figure out all the base excitation, seismic perturbation, isolation, rotating machinery concepts. If you got through 6, then plates/beam vibration problems. If you got through 2 & 4, you will be able to work through MDOF systems and all the modal analysis techniques. This is where you segue to coupled SHO/QHO concepts.
   
9. Thermodynamics/Fluidics - I am not the right person to advise on these topics. But they are pretty straightforward at the undergraduate level and mostly applications of differential equations and continuum mechanics.
   

If you followed instructions so far, everything else is a straightforward application of what you should have learned by now. That's all you really need to be a degree'd mechanical engineer - math and physics. Everything else is a specialization and extension of domains from the presented fields into specific tasks. This is also where you start encountering professional jargon. And don't let terms/eponyms scare you off.
Also mechanical engineers don’t generally design machines from scratch – hobbyists and mathematicians do. We follow standards for our industry, mix and match components, or use well defined algorithms to create a new one. There are concepts in kinematic chains, algebraic linkage synthesis and design that are used here. So sure you can read about gears and machinery and 4-bar linkages and cams and geneva wheels, but it is highly improbable that you, as an ME, will create one. It is more likely that a technician or a sheet metal worker will create something utterly brilliant. So if that’s what you want to do, figure on grad school. You can however use your solid mechanics skills to design the components to withstand pyrotechnic impacts.
I skip over manufacturing and 'product engineering' classes because they are shit, when taught in school. You can't master manufacturing sitting in a class, and you certainly are never going to learn enough in school about how to design a full product. Those axiomatic design principles and synectics and product lifecycle management and ideation and Gantt charts and brainstorming processes are bullshit. Nobody in real life does that. Those who do, are not engineers. If you really want to understand manufacturing, skim through Manufacturing Processes for Design Professionals by Rob Thompson, then go talk with people on shop floors, or watch how it's made on Youtube. If you really want to understand the product design process, follow Kickstarter h/w startup stories.
Do not ever waste your time on survey or presentation courses. Avoid attending school seminars if you are not interested in the topic. You should attend all seminars that promise to show you math or process or cool videos. You want to keep an ear out for examples and case studies that show explicit details of how systems get modeled/implemented using math or experiments. Avoid 'design' seminars (usually a peddler from Wharton or Sloan or Kellog) - they are pretty, but pointless.
Take all lab classes you can. ALL of them. All you can afford. Pottery too, if you have that option. Just drop in to watch other people work if you got the free time. Pottery as well. Use the equipment there till you break it - You are paying for it anyway. Make all the mistakes you can ever imagine there. AND DON'T FUCK AROUND IN THE MACHINE SHOP BRO!!!
Amongst other advice, find a PhD student about to graduate every year and get them to mentor you. Don’t believe in that ‘I am busy’ crap – they all are usually on Quora or editing Wikipedia anyway. I speak from experience. Pick people from diverse fields – machine learning, operations optimization, public policy, neurobiology, kernel development … You want to understand what they do, how they do it, what they use to do it and create a possible job network. You don’t want seniors to mentor you because, unless they go to grad school, they will never be in any position to introduce you to great opportunities on time scales relevant to your interests.
Now, let's talk about being a professional mechanical engineer

1. Read ISO/ASME/ASTM/ASTC/ASMI (standards organizations) standard practices. That's the only place where they really tell you how theory meets practice. If you believe your university doesn't provide you access to those - Sue them! Beg/borrow/steal. Whatever. But if you really want to know how things are done; Read the standards. Not the website and their discussion forums. Read the standards.
   
2. Take/Audit courses on electromagnetism, digital electronics, electrical theory, VLSI/Silicon based designs, electrical machinery. You should be able to design your own motor drivefiltepower regulatomultivibrator circuits and implement them on PCBs. Start dipping into embedded microcontrollers here. This is where you C++ experience should start paying off.
   
3. Signal processing - Audio/image/Power signals - Master the topic of discrete Fourier transforms/spectral densities and how they are used and calculated. Figure out how digital sampling and digital filters work and how filters and masks get designed. Move on to z-transforms and recursive filters. Your statistics background starts to become useful here. At least figure out how to manipulate images using pixel-array math.
   
4. Control systems - THIS ties up everything. And THIS was the topic that really got you into ME. You didn't join ME to make bridges or prepare CAD layouts for GE ovens or tractor engines or boiler chambers for plants or be a grease monkey. You joined ME to make structures that move, intelligently. If you have done things right so far, this is where you will get to have fun. It ties together your dynamics and linear algebra first, then programming, signal processing and statistics next, finally you implement it all using your electronics/embedded skills.
   
5. Instrumentation – People have equipment that costs between a thousand dollars to over several million. You need to learn how to use them, AND how to construct them. You will find that making equipment is always cheaper than buying a turnkey system from a manufacturer. So companies prefer to design/assemble their own systems. This should segue into design of experiments/statistical validation. Your goal should be to know how to hook up the hydraulic pressure gauge in an EMD F51PHI locomotive cab suspended 10 ft up in a shed to an office in Minnesota.
   

Along with instrumentation, you will frequently need to develop software to control the instruments. Some people use labview, but with your mastery of C/matlab you will do better.
If you want to get into finite elements, you can’t do that in undergrad. All you will learn is to push buttons. Most engineers only think they understand FEA – they actually don’t. It takes practice, study and experience. The pretty pictures don’t mean much by themselves. So I will say go to grad school or intern with a practicing consultant.
That should about cover your basics and get you a good job. But if you want to get a great job, you will need professional degrees or exhibit skills in some of the following. So, on to specialization:

1. Fracture/fatigue/materials on the nanoscale.
   
2. MEMS – Look up Sandia National Labs/MEMS. Biggest opportunity for MEs since all companies are moving from RnD to ramping up production right about now. Micromachining and processing technologies research is active as well. MOEMS was hot, sensors are sizzling, actuators not so much, lab-on-chip was meandering about, last I checked. Significant effort underway on determining lifetime/reliability as well. People were excited about energy harvesting, but that seems to be toned down now. Lot’s of material science opportunities.
   
3. Microfluidics – These guys blow bubbles through microchannels! Look up lab-on-a-chip.
   
4. Bioengineering – Tissue printing/engineering! There’s also research on mechanical characterization of bio-materials (bones/ligaments/RBCs)
   
5. Medical devices/robotics – da Vinci/intuitive. Also swallowable robots and cameras. Lots of health monitoring devices and OR assistants.
   
6. Robotics/control systems – Typically, you need to be core CS/EE for this. They are the ones doing most of this research. But you can create opportunities for yourself by choosing to focus on dynamic structure design or kinematics or something on that order. Look up Hod Lipson/Cornell or Red WhittakeCMU or Marc Raibert/ex CMU/MIT leg labs or Rob Wood/Harvard for inspiration. Google and Amazon have raised this field’s profile over the last couple of years. Look up compliant mechanisms/robots, autonomous vehicles, haptics, telepresence, Raytheon XOS II,... Lot’s of bullshit in the name of ‘assistive robotics’ (that no one can or will want to afford or use, and medicare won’t support).
   
7. Control systems/avionics – I worked on optimizing damage-resilient, real-time coolant distribution through nuclear subs, my ex-boss worked on guidance systems for the Pershing/Hera systems. This is a mature engineering field at the moment (not much RnD) but scope for new applications.
   
8. Thermo research – They do crazy things with combustion, not my domain.
   
9. Nonlinear dynamics – Applied theory, predicting weather(?!), galloping (hopf) systems, .. this field goes on till quantum cryptography and then some.
   
10. Aerospace vehicles – SpaceX. Etc. Vibrations theory, dynamical systems and controls. Your vibrations theory needs to be strongly coupled.
    
11. Infrastructure – Given Keystone or fracking, infrastructure is going to undergo another massive boom.
    
12. Petroleum - …
    
13. FEA – Meshing and geometry algorithms, data compression, rendering are being researched
    
14. Energy – fuel cell research, the cryptozoology equivalent in ME They’ve been at it for a while, but it seems to be a funding generation ploy.
    
15. Marine systems - …
    
16. Theoretical systems – Lots of work on rule based machine learning based design synthesis, structural optimization (back in early 2000’s it was all about simulated annealing and genetic algos, now they call it machine learning), dynamic self modeling, multi-agent systems,
    
17. MAV/Flight dynamics – Concentrated around rotorcraft/flapping wing architectures. Mostly experimental, some theoretical research going on.
    
18. ICE research – Very avoid!
    
19. Tribology - Nonlinear dynamics of rate state dependent friction generate P/S/Love/Rayleigh wave phenomena used to predict earthquakes. Studying hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearings is a trifle boring compared to that. See Ruina's work at Brown.
    

Universities on the West and East coast typically work on the new frontiers of research, while the rest work on last-century concepts. So if you go to school in AK, you will find stuff on corrosion, rotor blades, missiles, defense, aerospace machining … But if you are in MA, you will find machine learning, robotics, vision, SLAM, MEMS, materials, algorithmic synthesis, complex systems etc.
I have written this like the "Survival guide for mechanical engineers on the journey to create astonishing engineering". This is written with North-American ADHD undergrads in mind. So I tend to be didactic, and, in the spirit of times, use hyperbole to signify importance (no selfies, however. Much disappoint.). I also abuse education professionals profusely - But that's only my personal experience – all the additional work I had to put in because courses were not designed right, or because a newly hired asst professor was in charge of a particular course that they had no experience in or because the lecturer, originally from Asia, had this distracting accent and circuitous description that just beat about the bush more than I could keep track of or maybe because most of the freshman/sophomore/introductory courses, specially non-core ME courses, are generally fanned out to temp staff/lecturers that generally don't know jackshit about how things are done or don’t care. So you see, personal failing on my part. That's my excuse for the abuse. And there's catharsis involved as well. So I apologize in advance.
I have a BS/AME USC, and MS/MAE, UC system, PhD/ME (and RI+LTI+ECE) CMU. I wasn't a great student during my BS; 2.7 GPA, almost dropped out to be a professional musician. GRE 1600/6.0 happened. I joined the master’s program because I was getting a fellowship & stipend. Programming happened. YouTube happened. OCW video content happened. I worked on projects with all or some of the following labs - LLNL/SNL/LL MIT/NRLMRY/NECSI/SFI through my PhD. For your reference: MS/PhD GPA 3.6/3.8. No money, at the time of graduation. Now making some.

Hi all, hoping to get some feedback on an idea for a project.
Background:
I bought an ebike motobattery kit and installed it to my bike the other day, works well but part of the design really annoys me. As far as I can tell the “throttle” is just a simple switch (S1), with another button on the side (S2). While holding it down the motor gives full power, when not holding it down it’s just off. Kit’s not that powerful anyway so I don’t mind the lack of fine control, but holding the switch down is a pain on my road bike. For whatever reason these two buttons are connected with a Micro-USB cable, did a quick check with a multimeter and seems to be wired something like this? The main switch gets about 4.8 volts and the side button gets about 3.3, I think they share a common ground but it was a bit hard to get in there and measure for sure.
edit: switch is probably wired differently as pdp_11 suggests. Will take a better measurement when I can.
I’d like to add a pedal assist sensor so it automatically turns on when I pedal (like most ebikes can). Got a pedal assist sensor, which is just a disc with 12 magnets that rotate as I pedal past a (Hall-effect?) sensor that generates some sort of pulse as each magnet passes. It has 3 wires which I think are just +5v/signal/ground.
Project Goals:
Hard Requirements:

• Convert pulsed sensor input into steady output that will trigger the motor controller as if S1 was held down
• Not output when sensor input stays high (magnet/sensor align but pedals not moving)
• Maintain switch functionality in parallel (for now)

Firm Requirements:

• Not activate when pedaling slowly (<30rpm * 12 pulses/rev / 60sec/min = <~6hz)
  • Make this threshold adjustable somehow, at least during development?
• Produce smooth output with no dropouts from 30 to at least 120rpm (~6–24hz)

Rough pulse width estimate: ~55ms at the low end (30rpm), and ~14ms on the high end (120rpm). Could be way off (frequency too), but I’ll find a way to test it out soon.
Additional Feature:

• Add a button to duplicate S2, connected to two LEDs plus the motor controller S2 input. Red should light upon startup, then the button should switch states when pressed to/from blue. I think this can be done with a flip-flop? (S2 mainly switches between two modes, controller already has an LED but it’s hard to see since it’s mounted under the bike…)

What I Know About Electronics:
Not a whole lot. I’ve done some soldering to fix things and built a simple kit or two before, but never any sort of design/prototyping. In the process of ordering a breadboard/basic components, doing some background reading including the subreddit wiki. Hoping this can be a good learning project, not in a rush to get it to work so I’ve got time to experiment. I’d like to figure out how to do this without using a microcontroller, just for learning’s sake.
Ideas so far:
Found this guy’s video which seems to check off my hard requirements using a 555 timer chip and a handful of other components, but it doesn’t seem to have a low-cadence threshold and he mentioned some unstable output.
It seems like a monostable multivibrator would work in this application. I think the gap between input pulses at 30rpm could be as long as ~110ms, so I think I’d need to generate an output pulse that long for a start. Perhaps I can build around one of these ICs?
Would appreciate any tips/advice, Happy New Year!

How to design a Simple astable multivibrator with trigger to turn on oscillation and a control signal to turn off operation/ as emergency overide without microcontroller. Time period = 60 seconds with 50 % duty cycle.