Since after World War II, linguists, due to lack of interest in Kurdish studies, have often neglected the pre-Iranic substratum in Kurdish and focused merely on the Irano-Kurdish layer. Of the Urartian language is not much known either (about 300 words), however, a strong majority of its known words have a identical or at least close equivalent in Kurdish. Urartian though closely related to Hurrian, sound more similar to Kurdish than does Hurrian; this may depend on the fact that Hurrian was spoken at an earlier time period. Mannaean was another Hurro-Urartian-related dialect spoken south of lake Urmia.
It is also worth noting that Armenian scholars have found a few Urartian words in Armenian, which appear to be borrowings via Kurdish.
Urartian: Ale (he says) Kurdish: Ale ئەڵێ (he says)
Urartian: Shuri (sword) Kurdish: Shur شوور (sword) Armenian: Sowr
Urartian: Kuri (foot, leg) Kurdish: Qul قول (foot, leg)
Urartian: xur (deep) Kurdish: xuqul/kur خووڕ/قوول/کوور (deep),
Hurrian: agul (carve) Kurdish: 'kol-[în]' کۆڵین : (to digg), kêla: (plow)
Urartian: shini (you, plural) Kurdish: hin هین/هون (you, plural, cf. sh>h a regular sound change in Kurdish)
Urartian: apa (he/she/it) Kurdish: awa, aw/ava, av cf. Kurdish p>w and p>v ئەوە (he/she/it)
Urartian: Sale (kid) Kurdish: Zaro زارۆ (kid) Armenian: jar (he-goat)
Urartian: tali (stick) Kurdish: têla (stick, cf. Kurdish a>ê)
10) Urartian: papi/bab/babani (mountain top) Kurdish: pope پۆپە (head)/ bani بانی (mountain top)
Urartian: qal/kar (kill/slay, subjugate) Kurdish: qir قڕ (kill, slay, cf Kurdish a>i)
Hurrian: shur (war) Kurdish: sher شەڕ (war)
Urartian: bidia (turn) Kurdish: bada-n بادان (turn)
Urartian: da (give) Kurdish: da, دا (give, Iranic and other IE languages have a similar lexeme)
Urartian: xus/hush (throw) Kurdish: xis-[tin]/hawish-[tin] خستن/هاویشتن (throw, cf Kurdish u>i)
Urartian: karbe (rock, stone) Kurdish: karra کەڕا (rock, stone) Armenian: qar (rock, stone)
Urartian: quira (earth, dust) Kurdish: qur, xol قوڕ/خۆڵ (earth, dust)
Hurrian: arte (earth, soil) Kurdish: ard ئەرد/هەرد (earth, soil, cf Kurdish rt > rd)
Urartian: $erab (dry) Kurdish: chora چۆڕا (dry) Armenian: caraw (dry)
20) Urartian: eue (and) Kurdish: u ئوو (and) but see even Iranic ''ut''
Urartian: tur ( to leave) Kurdish: tor-[an], تۆران to leave
Urartian: ul (to go) Kurdish: lu-wan لوان (to go)
Urartian: ulhu (order) Kurdish: ol ئۆل (religion)
Urartian: bura (slave, servant) Kurdish: bora بۆرە (commoner, low-class)
Urartian: xarxar (destroy) Kurdish: xirxal خرخاڵ (destroyed)
Urartian: ale (but) Kurdish: lê لێ (but)
Urartian: duli (grape) Kurdish: trê, tirî ترێ (grape, cf. l>r and u>i) Armenian: toli (grape)
Urartian: kapi (capacity measure) Kurdish: kap/qap کاپ/قاپ (capacity measure)
Urartian: nah (to bring) Kurdish: hên-an/han-în هانین/هێنان (to bring)
30) Urartian: pare (toward) Kurdish: pîr پیر (toward),
Urartian: pile (water canal) Kurdish: pil-û-sk پلووسک (rain canal)
Urartian: tan (lay down) Kurdish: dan-[an] دانان (lay down)
Hurrian: id- (hit, strike) Kurdish: -d- (hit strike); ([lê] d-[an])
Urartian: teq- (to thump, to break) Kurdish: teq-[în] تەقین (to thump, to break)
Urartian: uzgi (power, strength) Kurdish: wuze وزە (power, strength, cf. Kurdish u- > w-)
Urartian: mari (lord, horseman) Kurdish: mir میر (lord, compare also with the Semitic ''Amir'')
Urartian: shu/shia (to go) Kurdish: chu, چوو (to go, cf. also Iranic ''shiyaw'')
Urartian: euri (lord) Kurdish: hêwir هێور (brave)
Urartian: xarari (calm) Kurdish: oqre ئۆقرە (calm), Armenian:
40) Urartian: zar (orchard) Kurdish: zar زار (orchard) Armenian: car (tree)
Urartian: ur (to place down) Kurdish: wer-[in], وەرین (to place down, cf. Kurdish u-> w- )
Urartian: wal, (to win) Kurdish: wêr-an وێران (to dare)
Urartian: zelbi (descendant) Kurdish: zol زۆڵ (bastard)
Urartian: zeld, (to shatter the enemies) Kurdish: zal زاڵ (to shatter the enemies)
Urartian: qarqar (throat) Kurdish: qurg قورگ (throat, compare also with the Irano-Kurdish garû, and Persian galu, there is also another word in Kurdish: qurquroska)
Hurrian: kut/kud (to make fall, to kill) Urartian: qot (piece) Kurdish: kut کوت (piece), kut-a کوتان (to smash), kud (to kill)
Urartian: xubi (valley) Kurdish: qopi قۆپی (valley, vale, plain)
Urartian: xare (to march, to raid) Kurdish: xar غار (to march, to raid)
Hurrian: Hiuri (smoke) Kurdish: Hulm هوڵم (steam)
50) Urartian: $ue (river, lake) Kurdish: chom/gom چۆم/گۆم (rive lake) Armenian: cov (lake)
Hurrian: tiv (word) Urartian: tiw (to speak) Kurdish: diw-an دوان (to speak)
Urartian: abeli/aweli (attach, increase) Kurdish: awale/awela ئاواڵە/ئاوەڵا (open)
Urartian: an, (no) Kurdish: na, نا (no; there is also a similar equivalent in Iranic)
Urartian: ari-beri Kurdish: birin برن (to carry, there is also a similar equivalent in Iranic)
Urartian: ewani/ebani (land) Kurdish: -wan وان (suffix used after place-names)
Urartian: kulune (side) Kurdish: qulin-chk قولینچک/ qurne قوڕنە (side, corner) Armenian: koln
Urartian: man (to stay) Kurdish: man مان (to stay), (resembles even Iranic, cf. New Persian ''mandan'')
Urartian: mana
Urartian: me (prohibitive particle) Kurdish: me مە (prohibitive particle)
60) Urartian: pahi (cattle) Hurrian: pedari (cattle) Kassite: badar (bull, cattle) Kurdish: patal پاتاڵ (cattle) Armenian: paxre
Urartian: par, to take off Kurdish: pirr [-dan] پڕ (to take off, cf. Kurdish a>i)
Urartian: kamn (old, earlier) Kurdish: kavn/kawn کەڤن/کەون (old, cf. m>v but also Iranic ''kohan'' which has led to Kurdish ''kon'')
Urartian: pe? (under) Kurdish: pe? پێ (under, foot, cf. even Iranic pey)
Urartian: shid (build) Kurdish: chê-[kirin], چێ (build cf, kurdish d>nil)
Hurrian: awari Kurdish: awari ئەواری (land, country, field, cf. kurdawari, کوردەواری / warê me وارێ مە) (Armenian agarak has been suggested as an Armenian loan from 'awari'. Kurdish has even 'garak' with the same meaning). Urartian: ur (territory)
Urartian: qapqari Kurdish: gamaro (p>w>m cf Kurdish ziman
Urartian: sher (hide) Kurdish: sheshar شێر/وەشارتن (hide)
Urartian: quldi (uninhabited) Kurdish: kawil (کاول) (annihilate,destruction)
Urartian: ar- (give) Kurdish: ar- (give, dialectal as in Slêmanî, for example: ''bi-ar-ê'': بیەرێ ''give him'')
70) Urartian: ture (destroy) Kurdish: ture تووڕە (angry)
Urartian: aba (desire) Kurdish: awat ئاوات (desire), aw-in ئەوین (to love)
Urartian: ada (again) Kurdish: idi ئیدی (another, anymore)
Urartian: shal-i (year) Kurdish: sal ساڵ (year, but Iranian ''sard'', New Persian has also ''sal'') Armenian: tari
Urartian: šeh-i/eri/e, living Kurdish: zhiyar ژیار (living)
Urartian: arnu-ia (come to the aid of) Kurdish: hana هانا (come to the aid of, cf Kurdish a- >ha- )
Urartian: lak- (to destroy) Kurdish: Rûx-[an] رووخان (to destroy)
Urartian: 'are (granary) Kurdish: harr هاڕ (granary, cf Kurdish ha-<-a, notice 'zimharr' زمهاڕ, meaning 'winter granary')
Urartian: ieshti (here) Kurdish: hêsthte هێشتە (now)
Urartian: meshe (part, tribute, share) Kurdish: mûche مووچە (part, tribute, share)
80) Urartian: pi$ushe (joy) Kurdish: pishû پشوو (holyday, vacation)
Hurrian: sheshe (six) Kurdish: shesh شەش (six, but it is the same even in Iranic)
Urartian: izidu (admonish, command) Kurdish: ezidi ئێزیدی (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
urartian: yarani (kind of cultic building, altar) Kurdish: yari یاری (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
Urartian: aleu (dignity) Kurdish: alewi ئالەوی (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
Urartian and Hurrian: /-i/, /-iye/ (his, her, its) Kurdish: /-i/, /-y/ ی (his, her, its)
Hurrian: /-v/ (your) Kurdish: /-w/ و (your)
Urartian: ushanu (award, bestow, feel affection for ) Kurdish: wuchan وچان (rest, reprieve)
Urartian: napahia (submission, bondage, domestication) Kurdish: nawi نەوی (low, a low level, position or degree), (p>w)
Urartian: tur (defeat, destroy) Kurdish: dor- دۆڕ (defeat)
90) Urartian: sal-zi (steep, abrupt) Kurdish: sila سڵا (height)
Urartian: sil-e (woman, doughter) Kurdish: selar سەلار (mistress of the house, beautiful woman) (note ''Selardi'', a lunar goddess of Urartu)
Urartian: lutu (woman) Kurdish: lute لووتە (quoquettish woman)
Urartian: uldie (vineyard) Kurdish: lote لۆتە (grapes hanged in order to be sun dried in a vineyard)
Urartian: nikidu (water) Kurdish: niqdo/niqût نقووت/نقدۆ (water infiltration, water dropping, water penetration), (plus some other cognates of the word)
Urartian: kan/kain (in front of) Kurdish: kin کن (in front of, near) (but cf. also Iranic ''kenar'')
Urartian: haš-ia: (be interested in) Kurdish: haz حەز (be interested in, love, like)
Urartian: d-u-: (do, cause to do) Kurdish: da/di: ده/د (do, cause to do, used as a preffix for verbs)
Urartian: shalur (medlar) Kurdish: shalor شەلۆر (nectarine) Armenian: salor (plum) (clearly borrowed via Kurdish)
Urartian: mure (house) Kurdish: mal ماڵ (house)
100) Urartian: urishi (weapon) Kurdish: hereshe هەڕەشە (threat), /(there is also ''huruzhim'': هوروژم attack)
Hurrian: shini (two) Kurdish: shingil شنگڵ (twin, twin fruit)
Urartian: egur-hu (free) Kurdish: xorayi خۆرایی (free)
Urartian: bad-gul (surround) Kurdish: bawe-xulê باوەخولێ (turn around, also a kids game)
Urartian: aish-ti (leap, jump) Kurdish: hej-an هەژان (quake)
Urartian: ibirani (whole, complete, full) Kurdish: pirani پڕانی (majority)
Hurrian: hinzur (apple? pear?) Kurdish: hencor هەنجۆر (unripe melon)
Urartian: kut-u (reach) Kurdish: (geh<*ged) گەهشتن/گەیشتن (reach)
Urartian: ai/ay: (look, take care) Kurdish: aw-ir ئاوڕ (look)
Urartian: di/erasia (fear) Kurdish: tirs ترس (fear, but cf. also Iranic ''tars'')
110) Urartian: Ti/er-usi, measure for liquid Kurdish: Telîs?تەلیس measure of unit
Hurrian: ben Kassite: ban Kurdish: minal مناڵ (child)
Kassite: nadz (shade) Kurdish: nisê نسێ (shade)
Kassite: ulam (son, child) Urartian: alaue (man) Kurdish: law لاو (young boy)
Hurrian: çugi Kassite: tsugi Kurdish: chuk چووک (small)
Hurrian: ewri (dog) Kurdish wer-în وەرین (barking of dog)
Hurrian: shiye (watery) Kurdish: she شە (moisture)
Urartian: zainua (high) Kurdish: zinar زنار (high cliff, high boulder)
Hurrian: shalmi (ashes, to burn) Kurdish zhilemo ژیلەمۆ (burning ashes)
Urartian: amash (burnt) Kurdish mêsh مێش (burnt ashes) (cf. ê
120) Hurrian: puhi (nose) Kurdish: (kepû) کەپۆ (nose)
Urartian: shepuiaru (spoil) Kurdish: sheprêwشپڕێو (disorderly)
Urartian: mesh- (distribute, share) Kurdish: wesh-[an] وەشان (distribute, share)
Urartian: teribi (monument) Kurdish: tirb ترب (monument, grave) (not be confused with Arabic 'turbat': soil)
Hurrian: fur-i (viw) Urartian: wur-i (view) Kurdish: wuria وریا (viewer, careful), awur ئاووڕ (sight), (even the Kurdish verb ''ruwan''-[in] (view) is likely connected to the Urartian ''wur'', rarther than being a metathesis for Iranic ''negar'')
Hurrian: halv- (enclose) Kurdish: hal- هاڵ (enclose)
Urartian: kul-me (wealth, prosperity) Kurdish: kel-k کەڵک (profitable, usefulness)
Hurrian: pâl (false) Kurdish: fêl فێڵ (fraud)
Hurrian: tapsh- (destroy) Kurdish: tawjm تەوژم (pressure), tapi (destroy)
Hurrian: apxe (louse) Kurdish: aspe ئەسپێ (louse)
130) Hurrian: kapp- (fill) Kurdish: kipp کپ (filled)
Hurrian: azhoge (meal) Kurdish: azhge/zig (stomach)
Hurrian: kul- (to speak) Kurdish: qul- قوول (to speak aloud)
Hurrian: timeri (black) Kurdish: tem تەم (darkness)
Urartian: tara-gie (powerful, strong) Kurdish: daraqat دەرەقەت (to be powerful, to be strong)
Urartian: tam-hu (eliminate separate) Kurdish: toq-[andin]
Urartian: shi-u (carry away) Kurdish: shi-[andin] (send)
Urartian: anda-ni (right) Kurdish: and ئاند (right)
Urartian: irb-u (take away grab) Kurdish: rev-[andin]/rif-[andin] (take away, grab) (but cf. also Iranian 'robudan', take away, grab)
Urartian: pit- (beat apart, destroy) Kurdish: pis-/pichr- (beat apart, destroy)
140) Urartian: tishni (heart) Kurdish: dine دنە (encourage) (cf. t > d & sh > nil)
Urartian: ti-ni (name) Kurdish: deng دەنگ (voice)
Urartian: bauše (word) Kurdish: wuše وشە (word)
Urartian: durba (revolt, rebel) Kurdish: tola (revenge)
Urartian: hut-ia (to ask) Kurdish: qut-abî (student)
Hurrian: fir (remove, untie) Kurdish: fir, firê (throw)
Hurrian: halme (singing) Kurdish: hore هۆرە (singing)
Hurrian: havur (heaven) Kurdish: hawr (cloud), (note also Indo-Iranic abra)
Urartian: agu (lead away) (of IE origin?) Kurdish: ajo-[tin] ئاژۆتن (lead away, drive)
Hurrian: asti (woman) Kurdish: astê (name of a beloved woman in Kurdish folklore)
150) Hurrian: tav/(-b) (to cast metal) Kurdish: taw (thaw, melt)
Hurrian: ai (if) Kurdish: ai (if)
Hurrian: alilan (lament) Kurdish: lalan (lament)
Hurrian: çabalgi (fault) Kurdish: çapal چەپەڵ (dirty)
Hurrian: xiyari (all) Kurdish: xir (all)
Hurrian: çere (donkey) Kurdish: ker (donkey)
Hurrian: çik- (break) Kurdish: shik- (break)
Hurrian: xîri (hour, time, moment) Kurdish: xêra خێرا (soon, hurry)
Hurrian: xizli (coiled) Kurdish: cexiz جەخز(coiled)
Hurrian: xub- (to break, to destroy) Kurdish: qup- (to break, to destroy)
160) Hurrian: istani (between, among) Kurdish: astang ئاستەنگ (obstacle)
Hurrian: izikun- (to wail) Kurdish: zikan- (to wail)
Hurrian: kakari (sort of ritual bread) Kurdish: kullêre, kellane (sort of ritual bread)
Hurrian: magunni (desire) Kurdish: magirani (desire)
Hurrian: shakari or sagari (sprout, bud) Kurdish: chakara چەکەرە (sprout, bud)
Hurrian: arushal (hurry) Kurdish: halasha هەڵەشە (stressful)
Hurrian: heni (now) Kurdish: henu-ke, niha, neha (now)
Hurrian: parili (crime) Kurdish: palamar پەلامار (attack)
Hurrian: adi (thus) Kurdish: dai (thus)
Hurrian: ak-i/u (other) Kurdish: -ka (other)
170) Hurrian: we (thou) Kurdish: ê-we (you)
Hurrian: buru (strong) Kurdish: wure ورە (strength)
Hurrian: çam (rip) Kurdish çam (bend)
Hurrian: zurgi (blood) Kurdish: zûx (blood), (compare, xwênaw=zûxaw)
Hurrian: xahli (cheek) Kurdish: kulm (cheek)
Hurrian: halwu (fence made with stones) Kurdish: hêl هێڵ (fence)
Hurrian: xawirni (lamb) Kurdish kawir کاوڕ (young sheep)
Hurrian: xamaz- (oppress) Kurdish chaws- (oppress)
Hurrian: hendz (constrain) Kurdish: hêndj (constrain)
Hurrian: xerari (sinew) Kurdish: kiroje (sinew)
180) Hurrian: xeshmi (bright) Kurdish: gesh (bright)
Hurrian: kalgi (weak) Kurdish qals/qirj (weak)
Hurrian: nali (deer) Kurdish: nêrî (male adult goat)
Hurrian: nawn- (pasture) Kurdish: naw- (pasture)
Hurrian: ul- (to, eat, to devour) Kurdish: lawar( la-war-) (to devour)
Hurrian: ubi (stupid, insane) Kurdish: hapa (stupid, insane)
Hurrian: ashxu (high) Kurdish: shax (mountain), also 'asê' means: uppward, high.
Hurrian: kaziari (high mountains of the Mesopotamian valley) Kurdish: kazh (high mountain)
Hurrian: kewiranna (the senate, the old men) Kurdish: gewran (the big ones, the adult ones)
Hurrian: kuzh- (to keep, to retain) Kurdish: kush- (to hold in hands, to press in hands), alt: Kurdish qoz- (to catch)
190) Hurrian: nekri (
Hurrian: shalhi (to listen) Kurdish: shil (listen)
Hurrian: siba (dry) Kurdish: zuwa زوا (dry)
Urartian: dibi (building, room) Kurdish: diw دیو (room)
Hurrian: shu (day) Kurdish: shawa-ki (morning, day)
Hurrian: shirat (narrate) Kurdish: shirove (narrate)
Hurrian: tishan (very much) Kurdish: tizha تژە (full)
Urartian: sutug (tear away, unjoin) Kurdish: shetek (knot)
Urartian: gey (anything) Kurdish gi گ (anything)
Hurrian: baz (enter) Kurdish: baz (pass by)
200) Hurrian: xeban-: (to set moving) Kurdish: xebi- خەبتین (to be active)
Hurrian: hamadz-: (to oppress) Kurdish: chaws- (to oppress)
Hurrian: haz- (to hear) Kurdish: bihiz-: (to hear)
Hurrian: xaz (to oil) Kurdish: xiz (oily, slippery)
Hurrian: pas- (to send somebody) Kurdish: pas- (to send, as in 'hal pasardin': 'to send into exile')
Hurrian: shagari (ram) Kurdish: shak (young sheep)
Hurrian: pal (know, understand) Kurdish: fêr (learn)
Urartian: -kai (position, in place) Kurdish: -ka (location suffix)
Urartian: muš- (true, fair) Kurdish: mušur موشوور (fairness)
Hurrian: abi (in front of) Kurdish: ba (in front of, near)
210) Hurrian: shimi (sun) Kurdish: shem (sun) (focilized in shemshemekwere, ''blind for the sun'': ''bat''.
Urartian: derzu/derju (order, arrangement) Kurdish: darêj- (order, arrangement)
Urartian: tep- (throw down) Kurdish: tep- (throw down)
Urartian: atqan: (to consecrate) Kurdish: tarxân (to consecrate)
Urartian: shuki (as) Kurdish: waki < hoki
Hurrian: hur (drink) Urartian: xurishe (irrigator) Kurdish: qurishke قوریشکە (cup)
Urartian: ulx (flow out) Kurdish: bilqبڵق (b
Urartian: alga-ni (mountain) Kurdish: Lêj لێژ (abrupt, steep)
Urartian: auiei (somewher) Kurdish: awê ئەوێ (there)
Urartian: puluse (inscription, stele) Kurdish: psule (voucher, receipt)
220) Urartian: niribe (herd) Kurdish: ran (herd)
Urartian: iese/ieshe? (I, pronoun) Kurdish: ez ئەز (I, resembles also the old Iranian 'azm', but which one is 'az' actually derives of? Armenians claim Armenian 'yes' (I) is derived of Ur. 'iese
Urartian: armuzi (family, clan, generation) Kurdish: hoz هۆز (clan) + rama (seed, from to-rama)
Hurrian: hemz (surround) Kurdish: amêz, hembêz ئامیز (hug)
Urartian: zani (cry out) Kurdish: zhan, jan, ژان (agony)
Hurrian: karshi (lips) Kurdish: kalpa کەڵپە (animal lips)
Hurrian: wirwir (loosen) Kurdish: wilwil ولوڵ (loosen)
Kassite: ash (earth, soil) Hurrian: esh (earth, soil) Kurdish: ax ئاخ (earth, soil)
Urartian: qarmexî (gift, present, sacrifice, celebration) Kurdish: qelin قەلین (gift, dowry)
Urartian: -atuhi (-ness) Kurdish: -ati (-ness)
230) Urartian: aman- (vessel, pot) Kurdish: aman- ئامان (vessel, pot)
God of lightning and storm Hurrian: Teshup Urartian: Tesheba Kassite: Tishpak Kurdish: Tishk تیشک (light, radiance)
Hurrian: shu (hand) Kurdish: shop (hand palm)
Hurrian: chilman- (to break, vanish) Kurdish: chilmis- (fade)
Urartian: shur (wall around a castle, fence, borders of the kingdom) Kurdish: shure (wall around a castle, fence)
Hurrian: xalwu (fence made with stones) Kurdish: xal خەڵ (fence made with stones)
Hurrian: ya/ye (who, which, what) Kurdish: ya/ye (who, which, what)
Hurrian: tun- (to win) Kurdish: tuna توونا (defeated, destroyed)
Hurrian: taridi (pot) Kurdish: tirar (pot)
Hurrian: kol (let off) Kurdish: kol (let off) (as in ''le kol bunewe'')
240) Hurrian:shir (to be suffiecent) Kurdish: têr (to be suffiecent)
Hurrian: ha (take) Kurdish: ha
Hurrian: tijari (spindle) Kurdish: teshi (spindle)
Hurrian: ábri (stock of wood-logs) Kurdish: awirdu (stock of wood-logs), awirig (oven)
Hurrian: baq- (destroy) Kurdish: baq- بەقین (explode)
Hurrian: bashi (mouth)Armenianlake Urmia Kurdish: bêj (to say), (common a>ê)
Hurrian: pashixi (message) Kurdish: pazhux (answer)
Hurrian: tad- (love) Kurdish: dalal (beloved) (common d>l)
Hurrian: tagi (beatiful) Urartian: taugi (clean) Kurdish: daq دەق (cheerful)
Hurrian: hild-/held- (high, raise, elevate) Kurdish: hild-/held- هەڵدان/هڵدان (rasie, elevate)
250) Hurrian: kabli (copper) Kurdish: paqir پاقڕ (copper)
Kassite: kukla (slave) Kurdish: kukla (doll), kukm (homeless)
Hurrian: kumdi (tower) Kurdish: kumadj کۆماج (column)
Hurrian: kubakhi (hood) Kurdish: kumik (hood)
Urartian: korde (uncultivated, desolate) Kurdish: kode (uncultivated, desolate)
Hurrian: kundzi (to kneel) Kurdish: kudik (knee)
Hurrian: Xiríti (trench) Kurdish: Xir (trench)
Thanks for anyone who can give me some advice! This is my 3rd season playing PoE and I'm having a great time. I finally feel like I'm learning how to dig deeper into builds and push my character farther than before. However, I've noticed that when I compare by Path of Building character to the ones in the guides I follow, my damage stats are wayyyy behind despite having what I think is pretty great gear. I noticed yesterday evening that I had made a major talent mistake (I kept precise technique after swapping to crit stuff) that helped a bit, but things seem to still be quite off. I feel like I'm making another one or two small but impactful oversights that I just can't seem to spot.
If anyone has some experience with the build and had a couple spare minutes to look over what I'm working with to offer some advice, I'd be supremely grateful!
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
Lepontic is either a kind of Celtic or very similar to it. Some Lepontic coins have segeθu next to a picture of an owl, others with a stag. This matches OIr seth ‘stag / hawk’ < *segWheti- ‘hunting’, used of hunting animals or animals hunted. Since Celtic *segWhetiyo-s >> G. Hegoúsiai ‘Celtic hunting dogs’, late L. segusius / segutius / etc. ‘hunting dog’, *segwesios > It. segugio, *sebwesios > Sp. sabueso / sabejo, a loan from Celtic or Lepontic seems likely. The Lep. name Segezos is certainly related. This means that *ty could become sounds represented by θ or z in Lep. That these were real sound differences, not just spelling, is shown by other words with various outcomes of *ty, such as y ( pruiam = bruyam ). Below, the same clusters seem to have dialect differences, with the strong possibility that z thus was something like tθ / dð / dz (see zvośoris below for (some?) z being voiced). Similar outcomes in Greek *biwotyo-s > Messapic Blatthes, Cretan Bíaththos, P Blattius Creticus; many IE changed palatals > interdentals (OP and Alb. *k^ > *t^ > th ).
These sometimes merge with *-st- which often became *-ts- > -s- in other Celtic. That some *-st- were voiced as *-dz- seems needed for *trisres ‘3 fem.’ > Ga. tiđres. The Ga. spellings ds / ðð / ð seem likely to represent dz (or else ts would be used). Knowing if all these always had the same value, if many were tθ or the range tθ / dð / dz, etc., is hard to tell. Thus, the Lep. name Pazros < *paH2stor- ‘feeder / provider / protector / shepherd’, Uvamokozis < *upmHo-ghosti-s ‘greatest host/lord’ might have been pronouned in several ways. That -zr- existed might show -tθr- (since many IE avoid tsr / dzr ).
A voiced or interdental value for z is required because Lep. ś seems to be used for ts . Many of the words with -ś- are of unknown ety., but in one inscr. there is uinom naśom ‘Naxian wine’ (from Naxos, a place famous for wine). It is likely that *-ksy- could become č, ć or ts, but not that it would also become interdental. This value likely = ts because of other words with -ś (since -ts in IE could come from other sources than palatals ) :
Inscription of Prestino
uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu
Lord Uvamokozis gave (this) standing stone to the U’s and A’s
It is certain that siteś < *seH1dos / *seH1des- ‘(thing) sitting / seat / mound / stone’ (OIr síde ), since weak -es- could provide -e- in the nom. (though Lep. *-o(C) > -e(C) is possible, see below) so why does it end in -ś not -s ? IE neu. nouns in -os- often have -t- not -s- in weak cases, or alternate :
*widwo:s, *widwot- ‘having seen / knowing / wise / witness’ > G. eidṓs, eidót-, Go. weitwōds
*leukos- > Skt. rócas-, *leukot- > Go. liuhaþ, OE léoht ‘light’
The simplest explanation for this is that *-t- is older. Words like *leukot- formed nom/acc with *-d, creating *leukot-t > *leukost (with *-st > -s in most IE). Preservation of -ts in Lep. would be important in proving this. Also in the aor. with 3sg *-s-t > -s in Skt., etc., but *opes-a:-st > *-ts / *-ks > SPc opsút / opsúq ‘he did/made’ ( st / ts as in Celtic, ts / ks as in G., like *órnīth-s > órnīs ‘bird’, Dor. órnīx ). That both these *-ts are in Italy and the region would show a preservation in one area.
Since *naksyom > naśom shows that a palatalized C could become ś, it is best to examine other words with possible palatal origin in mind. Other words with ś / s clearly come from PIE *k^, but have not been seen because most think Lep. was exactly like other Celtic. Italic shows languages with satem features also (Whalen, 2024a, b). In the name Esopnos, older *Esponos cognate with Ga. Epona < *H1ek^won- ‘(of) a horse’ is the only option. This *k^w > *c^v > *(t)sp would resemble Ven. :
Ven. ekupeta-, L. eques, gen. equitis ‘horseman / rider / horse-soldier’ < *H1ek^wet-s
This happened in other IE for *kw (see *wlkWo- ‘wolf’ >> Paeonian Lúkpeios), so it might show there was intermediate *kp in G. changes of Kw > kWkW / pp (*H1ek^wos > L. equus, G. híppos, Ion. íkkos ‘horse’; *pel(e)k^w- > G. pélekkon ‘ax-handle’). That similar changes might exist in Ven., but not other Italic again shows areal features.
If I’m right, *g^(h) > *d^ > *z^ / *dz or similar would be needed. Thus, zvośoris on a stout bottle must be < *g^hewd-tri-s ‘vessel for pouring’, related to L. fundere, Go. giutan ‘pour’ (without -t-; G. khútrā ‘earthen pot’, L. fūtile ‘water-vessel used for sacrifices’, Faliscan huticulom ‘water-vessel/pitcher’). Making an assumption that no Lep. word could start with z- has led to this not even being seen as one word (Mees, though zvośoris as one word in
https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/wiki/CO%C2%B762_Casate ), which can only lead to folly. This would show dialect differences of *tt > *st / *ts ( > *tθ ) as above. The Celtic *eu > ou would allow :
*g^hewd-tri-s
*zovttris
*zovtsris
*zovtsoris
*zvotsoris
Other names like Aśmina must be from *H2ak^men- ‘stone’. There is no other IE word that could give this, and ignoring the obvious ety. for such names should be avoided. Assuming you know all the sound changes before all words are etymologized is not in keeping with the principles of historical linguistics. Since so many names seem very grand-sounding, Lep. Iśos < *H2ik^o-, Skt. īśá- ‘owning/possessing / lord’ seems likely.
Lepontic Inscriptions
Ornavasso vase
latumarui sapsutai-pe uinom naśom
-pe, L. -que < *kWe
Sapsuta would be an odd name. Only one IE word fits, *sa(H2)pos- > L. sapor ‘taste’. Since it seems unlikely a vase of tasty Naxian wine would coincidentally be given to a woman named ‘tasty’ this might be a word for ‘taste tester’. Alternatively, if the range in :
L. sapīre ‘have flavor / taste like / know’, sapiēns ‘wise / knowing / sensible’, OSax. sebbian ‘notice’
meant that ‘know / recognize / be familiar with / accustomed to’ was old, this could be the word for ‘wife’ (compare *(H)uk- > uxor ). If so, *sapos ‘familiarity’ >> *sapseH1- ‘be familiar with’ with past partiple *sapsuto- (based on *-w- in perfect, as in Latin ).
“Naxian wine for Latumaros and (his) wife”
Inscription of Oderzo stone, unearthed in 1960’s
pazros : pompeteχuaios / kaialoiso
name pazros = Padzros or Patθros < *paH2stor- ‘feeder / provider / protector / shepherd’
patronym pompeteχuaios = Pompetegnaios ‘son of Pompetegnos (5th’
reading u for n (or else no IE ety.)
Pompetegnos (5th born)
*pompetos ‘5th’ << *pompe < *pe(H1)nkWe ‘5’
*-gnos << *g^enH- ‘bear / be born’
family? kaialoiso = Kaialoiso, gen
*-osyo > -oiso
maybe < *kaH2w-ye- ‘burn’, if other *-w- > 0 are true
Some analysis based on Mees.
Vergiate funeral stone
pelkui pruiam teu karite iśos kalite palam
*Belgui bruyam deu karite itsos kalite balam
God caused the death of Belgos; Itsos raised his grave
Simple poem, alliteration of b-; would have 2 lines of 7 syl. if karite itsos pronounced karite’tsos (or e-i > ei )
Belgui, dat. of Belgos (Celtic people Belgius, war-leader Bólgios, etc.)
teu = deu ‘god’
*dyeu-s, G. Zeús (*dy- > d- like Lus. dat. Reve < *dyew-ei )
lack of -s in nom. likely from *dyeu-paH2ter having only 2nd part inflected in Lep.).
karite ‘he did/made/caused’ < *kareto
Ga. karnitou, Skt. kar-, etc.
kalite ‘he raised’ < *kaleto
L. -cellere ‘rise’, Skt. kal- ‘drive’, Li. kelti ‘raise (up)’
palam = balam, acc. ‘stone / cairn / grave’ (clear due to substrate pala \ balú in Romance in area)
*gWrHi- > Alb. gur ‘stone’, Skt. girí- ‘mtn.’
i-stems with acc. *-im > *-yam (from C-stem *-am < *-m; many i- and C- mixed in Italic), also in NPc *i-m > *yam+swe > *yamsve > *eazve > eab ‘him(self)’ (Whalen, 2024b)
*ry > *r^ > *l^ > l (few languages had r^, many changed > l^ (like Scythian, Os. ))
pruiam = bruyam, acc. ‘death’
L. morti- < *mrti-
i-stems with acc. *-im > *-yam
*ty > *tθy > *θy > *hy > y (or similar path, dialect?)
mr- > br- in most IE ( L., G. )
Celtic had many outcomes of syllabic *r
Celtiberian *kom-sklto- > kon-skilitom shows Vr vs. rV in most Celtic due to older *ër > *ërë (like Iran.)
*r > ru / ur as in Ven. (*mrtwo- > Ven. dat. murtuvoi, L. mortuus ‘dead’; likely Ph. dat. mrotiē ‘dead?’)
This same -ur- vs. normal -ir- exists in Celtiberian: *maH2tr-bhos > matrubos ‘to the mothers (a group of goddesses)’
Celtic words like *kWrtu- > OIr cruth ‘form’, W. pryd, do not require older *ri that is rounded later, but *ër > *ërë > *ïrï with *ï that could become either u or i, usually u near P / W
Inscription of Prestino
uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu
Lord Uvamokozis gave (this) standing stone to the U’s and A’s
siteś, neu. acc. < *seH1dots / *seH1det- ‘(thing) sitting / seat / mound / stone’ (OIr síde )
tetu = dedu: ‘he gave’, aor. < *de-doH3-t
Uvamokozis < *upmHo-ghosti-s ‘greatest host/lord’
Uvamo- < *upmHo- ‘highest / greatest’; unlike most Celtic *p- > *f-, > p- in Lep. (too many words with p- to all be from *kW-, ety. from PIE *p- often clear), so only *-p- > *-f-; likely at the edge of this change
plialeθu
probably a family name or title
https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/wiki/CO%C2%B748 suggests L. names Pliamnus & Plīnius. Since these came from the area (Mees), this seems likely.
*plH1u- ‘many’ >> *plH1yos- ‘more / great(er)’ > *pliyos- or? weak *plH1w- > *pliw- with loss of *-w- ?
If a compound, *aletyo:n ‘master’, related to Br. aotrou ‘master’ < *al(e)tlon- << *H2al- ‘high / raise/nourish’
Maybe dissim. of *l-l > *l-r in Br., *l-y in Lep.
Instead of *-t- vs. *-ty-, maybe *u > *ü also caused pal. ?
-opos = -obos < *-o-bh(y)os, dat. pl.
-epos = -ebos < *-e-bh(y)os (analogy in C-stems)
https://www.academia.edu/116491699 -This is a copy paste from another sub for archiving purposes on this new sub, if you haven’t seen it before enjoy- All over the internet I see different variations of “debunks” to uni+ and low-multi Bleach but none of them ever actually work in the context of the series for many reasons. From people claiming “The realms are just planets” to wild takes like “there are no city+ feats in Bleach” (no, actually)
I want to address a lot of the common debunk metas and explain why they aren’t reliable for scaling the cosmology and characters
My scale of the verse has more details and scans/sources if you want to learn more
—Section 1: Establishing the cosmology— ”The realms are planets” Planetary Bleach is an extremely common downplay meta which operates on the idea that the planets that house the plot are alone in the dimensions but this doesn’t work for multiple reasons
1: Astrology exists in TWOTL (parallel in size to the Soul Society), meaning constellations and the study of stars exist in that dimension
2: Astronauts exist, confirming that humans have left the atmosphere of Earth just like in our reality
3: Mars exists and a “Distant galaxy” is mentioned by Kon
4: Natural stars are visible in the sky of TWOTL and Soul Society
5: Stars cannot exist without the presence of galaxies
6: “Uchu” appears in both novels and the manga, establishing that the universe as a concept exists in TWOTL and Soul Society
7: The cosmology is based on Buddhist myth, where separate
universes exist for the living and dead
8: Real world locations, brands, and even celebrities exist in TWOTL proving it is a facsimile of our reality which would include size
9: Muken exists in Soul Society which is infinite in size (we will come back to this)
10: “Wakusei”, the Japanese word for “Planet”, has never been used to describe the dimensions, even out of context
Sources:
Astral bodies,
Universes,
Infinite dimensions,
parallel realms,
Real World,
stars in galaxies ”People call the realms Sekai, Sekai means world, world means planetary” This one confuses me because it doesn’t track in English OR Japanese so idek how this misconception started
“World” in English can mean anything as small as someone or something you care about (e.g; “He/She is my world”) to something as large as “everything that exists everywhere” so that doesn’t disprove universal+ Bleach
In Japanese, which is the origin language of Bleach, “Sekai” can mean either “World” (in a planetary context), “Society”, or “Universe” depending on the context. We have already established that more exists in the realms than just the planets the plot takes place on so that leaves “Universe” as the only definition to make sense when referring to the dimensions themselves which actually supports universal+ Bleach
Damningly, the japanese word for planet “Wakusei” is never used in reference to the realms themselves, which corroborates the CFYOW line “if the soul society and world of the living could be likened to planets…”
Sources:
Definitions ”Muken isn’t infinite, it is almost infinite” This one is brought up often and is based entirely on either…
1: A fanslation saying it is “almost infinite” even though the Kanji for “almost” (略) or any of its variants are absent from the raws
2: The 13 blades databook saying Muken deludes you into thinking it is infinite, a book with no involvement from Tite that is known for its errors (it also has hellverse content and refers to hell as a multiverse, so insisting on taking canon content from it opens a can of worms that puts Vasto Lorde Ichigo at Multiversal)
Meanwhile a (Tite involved) Databook as well as Author POV from CFYOW (canon novel) refer to the Muken as infinite and even more damningly the new anime adaptation (supervised by Tite) uses the translation referring to it as infinite as well
But since I wanted to go ahead and put this one to bed (and because I am petty as fuck) I decided to hire a translator to look at the panel in question and their interpretation was unsurprising (linked in “translations” below). And as one final nail in this I asked a community member (who is an unbiased 3rd party who doesn’t scale Bleach) who does translations to look at it (also below)
Sources:
Translations,
Tite involvement How would souls disappearing from Earth cause an imbalance that would destroy a universe? I’m always surprised to see how many people treat this as some sort of slam dunk against uni Bleach scaling when it is entirely based around “that seems unlikely” but people still treat it as irrefutable evidence that the realms are planets against all other proof of their being more to the realms
We are never once in the series told the mechanics of how this works, just that it does, so we don’t actually know how this affects the dimensions and causes a collapse. Saying “it doesn’t make sense” when we aren’t given anything to make sense of is redundant and doesn’t hold weight in scaling the size of the realms (Not to mention pure Personal Incredulity fallacy)
Toshiro says “Hoshi” (Meaning celestial body) to refer to the world of the living and Soul Society Saw this used in a controversial debunk on this sub (you know who you are), and while in a vacuum this sounds pretty concrete the moment you put it in context it immediately falls apart;
1: The world of the living (Dimension), The World of the Living (Planet), Soul Society (Dimension), Soul Society (Planet), and Soul Society (Place) are all different things. It can vary based on context and can mean just the individual planets or the realms as a whole with all stars and other astral bodies
2: The context of the statement itself is that a “tunnel” has become visible directly over the Seireitei and Karakura Town, which would be the closest points between the parallel realms, the “tunnel” isn’t making the entire Soul Society dimension visible from the entire WOTL dimension, it is just connecting Karakura town and the Seireitei.
So it isn’t connecting the entire dimensions, just from Earth to the Soul Society planet, which is why “Hoshi” would make more sense in this context than saying “Sekai” or “Uchu” which would imply a far larger area
Sources:
Different definitions,
Hoshi statement and tunnel In memories of nobody Mayuri’s monitor shows the realms as 2 spheres on the same plane This one should be obvious but I see it brought up anyway so why not tackle it
Mayuri’s monitor is pretty obviously a
representation of the events taking place, not an actual monitor of what is happening because;
1: It isn’t like Mayuri installed a camera out in the Garganta
2: Any time we have seen the inside of the garganta you can’t see the realms, just the void until a gate is opened
3: The valley of Screams, which is the dimension that got between the two realms and is the driving plot device for the movie, is not present on the monitor, just the explosions in the Dangai
Sources:
Garganta,
Monitor Dangai isn’t 4D/The realms aren’t separate space times Putting these under one point to save space
The dangai has literally been called a Hyperspace point blank before, but on a more logical level it wouldn’t be possible for it to exist as a 3d mode of transportation meaning it has to function on a 4th axis or dimension which would constitute a hyperspace. It is also cut off from the space and time of TWOTL and SS but has its own unique flow of time which would constitute it’s own spacetime continuum
The World of the Living and Soul Society are separated by the Dangai and Garganta which are cut off from space and time, traveling through the Dangai can put you on a completely separate time axis in the other realm
Sources:
Hyperspace,
Dangai —Section 2: What does this mean for AP?— There are no city+ feats This one is actually ridiculous, city level attacks and blocking those same attacks is a no-sell feat in Bleach, this isn’t even mentioning higher tier feats like the meteor or Ichigo blowing up mountains in the distance with the air displaced by his sword swings
Sources:
City,
Meteor,
Mountains Kurohitsugi isn’t a black hole just because it warps time and space Of everything I am going to address here this one is probably the most valid debunk simply because there isn’t much compelling evidence on either side but I believe the intention is for Kurohitsugi to be a box containing a black hole and I will tell you why.
Back in the early 2000’s when this chapter was written black holes were still almost entirely theoretical to scientists of the world much less the general public. Aizen describes it as a well of gravity so dense it warps time and space which coincidentally is exactly how you would describe a black hole, since that is all we knew about them at the time and Kurohitsugi literally translates to “Black Coffin”. I believe the intention was a box containing a black hole, which would mean it has black hole durability and thus Ichigo breaking it apart would put him on that level (anywhere between solar and galaxy).
This isn’t unreasonable when considering the feats of characters below Aizen and therefore Ichigo at this point, Aizen before several stages of reactive evolution walked through the captains of the Gotei 13, only fearing Yamamoto who was capable of defeating Rroyd wielding 80% of Yhwach’s power. A galaxy level feat like black hole survival wouldn’t be out of the question for a character who surpasses Aizen here
And to the people who say “everything warps time and space at least a little” my question would be “why would Tite specifically point out Kurohitsugi’s ability to do this if it is so unremarkable?”
Sources:
Kurohitsugi Yhwach was only going to destroy the cosmology by removing the linchpin This was the initial plan, but after absorbing the Soul King we see him destroying the realms with his own power. We know he is entirely capable of doing this because…
1: He gaps Senjumaru who could shake the cosmology with her sword release alone (Gerard who was fighting on level with other Squad 0 members capable of this had to go through multiple levels of reactive evolution to be on base Yhwach’s level which would be far below SK absorbed Yhwach)
2: His dead body still had enough residual energy to do the same job as the linchpin that was holding the cosmology together
3: Not only did he kill the linchpin soul king meaning he also has enough energy to have an effect on the realms (via reishi negation rules) but he immediately after no-diff absorbed Mimihagi which also had the power to hold the realms in place, boosting his power even further
Besides, what are we saying for phase 2 of his plan which would be reforming the 3 realms into a primordial world? That would require the same level of AP and it is the very thing all of the protagonists are fighting to prevent happening. Are we saying Yhwach isn’t capable of the sole thing Tite wrote the arc around him doing? He would have to survive the collapse of the 3 realms to accomplish this.
Sources:
Yhwach,
Senjumaru,
Mimihagi,
Gerard Why don’t we see many higher tier feats? Characters in Bleach have no reason to want to destroy the planets themselves (I went into more detail in my scale linked at the top), feats are expressed elsewhere as a result like Gremmy creating a space with multiple galaxies and then immediately dying because he couldn’t contain the level of power Kenpachi possessed after trying to copy his strength (This Kenpachi is far stronger than he was when he was destroying the Garganta in his fight with Cien). Once Yhwach absorbs the soul king he immediately starts destroying the entire cosmology which has been established as multiple universes
Sources:
Gremmy,
Garganta,
Gremmy Defeat Candice says 5 gigajoules should kill Ichigo, that is only city level You mean the 5 gigajoules attack that Ichigo turns towards and tanks, taking literally 0 damage at all? Why even try to use numbers for an attack as a durability/AP anti-feat when Ichigo uses it to make a point that they can’t hurt him? All this does is prove he can’t be harmed by city-level attacks, not that he is barely above city level
Sources:
Candice —Section 3: Okay, but how fast are they?— ”Gin’s bankai is Mach 500” Gin says his bankai is only Mach 500 but we know that he lied about this (he literally says so to Aizen and the databooks also outline this) and that the actual ability is poison based making his statement inadmissible. We have definitive speed feats that contradict this too; as an example Shunsui (who isn’t a captain notable for speed and is in Gin’s spirit class meaning they should be comparable) was dodging Lille Barro’s attacks from a prone position and they are literally attacks using the light reflected from his eyes, not even mentioning the times people far under them were dodging light beams
The plethora of counter evidence shows this as an intended lie by Gin at most logical and a clear anti-feat at worst (every verse has them, Archie sonic being hurt by an anvil, The Flash being shot with a gun, Goku being hurt by a bullet, Naruto being hurt by a knife, etc)
Sources:
Gin,
Shunsui ”Databook says they are only lightning speed” Still baffling that DeathBattle steelman’d this to downplay Aizen’s speed when it makes no sense to do so.
When the databook refers to Byakuya and Ichigo fighting as “like lightning” it should be obvious that this is a statement meant to sound cool, it was not intended for actually scaling their speed
I think it would be interesting to see how quickly downplayers would point out this wasn’t intended for scaling if their general consensus for speed was lower than lightning
Source:
Databook Spiritual light isn’t guaranteed to be as fast as actual light so you can’t calc it This one is extremely obvious straw grasping, we are never actually given a reason to believe this beyond it helping fit the narrative that Bleach characters are sub-FTL
Candice’s arrow is stated to be slower than lightning Ah look, Candice again. In the fight in question Candice says her arrow is slower than lightning, an arrow that a base Ginjo says in the same fight is pitifully slow. A more powerful version of Ginjo stole Ichigo’s fullbring and activated Bankai and was still getting literal circles run around him by Ichigo in Bankai (still nerfed by Yhwach and combat pass, pre RG training), losing to an insane speed blitz
She never hits someone with this attack in a fight and a relatively slow character calls it a slow attack. I’m surprised this one gets pushed as often as it does
Sources:
Candice,
Blitz —The End— Thanks for the read, I am almost guaranteed to update this occasionally as I see more common metas
Credits for scans or support:
u/Eren-Yeager-69420,
u/Ninja-Yatsu,
u/Low_Scientist_1859,
u/Cashmelee