Throw up alfabet

help for people overwhelmed by stuff

2012.08.18 23:19 10N0SPH3R3 help for people overwhelmed by stuff

Advice, challenges, and discussion for reducing clutter, whether physical or electronic. This is not a sub for detailed "how to sell" advice.
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2013.03.17 23:55 Mental_Graffiti Everything to do with Graffiti Tagging and Throw-Ups

This subreddit is dedicated to Graffiti tagging. Discuss graff, tags and throw-ups, artists and styles here! For help with your graffiti and tags: PLEASE post in graffhelp Any sketches to blackbookgraffiti
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2012.06.04 10:43 jayrady Every Man Should Know

You know that thing your dad was suppose to teach you but never did? Get yer dadvice right here!
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2023.08.29 10:28 BorgesEssayGuy The Library of Babel: the sense in nonsense

This is the first time sharing something like this, so please share your thoughts and critiques with me! I originally wrote this in Dutch, so I apologize in advance for any translation errors.
The short story 'The Library of Babel' by Jorge Luis Borges tells us about a library, made up of an infinite amount of hexagonal rooms, each filled with bookcases, in which all possible combinations of letters and punctuation can be found. Most of the library can't be understood by us, as the random strings of letters and commas don't mean anything in our language, but purely because of chance there must also be ridiculously interesting works stored in there. The problem, however, is actually finding these, because in an infinitely large haystack, you'll never find that needle.
The story shows us a few ways to cope with this chaos. There is, for example, a sect that wishes to cleanse the library of all worthless books, by throwing them in the infinitely deep ventilation shafts in the middle of each room, but there are also those who simply wander around in peace, hoping to find something useful. There isn't any consensus among the residents about how to deal with the situation. Humanity is fractured and the narrator even notices that the population is seemingly decreasing more rapidly each year. In the story humanity doesn't appear able to answer the questions the library poses. The chaos of the universe seems overwhelming and the search for meaning impossible.
There exists, however, another way of looking at things. The narrator poses that, while we may not be able to understand every text ourselves, every book has, per definition, some meaning or interpretation. If the library contains all books that could ever be written, there exists for every seemingly nonsensical book another one explaining it. The world may seem to be chaotic and beyond our understanding, but you can find an explanation for everything in the library. But if there's an explanation for everything, if there's a rebuttal for every explanation and another rebuttal for every rebuttal, isn't the library nothing but a maze of contradictions, in which all meanings eventually lose their importance?
To escape from that trap, we have to reflect on the structure of the library itself. Because each book is only 410 pages long and the alfabet has a limited amount of characters, there can't be an infinite supply of unique books. There's an absolute limit on the amount of possible variations. So, if the library is indeed infinite, it follows that it must eventually repeat itself. Out of that repetition, order is created, a pattern in the library. Something, which at first seemed random and chaotic, turns out to follow a higher principle, which makes it possible for us to grasp it somewhat again. The universe is unending, filled with more mysteries than man will ever be able to solve, but still there exists some order behind it all. We can't find the needle, but we can marvel at the haystack.
submitted by BorgesEssayGuy to literature [link] [comments]


2023.08.29 10:22 BorgesEssayGuy The Library of Babel: the sense in nonsense

This is my first time sharing something like this, so please share your thoughts and critiques! I originally wrote this in Dutch, so I apologize in advance for any translation errors.
The short story 'The Library of Babel' by Jorge Luis Borges tells us about a library, made up of an infinite amount of hexagonal rooms, each filled with bookcases, in which all possible combinations of letters and punctuation can be found. Most of the library can't be understood by us, as the random strings of letters and commas don't mean anything in our language, but purely because of chance there must also be ridiculously interesting works stored in there. The problem, however, is actually finding these, because in an infinitely large haystack, you'll never find that needle.
The story shows us a few ways to cope with this chaos. There is, for example, a sect that wishes to cleanse the library of all worthless books, by throwing them in the infinitely deep ventilation shafts in the middle of each room, but there are also those who simply wander around in peace, hoping to find something useful. There isn't any consensus among the residents about how to deal with the situation. Humanity is fractured and the narrator even notices that the population is seemingly decreasing more rapidly each year. In the story humanity doesn't appear able to answer the questions the library poses. The chaos of the universe seems overwhelming and the search for meaning impossible.
There exists, however, another way of looking at things. The narrator poses that, while we may not be able to understand every text ourselves, every book has, per definition, some meaning or interpretation. If the library contains all books that could ever be written, there exists for every seemingly nonsensical book another one explaining it. The world may seem to be chaotic and beyond our understanding, but you can find an explanation for everything in the library. But if there's an explanation for everything, if there's a rebuttal for every explanation and another rebuttal for every rebuttal, isn't the library nothing but a maze of contradictions, in which all meanings eventually lose their importance?
To escape from that trap, we have to reflect on the structure of the library itself. Because each book is only 410 pages long and the alfabet has a limited amount of characters, there can't be an infinite supply of unique books. There's an absolute limit on the amount of possible variations. So, if the library is indeed infinite, it follows that it must eventually repeat itself. Out of that repetition, order is created, a pattern in the library. Something, which at first seemed random and chaotic, turns out to follow a higher principle, which makes it possible for us to grasp it somewhat again. The universe is unending, filled with more mysteries than man will ever be able to solve, but still there exists some order behind it all. We can't find the needle, but we can marvel at the haystack.
submitted by BorgesEssayGuy to TrueLit [link] [comments]


2023.08.29 01:08 BorgesEssayGuy The Library of Babel: the sense in nonsense

This is a short (487 words) essay that I originally wrote in Dutch, so I apologize for any translation errors. It's my first time sharing something like this, so please share your thoughts and critiques with me!
The short story 'The Library of Babel' by Jorge Luis Borges tells us about a library, made up of an infinite amount of hexagonal rooms, each filled with bookcases, in which all possible combinations of letters and punctuation can be found. Most of the library can't be understood by us, as the random strings of letters and commas don't mean anything in our language, but purely because of chance there must also be ridiculously interesting works stored in there. The problem, however, is actually finding these, because in an infinitely large haystack, you'll never find that needle.
The story shows us a few ways to cope with this chaos. There is, for example, a sect that wishes to cleanse the library of all worthless books, by throwing them in the infinitely deep ventilation shafts in the middle of each room, but there are also those who simply wander around in peace, hoping to find something useful. There isn't any consensus among the residents about how to deal with the situation. Humanity is fractured and the narrator even notices that the population is seemingly decreasing more rapidly each year. In the story humanity doesn't appear able to answer the questions the library poses. The chaos of the universe seems overwhelming and the search for meaning impossible.
There exists, however, another way of looking at things. The narrator poses that, while we may not be able to understand every text ourselves, every book has, per definition, some meaning or interpretation. If the library contains all books that could ever be written, there exists for every seemingly nonsensical book another one explaining it. The world may seem to be chaotic and beyond our understanding, but you can find an explanation for everything in the library. But if there's an explanation for everything, if there's a rebuttal for every explanation and another rebuttal for every rebuttal, isn't the library nothing but a maze of contradictions, in which all meanings eventually lose their importance?
To escape from that trap, we have to reflect on the structure of the library itself. Because each book is only 410 pages long and the alfabet has a limited amount of characters, there can't be an infinite supply of unique books. There's an absolute limit on the amount of possible variations. So, if the library is indeed infinite, it follows that it must eventually repeat itself. Out of that repetition, order is created, a pattern in the library. Something, which at first seemed random and chaotic, turns out to follow a higher principle, which makes it possible for us to grasp it somewhat again. The universe is unending, filled with more mysteries than man will ever be able to solve, but still there exists some order behind it all. We can't find the needle, but we can marvel at the haystack.
submitted by BorgesEssayGuy to Borges [link] [comments]


2022.12.14 22:58 Aromaster4 A fun little crossover time shall we?

If you read the flair, you know what's up; What if humanity met the Sadari from my own world, which is also in development, more importantly how they would interact with them, how each subfaction would view them ( I.e what sorta human nation, culture or religious/political groups), would they act in hostility towards them, or would they interact with them peacefully, or maybe it'd be like a passive-aggressive sorta relationship where they treat eachother good but they are not above participating in a dick measuring contests or what have you?
The Sadari are an alien species originating from the Ren System on the planet Glara, all of which belong in the Minitor Nebula. For the most part, they have a highly ritualistic culture and religion and somehow war and progressiveness are very important in their lives.

They have an appearance similar to that of humans, at least in body shape anyway. Sadarians stand at about 5 to at times 6ft tall, have greyish skin with a tint of blue, with their legs, arms and chest being covered by dense keratin armour, sporting small spikes on their shoulder pads and long raptor-like claws for feet.

For facial features, they sport a flat nose similar to that of the Uza’shar, but what truly brings attention are the markings on their faces, all of whom have different patterns, females tend to have long and curvy lines on their forehead, cheeks and the chin, while the males have more zigzag sort of style on the same spots, albeit thicker too, showing that there is sexual dimorphism within their species.

Initially, it was thought that it was makeup, but upon further inspection, it's actually part of their physiology, According to most Sadari Cultures, their markings are what indicates their attractiveness, not just their curves or reproductive organs like Humans, another thing that they often find an attraction to are their claws and their teeth too, this is mainly due to them evolving as a more predatory species, thus they would eventually be attracted to things that only apex predators would sport. Back on their biological appearance, their sclera is coloured black, while the iris is on average Ember, Blood Red, or Violet, though other colours do exist. Their teeth are normally very sharp and can extend their jaws wider than that of any human, similar to snakes.

Like Humans, they sport hair on their armpits and head, though they are normally silvery white in colour, and resemble that of quills rather than regular hair. Their ears are slightly longer than humans though they are shorter than Grimari and Ethonors, and sport some spikes on the tip as well. For their anatomy, their bones and muscles are denser than humans and have two hearts, thus granting them more endurance and a much faster reaction than vasodilation and/or a broader range and can survive an attack on one of its hearts as there is a second.

They have two organs similar to the Human Liver and one large organ that has the same functions as the pancreas. They possess two stomachs, one in front and one in the back, with two parallel small intestines that join together to form the Large intestine. One Stomach is for vegetables and other vegetable substances, some of which humans cannot digest, and the other is for proteins and fat, especially of animal origin.

With their heavy armour, ultra-dense bones and muscles they can survive any fatal accident or attack with little effort. A Sadari can withstand bullets, grenades and low to medium explosives (equivalent to four tons of TNT), survive falling from the top of tall buildings and building collapse, withstand beatings from superhumans, take getting beaten with steel rods and bars, and survive massive amounts of blood loss before being overwhelmed.

One individual, a human, who was at his peak condition alongside his gang, stated that it took them 9 hours to just barely subdue an unarmed and half-naked Sadari, at the cost of broken limbs and bones. He stated that he was running on adrenaline and just plain pure motivation since in the previous nine hours, they were running like crazy trying to bring down a Sadari, they just barely managed to make it to the slave quarters. His friends said that he basically broke apart from exhaustion. He also said that their state could be explained by their biology: While a human can stay awake for hours at a time, a Sadari’s metabolism is such that they can take in and excrete a ton of food and water in a couple of hours, and yet still have a ton more energy to do all of the things that they need to do.

Another account, with a cop, stated that his taser only briefly stunned a Sadari criminal before immediately getting back up as if nothing had happened. For Sithiel himself, a large group of Wargs attacked him and clawed his chest, arms and head, and even clamped down on his shoulder and legs before being slaughtered by Sithiel. When Hana came to take a look at his injuries, she noted how superficial the claw and bite marks were, only for Sithiel to explain the natural-born armour that he has.

Strength-wise, they can bench press 764 pounds on average (The strongest of Sadarians such as Sithiel and Araton have been shown to bench press over 5000 pounds) Their striking strength can reach up to 1600 to 3000 psi at best. Enough to shatter a man’s or a troll's skull. With all that said, they can carry and throw fully grown men and women alike 12 meters across with one arm and can bend metal rods like their straws. Kasiel, a notable and well-renowned hunter, was able to pry open the jaws of a Windigo till it snapped. For reference, the bite force of a Wendigo is 2900 psi. Sithiel did the same to a Bunyip, whose bite force is 3640 psi. Speaking of bite force, the average bite force for a Sadari is 1810 psi.

For speed, they can run up to 240 to 390 km per hour, for reference the fastest animal on Eia; the Dire Cat can run up to 80-130 km per hour, showing that they are three times as fast. Certain Sadarians can actually run even faster when put through a painful training regiment. Talthea stated that in her youth she was almost subsonic in speed. While her son Sithiels' highest record was 617.4 km per hour, putting him well over most of his species. They can also hold their breath for longer intervals, like 2-3 hours, and almost always remain calm through any stressful or painful situations.

They can also tolerate extreme hunger, unbearable thirst, and strong urges to sleep. Being able to stay active for 30 days to 47 days without food, water and sleep. A Sadari can go from one motion to another effortlessly, effectively dodge attacks, swing from things easily, sprint, do back-flips, leap across rooftops, and numerous other gymnastic, athletic and martial implements with little to no effort.

Their enhanced reflexes allow them to dodge multiple bullets, catch flies in mid-air, dodge and maneuver around complex attacks, catch falling objects, block detriments and react instantaneously to what others take more time to react to like high-speed projectiles e.g. sniper bullets as well as react to a being with superhuman speed. Eshreal for example was able to avoid gunfire from an N239 Minigun, which is able to fire 2 million rounds per minute and not even a single scratch was attained. Going back to Sithiel, he was able to deflect billions of bullets fired from machine guns, which are also firing rounds per minute. It is because while their bones are denser, they are still flexible enough to move around at near-impossible odds.

They can slip through a network of lasers, reach through dangerous narrow tunnels, keep perfect balance, or juggle effortlessly without ever tripping or wobbling. Few Sadari can even move their finger or toes effortlessly, with tendon strain no longer being a problem. A Sadari can only fall over when physically uprooted or pushed, though most times the user can land on their feet. Practiced Sadari can stand up right on even the most unstable surfaces, such as a moving vehicle, a collapsing building, or an earthquake. They also are able to regain balance or bounce back to their feet quickly and perform feats such as shooting a gun, throwing a knife, or fighting at seemingly impossible angles and positions.

Their brains are divided into four hemispheres, improving their specialization. 33% of Sadarians are capable of learning a variety of essential skills and advanced capabilities in a week, which would take a normal person months or years to achieve mastery over, memorize any knowledge instantly without any mistakes, and process information at a much faster rate, possess amazing skills of deduction and reasoning, become a master strategist, possess extensive scientific knowledge, etc.

Arguably more so than even the most intelligent of humans. They can deduce motivations, emotions, and personal history in an individual from things like vocal tremors, micro-expressions, and body language. They can look at a mathematical problem and instantly know the answer without so much as registering due to the computer-esque wiring in their neurology. While the rest of the population has above-average intellect.

Of course, this can’t be said for all Sadari individuals, for there are plenty of Sadari that have undesired traits, and are at best comparable to that of normal humans. Despite all their strengths, they are still susceptible to diseases that rapidly evolve faster than normal ones and can even overpower the nanobots that help them ward off deadly pathogens at times.

And while they can withstand most attacks such as bullets, knives etc, they are not immune and can be injured if hit with enough force, such as a boulder falling down on their head or a building-sized explosion point blank, or just being lit on fire.

The Sadari are not immune to mental illnesses either and there have been plenty of recorded mental health issues, which would lead to another weakness of the Sadari, which is their emotion. The Sadari experience emotions and thoughts more intensely than most other intelligent species. At best, this can result in them spending decades obsessively training or honing a skill to perfection. At worst, they can become "lost" in their experiences, over-indulging and losing track of reality, which makes them a favoured target of corruption by the De’von or other malicious forces. They are quick to please but are quick to anger too, anger a Sadari too much and they would enter a state of violent and uncontrollable rage called the “Rok Raga'' or Red Rage, something that is considered both a blessing and a curse by the various cultures and nations of the Sadari species. It is by far the most common mental illness a Sadari can exhibit.

A notable example of this is Sithiel himself, who while is able to mostly stay calm, his anger is ever present deep down and is barely suppressed by his training, but there have been instances where he couldn’t hold his inner darkness any longer, and let loose on who is unfortunate enough to cross paths with him. It is because of this that most young Sadarians are put under heavy indoctrination to be as cold and apathetic as possible, at least on the battlefield.

Another thing that a great many Sadari suffer from is the lack of relatability, because of their god-like powers and abilities, they often hard to relate too by those that are weaker than them, which would make Sadarians feel a bit lonely at times, which is a bad thing since they are emotional creatures, and thus they are more social as well. But on the exact opposite of the spectrum, you have Sadarians that have a massive ego

Thanks to said powers, add that with Sadari indoctrination and a culture that advocates Pride, this would create Sadari individuals that would regularly bully those that aren’t on their level, and act all aloof.

Most Sadari prefers temperate to (Sub)tropical climate areas like beaches, jungles, forests and other areas where they are moist or at least somewhat like that, though most. Though they can tolerate the cold.

They had lifespans similar to those of Humans, although maybe longer, with normal lives that extend to around 300 to 350 max years normally, but thanks to genetic evolution has resulted in longer lives reaching up to 900 to 3700 years thanks to scientific and medical advances. Though there are Sadarians that can last even longer than that thanks to the special kinds of products they use, making them last for tens of thousands of years before finally dying off.

They originated on Glara, and this planet is the cultural and spiritual center of this species. Different Sadari nations have fought to possess this planet in the past and even today, it keeps an important role in the politics and religion of the Sadari. It is common to see thousands of pilgrims flocking from all over the Sadari planets to the sacred centers and vestiges of the past and history of the species on the planet.

The species is quite prolific, with litters of three to five offspring as a medium, although litters of two to three are the most common ones. Pregnancies of one or more than five are rare. It is unusual for a single female to have more than five litters in their lifetime. In modern times, the Sadari usually only has a maximum of two litres. The top record for Sadari was a litter of thirteen. The Sadari have a quite long period of lactation, up to ten years. Sexual maturity is reached at 20 years old, and they stop being fertile naturally at 120 years old since they live up to a medium of 150 years. With modern medicine, these ages have been altered since youth has also been altered.

The Sadari species comes from Glara. This planet has 6 continents and each is crucial to understanding the origins of the Sadari.

Fandor:
This northcentral continent is the home base of the Margak. Their language, called Margakian, is the language of the Sadari Dominium and its main culture. The ethnic Margak originated in the North of this continent and were pushed in the ancient past by the Uhara, and mass migrated to the center and south of the continent, mixing and absorbing the previous cultures and imposing their own culture and language there, where it became mainstream. They adopted the Orian Alphabet, used in these lands prior to the mass migration, and adapted it for themselves, creating the Fandalor Alphabet, the most used internationally.

Mirgalan:
It's the southern continent and the least developed, it is inhabited by many ethnicities and is home to several small languages and cultures, being the most diverse continent. Due to this, the Inosh language (from its past history) and the Margakian language are the lingua francas of the region. This last language is used due to its proximity to Fandor, from which it is separated by a small isthmus. Still, the Orian Alphabet, derived from the Inosh, is used among the Mirgalians to write.

Temer:
The continent is located in the Southeast and it's the home base of the Teremir language and culture, as well as the Teremir or Temerian Alfabet. The whole continent has been unified into a single country or empire, known as the Great Temerian Kingdom, ruled by a monarch and a court. From this continent originated the Sadari High Kingdom.

Losen:
It's a rather subcontinent, but consider a continent and the birthplace of the Losians and their Republics. The continent has many peninsulas and each makes a different nation, although they allied themselves to repel the nearby Teremian Kingdom. These republics were the base for the Sadari Hegemony. This very populated region has Palnir as its language and Alphabet, although Teremir Alphabet is also widely used, especially by the wealthy and educated.

Orian:
It's a Northwestern continent, the smallest of all, and separated from Fandor by a small strait. The Inosh language or culture comes from here. They organized themselves into merchant city-states or republics, and later on created a continental unification. The Inosh are merchants and adventurers and have settled all across Birnis in small cities and towns, controlling most of the trade on a worldwide scale. Today small Inosh quarters can be found in every single town or city, and in every planet. All Inosh speak Margakian fluently as well due to commercial reasons. Inosh and Margak are distantly related.

Enuhara:
It's the Northernmost continent and the coldest one. It is a ruthless place and is inhabited by the Uharas. The coldest of them all, this is the wildest and most remote place in Birnis, and the communities here still live quite primitive lives, being very warrior-like. It's the birthplace of the Uhara, as well as the Uhara dialect, from which the Taruhara, is used as the lingua franca. It's the original birthplace of the Sadari Assembly of Clans.

Main Ethnicities
Margak:
Originally a set of People from the North of Fandor, they were pushed by the Uhara in the East, and thus migrated to the south. Then, they defeated the previous Sadari Kingdoms in the Area, mixed with the Locals and set themselves in power. They also settled some areas. This made Margak (in its various dialects), become the main language of Fandor.

Inosh:
Are an ethnic group related to the Margak and the Tarkas. The ancestors of the Inosh were a set of trading and sailing people that crossed the isthmus between Fandor and Orian, settling in Orian who had been unpopulated previously. There, the Inosh ethnicity was born. The Sadari founded several city-states and trading nations that became more and more interconnected through trade. This made the Inosh to be born as well as the Orian Alphabet, needed in trade and intercommunication. Inosh communities then made ships and sailed for trade to Mirgalan and Fandor, settling and creating huge communities there, even influencing them greatly.

Teremir:
It is a group based on the Temer continent, born out of two Kingdoms that unified. The different ethnic groups became a homogeneous people, with Teremir as a language and a single Teremir culture.

Losians:
They settled the beautiful peninsulas of Losian, similar in culture and ethnicity to Temer; they didn't unified with Temer, remaining independent in several republics that had to federate in order to survive attacks of Temer. The Losians have through proximity and contact a single language divided into different dialects, although a unified culture is a matter of dispute among experts.

Uhara:
There are Warrior-like people, the most common in the Uhara continent, that have conquered and assimilated other ethnic groups of the area.
Other important Ethnicities of the Fandor and Enuhara continents:

Tarkas:
Are an ethnic group of Sadari that lives in the Northern fringes of the already cold Enuhara continent, living on the Northern Pole, with Arctic climate. They can endure this climate with ease, since they have been living there for ages. The Tarkas are related to the Uharas and have an alliance with them as well as profitable commerce. The Uhara have a great respect for them, and they consider the Tarkas as the Strongest Sadari due to the harsh environment they live in.

Nelnar:
An important ethnicity that lives in the Endor mountains, in the north of Fandor, and the border between Fandor and Enuhara. They live in the Valleys of these Mountains and are related somehow to the Margak who moved south, and the Uhara in the west.

Gashir:
Another ethnicity that lives in the Endor Mountains, in the valleys.

Lubna:
Are an ethnicity related to the Margak, speaking an old or archaic dialect of Margakian. They live in the Northwestern part of Fandor and took this area when the ancestors of the Inosh migrated to Orian. The Lubna are the closest relatives to the Inosh and have a well-developed trade with them.

Ikaris:
It's the main ethnicity of the Kingdom of Ikaris in the Northeast of Fandor, related to the Margak as they had common ancestors. It's a millennial Kingdom that still endures to this day. It was the most powerful of the Proto-Margak Kingdoms and they didn't migrate to the south since they were civilized and formed a nation state that could repel the Uharas in the North as well as having a good geographical location, right behind the Endor Mountains that protected them. They speak Margakian but still with an archaic dialect. Some say is a language on its own, related to old-Margak. They still can communicate better with people from Lubna, Gashir or Nelnar ethnicities.

Mirgalians
All the Ethnic groups of the Mirgalan continent, known for its ethnic and linguistic diversity. It is divided into three areas, Northern groups, Central groups and Southern Groups.
Northern Mirgalian People
Attara: The second most numerous people that live in the Itsmus between Mirgalan and Fandor. They possess the most advanced culture and civilization in the continent.
Erzen
Others: Yunkas, Milnay, Osanir, Bissa, Dursen, Loganda, Rilka, Uttada, Hira, Brasda, Kodaran, Uin, Jonkar, Mimara, Frin, Kegebara, Trosan
Central Mirgalian People
Halta: A warrior-like people and semi-nomadic, they are the Uharas of the Southern hemisphere. They prey on the Parsas sacking their cities and taking many as slaves.
Parsas: A peaceful agricultural people, the most numerous of all ethnicities in Mirgalan, they are frequently raided by the Halta. They have formed many communities abroad.
Southern Mirgalian People:
Behoran: Are the most numerous in the South of the continent, next to the Cold southern pole and the southern tundric areas. They are similar to the Tarkas of the northern hemisphere. They can endure harsh conditions.
Others: Makara, Hehen, Onoron, Medras, Nassik, Losna, Huran, Lendras, Bigir, Fain, Kirilak
More in the comments.
submitted by Aromaster4 to childrenofdusk [link] [comments]


2022.05.13 08:53 Anjeez929 Klojban, an Evolving Conlang XXX

Oh yeah! #30!

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made.
Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:

Winning Changes

By drakonnard with 2 points:
/i/, /ɪ/, and /ɛ/ merge into /ʏ/, causing the "Normal Human," "Good Human," "Insect," and "Other Animals" noun classes to fully merge into one "Non-Bad, Non-Fish and/or French Living" noun class. This is not reflected in the orthography.
This also has the effect of phonemicizing /ʅ/ and /ɲ/. Also, I'm not going to merge the actual classes since they can still be distinguished in writing
By RBolton123 with 1 point:
All /a:/ become /eɪ/ though it is still written as <á>.
/ɻ/ is now written with <ř>.
sićikasi /si.ʈʂi.'ka.si/ becomes śikasi /ʂi.'ka.si/.
By u/Anjeez929 with 1 point:
I'm gonna combine some words and add new meanings to words
arondismen /a.rɔn.'dis.mɛn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class]; rhotic vowel harmony [natural phenomena class]
ó /ɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; cat [other animals class] a catgirl [normal/good human class]; (adj) round (removing sike)
Maikel loses its meaning of cat, because let's be honest. How does air relate to cats. But in its place,
maikel /'mai.kɛl/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; flying fish [fish class]; bee [insect class]; bird, any flying animal [other animals class]; sylph [divine]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
scí /'stsi:/ - (v) to know (a person), to recognise (as opposed to the general know sona)
hapbá /'ħap.ba:/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]; fish [fish class]; water spider [water class]; lamb [other animals] (am I being hypocritical); undine [divine]
Also, a few new words
tera /'te.ra/ - (n) soil, dirt [natural non-living]; pig [other animals]; mudskipper, amphibian [fish class] (the amphibian meaning of jojoli is removed); termite [insect class]; gnome [divine]
fairi /'fai.ri/ - (n) fire [natural phenomena]; salamander [fish class, sometimes in divine class for... reasons]; dragon [other animal]; fire ant [insect class]; (adj) hot; (v) to burn
Though with the above, their pronunciations have to be changed

Phonology

Consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Nasal m n ɲ <ń> ŋ <ń>
Stop p b t d k1 g
Fricative f v s3 ʅ5 ʂ <ś> ɕ ħ
Affricate ts ʈʂ <ć> tɕ <ģ>
Tap ɾ
Approximant ɻ <ř> j2 w <ƚ>
Lateral Approximant l
1 - Represented by only in the word cloń /kloŋ/, and in the word Quelpart
2 - Represented by only in the word yaya /jaja/
3 - Represented by only in the word zako /sakɔ/
4 - This is a vowel
Vowels Front Mid Bacl
Close u
Close-Mid ʏ ʊ <ù>
Mid ə ɔ
Open-Mid
Open a

Diphthongs -i -u
a- ai
e- ei
ə- əi1 əu1
o- oi ou1
i-/u- ui iu1
1 - these aren't currently in the lexicon, but they are possible
There are also nasal vowels though their occurrence is rather sporadic.
Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.
Vowel Harmony:
  • Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony). (Why does this part still exist?)
Phonotactics:
  • Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)
  • Stress is always on the penultimate syllable, unless the syllable contains a schwa in which case it is moved to the final non-schwa syllable before the schwas.
Grammar
No cases. Head-initial. Plurals are formed by reduplication. Adjective and adverbs agree with the noun or verb they modify in tense and mood or noun class
Nouns and pronouns use noun classes, which are demarcated with prefixes. If the noun begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the prefix is dropped.
  • Abstract Concepts: hat(a)-
  • Natural Phenomena and Body Parts: hot(o)-
  • Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
  • Artificial Nonliving Objects: xut(u)-
  • Food: van(a)-
  • Insects: heć(i)-
  • Fish and/or French: hak(a)-
  • Other Animals: heć(e)-
  • Bad People: hok(o)-
  • Normal People: heć(i)-
  • Good People: heć(e)-
  • Children: xuk(u)-
  • Bad Rulers: xub(ú)-
  • Normal Rulers: hab(á)-
  • Good Rulers: heb(í)-
  • Divine or Magical Concepts, Beings, etc.: heb(é)-
  • OP (me): hob(ó)
Words can also have different meanings when used as slang, which is indicated in [brackets].
Nouns follow ergative-absolutive alignment, with the absolutive marked with -be.
Nouns also follow this animacy system, where nouns that are more "alive" take precedence over less "alive" nouns regardless of their function in the sentence. (This is where the absolutive marker gets useful.) The order, from most alive to least alive, is: OP, Divine, Good Rulers, Normal Rulers, Bad Rulers, Children, Good People, Normal People, Bad People, Animals, Fish and/or French, Insects, Natural Nonliving Objects, Artificial Nonliving Objects, Natural Phenomena, Abstract Concepts. Subject complements always go last.
In addition, pronouns in the absolutive are attached to the verb, succeeding the subjunctive prefix.
Verbs have 10 "main" tenses. The past are conjugations of the auxiliary verb habá, while the present and future are represented with conjugations of tugo.
  • Theoretical Past: śaha
  • Mythical past: uha
  • Very far past: aha
  • Far past: oha
  • Near past: śeha
  • Present: (no prefix)
  • Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
  • Near Future: ƚitugo
  • Far Future: lotugo
  • Very Far Future: latugo
There is also the subjunctive paha(p)-
Other Affixes:
  • ģar(e)-: Unimportant marker on verbs and nouns; shows that the speaker considers the noun or the statement as a whole to be unimportant.
  • let(e)-: imperative/hortative prefix
  • -ńaśa: Nominalizer; verbs can take objects through the genitive. If added to a word ending with a vowel, said final vowel gets nasalizes
  • ...iń: Nominalizer for adjectives, which means "doing something in a manner described by the adjective"
  • -(n)et marks the passive participle
  • -(h)er - suffixed onto verbs to indicate a doer of the action, akin to English "-er" in helper, reminder, etc.
Klojban uses the seximal number system. From one to six, the numbers are unu, du, ti, pa, pi, and śé.
Lexicon
a /'a/ - (intj) ah!
abà /'a.bə/ - (v) to run
abća /'ab.ʈʂa/ - (v) to spell
aejik /'ai.jʏk/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid
aeken /'ai.kʏn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up
aga /'a.ga/ - (n) monster [animal class]; person who seems nice but is actually evil [bad person class]
aikan /'ai.kã/ - (v) to be able to (can)
ajaimli /a.'jãĩ.lʏ/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
alfabet /al.'fa.bʏt/ - (n) any writing system that is not an alphabet
alo /'a.lɔ/ - (adj) white; (n) white the color [abstract concepts class]
amogus /a.'mɔ.gus/ (adj) suspicious
ante /'ã.tʏ/ - (v) to change
anu /'a.nu/ - (conj) or
ańí /'ã.ɲʏ:/ - (n) dog
araja /a.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to die
arondismen /a.rɔn.'dʏs.mʏn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class]; rhotic vowel harmony [natural phenomena class]
ata /'a.ta/ - (n) bed
ati /'a.ti/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient
atinoři /a.ti.'nɔ.ɻi/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate
atlejok /at.'lʏ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
ava /'a.va/ - (v) to eat
ba /'ba/ - (part) question marker (goes at the end of the clause)
babotoři /ba.bɔ.'tɔ.ɻʏ/ - (v) to write, to record, to click
baka /'ba.ka/ - (intj) f*ck (expletive)
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
baśa /'ba.ʂa/ - (n) passion [abstract concept class]; suffering [divine/magical concept class]3
borodero /bɔ.ɾɔ.'dʏ.ɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class]
bróbùdogo /bɾɔ:.bʊ.'dɔ.gɔ/ - (v) to implement something but not actually use it
bàbá /'ba.beɪ/ - (v) to drink1
bèbí /'bʏ.bi:/ - (adj) blue
bèbí /'bʏ.bi:/ - (n) fruit1
caba /'tsa.ba/ - (intj) hello, what's up
cajild /'ʦa.jʏld/ - (n) child (in general), young (noun) [children class]
cen /'tsʏ̃/ - (n) nice animal [animal class]; scientist [good person class]; unethical scientist [bad person class]3
cevana /tsʏ.'va.na/ - (n) restaurant
cieƚ /'tsjʏw/ - (pron) how
cloń /'klɔ̃ŋ/ - (n) a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind but doesn't really think about it
cu /'tsu/ - (v) to continue a project for so long that you lose your goals, ideas and interest
dáknes /'deɪk.nʏs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
de /'dʏ/ - (n) day [natural phenomena class]
du /'du/ - (num) two
duɾka /'duɾ.ka/ - (adj) Semitic, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
e /'ʏ/ - (v) to be (copula)
ekhih /'ʏk.ħʏħ/ - (v) to write
enćki /'ʏ̃.ʈʂkʏ/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]
eřei /ʏ.'ɻɛi/ - (adv) anyway
eři /'ʏ.ɻʏ/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain3
esáka /ʏ.'seɪ.ka/ - (n) sea, lake, pond, puddle, or any non-river waterbody [natural phenomena class]; basin, bowl, container, Tupperware [artificial nonliving objects class]; soup, broth, stew, cereal [food class]; (v) to drink from a bowl, to have soup, to eat cereal
esprit /'ʏs.pɾʏt/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
etaji /ʏ.'ta.jʏ/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
fainali /fai.'na.lʏ/ - (adj) final, finally
fairi /'fai.rʏ/ - (n) fire [natural phenomena]; salamander [fish class, sometimes in divine class for... reasons]; dragon [other animal]; fire ant [insect class]; (adj) hot; (v) to burn
friholes /fɾʏ.'ħɔ.lʏs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)
habá /'ħa.beɪ/ - (v) to have
habánćabá /ħa.beɪn.'ʈʂa.beɪ/ - (v) to submit something incomplete
haita /'ħai.ta/ - (v) to see
haja /'ħa.ja/ - (v) lift
haka /'ħa.ka/ - (n) fish and chips [fish and/or French class]
hamagá /ħa.'ma.geɪ/ - (n) absolutely trustworthy person you would give up your life and credibility for [good person class]; guy in hazmat suit [normal person class]; impostor [bad person class]
hambəgə /'ħam.bə.gə/ - (n) hamburger [artificial nonliving objects class]
haři /'ħa.ɻʏ/ - (n) year, time, age [abstract concepts class]2
hapbá /'ħap.beɪ/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]; fish [fish class]; water spider [water class]; lamb [other animals]; undine [divine]
harmoři /ħaɾ.'mɔ.ɻʏ/ - (n) harmony [abstract concepts class]
hebáśi /ħʏ.'beɪ.ʂʅ/ - (n) person, man (gender neutral)1
heka /ħʏka/ - (pron) 3rd person1
henćebá /ħʏ̃.'ʈʂʏ.beɪ/ - (v) to kill1
hilařijì /ħi.la.'ɻʏ.jʏ/ - (n) vegetable [natural phenomena class]
hilebe /ħʏ.'lʏ.bʏ/ - (n) tree3
hilità /ħʏ.'lʏ.ta/ - (n) fruit [natural phenomena class]
holdebak /ħɔl.'dʏ.bak/ - (v) to hold back
hořítro /ħɔ.'ɻʏ:.tɾɔ/ - (n) party, function, celebration [abstract concepts class]; liquor, alcohol [food class]; (v) to drink liquor, to get drunk, to party, to revel, to rave, to celebrate; (adj) drunk
hoƚidi /ħɔ.'wʏ.dʏ/ - (n) exit
hukabi /ħu.'ka.bʏ/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack
ihika /ʏ.'ħʏ.ka/ - (v) to stay, to wait, to remain, to keep3
impasi /ʏ̃.'pa.sʏ/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]
ina /'ʏ.na/ - (prep) in, inside
ipa /'ʏ.pa/ - (n) sound, phoneme [abstract concepts class]
iskaja /ʏs.'ka.ja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]; heaven [divine/heavenly objects class]
isuimi /ʏ.'swʏ.mʏ/ - (v) to swim
iģen /'ʏ.tɕʏn/ - (n) dictator [bad people class]; president, leader [normal people class]; J. Robert Oppenheimer [good people class]
jahota /ja.'ħɔ.ta/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]
janiju /'jãĩ.ju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game, to listen to ABBA
je /'jʏ/ - (adv) not (intj) no
jiɫumınos /jʏ.wu.'mu.nos./ - (adj) Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
jojoli /jɔ.'jɔ.lʏ/ - (n) reptile [fish class]; dinosaur, monster [animal class]
juf /'juf/ - (n) egg [food class]
kahit /'ka.ħʏt/ - (conj) even if, even though, regardless (goes at the beginning of the clause)
kajatejl /ka.ja.'tʏ.jʏ/ - (v) to hunt; (n) a place for hunting [natural phenomena class]
kaməra /'ka.mə.ɾa/ - (n) camera [artificial nonliving objects class]
ke /'kʏ/ - (pron) which, what, that (relative)
ker /'kʏɾ/ - (v) to care
kibinkapi /kʏ.bʏ̃.'ka.pʏ/ - (v) to nasalize; (n) nose [natural phenomena/body parts class]
kilai /kʏ.'lai/ - (n) cloud
kloiban /'klɔi.ban/ - (n) foreign language [divine/heavenly objects class]; Klojban [OP class] (because you are speaking Klojban)
ko /'kɔ/ - (adv) squishy; (n) semi-solid substance, clay, cream, syrup
kuros /'ku.ɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse
kule /'ku.lʏ/ - (n) color; (adj) colourful.
kutuna /ku.'tu.na/ - (n) can, metal container [nonliving objects class]
lá /'leɪ/ - (n) laws
lonla /'lɔ̃.la/ - (adv) of course
ma /'ma/ - (n) ground
maboi /'ma.bɔi/ - (n) one's child (son/daughter but gender neutral) [children class]
maikel /'mai.kʏl/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; flying fish [fish class]; bee [insect class]; bird, any flying animal [other animals class]; sylph [divine]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
mama /'ma.ma/ - (n) father [normal people class]
manabu /ma.'na.bu/ - (v) to learn
masitok /ma.'sʏ.tɔk/ - (adj) all, every, complete, whole
mija /'mʏ.ja/ - (v) to repeat, to oscillate
monkiastù /mɔ̃.'kjas.tʊ/ - (n) voiceless pharyngeal fricative [abstract concepts class]; a sound change turning /q/ to /ħ/ [natural phenomena class]
mota /'mɔ.ta/ - (n) mouth [natural phenomena class]4
mulu /'mu.lu/ - (prep) - from, away from
muri /'mu.ɾʏ/ - (adv) impossible
nainplasten /nain.'plas.tʏn/ - (v) to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer
nasihati /na.sʏ.'ħa.tʏ/ - (v) to find, to track (down), to search (for)
nenepanolisli /nʏ.nʏ.pa.nɔ.'lʏs.lʏ/- (n) sex [natural phenomena class]; (v) to have sex
noks /'nɔks/ - (n) night [natural phenomena class]
nómen /'nɔ:.mʏn/ - (n) name, term [abstract concepts class]; (v) to name, to call, to give a name to
nu /'nu/ - (n) demon [divine/magical class]
of /'ɔf/ - (adv) off
oka /'ɔ.ka/ - (v) to walk
olin /'ɔ.lʏ̃/ - (v) to love; (n) love [natural phenomena class]
oto /'ɔ.tɔ/ - (n) car [nonliving object class]
otu /'ɔ.tu/ - (v) to be obligated to (must, should)
ó /ɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; cat [other animals class] a catgirl [normal/good human class]; (adj) round
pa /'pa/ - (n) leg [natural phenomena/body parts class]; (num) four
pali /'pa.lʏ/ - (v) to make
palisa /pa.'lʏ.sa/ - (n) stick; (adj) long and hard
papa /'pa.pa/ - (n) mother [normal people class]
papaćkak /pa.'paʈʂ.kak/ - (n) milk [food class]
pensi /'pʏ̃.sʏ/ - (v) to think
pi /'pʏ/ - (num) five3
pilin /'pʏ.lʏ̃/ - (n) feeling
pivi /'pʏ.vi/ - (adj) orange; (n) orange the color [abstract concepts class]; orange the fruit [food class]
pona /'pɔ.na/ - (adj) good
portəgues /'pɔɾ.tə.gwʏs/ - (v) to progress, to advance
prepare /pɾʏ.'pa.ɾʏ/ - (adj) ready, prepared
pujuta /pu.'ju.ta/ - (v) to put, to place
Quelpart /'kʏl.paɾ/ -(adj) best; (v) to be the best, to achieve, to overachieve
ranae /ɾa.'nai/ - (v) to run
redbul /'ɾʏd.bul/ - (n) wings
refleksiv /ɾʏf.'lʏk.sʏv/ - (pron) reflexive pronoun
rińgo /'ɾʏɲ.gɔ/ - (n) apple [food class]
ruina /ɾui.na/ - (v) to ruin, to soil
sa /'sa/ - (n) a mass of flesh with liquid consistency [abstract concepts class]; body [natural phenomena class]; meat [food class]; fat [fish/french class]; demon [divine class]; (adj) fat; (v) to become fat
sáka /'seɪ.ka/ - (adj) cold
sampal /'sã.pal/ - (v) to slap
scí /'stsʏ:/ - (v) to know (a person), to recognise (as opposed to the general know sona)
sepərət /'sʏ.pə.ɾət/ - (v) to separate (adj) separate
silenxa /sʏ.'lʏ̃.ɕa/ - (v) to silence
situ /'sʏ.tu/ - (v) to set (all English senses!)
sikasi /sʏ.'ka.sʏ/ - (n) ship, watercraft [nonliving objects class]
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
sona /'sɔ.na/ - (v) to know
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
su /'su/ - (adj) green; (n) green [abstract concepts class]
sus /'sus/ (n) among us crewmate [abstract concepts class]
svasa /'sva.sa/ - (n) surface, top (of an object) [abstract concepts class]; (prep) above, over
tan /'tã/ - (conj) because
tana /'ta.na/ - (prep) according to
tap /'tap/ - (n) food [food class]
tapiji /ta.'pʏ.jʏ/ - (n) restaurant, cafeteria [nonliving objects class]
tera /'tʏ.ra/ - (n) soil, dirt [natural non-living]; pig [other animals]; mudskipper, amphibian [fish class]; termite [insect class]; gnome [divine]
ti /'tʏ/ - (num) three
tijoti /tʏ.'jo.tʏ/ - (v) to need, to require
to /'tɔ/ - (prep) benefactive marker (goes before noun)
traji /'tɾa.jʏ/ - (v) to try to do
tsaśa /'tsa.ʂa/ - (v) to make a top-comment-changes-whatever post
tu /'tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
tuar /'twaɾ/ - (prep) towards
tudu /'tu.du/ - (v) to do
tugo /'tu.gɔ/ - (v) to go
unu /'u.nu/ - (n) animal [other animals class]
unu /'u.nu/ - (num) one; (n) pornography, R34 or other lewd materials [slang]
utanu /u.'ta.nu/ - (v) to change, to shift, to transform
vajiń /'va.jʏ̃ɲ/ - (v) to buy
vaji /'va.jʏ/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Varamm /'va.ɾam/ - (adj) cool, hip, famous; (v) to be cool, to be famous, to cool down (something else)
víśva /'vʏ:ʂ.va/ - (n) the Earth, the world [divine/heavenly objects class]
voks /'vɔks/ - (n) voice, speech [abstract concepts class]
vuil /'vuil/ - (v) to build
xikari /ɕʏ.'ka.ɾʏ/ - (v) to eject
xiƚokći /ɕʏ.'wɔk.ʈʂʅ/ - (v) to leave, to depart
xufa /'ɕu.fa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this
xufi /'ɕu.fʏ/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]
xú /'ɕu:/ - (pron) 1st person
xupsuna /ɕup.'su.na/ - (adj) sensible, practical
xuptu /'ɕup.tu/ - (v) to catch, to capture
yaya /'ja.ja/ - (n) baby [children class]
zako /'sa.kɔ/ - (n) a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding [abstract concepts class]3
ćaśa /'ʈʂa.ʂa/ - (n) cause [abstract concepts class]; (v) to give birth, to have a child, to conceive, to develop a plan, to plan, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause
ćí /'ʈʂʅ:/ - (n) tree [natural phenomena class]
ćijaisatli /ʈʂʏ.jai.'sat.lʏ/ - (n) fluid [natural phenomena class]
ćokəlat /'ʈʂɔ.kə.lat/ - (n) chocolate [food class]
é /'ʏ:/ - (pron) 2nd person1
ģastaraja /tɕa.sta.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to destroy
ģata /'tɕa.ta/ - (v) to gather, to collect, to collate, to assemble, to build, to make, to create
ģenģi /'tɕʏ̃.tɕʏ/ - (v) to live in a location
ģivə /'tɕʏ.və/ - (v) to give
ńi /'ɲʏ̃/ - (prep) genitive marker (goes before possessor but after possessee; in addition the genitive noun phrase is surrounded by commas)
śećke /'ʂʏʈʂ.kʏ/ - (v) to have
śenśe /'ʂʏ̃.ʂʏ/ - (adv) at all3
śejĩń /'ʂʏ.jʏ̃ŋ/ - (v) to sell
śpem /ʂpʏm/ - (v) to command to do (imperative)
śu /'ʂu/ - (n) wind
śé /'ʂʏ:/ - (n) land
śé /'ʂʏ:/ - (num) six
1 - the first is changed to if a prefix is attached to this word
2 - "to have [number] [year]" means to be [number] years old (a French-like construction and surprisingly not my own)
3 - when this word is followed by a word starting with a vowel, an /j/ is added to the end. It's written, u/Anjeez929.
4 - "to put air in mouth" means "to breathe", while "to put (phrase) in mouth" means "to speak", or rather, "to say (phrase)"
Example Sentences
Hocí xitihapbábe tabàbá.
/ħɔtsʏ: ɕitiħapbeɪbʏ tababeɪ/
hok-é xutu-hapbà-be ta-bàbá (note how es becomes is with a prefix; also that hok- becomes hoc- as it precedes /e/)
BAD.PERSON-2SG NLVG-water-ABSOLUTIVE SCARYPRST-drink
"In the scary present of this reality, you, whom I consider a bad person, drink water."
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Caba, hećixú heći-Rima-be e, hećixú hatahařibe duśé habá, hećixú abćãńaśabe cieƚ manabu śeha le śenśe baka.
/tsaba ħʏʈʂʅɕu: ħʏʈʂʅɾʏmabʏ ʏ ħʏʈʂʅɕu: ħataħaɻʏbʏ duʂʏ: ħabeɪ ħʏʈʂʅɕu: abʈʂãŋaʂabʏ tsjʏw manabu ʂʏħa lʏ ʂʏnʂʏ baka/
caba heći-xú heći-Rima-be e heći-xú hata-haři-be du-śé habá heći-xú abća-ńaśa-be cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka (note how abća becomes abćã with -ńaśa added to it)
hello NORMAL.PERSON-1SG NORMAL.PERSON-Rima-ABSOLUTIVE COP NORMAL.PERSON-1SG ABSTRACT-year-ABSOLUTIVE two-six-two[twelve] have NORMAL.PERSON-1SG spell-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE how learn NEAR.PST NOT[never] at.all f*ck
"What up, I'm Rima, I'm 12, [and] I never f*cking learned how to spell"
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A, hećé! Hećé hećaijik e fainali! Hećé kurosńaśabe ńĩ hataborodero traji śeha ba"?
/a ħʏʈʂʏ: ħʏʈʂʏ: ħʏʈʂaijʏk ʏ fainalʏ ħʏʈʂʏ: kuɾɔsŋaʂabʏ ɲʏ̃ ħatabɔɾɔdʏɾɔ traijʏ ʂʏħa ba/
a heć-é heć-é heć-aijik e fainali heć-é kuros-ńaśa-be hata-borodero ńĩ traji śeha ba
INTJ NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-awake COP finally NORMAL.PERSON-2SG cross-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE of ABSTRACT-border try NEAR.PST QUESTION
"Hey, you! You're finally awake! Did you try to cross the border (lit. try to do the crossing of the border)?
-----
Tana hotolá-lá sonanet masitok, ńi maikelńaśa, hećimaikel maikelńaśabe aikan le śenśe. Hotoredbul-redbul, ńi hećiheka, hotomaikel tu e to hajańaśabe, ńĩ hotosa hotomaikel hotosa, ńĩ hećiheka, of ma. Hećimaikelbe, lonla, maikel eśei. Tan hećimaikel-maikel, ke hećihibáśi-hibáśi eńaśabe, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker le.
/tana ħɔtɔleɪ-leɪ sɔnanʏt masʏtɔk, ɲʏ̃ maikʏlŋaʂa, ħʏʈʂʅmaikʏl maikʏlŋaʂabʏ aikã lʏ ʂʏ̃ʂʏ. ħɔtɔɾʏdbul-ɾʏdbul, ɲʏ̃ ħʏʈʂʅħʏka, ħɔtɔmaikʏl tu ʏ tɔ ħajaŋaʂabʏ, ɲʏ̃ ħɔtɔsa ħɔtɔmaikʏl ħɔtɔsa, ɲʏ̃ ħʏʈʂʅħʏka, ɔf ma. ħʏʈʂʅmaikʏlbʏ, lɔnla, majkʏl ʏʂɛi. tan ħʏʈʂʅmaikʏl-maikʏl, kʏ ħʏʈʂʅħʏbeɪʂʅ-ħʏbeɪʂʅ ʏŋaʂabʏ, ɲʏ̃ muɾʏ, pʏnsʏ, kʏɾ lʏ./
tana hoto-lá-lá sona-net masitok, ńĩ maikel-ńaśa, heći-maikel maikel-ńaśa-be aikan ļe śenśe. hoto-redbul-redbul, ńĩ heći-heka, hoto-maikel tu e to haja-ńaśa-be, ńĩ hoto-sa hoto-maikel hoto-sa, ńĩ heći-heka, of ma. Heći-maikel-be, lonla, majkel eśei. tan heći-maikel-maikel, ke heći-hebáśi-hebáśi e-ńaśa-be, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
according.to NATURAL.PHENOMENON-law~PL know-PRT all, GEN fly-NOM, INSECT-bee fly-NOM-ABS can NOT at.all. NATURAL.PHENOMENON-wing~PL, GEN INSECT-3P, NATPHEN-small too COP BEN lift.NOM.ABS, GEN NATURAL.PHENOMENON-body little fat, GEN INSECT-3P, off ground. INSECT-bee-ABS, of.course, fly anyways. because INSECT-bee~PL, REL NORMAL.PEOPLE-person~PL COP.NOM.ABS, GEN impossible, think care NEG.
According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly (lit. a bee is unable to fly at all). Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.
submitted by Anjeez929 to Klojban [link] [comments]


2022.05.12 06:00 RBolton123 Klojban, an Evolving Conlang XXIX

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made.
Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:
  • The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
  • The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
  • The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
  • If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
  • Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Winning Changes

By u/RBolton123 with 2 points:
Phonological Changes
/ɫ/ becomes /w/ but is still written with /ƚ/
Any [ɑ] becomes /ɔ/
/ʎ/ merges with /j/ because it's ugly
/n/ preceding /i/ becomes /ɻ/ written with ; if precedes another vowel or /j/ then it as a whole becomes /ɻ/ e.g. atinauni becomes atinaurhi but eniej becomes erhej
EDIT:
Any /au/ or /aʊ/ becomes /ɔ/. Any /aɛ/ becomes /aj/
By u/GreyDemon606 with 2 points:
To get the allophony more interesting, how bout ɻ → ʂ
I was going to reject this but I decided against it. I'll just make /ʂ/ an "acceptable allophone" of /ɻ/
By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:
Vowel clusters resulting from the removal of w simplify like this
I was going to actually type out the rules, but it might be easier to explain as a table
-a-ə-ɛ-ɔ-ɪ-ʊ-i-ua-a: <á>a: <á>ai au aiauaiauə-a: <á>a: <á>ɛ: <é>ɔ: <ó>əiəuəiəuɛ-ɛ: <é>ɛ: <é>ɛ: <é>ɛ: <é>ɛi ɛu ɛi ɛu ɔ-wa *wə *ɔ: <ó>ɔ: <ó>ɔi ɔu ɔi ɔu ɪ-ja *jə *jɛ *jɔ *i: <í>jʊ *jiju *ʊ-wa *wə *wɛ *wɔ *wɪ /ƚíu: <ú>wi *wu <ƚu>*i-ja *jə *jɛ *jɔ *ijiui: <í>iu/ju *u-wa *wə *wɛ *wɔ *uiuw ui/wi *u: <ú>
*If after another vowel, the the cluster is spelt with a or <ƚ>. Wheter /ui iu/ becomes /ui iu/ or /wi ju/ is sporadic.
If either of the two vowels are nasal, then the resulting diphthong becomes nasal.
Examples
aejik-> aejik /aijik/
ajamili->ajaimli /ajãĩili/
monkiastù->monkiastù /mɔ̃.'kjas.tʊ/
Also, you missed some w's in the example sentences. Or is that because you refuse to update them?
Also, change any current coda /j/ into a true diphthong.

Phonology


Consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Nasal m n (ɲ)4 ŋ <ń>
Stop p b t d k1 g
Fricative f v s3 ʂ <ś> ɕ ħ
Affricate ts ʈʂ <ć> tɕ <ģ>
Tap or Flap ɾ
Approximant j2 ɻ w <ƚ>
Lateral Approximant l
1 - Represented by only in the word cloń /kloŋ/, and in the word Quelpart
2 - Represented by only in the word yaya /jaja/
3 - Represented by only in the word zako /sakɔ/
4 - Allophone of /ŋ/ next to /i/ or /ĩ/

Vowels Front Mid Back
Close i u
Close-Mid ɪ <ì> ʊ <ù>
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open-Mid
Open a
There are also nasal vowels though their occurrence is rather sporadic.
Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.
Vowel Harmony:
  • Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony).
Phonotactics:
  • Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)
  • Stress is always on the penultimate syllable, unless the syllable contains a schwa in which case it is moved to the final non-schwa syllable before the schwas.
Morphophonology:
  • /i/ becomes [ʅ] near retroflex consonants

Grammar

No cases. Head-initial. Plurals are formed by reduplication. Adjective and adverbs agree with the noun or verb they modify in tense and mood or noun class
Nouns and pronouns use noun classes, which are demarcated with prefixes. If the noun begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the prefix is dropped.
  • Abstract Concepts: hat(a)-
  • Natural Phenomena and Body Parts: hot(o)-
  • Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
  • Artificial Nonliving Objects: xut(u)-
  • Food: van(a)-
  • Insects: heć(i)-
  • Fish and/or French: hak(a)-
  • Other Animals: heć(e)-
  • Bad People: hok(o)-
  • Normal People: heć(i)-
  • Good People: heć(e)-
  • Children: xuk(u)-
  • Bad Rulers: xub(ú)-
  • Normal Rulers: hab(á)-
  • Good Rulers: heb(í)-
  • Divine or Magical Concepts, Beings, etc.: heb(é)-
  • OP (me): hob(ó)
Words can also have different meanings when used as slang, which is indicated in [brackets].
Nouns follow ergative-absolutive alignment, with the absolutive marked with -be.
Nouns also follow this animacy system, where nouns that are more "alive" take precedence over less "alive" nouns regardless of their function in the sentence. (This is where the absolutive marker gets useful.) The order, from most alive to least alive, is: OP, Divine, Good Rulers, Normal Rulers, Bad Rulers, Children, Good People, Normal People, Bad People, Animals, Fish and/or French, Insects, Natural Nonliving Objects, Artificial Nonliving Objects, Natural Phenomena, Abstract Concepts. Subject complements always go last.
In addition, pronouns in the absolutive are attached to the verb, succeeding the subjunctive prefix.
Verbs have 10 "main" tenses. The past are conjugations of the auxiliary verb habá, while the present and future are represented with conjugations of tugo.
  • Theoretical Past: śaha
  • Mythical past: uha
  • Very far past: aha
  • Far past: oha
  • Near past: śeha
  • Present: (no prefix)
  • Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
  • Near Future: ƚitugo
  • Far Future: lotugo
  • Very Far Future: latugo
There is also the subjunctive paha(p)-
Other Affixes:
  • ģar(e)-: Unimportant marker on verbs and nouns; shows that the speaker considers the noun or the statement as a whole to be unimportant.
  • let(e)-: imperative/hortative prefix
  • -ńaśa: Nominalizer; verbs can take objects through the genitive. If added to a word ending with a vowel, said final vowel gets nasalizes
  • ...iń: Nominalizer for adjectives, which means "doing something in a manner described by the adjective"
  • -(n)et marks the passive participle
  • -(h)er - suffixed onto verbs to indicate a doer of the action, akin to English "-er" in helper, reminder, etc.
Klojban uses the seximal number system. From one to six, the numbers are unu, du, ti, pa, pi, and śé.

Lexicon

a /'a/ - (intj) ah!
abà /'a.bə/ - (v) to run
abća /'ab.ʈʂa/ - (v) to spell
aejik /'ai.jik/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid
aeken /'ai.kɛn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up
aga /'a.ga/ - (n) monster [animal class]; person who seems nice but is actually evil [bad person class]
aikan /'ai.kã/ - (v) to be able to (can)
ajaimli /a.'jãĩ.li/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
alfabet /al.'fa.bɛt/ - (n) any writing system that is not an alphabet
alo /'a.lɔ/ - (adj) white; (n) white the color [abstract concepts class]
amogus /a.'mɔ.gus/ (adj) suspicious
ante /'ã.tɛ/ - (v) to change
anu /'a.nu/ - (conj) or
ańí /'ã.ŋi:/ ['ã.ɲi:] - (n) dog
araja /a.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to die
arondismen /a.rɔn.'dis.mɛn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class}
ata /'a.ta/ - (n) bed
ati /'a.ti/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient
atinorhi /a.ti.'nɔ.ɻi/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate
atlejok /at.'lɛ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
ava /'a.va/ - (v) to eat
ba /'ba/ - (part) question marker (goes at the end of the clause)
babotorhi /ba.bɔ.'tɔ.ɻi/ - (v) to write, to record, to click
baka /'ba.ka/ - (intj) f*ck (expletive)
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
baśa /'ba.ʂa/ - (n) passion [abstract concept class]; suffering [divine/magical concept class]3
borodero /bɔ.ɾɔ.'dɛ.ɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class]
bróbùdogo /bɾɔ:.bʊ.'dɔ.gɔ/ - (v) to implement something but not actually use it
bàbá /'ba.ba:/ - (v) to drink1
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (adj) blue
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (n) fruit1
caba /'tsa.ba/ - (intj) hello, what's up
cajild /'ʦa.jild/ - (n) child (in general), young (noun) [children class]
cen /'tsɛ̃/ - (n) nice animal [animal class]; scientist [good person class]; unethical scientist [bad person class]3
cevana /tsɛ.'va.na/ - (n) restaurant
cieƚ /'tsiɛw/ - (pron) how
cloń /'klɔ̃ŋ/ - (n) a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind but doesn't really think about it
cu /'tsu/ - (v) to continue a project for so long that you lose your goals, ideas and interest
dáknes /'da:k.nɛs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
de /'dɛ/ - (n) day [natural phenomena class]
du /'du/ - (num) two
duɾka /'duɾ.ka/ - (adj) Semitic, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
e /'ɛ/ - (v) to be (copula)
ekhih /'ɛk.ħiħ/ - (v) to write
enćki /'ɛ̃.ʈʂki/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]
erhei /ɛ.'ɻɛi/ - (adv) anyway
erhi /'ɛ.ɻi/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain3
esáka /ɛ.'sa:.ka/ - (n) sea, lake, pond, puddle, or any non-river waterbody [natural phenomena class]; basin, bowl, container, Tupperware [artificial nonliving objects class]; soup, broth, stew, cereal [food class]; (v) to drink from a bowl, to have soup, to eat cereal
esprit /'ɛs.pɾit/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
etaji /ɛ.'ta.ji/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
fainali /fai.'na.li/ - (adj) final, finally
friholes /fɾi.'ħɔ.lɛs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)
habá /'ħa.ba:/ - (v) to have
habánćabá /ħa.ba:n.'ʈʂa.ba:/ - (v) to submit something incomplete
haita /'ħai.ta/ - (v) to see
haja /'ħa.ja/ - (v) lift
haka /'ħa.ka/ - (n) fish and chips [fish and/or French class]
hamagá /ħa.'ma.ga:/ - (n) absolutely trustworthy person you would give up your life and credibility for [good person class]; guy in hazmat suit [normal person class]; impostor [bad person class]
hambəgə /'ħam.bə.gə/ - (n) hamburger [artificial nonliving objects class]
harhi /'ħa.ɻi/ - (n) year, time, age [abstract concepts class]2
hapbá /'ħap.ba:/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]
harmorhi /ħaɾ.'mɔ.ɻi/ - (n) harmony [abstract concepts class]
hebáśi /ħɛ.'ba:.ʂi/ [ħɛ.'ba:ʂʅ] - (n) person, man (gender neutral)1
heka /ħɛka/ - (pron) 3rd person1
henćebá /ħɛ̃.'ʈʂɛ.ba:/ - (v) to kill1
hilarhijì /ħi.la.'ɻi.jɪ/ - (n) vegetable [natural phenomena class]
hilebe /ħi.'lɛ.bɛ/ - (n) tree3
hilità /ħi.'li.ta/ - (n) fruit [natural phenomena class]
holdebak /ħɔl.'dɛ.bak/ - (v) to hold back
horhítro /ħɔ.'ɻi:.tɾɔ/ - (n) party, function, celebration [abstract concepts class]; liquor, alcohol [food class]; (v) to drink liquor, to get drunk, to party, to revel, to rave, to celebrate; (adj) drunk
hoƚidi /ħɔ.'wi.di/ - (n) exit
hukabi /ħu.'ka.bi/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack
ihika /i.'ħi.ka/ - (v) to stay, to wait, to remain, to keep3
impasi /ĩ.'pa.si/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]
ina /'i.na/ - (prep) in, inside
ipa /'i.pa/ - (n) sound, phoneme [abstract concepts class]
iskaja /is.'ka.ja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]; heaven [divine/heavenly objects class]
isuimi /i.'sui.mi/ - (v) to swim
iģen /'i.tɕɛn/ - (n) dictator [bad people class]; president, leader [normal people class]; J. Robert Oppenheimer [good people class]
jahota /ja.'ħɔ.ta/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]
janiju /'jãĩ.ju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game, to listen to ABBA
je /'jɛ/ - (adv) not (intj) no
jiɫumınos /ji.wu.'mu.nos./ - (adj) Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
jojoli /jɔ.'jɔ.li/ - (n) reptile, amphibian [fish class]; dinosaur, monster [animal class]
juf /'juf/ - (n) egg [food class]
kahit /'ka.ħit/ - (conj) even if, even though, regardless (goes at the beginning of the clause)
kajatejl /ka.ja.'tɛ.ji/ - (v) to hunt; (n) a place for hunting [natural phenomena class]
kaməra /'ka.mə.ɾa/ - (n) camera [artificial nonliving objects class]
ke /'kɛ/ - (pron) which, what, that (relative)
ker /'kɛɾ/ - (v) to care
kibinkapi /ki.bĩ.'ka.pi/ - (v) to nasalize; (n) nose [natural phenomena/body parts class]
kilai /ki.'lai/ - (n) cloud
kloiban /'klɔi.ban/ - (n) foreign language [divine/heavenly objects class]; Klojban [OP class] (because you are speaking Klojban)
ko /'kɔ/ - (adv) squishy; (n) semi-solid substance, clay, cream, syrup
kuros /'ku.ɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse
kule /'ku.lɛ/ - (n) color; (adj) colourful.
kutuna /ku.'tu.na/ - (n) can, metal container [nonliving objects class]
lá /'la:/ - (n) laws
lonla /'lɔ̃.la/ - (adv) of course
ma /'ma/ - (n) ground
maboi /'ma.bɔi/ - (n) one's child (son/daughter but gender neutral) [children class]
majkel /'maj.kɛl/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; bee [insect class]; cat [other animals class]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
mama /'ma.ma/ - (n) father [normal people class]
manabu /ma.'na.bu/ - (v) to learn
masitok /ma.'si.tɔk/ - (adj) all, every, complete, whole
mija /'mi.ja/ - (v) to repeat, to oscillate
monkiastù /mɔ̃.'kjas.tʊ/ - (n) voiceless pharyngeal fricative [abstract concepts class]; a sound change turning /q/ to /ħ/ [natural phenomena class]
mota /'mɔ.ta/ - (n) mouth [natural phenomena class]4
mulu /'mu.lu/ - (prep) - from, away from
muri /'mu.ɾi/ - (adv) impossible
nainplasten /nain.'plas.tɛn/ - (v) to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer
nasihati /na.si.'ħa.ti/ - (v) to find, to track (down), to search (for)
nenepanolisli /nɛ.nɛ.pa.nɔ.'lis.li/- (n) sex [natural phenomena class]; (v) to have sex
noks /'nɔks/ - (n) night [natural phenomena class]
nómen /'nɔ:.mɛn/ - (n) name, term [abstract concepts class]; (v) to name, to call, to give a name to
nu /'nu/ - (n) demon [divine/magical class]
of /'ɔf/ - (adv) off
oka /'ɔ.ka/ - (v) to walk
olin /'ɔ.lĩ/ - (v) to love; (n) love [natural phenomena class]
oto /'ɔ.tɔ/ - (n) car [nonliving object class]
otu /'ɔ.tu/ - (v) to be obligated to (must, should)
ó /ɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; a catgirl [other animals class]
pa /'pa/ - (n) leg [natural phenomena/body parts class]; (num) four
pali /'pa.li/ - (v) to make
palisa /pa.'li.sa/ - (n) stick; (adj) long and hard
papa /'pa.pa/ - (n) mother [normal people class]
papaćkak /pa.'paʈʂ.kak/ - (n) milk [food class]
pensi /'pɛ̃.si/ - (v) to think
pi /'pi/ - (num) five3
pilin /'pi.lĩ/ - (n) feeling
pivi /'pi.vi/ - (adj) orange; (n) orange the color [abstract concepts class]; orange the fruit [food class]
pona /'pɔ.na/ - (adj) good
portəgues /'pɔɾ.tə.gwɛs/ - (v) to progress, to advance
prepare /pɾɛ.'pa.ɾɛ/ - (adj) ready, prepared
pujuta /pu.'ju.ta/ - (v) to put, to place
Quelpart /'kɛl.paɾ/ -(adj) best; (v) to be the best, to achieve, to overachieve
ranae /ɾa.'nai/ - (v) to run
redbul /'ɾɛd.bul/ - (n) wings
refleksiv /ɾɛf.'lɛk.siv/ - (pron) reflexive pronoun
rińgo /'ɾiŋ.gɔ/ ['ɾiɲ.gɔ] - (n) apple [food class]
ruina /ɾui.na/ - (v) to ruin, to soil
sa /'sa/ - (n) a mass of flesh with liquid consistency [abstract concepts class]; body [natural phenomena class]; meat [food class]; fat [fish/french class]; demon [divine class]; (adj) fat; (v) to become fat
sáka /'sa:.ka/ - (adj) cold
sampal /'sã.pal/ - (v) to slap
scí /'stsi:/ - (v) to know
sepərət /'sɛ.pə.ɾət/ - (v) to separate (adj) separate
sike /'si.kɛ/ - (adj) round
silenxa /si.'lɛ̃.ɕa/ - (v) to silence
situ /'si.tu/ - (v) to set (all English senses!)
sićikasi /si.ʈʂi.'ka.si/ [siʈʂʅkasi] - (n) ship, watercraft [nonliving objects class]
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
sona /'sɔ.na/ - (v) to know
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
su /'su/ - (adj) green; (n) green [abstract concepts class]
sus /'sus/ (n) among us crewmate [abstract concepts class]
svasa /'sva.sa/ - (n) surface, top (of an object) [abstract concepts class]; (prep) above, over
tan /'tã/ - (conj) because
tana /'ta.na/ - (prep) according to
tap /'tap/ - (n) food [food class]
tapiji /ta.'pi.ji/ - (n) restaurant, cafeteria [nonliving objects class]
ti /'ti/ - (num) three
tijoti /ti.'jo.ti/ - (v) to need, to require
to /'tɔ/ - (prep) benefactive marker (goes before noun)
traji /'tɾa.ji/ - (v) to try to do
tsaśa /'tsa.ʂa/ - (v) to make a top-comment-changes-whatever post
tu /'tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
tuar /'twaɾ/ - (prep) towards
tudu /'tu.du/ - (v) to do
tugo /'tu.gɔ/ - (v) to go
unu /'u.nu/ - (n) animal [other animals class]
unu /'u.nu/ - (num) one; (n) pornography, R34 or other lewd materials [slang]
utanu /u.'ta.nu/ - (v) to change, to shift, to transform
vajiń /'va.jĩŋ/ ['va.jĩɲ] - (v) to buy
vaji /'va.ji/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Varamm /'va.ɾam/ - (adj) cool, hip, famous; (v) to be cool, to be famous, to cool down (something else)
víśva /'vi:ʂ.va/ - (n) the Earth, the world [divine/heavenly objects class]
voks /'vɔks/ - (n) voice, speech [abstract concepts class]
vuil /'vuil/ - (v) to build
xikari /ɕi.'ka.ɾi/ - (v) to eject
xiƚokći /ɕi.'wɔk.ʈʂi/ [ɕi.'ƚɔk.ʈʂʅ] - (v) to leave, to depart
xufa /'ɕu.fa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this
xufi /'ɕu.fi/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]
xú /'ɕu:/ - (pron) 1st person
xupsuna /ɕup.'su.na/ - (adj) sensible, practical
xuptu /'ɕup.tu/ - (v) to catch, to capture
yaya /'ja.ja/ - (n) baby [children class]
zako /'sa.kɔ/ - (n) a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding [abstract concepts class]3
ćaśa /'ʈʂa.ʂa/ - (n) cause [abstract concepts class]; (v) to give birth, to have a child, to conceive, to develop a plan, to plan, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause
ćí /'ʈʂi:/ ['ʈʂʅ:] - (n) tree [natural phenomena class]
ćijaisatli /ʈʂi.jai.'sat.li/ - (n) fluid [natural phenomena class]
ćokəlat /'ʈʂɔ.kə.lat/ - (n) chocolate [food class]
é /'ɛ:/ - (pron) 2nd person1
ģastaraja /tɕa.sta.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to destroy
ģata /'tɕa.ta/ - (v) to gather, to collect, to collate, to assemble, to build, to make, to create
ģenģi /'tɕɛ̃.tɕi/ - (v) to live in a location
ģivə /'tɕi.və/ - (v) to give
ńi /'ŋĩ/ ['ɲĩ] - (prep) genitive marker (goes before possessor but after possessee; in addition the genitive noun phrase is surrounded by commas)
śećke /'ʂɛʈʂ.kɛ/ - (v) to have
śenśe /'ʂɛ̃.ʂɛ/ - (adv) at all3
śejĩń /'ʂɛ.jĩŋ/ ['ʂɛ.jĩɲ] - (v) to sell
śpem /ʂpɛm/ - (v) to command to do (imperative)
śu /'ʂu/ - (n) wind
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (n) land
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (num) six
1 - the first /e/ is changed to /i/ if a prefix is attached to this word
2 - "to have [number] [year]" means to be [number] years old (a French-like construction and surprisingly not my own)
3 - when this word is followed by a word starting with a vowel, an /j/ is added to the end. It's written, u/Anjeez929.
4 - "to put air in mouth" means "to breathe", while "to put (phrase) in mouth" means "to speak", or rather, "to say (phrase)"

Example Sentences

Hocí xitihapbábe tabàbá.
/ħɔtsi: ɕitiħapba:bɛ tababa:/
hok-é xutu-hapbà-be ta-bàbá (note how es becomes is with a prefix; also that hok- becomes hoc- as it precedes /e/)
BAD.PERSON-2SG NLVG-water-ABSOLUTIVE SCARYPRST-drink
"In the scary present of this reality, you, whom I consider a bad person, drink water."
-----
Caba, hećixú heći-Rima-be e, hećixú hatahaśibe duśé habá, hećixú abćãńaśabe cieƚ manabu śeha le śenśe baka.
/tsaba ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħɛʈʂiɾimabɛ e ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħataħaʂibɛ duʂɛ: ħaba: ħɛʈʂiɕu: abʈʂãŋaʂabɛ tsiɛw manabu ʂɛħa lɛ ʂɛnʂɛ baka/
caba heći-xú heći-Rima-be e heći-xú hata-haśi-be du-śé habá heći-xú abća-ńaśa-be cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka (note how abća becomes abćã with -ńaśa added to it)
hello NORMAL.PERSON-1SG NORMAL.PERSON-Rima-ABSOLUTIVE COP NORMAL.PERSON-1SG ABSTRACT-year-ABSOLUTIVE two-six-two[twelve] have NORMAL.PERSON-1SG spell-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE how learn NEAR.PST NOT[never] at.all f*ck
"What up, I'm Rima, I'm 12, [and] I never f*cking learned how to spell"
-----
A, hećé! Hećé hećaijik e fainali! Hećé kurosńaśabe ńĩ hataborodero traji śeha ba"?
/a ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂaijik ɛ fainali ħɛʈʂɛ: kuɾɔsŋaʂabɛ ŋĩ ħatabɔɾɔdɛɾɔ traiji ʂɛħa ba/
a heć-é heć-é heć-aijik e fainali heć-é kuros-ńaśa-be hata-borodero ńĩ traji śeha ba
INTJ NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-awake COP finally NORMAL.PERSON-2SG cross-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE of ABSTRACT-border try NEAR.PST QUESTION
"Hey, you! You're finally awake! Did you try to cross the border (lit. try to do the crossing of the border)?
-----
Tana hotolá-lá sonanet masitok, ńi maikelńaśa, hećimaikel maikelńaśabe aikan le śenśe. Hotoredbul-redbul, ńi hećiheka, hotomaikel tu e to hajańaśabe, ńĩ hotosa hotomaikel hotosa, ńĩ hećiheka, of ma. Hećimaikelbe, lonla, maikel eśei. Tan hećimaikel-maikel, ke hećihibáśi-hibáśi eńaśabe, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker le.
/tana ħɔtɔla:-la: sɔnanɛt masitɔk, ŋĩ maikɛlŋaʂa, ħɛʈʂimaikɛl maikɛlŋaʂabɛ aikã lɛ ʂɛ̃ʂɛ. ħɔtɔɾɛdbul-ɾɛdbul, ŋĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ħɔtɔmaikel tu ɛ tɔ ħajaŋaʂabɛ, ŋĩ ħɔtɔsa ħɔtɔmaikel ħɔtɔsa, ŋĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ɔf ma. ħɛʈʂimaikɛlbɛ, lɔnla, majkɛl ɛʂɛi. tan ħɛʈʂimaikɛl-maikɛl, kɛ ħɛʈʂiħibáʂi-ħibáʂi ɛŋaʂabɛ, ŋĩ muɾi, pɛnsi, kɛɾ lɛ./
tana hoto-lá-lá sona-net masitok, ńĩ maikel-ńaśa, heći-maikel maikel-ńaśa-be aikan ļe śenśe. hoto-redbul-redbul, ńĩ heći-heka, hoto-maikel tu e to haja-ńaśa-be, ńĩ hoto-sa hoto-maikel hoto-sa, ńĩ heći-heka, of ma. Heći-maikel-be, lonla, majkel eśei. tan heći-maikel-maikel, ke heći-hebáśi-hebáśi e-ńaśa-be, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
according.to NATURAL.PHENOMENON-law~PL know-PRT all, GEN fly-NOM, INSECT-bee fly-NOM-ABS can NOT at.all. NATURAL.PHENOMENON-wing~PL, GEN INSECT-3P, NATPHEN-small too COP BEN lift.NOM.ABS, GEN NATURAL.PHENOMENON-body little fat, GEN INSECT-3P, off ground. INSECT-bee-ABS, of.course, fly anyways. because INSECT-bee~PL, REL NORMAL.PEOPLE-person~PL COP.NOM.ABS, GEN impossible, think care NEG.
According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly (lit. a bee is unable to fly at all). Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.
submitted by RBolton123 to Klojban [link] [comments]


2022.05.10 06:00 RBolton123 Klojban, an Evolving Conlang XXVIII

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made.
Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:
  • The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
  • The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
  • The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
  • If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
  • Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Winning Changes

I'm adding all of them!!!
By u/Anjeez929 with 2 points:
I'm sorry my thing didn't make it in. Can I post it again?
Just like we did with high tones getting longer, vowels that once had a low tone get reduced, except in a stressed syllable.
``a, è>ə
ò, ù>ù /ʊ/
ì>/ɪ/
For example, bàbá /'ba˩.ba:/ becomes /'ba.ba:/ though still spelt bàbá, but ģivà /'tɕi.va˩/ becomes /'tɕi.və/ spelt ģivə, and monkiwastù is now pronounced /mɔ̃.ki.'was.tʊ/, kilawì /ki.'la.wɪ/, and bróbòdogo is now bróbùdogo /bɾɔ:.bʊ.'dɔ.gɔ/
By u/TripleF7 with 2 points:
w gets completely fucking obliterated entirely
Big L for Big W
By u/ftzpltc with 2 points:
All adjectives can be used as gerunds by suffixing "...iń", where "..." is a lexical pause of roughly 3 "beats" - based on the established tempo of the rhythm of speech. The resulting word means "doing a thing that can be described in the manner of that adjective".
e.g. amogus...iń = suspicious activity.
By u/ohdearyme316 with 2 points:
In the orthography a diphthong must be indicated by repeating the associated glyph 7 times.
Since we don't have any actual diphthongs, this does nothing. :smirk:
By u/EisVisage with 1 point:
Add a word which means "foreign language", divine concept class
I also gave it the meaning of "Klojban" in OP class since you are speaking Klojban. That's the only class greater than Divine Concepts. Get rekt
By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:
New Words
nómen /'nɔ:.mɛn/ - (n) name, term [abstract concepts class]; (v) to name, to call, to give a name to
ćaśa /'ʈʂa.ʂa/ - (n) cause [abstract concepts class]; (v) to give birth, to have a child, to conceive, to develop a plan, to plan, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause
ģata /'tɕa.ta/ - (v) to gather, to collect, to collate, to assemble, to build, to make, to create
New Grammar
The unimportant marker gxar(e)- becomes ģar(e)- to make it easier to pronounce.

Phonology


Consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Nasal m n (ɲ)4 ŋ <ń>
Stop p b t d k1 g
Fricative f v s3 ʂ <ś> ɕ ħ
Affricate ts ʈʂ <ć> tɕ <ģ>
Tap or Flap ɾ
Approximant j2
Lateral Approximant l ɫ <ƚ> ʎ <ļ>
1 - Represented by only in the word cloń /kloŋ/, and in the word Quelpart
2 - Represented by only in the word yaya /jaja/
3 - Represented by only in the word zako /sakɔ/
4 - Allophone of /ŋ/ next to /i/ or /ĩ/

Vowels Front Mid Back
Close i u
Close-Mid ɪ <ì> ʊ <ù>
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open-Mid
Open a
There are also nasal vowels though their occurrence is rather sporadic.
Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.
Vowel Harmony:
  • Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony).
Phonotactics:
  • Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)
  • Stress is always on the penultimate syllable, unless the syllable contains a schwa in which case it is moved to the final non-schwa syllable before the schwas.
Morphophonology:
  • /i/ becomes [ʅ] near retroflex consonants
  • /a/ becomes [ɑ] near /ɫ/

Grammar

No cases. Head-initial. Plurals are formed by reduplication. Adjective and adverbs agree with the noun or verb they modify in tense and mood or noun class
Nouns and pronouns use noun classes, which are demarcated with prefixes. If the noun begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the prefix is dropped.
  • Abstract Concepts: hat(a)-
  • Natural Phenomena and Body Parts: hot(o)-
  • Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
  • Artificial Nonliving Objects: xut(u)-
  • Food: van(a)-
  • Insects: heć(i)-
  • Fish and/or French: hak(a)-
  • Other Animals: heć(e)-
  • Bad People: hok(o)-
  • Normal People: heć(i)-
  • Good People: heć(e)-
  • Children: xuk(u)-
  • Bad Rulers: xub(ú)-
  • Normal Rulers: hab(á)-
  • Good Rulers: heb(í)-
  • Divine or Magical Concepts, Beings, etc.: heb(é)-
  • OP (me): hob(ó)
Words can also have different meanings when used as slang, which is indicated in [brackets].
Nouns follow ergative-absolutive alignment, with the absolutive marked with -be.
Nouns also follow this animacy system, where nouns that are more "alive" take precedence over less "alive" nouns regardless of their function in the sentence. (This is where the absolutive marker gets useful.) The order, from most alive to least alive, is: OP, Divine, Good Rulers, Normal Rulers, Bad Rulers, Children, Good People, Normal People, Bad People, Animals, Fish and/or French, Insects, Natural Nonliving Objects, Artificial Nonliving Objects, Natural Phenomena, Abstract Concepts. Subject complements always go last.
In addition, pronouns in the absolutive are attached to the verb, succeeding the subjunctive prefix.
Verbs have 10 "main" tenses. The past are conjugations of the auxiliary verb habá, while the present and future are represented with conjugations of tugo.
  • Theoretical Past: śaha
  • Mythical past: uha
  • Very far past: aha
  • Far past: oha
  • Near past: śeha
  • Present: (no prefix)
  • Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
  • Near Future: ƚitugo
  • Far Future: lotugo
  • Very Far Future: latugo
There is also the subjunctive paha(p)-
Other Affixes:
  • ģar(e)-: Unimportant marker on verbs and nouns; shows that the speaker considers the noun or the statement as a whole to be unimportant.
  • let(e)-: imperative/hortative prefix
  • -ńaśa: Nominalizer; verbs can take objects through the genitive. If added to a word ending with a vowel, said final vowel gets nasalizes
  • ...iń: Nominalizer for adjectives, which means "doing something in a manner described by the adjective"
  • -(n)et marks the passive participle
  • -(h)er - suffixed onto verbs to indicate a doer of the action, akin to English "-er" in helper, reminder, etc.
Klojban uses the seximal number system. From one to six, the numbers are unu, du, ti, pa, pi, and śé.

Lexicon

a /'a/ - (intj) ah!
abà /'a.bə/ - (v) to run
abća /'ab.ʈʂa/ - (v) to spell
aejik /'aɛ.jik/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid
aeken /'aɛ.kɛn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up
aga /'a.ga/ - (n) monster [animal class]; person who seems nice but is actually evil [bad person class]
ajamili /a.'jãi.li/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
ajkan /'aj.kã/ - (v) to be able to (can)
alfabet /al.'fa.bet/ - (n) any writing system that is not an alphabet
alo /'a.lo/ - (adj) white; (n) white the color [abstract concepts class]
amogus /a.'mɔ.gus/ (adj) suspicious
ante /'ã.tɛ/ - (v) to change
anu /'a.nu/ - (conj) or
ańí /'ã.ŋi:/ ['ã.ɲi:] - (n) dog
araja /a.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to die
arondismen /a.rɔn.dis.mɛn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class}
ata /'a.ta/ - (n) bed
ati /'a.ti/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient
atinauni /a.ti.nau.ni/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate
atlejok /at.'lɛ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
auto /'au.tɔ/ - (n) car [nonliving object class]
ava /'a.va/ - (v) to eat
ba /'ba/ - (part) question marker (goes at the end of the clause)
babotoni /ba.bɔ.'tɔ.ni/ - (v) to write, to record, to click
baka /'ba.ka/ - (intj) f*ck (expletive)
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
baśa /'ba.ʂa/ - (n) passion [abstract concept class]; suffering [divine/magical concept class]3
borodero /bɔ.ɾɔ.'dɛ.ɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class]
bróbùdogo /bɾɔ:.bʊ.'dɔ.gɔ/ - (v) to implement something but not actually use it
bàbá /'ba.ba:/ - (v) to drink1
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (adj) blue
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (n) fruit1
caba /'tsa.ba/ - (intj) hello, what's up
cajild /'ʦa.jild/ - (n) child (in general), young (noun) [children class]
cen /'tsɛ̃/ - (n) nice animal [animal class]; scientist [good person class]; unethical scientist [bad person class]3
cevana /tsɛ.'va.na/ - (n) restaurant
cieƚ /'tsieɫ/ - (pron) how
cloń /'klɔ̃ŋ/ - (n) a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind but doesn't really think about it
cu /'tsu/ - (v) to continue a project for so long that you lose your goals, ideas and interest
dáknes /'da:k.nɛs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
de /'dɛ/ - (n) day [natural phenomena class]
du /'du/ - (num) two
duɾka /'duɾ.ka/ - (adj) Semitic, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
e /'ɛ/ - (v) to be (copula)
ekhih /'ɛk.ħiħ/ - (v) to write
eni /'ɛ.ni/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain3
eniej /e.'niej/ - (adv) anyway
enćki /'ɛ̃.ʈʂki/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]
esáka /ɛ.'sa:.ka/ - (n) sea, lake, pond, puddle, or any non-river waterbody [natural phenomena class]; basin, bowl, container, Tupperware [artificial nonliving objects class]; soup, broth, stew, cereal [food class]; (v) to drink from a bowl, to have soup, to eat cereal
esprit /'ɛs.pɾit/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
etaļi /ɛ.'ta.ʎi/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
fainali /fai.'na.li/ - (adj) final, finally
friholes /fɾi.'ħɔ.lɛs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)
habá /'ħa.ba:/ - (v) to have
habánćabá /ħa.ba:n.'ʈʂa.ba:/ - (v) to submit something incomplete
haita /'ħai.ta/ - (v) to see
haja /'ħa.ja/ - (v) lift
haka /'ħa.ka/ - (n) fish and chips [fish and/or French class]
hamagá /ħa.'ma.ga:/ - (n) absolutely trustworthy person you would give up your life and credibility for [good person class]; guy in hazmat suit [normal person class]; impostor [bad person class]
hambəgə /'ħam.bə.gə/ - (n) hamburger [artificial nonliving objects class]
hani /'ħa.ni/ - (n) year, time, age [abstract concepts class]2
hapbá /'ħap.ba:/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]
harmoni /ħaɾ.'mɔ.ni/ - (n) harmony [abstract concepts class]
haƚidi /ħɑ.'ɫi.di/ - (n) exit
hebáśi /ħɛ.'ba:.ʂi/ [ħɛ.'ba:ʂʅ] - (n) person, man (gender neutral)1
heka /ħɛka/ - (pron) 3rd person1
henćebá /ħɛ̃.'ʈʂɛ.ba:/ - (v) to kill1
hilanijì /ħi.la.'ni.jɪ/ - (n) vegetable [natural phenomena class]
hilebe /ħi.'le.be/ - (n) tree3
hilità /ħi.'li.ta/ - (n) fruit [natural phenomena class]
holdebak /ħɔl.'dɛ.bak/ - (v) to hold back
honítro /ħɔ.'ni:.tɾɔ/ - (n) party, function, celebration [abstract concepts class]; liquor, alcohol [food class]; (v) to drink liquor, to get drunk, to party, to revel, to rave, to celebrate; (adj) drunk
hukabi /ħu.'ka.bi/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack
ihika /i.'ħi.ka/ - (v) to stay, to wait, to remain, to keep3
impasi /ĩ.'pa.si/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]
ina /'i.na/ - (prep) in, inside
ipa /'i.pa/ - (n) sound, phoneme [abstract concepts class]
iskaja /i.'ska.ja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]; heaven [divine/heavenly objects class]
isuimi /i.'sui.mi/ - (v) to swim
iģen /'i.tɕɛn/ - (n) dictator [bad people class]; president, leader [normal people class]; J. Robert Oppenheimer [good people class]
jahota /ja.'ħo.ta/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]
janiju /'jãi.ju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game, to listen to ABBA
jiɫumınos /ji.lu.mu.nos./ - (adj) Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
jojoli /jɔ.'jɔ.li/ - (n) reptile, amphibian [fish class]; dinosaur, monster [animal class]
juf /'juf/ - (n) egg [food class]
kahit /'ka.ħit/ - (conj) even if, even though, regardless (goes at the beginning of the clause)
kaməra /'ka.mə.ɾa/ - (n) camera [artificial nonliving objects class]
kaļateļl /ka.ʎa.'tɛ.ʎi/ - (v) to hunt; (n) a place for hunting [natural phenomena class]
ke /'ke/ - (pron) which, what, that (relative)
ker /'keɾ/ - (v) to care
kibinkapi /ki.bĩ.'ka.pi/ - (v) to nasalize; (n) nose [natural phenomena/body parts class]
kilaì /ki.'laɪ/ - (n) cloud
klojban /'klɔj.ban/ - (n) foreign language [divine/heavenly objects class]; Klojban [OP class] (because you are speaking Klojban)
ko /'ko/ - (adv) squishy; (n) semi-solid substance, clay, cream, syrup
kuros /'ku.ɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse
kule /'ku.le/ - (n) color; (adj) colourful.
kutuna /ku.'tu.na/ - (n) can, metal container [nonliving objects class]
lá /'la:/ - (n) laws
lonla /'lɔ̃.la/ - (adv) of course
ma /'ma/ - (n) ground
maboi /'ma.bɔi/ - (n) one's child (son/daughter but gender neutral) [children class]
majkel /'maj.kel/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; bee [insect class]; cat [other animals class]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
mama /'ma.ma/ - (n) father [normal people class]
manabu /ma.'na.bu/ - (v) to learn
masitok /ma.'si.tɔk/ - (adj) all, every, complete, whole
mauta /'mau.ta/ - (n) mouth [natural phenomena class]4
mija /'mi.ja/ - (v) to repeat, to oscillate
monkiastù /mɔ̃.'kias.tʊ/ - (n) voiceless pharyngeal fricative [abstract concepts class]; a sound change turning /q/ to /ħ/ [natural phenomena class]
mulu /'mu.lu/ - (prep) - from, away from
muri /'mu.ɾi/ - (adv) impossible
najnplasten /najn.'plas.ten/ - (v) to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer
nasihati /na.si.'ħa.ti/ - (v) to find, to track (down), to search (for)
nenepanolisli /nɛ.nɛ.pa.nɔ.'lis.li/- (n) sex [natural phenomena class]; (v) to have sex
noks /'nɔks/ - (n) night [natural phenomena class]
nómen /'nɔ:.mɛn/ - (n) name, term [abstract concepts class]; (v) to name, to call, to give a name to
nu /'nu/ - (n) demon [divine/magical class]
of /'of/ - (adv) off
oka /'ɔ.ka/ - (v) to walk
olin /'o.lĩ/ - (v) to love; (n) love [natural phenomena class[
otu /'ɔ.tu/ - (v) to be obligated to (must, should)
ó /ɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; a catgirl [other animals class]
pa /'pa/ - (n) leg [natural phenomena/body parts class]; (num) four
pali /'pa.li/ - (v) to make
palisa /pa.'li.sa/ - (n) stick; (adj) long and hard
papa /'pa.pa/ - (n) mother [normal people class]
papaćkak /pa.'paʈʂ.kak/ - (n) milk [food class]
pensi /'pɛ̃.si/ - (v) to think
pi /'pi/ - (num) five3
pilin /'pi.lĩ/ - (n) feeling
pivi /'pi.vi/ - (adj) orange; (n) orange the color [abstract concepts class]; orange the fruit [food class]
pona /'po.na/ - (adj) good
portəgues /'pɔɾ.tə.gwɛs/ - (v) to progress, to advance
prepare /pɾɛ.'pa.ɾɛ/ - (adj) ready, prepared
pujuta /pu.'ju.ta/ - (v) to put, to place
Quelpart /'kɛl.paɾ/ -(adj) best; (v) to be the best, to achieve, to overachieve
ranae /ɾa.'naɛ/ - (v) to run
redbul /'ɾed.bul/ - (n) wings
refleksiv /ɾɛf.'lɛk.siv/ - (pron) reflexive pronoun
rińgo /'ɾiŋ.gɔ/ ['ɾiɲ.gɔ] - (n) apple [food class]
ruina /ɾui.na/ - (v) to ruin, to soil
sa /'sa/ - (n) a mass of flesh with liquid consistency [abstract concepts class]; body [natural phenomena class]; meat [food class]; fat [fish/french class]; demon [divine class]; (adj) fat; (v) to become fat
sáka /'sa:.ka/ - (adj) cold
sampal /'sã.pal/ - (v) to slap
scí /'stsi:/ - (v) to know
sepərət /'sɛ.pə.ɾət/ - (v) to separate (adj) separate
sike /'si.kɛ/ - (adj) round
silenxa /si.'lɛ̃.ɕa/ - (v) to silence
situ /'si.tu/ - (v) to set (all English senses!)
sićikasi /si.ʈʂi.'ka.si/ [siʈʂʅkasi] - (n) ship, watercraft [nonliving objects class]
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
sona /'so.na/ - (v) to know
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
su /'su/ - (adj) green; (n) green [abstract concepts class]
sus /'sus/ (n) among us crewmate [abstract concepts class]
svasa /'sva.sa/ - (n) surface, top (of an object) [abstract concepts class]; (prep) above, over
tan /'tã/ - (conj) because
tana /'ta.na/ - (prep) according to
tap /'tap/ - (n) food [food class]
tapiji /ta.'pi.ji/ - (n) restaurant, cafeteria [nonliving objects class]
ti /'ti/ - (num) three
tijoti /ti.'jo.ti/ - (v) to need, to require
to /'tɔ/ - (prep) benefactive marker (goes before noun)
toar /'tɔaɾ/ - (prep) towards
traji /'tɾa.ji/ - (v) to try to do
tsaśa /'tsa.ʂa/ - (v) to make a top-comment-changes-whatever post
tu /'tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
tudu /'tu.du/ - (v) to do
tugo /'tu.gɔ/ - (v) to go
unu /'u.nu/ - (n) animal [other animals class]
unu /'u.nu/ - (num) one; (n) pornography, R34 or other lewd materials [slang]
utanu /u.'ta.nu/ - (v) to change, to shift, to transform
vajiń /'va.jĩŋ/ ['va.jĩɲ] - (v) to buy
vaļi /'va.ʎi/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Varamm /'va.ɾam/ - (adj) cool, hip, famous; (v) to be cool, to be famous, to cool down (something else)
víśva /'vi:ʂ.va/ - (n) the Earth, the world [divine/heavenly objects class]
voks /'vɔks/ - (n) voice, speech [abstract concepts class]
vuil /'vuil/ - (v) to build
xikari /ɕi.'ka.ɾi/ - (v) to eject
xiƚakći /ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂi/ [ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂʅ] - (v) to leave, to depart
xufa /'ɕu.fa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this
xufi /'ɕu.fi/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]
xú /'ɕu:/ - (pron) 1st person
xupsuna /ɕup.'su.na/ - (adj) sensible, practical
xuptu /'ɕup.tu/ - (v) to catch, to capture
yaya /'ja.ja/ - (n) baby [children class]
zako /'sa.kɔ/ - (n) a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding [abstract concepts class]3
ćaśa /'ʈʂa.ʂa/ - (n) cause [abstract concepts class]; (v) to give birth, to have a child, to conceive, to develop a plan, to plan, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause
ćí /'ʈʂi:/ ['ʈʂʅ:] - (n) tree [natural phenomena class]
ćijaisatli /ʈʂi.jai.'sat.li/ - (n) fluid [natural phenomena class]
ćokəlat /'ʈʂɔ.kə.lat/ - (n) chocolate [food class]
é /'ɛ:/ - (pron) 2nd person1
ģastaraja /tɕa.sta.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to destroy
ģata /'tɕa.ta/ - (v) to gather, to collect, to collate, to assemble, to build, to make, to create
ģenģi /'tɕɛ̃.tɕi/ - (v) to live in a location
ģivə /'tɕi.və/ - (v) to give
ļe /'ʎɛ/ - (adv) not (intj) no
ńi /'ŋĩ/ ['ɲĩ] - (prep) genitive marker (goes before possessor but after possessee; in addition the genitive noun phrase is surrounded by commas)
śećke /'ʂɛʈʂ.kɛ/ - (v) to have
śenśe /'ʂɛ̃.ʂɛ/ - (adv) at all3
śeļĩń /'ʂɛ.ʎĩŋ/ ['ʂɛ.ʎĩɲ] - (v) to sell
śpem /ʂpɛm/ - (v) to command to do (imperative)
śu /'ʂu/ - (n) wind
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (n) land
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (num) six
1 - the first /e/ is changed to /i/ if a prefix is attached to this word
2 - "to have [number] [year]" means to be [number] years old (a French-like construction and surprisingly not my own)
3 - when this word is followed by a word starting with a vowel, an /j/ is added to the end. It's written, u/Anjeez929.
4 - "to put air in mouth" means "to breathe", while "to put (phrase) in mouth" means "to speak", or rather, "to say (phrase)"

Example Sentences (NOT YET UPDATED)

Hocí xitihapbábe bàbá tatugo.
/ħɔtsi: ɕitiħapba:bɛ baba: tatugɔ/
hok-é xutu-hapbà-be bàbá tatugo (note how es becomes is with a prefix; also that hok- becomes hoc- as it precedes /e/)
BAD.PERSON-2SG NLVG-water-ABSOLUTIVE drink SCARY.PRESENT
"In the scary present of this reality, you, whom I consider a bad person, drink water."
-----
Caba, hećixú heći-Rima-be e, hećixú hatahanibe duśé habá, hećixú abćãńaśabe cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka.
/tsaba ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħɛʈʂiɾimabɛ e ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħataħanibɛ duʂɛ: ħaba: ħɛʈʂiɕu: abʈʂãŋaʂabɛ tsiɛɫ manabu ʂɛħa ʎɛ ʂɛnʂɛ baka/
caba heći-xú heći-Rima-be e heći-xú hata-hani-be du-śé habá heći-xú abća-ńaśa-be cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka (note how abća becomes abćã with -ńaśa added to it)
hello NORMAL.PERSON-1SG NORMAL.PERSON-Rima-ABSOLUTIVE COP NORMAL.PERSON-1SG ABSTRACT-year-ABSOLUTIVE two-six-two[twelve] have NORMAL.PERSON-1SG spell-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE how learn NEAR.PST NOT[never] at.all f*ck
"What up, I'm Rima, I'm 12, [and] I never f*cking learned how to spell"
-----
A, hećé! Hećé hećawejik e fainali! Hećé kurosńaśabe ńĩ hataborodero traji śeha ba"?
/a ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂawɛjik ɛ fainali ħɛʈʂɛ: kuɾɔsŋaʂabɛ ɲĩ ħatabɔɾɔdɛɾɔ traiji ʂɛħa ba/
a heć-é heć-é heć-awejik e fainali heć-é kuros-ńaśa-be hata-borodero ńĩ traji śeha ba
INTJ NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-awake COP finally NORMAL.PERSON-2SG cross-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE of ABSTRACT-border try NEAR.PST QUESTION
"Hey, you! You're finally awake! Did you try to cross the border (lit. try to do the crossing of the border)?
-----
Tana hotolawa-lawa sonanet aƚe, ńi majkelńaśa, hećimajkel majkelńaśabe ajkan ļe śenśe. Hotoredbul-redbul, ńi hećiheka, hotomajkel tu e to hajańaśabe, ńĩ hotosa hotomajkel hotosa, ńĩ hećiheka, of ma. Hećimajkelbe, lonla, majkel eniwej. Tan hećimajkel-majkel, ke hećihibáśi-hibáśi eńaśabe, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
/tana ħɔtɔlawa-lawa sɔnanɛt aɫɛ, ɲĩ majkɛlŋaʂa, ħɛʈʂimajkɛl majkɛlŋaʂabɛ ajkã ʎɛ ʂɛ̃ʂɛ. ħɔtɔɾɛdbul-ɾɛdbul, ɲĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ħɔtɔmajkel tu ɛ tɔ ħajaŋaʂabɛ, ɲĩ ħɔtɔsa ħɔtɔmajkel ħɔtɔsa, ɲĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ɔf ma. ħɛʈʂimajkɛlbɛ, lɔnla, majkɛl ɛniwɛj. tan ħɛʈʂimajkɛl-majkɛl, kɛ ħɛʈʂiħibáʂi-ħibáʂi ɛŋaʂabɛ, ɲĩ muɾi, pɛnsi, kɛɾ ʎɛ./
tana hoto-lawa-lawa sona-net aƚe, ńĩ majkel-ńaśa, heći-majkel majkel-ńaśa-be ajkan ļe śenśe. hoto-redbul-redbul, ńĩ heći-heka, hoto-majkel tu e to haja-ńaśa-be, ńĩ hoto-sa hoto-majkel hoto-sa, ńĩ heći-heka, of ma. Heći-majkel-be, lonla, majkel eniwej. tan heći-majkel-majkel, ke heći-hebáśi-hebáśi e-ńaśa-be, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
according.to NATURAL.PHENOMENON-law~PL know-PRT all, GEN fly-NOM, INSECT-bee fly-NOM-ABS can NOT at.all. NATURAL.PHENOMENON-wing~PL, GEN INSECT-3P, NATPHEN-small too COP BEN lift.NOM.ABS, GEN NATURAL.PHENOMENON-body little fat, GEN INSECT-3P, off ground. INSECT-bee-ABS, of.course, fly anyways. because INSECT-bee~PL, REL NORMAL.PEOPLE-person~PL COP.NOM.ABS, GEN impossible, think care NEG.
According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly (lit. a bee is unable to fly at all). Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.
submitted by RBolton123 to Klojban [link] [comments]


2022.05.08 06:00 RBolton123 Klojban, an Evolving Conlang XXVII

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.
Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:
  • The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
  • The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
  • The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
  • If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
  • Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Winning Changes

I'm feeling generous so I'll add all suggestions:
By u/xirdaish_reborn with 2 points:
New phoneme /ɲ/ which appears in words where /ŋ/ stands near /i/ or /ĩ/.
ŋĩ > ɲĩ, it would become easier to pronounce
By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:
tsi /tsı/ (v) continuing a project for so long that you lose your goals, ideas and interest
Since I removed /ɯ/ it becomes . Also I'm spelling it
By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:
New Words
svasa /'sva.sa/ - (n) surface, top (of an object) [abstract concepts class]; (prep) above, over
víśva /'viʂ.va/ - (n) the Earth, the world [divine/heavenly objects class]
New Grammar
let(e)- - imperative/hortative prefix
New Phonology
Delete the low tone, but keep the random graves.
Merge /ɯ/ with and reflect it in the orthography
I also added an additional sense for iskaja: "heaven"
EDIT: I also added a word for "from"

Phonology


Consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Nasal m n (ɲ)4 ŋ <ń>
Stop p b t d k1 g
Fricative f v s3 ʂ <ś> ɕ ħ
Affricate ts ʈʂ <ć> tɕ <ģ>
Tap or Flap ɾ
Approximant j2 w
Lateral Approximant l ɫ <ƚ> ʎ <ļ>
1 - Represented by only in the word cloń /kloŋ/, and in the word Quelpart
2 - Represented by only in the word yaya /jaja/
3 - Represented by only in the word zako /sakɔ/
4 - Allophone of /ŋ/ next to /i/ or /ĩ/

Vowels Front Mid Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open a
There are also nasal vowels though their occurrence is rather sporadic.
Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.
Vowel Harmony:
  • Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony).
Phonotactics:
  • Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)
  • Stress is always on the penultimate syllable, unless the syllable contains a schwa in which case it is moved to the final non-schwa syllable before the schwas.
Morphophonology:
  • /i/ becomes [ʅ] near retroflex consonants
  • /a/ becomes [ɑ] near /ɫ/

Grammar

No cases. Head-initial. Plurals are formed by reduplication. Adjective and adverbs agree with the noun or verb they modify in tense and mood or noun class
Nouns and pronouns use noun classes, which are demarcated with prefixes. If the noun begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the prefix is dropped.
  • Abstract Concepts: hat(a)-
  • Natural Phenomena and Body Parts: hot(o)-
  • Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
  • Artificial Nonliving Objects: xut(u)-
  • Food: van(a)-
  • Insects: heć(i)-
  • Fish and/or French: hak(a)-
  • Other Animals: heć(e)-
  • Bad People: hok(o)-
  • Normal People: heć(i)-
  • Good People: heć(e)-
  • Children: xuk(u)-
  • Bad Rulers: xub(ú)-
  • Normal Rulers: hab(á)-
  • Good Rulers: heb(í)-
  • Divine or Magical Concepts, Beings, etc.: heb(é)-
  • OP (me): hob(ó)
Words can also have different meanings when used as slang, which is indicated in [brackets].
Nouns follow ergative-absolutive alignment, with the absolutive marked with -be.
Nouns also follow this animacy system, where nouns that are more "alive" take precedence over less "alive" nouns regardless of their function in the sentence. (This is where the absolutive marker gets useful.) The order, from most alive to least alive, is: OP, Divine, Good Rulers, Normal Rulers, Bad Rulers, Children, Good People, Normal People, Bad People, Animals, Fish and/or French, Insects, Natural Nonliving Objects, Artificial Nonliving Objects, Natural Phenomena, Abstract Concepts. Subject complements always go last.
In addition, pronouns in the absolutive are attached to the verb, succeeding the subjunctive prefix.
Verbs have 10 "main" tenses. The past are conjugations of the auxiliary verb habá, while the present and future are represented with conjugations of tugo.
  • Theoretical Past: śaha
  • Mythical past: uha
  • Very far past: aha
  • Far past: oha
  • Near past: śeha
  • Present: (no prefix)
  • Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
  • Near Future: ƚitugo
  • Far Future: lotugo
  • Very Far Future: latugo
There is also the subjunctive paha(p)-
Other Affixes:
  • gxar(e)-: Unimportant marker on verbs and nouns; shows that the speaker considers the noun or the statement as a whole to be unimportant.
  • let(e)-: imperative/hortative prefix
  • -ńaśa: Nominalizer; verbs can take objects through the genitive. If added to a word ending with a vowel, said final vowel gets nasalizes
  • -(n)et marks the passive participle
  • -(h)er - suffixed onto verbs to indicate a doer of the action, akin to English "-er" in helper, reminder, etc.
Klojban uses the seximal number system. From one to six, the numbers are unu, du, ti, pa, pi, and śé.

Lexicon

a /'a/ - (intj) ah!
abà /'a.ba/ - (v) to run
abća /'ab.ʈʂa/ - (v) to spell
aga /'a.ga/ - (n) monster [animal class]; person who seems nice but is actually evil [bad person class]
ajamwili /a.jã.'wi.li/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
ajkan /'aj.kã/ - (v) to be able to (can)
alfabet /al.'fa.bet/ - (n) any writing system that is not an alphabet
amogus /a.'mɔ.gus/ (adj) suspicious
ante /'ã.tɛ/ - (v) to change
anu /'a.nu/ - (conj) or
ańí /'ã.ŋi:/ ['ã.ɲi:] - (n) dog
araja /a.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to die
arondismen /a.rɔn.dis.mɛn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class}
ata /'a.ta/ - (n) bed
ati /'a.ti/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient
atinawuni /a.ti.na.'wu.ni/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate
atlejok /at.'lɛ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
ava /'a.va/ - (v) to eat
awejik /a.'wɛ.jik/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid
aweken /a.'wɛ.kɛn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up
awuto /a.'wu.tɔ/ - (n) car [nonliving object class]
ba /'ba/ - (part) question marker (goes at the end of the clause)
babotoni /ba.bɔ.'tɔ.ni/ - (v) to write, to record, to click
baka /'ba.ka/ - (intj) f*ck (expletive)
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
baśa /'ba.ʂa/ - (n) passion [abstract concept class]; suffering [divine/magical concept class]3
borodero /bɔ.ɾɔ.'dɛ.ɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class]
bróbòdogo /bɾɔ:.bɔ.'dɔ.gɔ/ - (v) to implement something but not actually use it
bàbá /'ba.ba:/ - (v) to drink1
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (adj) blue
bèbí /'bɛ.bi:/ - (n) fruit1
caba /'tsa.ba/ - (intj) hello, what's up
cajild /'ʦa.jild/ - (n) child (in general), young (noun) [children class]
cen /'tsɛ̃/ - (n) nice animal [animal class]; scientist [good person class]; unethical scientist [bad person class]3
cevana /tsɛ.'va.na/ - (n) restaurant
cieƚ /'tsieɫ/ - (pron) how
cloń /'klɔ̃ŋ/ - (n) a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind but doesn't really think about it
cu /'tsu/ - (v) to continue a project for so long that you lose your goals, ideas and interest
dáknes /'da:k.nɛs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
de /'dɛ/ - (n) day [natural phenomena class]
du /'du/ - (num) two
duɾka /'duɾ.ka/ - (adj) Semitic, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
e /'ɛ/ - (v) to be (copula)
ekhih /'ɛk.ħiħ/ - (v) to write
eni /'ɛ.ni/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain3
enćki /'ɛ̃ʈʂki/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]
eniwej /e.'ni.wej/ - (adv) anyway
esprit /'ɛs.pɾit/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
etwaļi /ɛ.'twa.ʎi/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
fainali /fai.'na.li/ - (adj) final, finally
friholes /fɾi.'ħɔ.lɛs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)
habá /'ħa.ba:/ - (v) to have
habánćabá /ħa.ba:n.'ʈʂa.ba:/ - (v) to submit something incomplete
haita /'ħai.ta/ - (v) to see
haja /'ħa.ja/ - (v) lift
haka /'ħa.ka/ - (n) fish and chips [fish and/or French class]
hamagá /ħa.'ma.ga:/ - (n) absolutely trustworthy person you would give up your life and credibility for [good person class]; guy in hazmat suit [normal person class]; impostor [bad person class]
hambəgə /'ħam.bə.gə/ - (n) hamburger [artificial nonliving objects class]
hani /'ħa.ni/ - (n) year, time, age [abstract concepts class]2
hapbá /'ħap.ba:/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]
harmoni /ħaɾ.'mɔ.ni/ - (n) harmony [abstract concepts class]
haƚidi /ħɑ.'ɫi.di/ - (n) exit
hebáśi /ħɛ.'ba:.ʂi/ [ħɛ.'ba:ʂʅ] - (n) person, man (gender neutral)1
heka /ħɛka/ - (pron) 3rd person1
henćebá /ħɛ̃.'ʈʂɛ.ba:/ - (v) to kill1
hilanijì /ħi.la.'ni.ji/ - (n) vegetable [natural phenomena class]
hilebe /ħi.'le.be/ - (n) tree3
hilità /ħi.'li.ta/ - (n) fruit [natural phenomena class]
holdebak /ħɔl.'dɛ.bak/ - (v) to hold back
hukabi /ħu.'ka.bi/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack
ihika /i.'ħi.ka/ - (v) to stay, to wait, to remain, to keep3
impasi /ĩ.'pa.si/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]
ina /'i.na/ - (prep) in, inside
ipa /'i.pa/ - (n) sound, phoneme [abstract concepts class]
iskaja /i.'ska.ja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]; heaven [divine/heavenly objects class]
isuwimi /i.su.'wi.mi/ - (v) to swim
jahota /ja.'ħo.ta/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]
janwiju /jã.'wi.ju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game, to listen to ABBA
jiɫumınos /ji.lu.mu.nos./ - (adj) Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
jojoli /jɔ.'jɔ.li/ - (n) reptile, amphibian [fish class]; dinosaur, monster [animal class]
juf /'juf/ - (n) egg [food class]
kahit /'ka.ħit/ - (conj) even if, even though, regardless (goes at the beginning of the clause)
kaməra /'ka.mə.ɾa/ - (n) camera [artificial nonliving objects class]
kaļateļl /ka.ʎa.'tɛ.ʎi/ - (v) to hunt; (n) a place for hunting [natural phenomena class]
ke /'ke/ - (pron) which, what, that (relative)
ker /'keɾ/ - (v) to care
kibinkapi /ki.bĩ.'ka.pi/ - (v) to nasalize; (n) nose [natural phenomena/body parts class]
kilawì /ki.'la.wi/ - (n) cloud
ko /'ko/ - (adv) squishy; (n) semi-solid substance, clay, cream, syrup
kuros /'ku.ɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse
kule /'ku.le/ - (n) color; (adj) colourful.
kutuna /ku.'tu.na/ - (n) can, metal container [nonliving objects class]
lawa /'la.wa/ - (n) laws
lonla /'lɔ̃.la/ - (adv) of course
ma /'ma/ - (n) ground
maboi /'ma.bɔi/ - (n) one's child (son/daughter but gender neutral) [children class]
majkel /'maj.kel/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; bee [insect class]; cat [other animals class]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
mama /'ma.ma/ - (n) father [normal people class]
manabu /ma.'na.bu/ - (v) to learn
masitok /ma.'si.tɔk/ - (adj) all, every, complete, whole
mawuta /ma.'wu.ta/ - (n) mouth [natural phenomena class]4
mija /'mi.ja/ - (v) to repeat, to oscillate
monkiwastù /mɔ̃.ki.'was.tu/ - (n) voiceless pharyngeal fricative [abstract concepts class]; a sound change turning /q/ to /ħ/ [natural phenomena class]
mulu /'mu.lu/ - (prep) - from, away from
muri /'mu.ɾi/ - (adv) impossible
najnplasten /najn.'plas.ten/ - (v) to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer
nasihati /na.si.'ħa.ti/ - (v) to find, to track (down), to search (for)
nenepanolisli /nɛ.nɛ.pa.nɔ.'lis.li/- (n) sex [natural phenomena class]; (v) to have sex
noks /'nɔks/ - (n) night [natural phenomena class]
nu /'nu/ - (n) demon [divine/magical class]
of /'of/ - (adv) off
olin /'o.lĩ/ - (v) to love; (n) love [natural phenomena class[
otu /'ɔ.tu/ - (v) to be obligated to (must, should)
owo /ɔwɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; a catgirl [other animals class]
pa /'pa/ - (n) leg [natural phenomena/body parts class]; (num) four
pali /'pa.li/ - (v) to make
palisa /pa.'li.sa/ - (n) stick; (adj) long and hard
papa /'pa.pa/ - (n) mother [normal people class]
papaćkak /pa.'paʈʂ.kak/ - (n) milk [food class]
pensi /'pɛ̃.si/ - (v) to think
pi /'pi/ - (num) five3
pilin /'pi.lĩ/ - (n) feeling
pivi /'pi.vi/ - (adj) orange; (n) orange the color [abstract concepts class]; orange the fruit [food class]
pona /'po.na/ - (adj) good
portəgues /'pɔɾ.tə.gwɛs/ - (v) to progress, to advance
prepare /pɾɛ.'pa.ɾɛ/ - (adj) ready, prepared
pujuta /pu.'ju.ta/ - (v) to put, to place
Quelpart /'kɛl.paɾ/ -(adj) best; (v) to be the best, to achieve, to overachieve
ranawe /ɾa.'na.wɛ/ - (v) to run
redbul /'ɾed.bul/ - (n) wings
refleksiv /ɾɛf.'lɛk.siv/ - (pron) reflexive pronoun
rińgo /'ɾiŋ.gɔ/ ['ɾiɲ.gɔ] - (n) apple [food class]
ruwina /ɾu.'wi.na/ - (v) to ruin, to soil
sa /'sa/ - (n) a mass of flesh with liquid consistency [abstract concepts class]; body [natural phenomena class]; meat [food class]; fat [fish/french class]; demon [divine class]; (adj) fat; (v) to become fat
sampal /'sã.pal/ - (v) to slap
sawaka /sa.'wa.ka/ - (adj) cold
scí /'stsi:/ - (v) to know
sepərət /'sɛ.pə.ɾət/ - (v) to separate (adj) separate
sike /'si.kɛ/ - (adj) round
silenxa /si.'lɛ̃.ɕa/ - (v) to silence
situ /'si.tu/ - (v) to set (all English senses!)
sićikasi /si.ʈʂi.'ka.si/ [siʈʂʅkasi] - (n) ship, watercraft [nonliving objects class]
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
sona /'so.na/ - (v) to know
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
su /'su/ - (adj) green; (n) green [abstract concepts class]
sus /'sus/ (n) among us crewmate [abstract concepts class]
svasa /'sva.sa/ - (n) surface, top (of an object) [abstract concepts class]; (prep) above, over
tan /'tã/ - (conj) because
tana /'ta.na/ - (prep) according to
tap /'tap/ - (n) food [food class]
tapiji /ta.'pi.ji/ - (n) restaurant, cafeteria [nonliving objects class]
ti /'ti/ - (num) three
tijoti /ti.'jo.ti/ - (v) to need, to require
to /'tɔ/ - (prep) benefactive marker (goes before noun)
towar /'tɔ.waɾ/ - (prep) towards
traji /'tɾa.ji/ - (v) to try to do
tsaśa /'tsa.ʂa/ - (v) to make a top-comment-changes-whatever post
tu /'tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
tudu /'tu.du/ - (v) to do
tugo /'tu.gɔ/ - (v) to go
unu /'u.nu/ - (n) animal [other animals class]
unu /'u.nu/ - (num) one; (n) pornography, R34 or other lewd materials [slang]
utanu /u.'ta.nu/ - (v) to change, to shift, to transform
vajiń /'va.jĩŋ/ ['va.jĩɲ] - (v) to buy
vaļi /'va.ʎi/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Varamm /'va.ɾam/ - (adj) cool, hip, famous; (v) to be cool, to be famous, to cool down (something else)
víśva /'viʂ.va/ - (n) the Earth, the world [divine/heavenly objects class]
voks /'vɔks/ - (n) voice, speech [abstract concepts class]
vuwil /'vu.wil/ - (v) to build
walo /'wa.lo/ - (adj) white; (n) white the color [abstract concepts class]
woka /'wɔ.ka/ - (v) to walk
xikari /ɕi.'ka.ɾi/ - (v) to eject
xiƚakći /ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂi/ [ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂʅ] - (v) to leave, to depart
xufa /'ɕu.fa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this
xufi /'ɕu.fi/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]
xú /'ɕu:/ - (pron) 1st person
xupsuna /ɕup.'su.na/ - (adj) sensible, practical
xuptu /'ɕup.tu/ - (v) to catch, to capture
yaya /'ja.ja/ - (n) baby [children class]
zako /'sa.kɔ/ - (n) a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding [abstract concepts class]3
é /'ɛ:/ - (pron) 2nd person1
ćí /'ʈʂi:/ ['ʈʂʅ:] - (n) tree [natural phenomena class]
ćijawisatli /ʈʂi.ja.wi.'sat.li/ - (n) fluid [natural phenomena class]
ćokəlat /'ʈʂɔ.kə.lat/ - (n) chocolate [food class]
ģastaraja /tɕa.sta.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to destroy
ģenģi /'tɕɛ̃.tɕi/ - (v) to live in a location
ģivà /'tɕi.va/ - (v) to give
ļe /'ʎɛ/ - (adv) not (intj) no
ńi /'ŋĩ/ ['ɲĩ] - (prep) genitive marker (goes before possessor but after possessee; in addition the genitive noun phrase is surrounded by commas)
śećkwe /'ʂɛʈʂ.kwɛ/ - (v) to have
śenśe /'ʂɛ̃.ʂɛ/ - (adv) at all3
śeļĩń /'ʂɛ.ʎĩŋ/ ['ʂɛ.ʎĩɲ] - (v) to sell
śpem /ʂpɛm/ - (v) to command to do (imperative)
śuw /'ʂuw/ - (n) wind
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (n) land
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (num) six
1 - the first /e/ is changed to /i/ if a prefix is attached to this word
2 - "to have [number] [year]" means to be [number] years old (a French-like construction and surprisingly not my own)
3 - when this word is followed by a word starting with a vowel, an /j/ is added to the end. It's written, u/Anjeez929.
4 - "to put air in mouth" means "to breathe", while "to put (phrase) in mouth" means "to speak", or rather, "to say (phrase)"

Example Sentences (NOT YET UPDATED)

Hocí xitihapbábe bàbá tatugo.
/ħɔtsi: ɕitiħapba:bɛ baba: tatugɔ/
hok-é xutu-hapbà-be bàbá tatugo (note how es becomes is with a prefix; also that hok- becomes hoc- as it precedes /e/)
BAD.PERSON-2SG NLVG-water-ABSOLUTIVE drink SCARY.PRESENT
"In the scary present of this reality, you, whom I consider a bad person, drink water."
-----
Caba, hećixú heći-Rima-be e, hećixú hatahanibe duśé habá, hećixú abćãńaśabe cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka.
/tsaba ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħɛʈʂiɾimabɛ e ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħataħanibɛ duʂɛ: ħaba: ħɛʈʂiɕu: abʈʂãŋaʂabɛ tsiɛɫ manabu ʂɛħa ʎɛ ʂɛnʂɛ baka/
caba heći-xú heći-Rima-be e heći-xú hata-hani-be du-śé habá heći-xú abća-ńaśa-be cieƚ manabu śeha ļe śenśe baka (note how abća becomes abćã with -ńaśa added to it)
hello NORMAL.PERSON-1SG NORMAL.PERSON-Rima-ABSOLUTIVE COP NORMAL.PERSON-1SG ABSTRACT-year-ABSOLUTIVE two-six-two[twelve] have NORMAL.PERSON-1SG spell-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE how learn NEAR.PST NOT[never] at.all f*ck
"What up, I'm Rima, I'm 12, [and] I never f*cking learned how to spell"
-----
A, hećé! Hećé hećawejik e fainali! Hećé kurosńaśabe ńĩ hataborodero traji śeha ba"?
/a ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂawɛjik ɛ fainali ħɛʈʂɛ: kuɾɔsŋaʂabɛ ɲĩ ħatabɔɾɔdɛɾɔ traiji ʂɛħa ba/
a heć-é heć-é heć-awejik e fainali heć-é kuros-ńaśa-be hata-borodero ńĩ traji śeha ba
INTJ NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-awake COP finally NORMAL.PERSON-2SG cross-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE of ABSTRACT-border try NEAR.PST QUESTION
"Hey, you! You're finally awake! Did you try to cross the border (lit. try to do the crossing of the border)?
-----
Tana hotolawa-lawa sonanet aƚe, ńi majkelńaśa, hećimajkel majkelńaśabe ajkan ļe śenśe. Hotoredbul-redbul, ńi hećiheka, hotomajkel tu e to hajańaśabe, ńĩ hotosa hotomajkel hotosa, ńĩ hećiheka, of ma. Hećimajkelbe, lonla, majkel eniwej. Tan hećimajkel-majkel, ke hećihibáśi-hibáśi eńaśabe, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
/tana ħɔtɔlawa-lawa sɔnanɛt aɫɛ, ɲĩ majkɛlŋaʂa, ħɛʈʂimajkɛl majkɛlŋaʂabɛ ajkã ʎɛ ʂɛ̃ʂɛ. ħɔtɔɾɛdbul-ɾɛdbul, ɲĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ħɔtɔmajkel tu ɛ tɔ ħajaŋaʂabɛ, ɲĩ ħɔtɔsa ħɔtɔmajkel ħɔtɔsa, ɲĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ɔf ma. ħɛʈʂimajkɛlbɛ, lɔnla, majkɛl ɛniwɛj. tan ħɛʈʂimajkɛl-majkɛl, kɛ ħɛʈʂiħibáʂi-ħibáʂi ɛŋaʂabɛ, ɲĩ muɾi, pɛnsi, kɛɾ ʎɛ./
tana hoto-lawa-lawa sona-net aƚe, ńĩ majkel-ńaśa, heći-majkel majkel-ńaśa-be ajkan ļe śenśe. hoto-redbul-redbul, ńĩ heći-heka, hoto-majkel tu e to haja-ńaśa-be, ńĩ hoto-sa hoto-majkel hoto-sa, ńĩ heći-heka, of ma. Heći-majkel-be, lonla, majkel eniwej. tan heći-majkel-majkel, ke heći-hebáśi-hebáśi e-ńaśa-be, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
according.to NATURAL.PHENOMENON-law~PL know-PRT all, GEN fly-NOM, INSECT-bee fly-NOM-ABS can NOT at.all. NATURAL.PHENOMENON-wing~PL, GEN INSECT-3P, NATPHEN-small too COP BEN lift.NOM.ABS, GEN NATURAL.PHENOMENON-body little fat, GEN INSECT-3P, off ground. INSECT-bee-ABS, of.course, fly anyways. because INSECT-bee~PL, REL NORMAL.PEOPLE-person~PL COP.NOM.ABS, GEN iimpossible, think care NEG.
According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly (lit. a bee is unable to fly at all). Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.
submitted by RBolton123 to Klojban [link] [comments]


2022.05.07 11:24 RBolton123 Klojban, an Evolving Conlang XXVI

Klojban, an Evolving Conlang: Introduction

With the downfall of EvolvingConlang and the rise of like ten others in its place, I firmly believe that a spiritual successor to it must be made. u/EkskiuTwentyTwo, if you want me to delete this, I shall.
Anyways, here is Klojban, named in the same manner as Lojban was to Loglan. Somewhat. It will have more rules than the other "add features by commenting them" conlangs:
  • The top three comments will be added instead of just the topmost one
  • The phonology must consist of actual phonemes; the grammar and lexicon, though, can be as wild as you want them to be
  • The orthography can be changed but it must be done in a separate comment.
  • If you want me to append a link to your suggestion, you can do so, but make sure it isn't NSFW or anything
  • Words added at the same time as a sound change do not have the sound change applied to them, as they are loanwords.

Winning Changes

I'm feeling generous so I'll add all suggestions:
By u/NoCocksInTheRestroom with 2 points:
New word /ji.lu.mu.nos./ ⟨jiɫumınos⟩—Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
By u/Anjeez929 with 1 point:
If you have been on the prolangs server, then you will get this one.
The word for one is now also slang for "R34 or other lewd materials".
Also, optional, but whenever the slang meaning of it is intended, it gets put into square brackets, like [unu]
By u/RBolton123 with 1 point:
New Words
dáknes /'da:k.nɛs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
esprit /'ɛs.pɾit/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
vaļi /'va.ʎi/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Semantic Shifts
atlejok /at.'lɛ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
etwaļi /ɛ.'twa.ʎi/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
majkel /'maj.kel/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; bee [insect class]; cat [other animals class]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
I also added an additional sense for iskaja: "heaven"

Phonology


Consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Nasal m n ŋ <ń>
Stop p b t d k1 g
Fricative f v s3 ʂ <ś> ɕ ħ
Affricate ts ʈʂ <ć> tɕ <ģ>
Tap or Flap ɾ
Approximant j2 w
Lateral Approximant l ɫ <ƚ> ʎ <ļ>
1 - Represented by only in the word cloń /kloŋ/, and in the word Quelpart
2 - Represented by only in the word yaya /jaja/
3 - Represented by only in the word zako /sakɔ/

Vowels Front Mid Back
Close i ɯ <ı> u
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open a
There are also nasal vowels though their occurrence is rather sporadic.
Vowel length is phonemic and is represented by an acute.
Vowel Harmony:
  • Frontness Vowel Harmony: If a prefix with or /ɔ/ is added to a word with an open vowel, becomes /i/ and /ɔ/ becomes /ɚ/ (thus triggering rhotic vowel harmony).
Tones:
  • Non-Grammatical (Phonemic) Tones: These were the result of a past sound change, and can be found anywhere in the word. They are low ˩ and mid (no letter), and are represented with a grave and no diacritic respectively.
Phonotactics:
  • Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C)
  • Stress is always on the penultimate syllable, unless the syllable contains a schwa in which case it is moved to the final non-schwa syllable before the schwas.
Morphophonology:
  • /i/ becomes [ʅ] near retroflex consonants
  • /a/ becomes [ɑ] near /ɫ/

Grammar

No cases. Head-initial. Plurals are formed by reduplication. Adjective and adverbs agree with the noun or verb they modify in tense and mood or noun class
Nouns and pronouns use noun classes, which are demarcated with prefixes. If the noun begins with a vowel, then the final vowel of the prefix is dropped.
  • Abstract Concepts: hat(a)-
  • Natural Phenomena: hot(o)-
  • Natural Nonliving Objects: leb(e)-
  • Artificial Nonliving Objects: xut(u)-
  • Food: van(a)-
  • Insects: heć(i)-
  • Fish and/or French: hak(a)-
  • Other Animals: heć(e)-
  • Bad People: hok(o)-
  • Normal People: heć(i)-
  • Good People: heć(e)-
  • Children: xuk(u)-
  • Bad Rulers: xub(ú)-
  • Normal Rulers: hab(á)-
  • Good Rulers: heb(í)-
  • Divine or Magical Concepts, Beings, etc.: heb(é)-
  • OP (me): hob(ó)
Words can also have different meanings when used as slang, which is indicated in [brackets].
Nouns follow ergative-absolutive alignment, with the absolutive marked with -be.
Nouns also follow this animacy system, where nouns that are more "alive" take precedence over less "alive" nouns regardless of their function in the sentence. (This is where the absolutive marker gets useful.) The order, from most alive to least alive, is: OP, Divine, Good Rulers, Normal Rulers, Bad Rulers, Children, Good People, Normal People, Bad People, Animals, Fish and/or French, Insects, Natural Nonliving Objects, Artificial Nonliving Objects, Natural Phenomena, Abstract Concepts. Subject complements always go last.
In addition, pronouns in the absolutive are attached to the verb, succeeding the subjunctive prefix.
Verbs have 10 "main" tenses. The past are conjugations of the auxiliary verb habá, while the present and future are represented with conjugations of tugo.
  • Theoretical Past: śaha
  • Mythical past: uha
  • Very far past: aha
  • Far past: oha
  • Near past: śeha
  • Present: (no prefix)
  • Scary Present of our reality: tatugo
  • Near Future: ƚitugo
  • Far Future: lotugo
  • Very Far Future: latugo
There is also the subjunctive paha(p)-
Other Affixes:
  • gxar(e)-: Unimportant marker on verbs and nouns; shows that the speaker considers the noun or the statement as a whole to be unimportant.
  • -ńaśa: Nominalizer; verbs can take objects through the genitive. If added to a word ending with a vowel, said final vowel gets nasalizes
  • -(n)et marks the passive participle
  • -(h)er - suffixed onto verbs to indicate a doer of the action, akin to English "-er" in helper, reminder, etc.
Klojban uses the seximal number system. From one to six, the numbers are unu, du, ti, pa, pi, and śé.

Lexicon

a /'a/ - (intj) ah!
abà /'a.ba˩/ - (v) to run
abća /'ab.ʈʂa/ - (v) to spell
aga /'a.ga/ - (n) monster [animal class]; person who seems nice but is actually evil [bad person class]
ajamwili /a.jã.'wi.li/ - (v) to be willing to (would)
ajkan /'aj.kã/ - (v) to be able to (can)
alfabet /al.'fa.bet/ - (n) any writing system that is not an alphabet
amogus /a.'mɔ.gus/ (adj) suspicious
ante /'ã.tɛ/ - (v) to change
anu /'a.nu/ - (conj) or
ańí /'ã.ŋi:/ - (n) dog
araja /a.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to die
arondismen /a.rɔn.dis.mɛn/ - (n) a rhotic sound [abstract concepts class}
ata /'a.ta/ - (n) bed
ati /'a.ti/ - (adj) ideal, favorable, desirable, expedient
atinawuni /a.ti.na.'wu.ni/ - (v) to combine, to conform, to assimilate
atlejok /at.'lɛ.jɔk/ - (n) nothingness, negation, lack, dearth, shortage [concept class]; (v) to empty, to remove; (adj) empty
ava /'a.va/ - (v) to eat
awejik /a.'wɛ.jik/ - (adj) awake, conscious, lucid
aweken /a.'wɛ.kɛn/ - (v) to awaken, to wake up
awuto /a.'wu.tɔ/ - (n) car [nonliving object class]
ba /'ba/ - (part) question marker (goes at the end of the clause)
babotoni /ba.bɔ.'tɔ.ni/ - (v) to write, to record, to click
baka /'ba.ka/ - (intj) f*ck (expletive)
batak /'ba.tak/ - (n) bed, mattress, pillow [artificial nonliving objects class]; (v) to rest, to sleep; (adj) soft, sleepy, tired, sick
baśa /'ba.ʂa/ - (n) passion [abstract concept class]; suffering [divine/magical concept class]3
borodero /bɔ.ɾɔ.'dɛ.ɾɔ/ - (n) border, boundary [abstract concepts class]
bróbòdogo /bɾɔ:.bɔ˩.'dɔ.gɔ/ - (v) to implement something but not actually use it
bàbá /'ba˩.ba:/ - (v) to drink1
bèbí /'bɛ˩.bi:/ - (adj) blue
bèbí /'bɛ˩.bi:/ - (n) fruit1
caba /'tsa.ba/ - (intj) hello, what's up
cajild /'ʦa.jild/ - (n) child (in general), young (noun) [children class]
cen /'tsɛ̃/ - (n) nice animal [animal class]; scientist [good person class]; unethical scientist [bad person class]3
cevana /tsɛ.'va.na/ - (n) restaurant
cieƚ /'tsieɫ/ - (pron) how
cloń /'klɔ̃ŋ/ - (n) a thing that everybody keeps at the outback of their mind but doesn't really think about it
dáknes /'da:k.nɛs/ - (n) darkness [abstract concepts class]; space [divine/heavenly objects class]; (adj) dark, black
de /'dɛ/ - (n) day [natural phenomena class]
du /'du/ - (num) two
duɾka /'duɾ.ka/ - (adj) Semitic, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
e /'ɛ/ - (v) to be (copula)
ekhih /'ɛk.ħiħ/ - (v) to write
eni /'ɛ.ni/ - (n) rain [natural phenomena class] (v) to rain3
enćki /'ɛ̃ʈʂki/ - (n) deity, god [divine/magical class]
eniwej /e.'ni.wej/ - (adv) anyway
esprit /'ɛs.pɾit/ - (n) consciousness [abstract concepts class]; one's soul, spirit, constitution [natural phenomena class]; the Holy Spirit, the Tao [divine/heavenly concepts class]; (v) to be conscious, to be aware; (adj) conscious, aware, holy, divine, kind, healthy, progressive
etwaļi /ɛ.'twa.ʎi/ - (n) brightness, whiteness [abstract concepts class]; light, flashlight, torch, candle, LED [artificial nonliving objects class]; star [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to brighten, to illuminate; (adj) bright, white
fainali /fai.'na.li/ - (adj) final, finally
friholes /fɾi.'ħɔ.lɛs/ - (n) bean (natural concepts class)
habá /'ħa.ba:/ - (v) to have
habánćabá /ħa.ba:n.'ʈʂa.ba:/ - (v) to submit something incomplete
haita /'ħai.ta/ - (v) to see
haja /'ħa.ja/ - (v) lift
haka /'ħa.ka/ - (n) fish and chips [fish and/or French class]
hamagá /ħa.'ma.ga:/ - (n) absolutely trustworthy person you would give up your life and credibility for [good person class]; guy in hazmat suit [normal person class]; impostor [bad person class]
hambəgə /'ħam.bə.gə/ - (n) hamburger [artificial nonliving objects class]
hani /'ħa.ni/ - (n) year, time, age [abstract concepts class]2
hapbá /'ħap.ba:/ - (n) water [natural phenomena class]
harmoni /ħaɾ.'mɔ.ni/ - (n) harmony [abstract concepts class]
haƚidi /ħɑ.'ɫi.di/ - (n) exit
hebáśi /ħɛ.'ba:.ʂi/ [ħɛ.'ba:ʂʅ] - (n) person, man (gender neutral)1
heka /ħɛka/ - (pron) 3rd person1
henćebá /ħɛ̃.'ʈʂɛ.ba:/ - (v) to kill1
hilanijì /ħi.la.'ni.ji˩/ - (n) vegetable [natural phenomena class]
hilebe /ħi.'le.be/ - (n) tree3
hilità /ħi.'li.ta˩/ - (n) fruit [natural phenomena class]
holdebak /ħɔl.'dɛ.bak/ - (v) to hold back
hukabi /ħu.'ka.bi/ - (v) to remove, to eject, to fire/sack
ihika /i.'ħi.ka/ - (v) to stay, to wait, to remain, to keep3
impasi /ĩ.'pa.si/ - (n) impostor, impersonator, double agent [bad people class]
ina /'i.na/ - (prep) in, inside
ipa /'i.pa/ - (n) sound, phoneme [abstract concepts class]
iskaja /i.'ska.ja/ - (n) sky [natural phenomena class]; heaven [divine/heavenly objects class]
isuwimi /i.su.'wi.mi/ - (v) to swim
jahota /ja.'ħo.ta/ - (adj) blue; (n) blue [abstract concepts class]
janwiju /jã.'wi.ju/ - (v) to jump, to play a video game, to listen to ABBA
jiɫumınos /ji.lu.mu.nos./ - (adj) Big, as in Big Pharma, Big Oil, Big Tech, etc
jojoli /jɔ.'jɔ.li/ - (n) reptile, amphibian [fish class]; dinosaur, monster [animal class]
juf /'juf/ - (n) egg [food class]
kahit /'ka.ħit/ - (conj) even if, even though, regardless (goes at the beginning of the clause)
kaməra /'ka.mə.ɾa/ - (n) camera [artificial nonliving objects class]
kaļateļl /ka.ʎa.'tɛ.ʎi/ - (v) to hunt; (n) a place for hunting [natural phenomena class]
ke /'ke/ - (pron) which, what, that (relative)
ker /'keɾ/ - (v) to care
kibinkapi /ki.bĩ.'ka.pi/ - (v) to nasalize; (n) nose [natural phenomena/body parts class]
kilawì /ki.'la.wi˩/ - (n) cloud
ko /'ko/ - (adv) squishy; (n) semi-solid substance, clay, cream, syrup
kuros /'ku.ɾɔs/ - (v) to cross, to go across, to traverse
kule /'ku.le/ - (n) color; (adj) colourful.
kutuna /ku.'tu.na/ - (n) can, metal container [nonliving objects class]
lawa /'la.wa/ - (n) laws
lonla /'lɔ̃.la/ - (adv) of course
ma /'ma/ - (n) ground
maboi /'ma.bɔi/ - (n) one's child (son/daughter but gender neutral) [children class]
majkel /'maj.kel/ - (n) air, wind, breath [natural phenomena class]; onion, garlic [food class]; bee [insect class]; cat [other animals class]; (adj) small; (v) to live, to breathe, to fly, to hover, to float; (prep) out, outside
mama /'ma.ma/ - (n) father [normal people class]
manabı /ma.'na.bɯ/ - (v) to learn
masitok /ma.'si.tɔk/ - (adj) all, every, complete, whole
mawuta /ma.'wu.ta/ - (n) mouth [natural phenomena class]4
mija /'mi.ja/ - (v) to repeat, to oscillate
monkiwastù /mɔ̃.ki.'was.tu˩/ - (n) voiceless pharyngeal fricative [abstract concepts class]; a sound change turning /q/ to /ħ/ [natural phenomena class]
muri /'mu.ɾi/ - (adv) impossible
najnplasten /najn.'plas.ten/ - (v) to add 2 to an answer and claim it is the correct answer
nasihati /na.si.'ħa.ti/ - (v) to find, to track (down), to search (for)
nenepanolisli /nɛ.nɛ.pa.nɔ.'lis.li/- (n) sex [natural phenomena class]; (v) to have sex
noks /'nɔks/ - (n) night [natural phenomena class]
nu /'nu/ - (n) demon [divine/magical class]
of /'of/ - (adv) off
olin /'o.lĩ/ - (v) to love; (n) love [natural phenomena class[
otu /'ɔ.tu/ - (v) to be obligated to (must, should)
owo /ɔwɔ/ - (n) A circle [abstract concepts class]; eye [natural phenomena/body parts class]; a catgirl [other animals class]
pa /'pa/ - (n) leg [natural phenomena/body parts class]; (num) four
pali /'pa.li/ - (v) to make
palisa /pa.'li.sa/ - (n) stick; (adj) long and hard
papa /'pa.pa/ - (n) mother [normal people class]
papaćkak /pa.'paʈʂ.kak/ - (n) milk [food class]
pensi /'pɛ̃.si/ - (v) to think
pi /'pi/ - (num) five3
pilin /'pi.lĩ/ - (n) feeling
pivi /'pi.vi/ - (adj) orange; (n) orange the color [abstract concepts class]; orange the fruit [food class]
pona /'po.na/ - (adj) good
portəgues /'pɔɾ.tə.gwɛs/ - (v) to progress, to advance
prepare /pɾɛ.'pa.ɾɛ/ - (adj) ready, prepared
pujuta /pu.'ju.ta/ - (v) to put, to place
Quelpart /'kɛl.paɾ/ -(adj) best; (v) to be the best, to achieve, to overachieve
ranawe /ɾa.'na.wɛ/ - (v) to run
redbul /'ɾed.bul/ - (n) wings
refleksiv /ɾɛf.'lɛk.siv/ - (pron) reflexive pronoun
rińgo /ɾiŋgɔ/ - (n) apple [food class]
ruwina /ɾu.'wi.na/ - (v) to ruin, to soil
sa /'sa/ - (n) a mass of flesh with liquid consistency [abstract concepts class]; body [natural phenomena class]; meat [food class]; fat [fish/french class]; demon [divine class]; (adj) fat; (v) to become fat
sampal /'sã.pal/ - (v) to slap
sawaka /sa.'wa.ka/ - (adj) cold
scí /'stsi:/ - (v) to know
sepərət /'sɛ.pə.ɾət/ - (v) to separate (adj) separate
sike /'si.kɛ/ - (adj) round
silenxa /si.'lɛ̃.ɕa/ - (v) to silence
situ /'si.tu/ - (v) to set (all English senses!)
sićikasi /si.ʈʂi.'ka.si/ [siʈʂʅkasi] - (n) ship, watercraft [nonliving objects class]
smala /'sma.la/ - (v) to start, to begin; (n) start, beginning, origin [abstract concepts class]
sona /'so.na/ - (v) to know
stopa /'stɔ.pa/ - (v) to stop, to end, to cease; (n) stop, end [abstract concepts class]; barrier, obstacle, difficulty [artificial nonliving objects class]
su /'su/ - (adj) green; (n) green [abstract concepts class]
sus /'sus/ (n) among us crewmate [abstract concepts class]
tan /'tã/ - (conj) because
tana /'ta.na/ - (prep) according to
tap /'tap/ - (n) food [food class]
tapiji /ta.'pi.ji/ - (n) restaurant, cafeteria [nonliving objects class]
ti /'ti/ - (num) three
tijoti /ti.'jo.ti/ - (v) to need, to require
to /'tɔ/ - (prep) benefactive marker (goes before noun)
towar /'tɔ.waɾ/ - (prep) towards
traji /'tɾa.ji/ - (v) to try to do
tsaśa /'tsa.ʂa/ - (v) to make a top-comment-changes-whatever post
tu /'tu/ - (adv) too (as in too small)
tudu /'tu.du/ - (v) to do
tugo /'tu.gɔ/ - (v) to go
unu /'u.nu/ - (n) animal [other animals class]
unu /'u.nu/ - (num) one; (n) pornography, R34 or other lewd materials [slang]
utanu /u.'ta.nu/ - (v) to change, to shift, to transform
vajiń /'va.jĩŋ/ - (v) to buy
vaļi /'va.ʎi/ - (n) division, rift, separation, gap, crack, destruction, depths [abstract concepts class]; valley, vale, canyon, rift, trough [natural phenomena class]; feeding trough, bowl, plate, Frisbee [artificial nonliving objects class]; Hell, underworld, any mythological/legendary world [divine/heavenly objects class]; (v) to divide, to open up (of the ground), to crack, to tear, to rip apart, to eat from a bowl/plate, to devour, to ravage, to sack, to burn, to loot, to destroy, to throw a Frisbee; (adj) deep, fragile, frail, sick, brittle, sinful, unholy, strange, weird, round like a Frisbee
Varamm /'va.ɾam/ - (adj) cool, hip, famous; (v) to be cool, to be famous, to cool down (something else)
voks /'vɔks/ - (n) voice, speech [abstract concepts class]
vuwil /'vu.wil/ - (v) to build
walo /'wa.lo/ - (adj) white; (n) white the color [abstract concepts class]
woka /'wɔ.ka/ - (v) to walk
xikari /ɕi.'ka.ɾi/ - (v) to eject
xiƚakći /ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂi/ [ɕi.'ƚak.ʈʂʅ] - (v) to leave, to depart
xufa /'ɕu.fa/ - (adj) this; (pron) this
xufi /'ɕu.fi/ - (n) arm [natural phenomena/body parts class]
xú /'ɕu:/ - (pron) 1st person
xupsuna /ɕup.'su.na/ - (adj) sensible, practical
xuptu /'ɕup.tu/ - (v) to catch, to capture
yaya /'ja.ja/ - (n) baby [children class]
zako /'sa.kɔ/ - (n) a strict but unnececary rule added for the sake of adding [abstract concepts class]3
é /'ɛ:/ - (pron) 2nd person1
ćí /'ʈʂi:/ ['ʈʂʅ:] - (n) tree [natural phenomena class]
ćijawisatli /ʈʂi.ja.wi.'sat.li/ - (n) fluid [natural phenomena class]
ćokəlat /'ʈʂɔ.kə.lat/ - (n) chocolate [food class]
ģastaraja /tɕa.sta.'ɾa.ja/ - (v) to destroy
ģenģi /'tɕɛ̃.tɕi/ - (v) to live in a location
ģivà /'tɕi.va˩/ - (v) to give
ļe /'ʎɛ/ - (adv) not (intj) no
ńi /'ŋĩ/ - (prep) genitive marker (goes before possessor but after possessee; in addition the genitive noun phrase is surrounded by commas)
śećkwe /'ʂɛʈʂ.kwɛ/ - (v) to have
śenśe /'ʂɛ̃.ʂɛ/ - (adv) at all3
śeļĩń /'ʂɛ.ʎĩŋ/ - (v) to sell
śpem /ʂpɛm/ - (v) to command to do (imperative)
śuw /'ʂuw/ - (n) wind
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (n) land
śé /'ʂɛ:/ - (num) six
1 - the first /e/ is changed to /i/ if a prefix is attached to this word
2 - "to have [number] [year]" means to be [number] years old (a French-like construction and surprisingly not my own)
3 - when this word is followed by a word starting with a vowel, an /j/ is added to the end. It's written, u/Anjeez929.
4 - "to put air in mouth" means "to breathe", while "to put (phrase) in mouth" means "to speak", or rather, "to say (phrase)"

Example Sentences (NOT YET UPDATED)

Hocí xitihapbábe tabàbá.
/ħɔtsi: ɕitiħapba:bɛ taba˩ba:/
hok-é xutu-hapbà-be ta-bàbá (note how es becomes is with a prefix; also that hok- becomes hoc- as it precedes /e/)
BAD.PERSON-2SG NLVG-water-ABSOLUTIVE SCARYPRST-drink
"In the scary present of this reality, you, whom I consider a bad person, drink water."
-----
Caba, hećixú heći-Rima-be e, hećixú hatahanibe duśé habá, hećixú abćãńaśabe cieƚ manabı śeha ļe śenśe baka.
/tsaba ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħɛʈʂiɾimabɛ e ħɛʈʂiɕu: ħataħanibɛ duʂɛ: ħaba: ħɛʈʂiɕu: abʈʂãŋaʂabɛ tsiɛɫ manabɯ ʂɛħa ʎɛ ʂɛnʂɛ baka/
caba heći-xú heći-Rima-be e heći-xú hata-hani-be du-śé habá heći-xú abća-ńaśa-be cieƚ manabı śeha ļe śenśe baka (note how abća becomes abćã with -ńaśa added to it)
hello NORMAL.PERSON-1SG NORMAL.PERSON-Rima-ABSOLUTIVE COP NORMAL.PERSON-1SG ABSTRACT-year-ABSOLUTIVE two-six-two[twelve] have NORMAL.PERSON-1SG spell-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE how learn NEAR.PST NOT[never] at.all f*ck
"What up, I'm Rima, I'm 12, [and] I never f*cking learned how to spell"
-----
A, hećé! Hećé hećawejik e fainali! Hećé kurosńaśabe ńĩ hataborodero traji śeha ba"?
/a ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂɛ: ħɛʈʂawɛjik ɛ fainali ħɛʈʂɛ: kuɾɔsŋaʂabɛ ŋĩ ħatabɔɾɔdɛɾɔ traiji ʂɛħa ba/
a heć-é heć-é heć-awejik e fainali heć-é kuros-ńaśa-be hata-borodero ńĩ traji śeha ba
INTJ NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-2SG NORMAL.PERSON-awake COP finally NORMAL.PERSON-2SG cross-NMLZR-ABSOLUTIVE of ABSTRACT-border try NEAR.PST QUESTION
"Hey, you! You're finally awake! Did you try to cross the border (lit. try to do the crossing of the border)?
-----
Tana hotolawa-lawa sonanet aƚe, ńi majkelńaśa, hećimajkel majkelńaśabe ajkan ļe śenśe. Hotoredbul-redbul, ńi hećiheka, hotomajkel tu e to hajańaśabe, ńĩ hotosa hotomajkel hotosa, ńĩ hećiheka, of ma. Hećimajkelbe, lonla, majkel eniwej. Tan hećimajkel-majkel, ke hećihibáśi-hibáśi eńaśabe, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
/tana ħɔtɔlawa-lawa sɔnanɛt aɫɛ, ŋĩ majkɛlŋaʂa, ħɛʈʂimajkɛl majkɛlŋaʂabɛ ajkã ʎɛ ʂɛ̃ʂɛ. ħɔtɔɾɛdbul-ɾɛdbul, ŋĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ħɔtɔmajkel tu ɛ tɔ ħajaŋaʂabɛ, ŋĩ ħɔtɔsa ħɔtɔmajkel ħɔtɔsa, ŋĩ ħɛʈʂiħɛka, ɔf ma. ħɛʈʂimajkɛlbɛ, lɔnla, majkɛl ɛniwɛj. tan ħɛʈʂimajkɛl-majkɛl, kɛ ħɛʈʂiħibáʂi-ħibáʂi ɛŋaʂabɛ, ŋĩ muɾi, pɛnsi, kɛɾ ʎɛ./
tana hoto-lawa-lawa sona-net aƚe, ńĩ majkel-ńaśa, heći-majkel majkel-ńaśa-be ajkan ļe śenśe. hoto-redbul-redbul, ńĩ heći-heka, hoto-majkel tu e to haja-ńaśa-be, ńĩ hoto-sa hoto-majkel hoto-sa, ńĩ heći-heka, of ma. Heći-majkel-be, lonla, majkel eniwej. tan heći-majkel-majkel, ke heći-hebáśi-hebáśi e-ńaśa-be, ńĩ muri, pensi, ker ļe.
according.to NATURAL.PHENOMENON-law~PL know-PRT all, GEN fly-NOM, INSECT-bee fly-NOM-ABS can NOT at.all. NATURAL.PHENOMENON-wing~PL, GEN INSECT-3P, NATPHEN-small too COP BEN lift.NOM.ABS, GEN NATURAL.PHENOMENON-body little fat, GEN INSECT-3P, off ground. INSECT-bee-ABS, of.course, fly anyways. because INSECT-bee~PL, REL NORMAL.PEOPLE-person~PL COP.NOM.ABS, GEN iimpossible, think care NEG.
According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly (lit. a bee is unable to fly at all). Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.
submitted by RBolton123 to Klojban [link] [comments]


2020.06.12 19:21 FarBeneathTheOcean Nick Blaine

Part 6
S3E6: Household
Again nothing about Nick´s appearance in this episode is coincidental. Every frame of him in and out of shot is layered like all of his appearances this season. His train scene being THE most multi-layered sequence throughout the whole season if not the whole series so far. In fact to get a better appreciation of the train sequence and Nick Blaine I´d recommend you rewatch it after Tuello arrests The Waterfords (S3E11). Anyhow here´s what you´re supposed to be paying attention to in this particular episode:
Lawrence - There´s a hint of guilt as he says "can´t you have a Martha do that", her "useful" response failing to ease his guilt. Note that he appears as a blur again when he says "Waterford asked to borrow you, he´s trying to force the Canadians to the table, talk about repatriating his daughter". When he says it he´s positioned above June´s right shoulder (train smoke Munch painting S3E2). When June tells him not to say that he doesn´t challenge her, though he´s initially taken aback by her comment. He then appears even more guilt ridden as he lowers his head, choosing instead to focus on his role. Acknowledging nothing but still giving her information without implicating himself one way or another.
He tells her Fred set up a week of public prayer in DC, something he finds a good idea. Unwittingly and exceeding all expectation Fred is infact video-documenting evidence for the ICC (not exactly an intellectual-S3E3). The Canadians will feel the pressure , he says (because officially there is no resistance, therefore no Canadian military intelligence interferring in Gilead´s affairs). Meaning the Canadian public will provide convincing enough outrage against the Canadian government to deceive Gilead into falling for the Treaty talk bait. As you´ll recall Canada has been doing military exercises along the border with the British army for quite some time(S2E3) and simultaneously relocating Gilead refugees to Britain(S2E11).
DC- Winslow tells Fred to be judicious but it´s already too late. Fred´s feeling important again and salivating at the thought of regaining his powerful status. While the divisions between Fred and Serena remain an issue as they squabble outside Winslow´s house. We also find out that Canada hasn´t been responding to Gilead´s threat. This is where we see both Lawrence and Nick take further steps to protect June from The Waterfords and Gilead.
Wings
This scene starts with an overhead shot with sweeping sound, June standing directly under the chandelier(S3E1/2/3). Again we see her lost in her world as next frame shows her blank stare interrupted by the door opening, jolting her back to reality where Serena and crew have already set up infront of her. Pay attention to when Fred says "what about their duties to their country" with June in frame looking directly at camera, the wings behind her (a woman´s place book cover s2e6) a blur(s3e1). You'll need this hint for S3E10.
Nick´s appearance starts with Fred saying "everyone ready " but in background door opens, when he says "they´ll follow your lead to pray" he´s pointing directly to a blur of Nick, door closing (S3E11) but June in shot turning to look at Nick (S3E1). Pay special attention to next shot as Fred says "this is going to be sweeping and stately" but in frame Nick is stepping forward, his eyes focused on June (here you're reminded that Nick is doing his duty to his country but his focus is saving June´s life). You´ll need to remember this for the arrest in E11.
His first words to Fred this season as he says "looks beautiful, sir" while looking at June (you´re too much for him to handle - S1E9). The true meaning of his comment not lost on Fred as he obsessively checks out June. I called on the Winslows and they sent me over. Here we see Lawrence using his connection to Winslow (joseph´s an old friend- E10) to protect June from Fred and Serena and to support Nick. So Nick´s arrival during this prayer is to serve two objectives. One is to present a united front against the Waterfords so June´s never at their mercy (united we stand). A contrast to Fred putting June between him and Serena and their growing divisions (divided we fall). Two it´s to further inflame Fred´s obsession with her so he´s driven to continuing his pertition for Nichole with the illusion that June is within his reach (i thought you were on your way to the front).
Again it works like a charm as an emasculated Fred asks him to stand in for the shot just so he can get the satisfaction of removing him from June´s side. By so doing he´s fallen yet again for Nick´s exploitation of his obsession with June (you'll need to remember this for S3E12). Music from S2E10 starts playing but changes to music from S1E3 as Nick starts walking up to stand next to June. This song is from when we first see Nick going against Fred to give in to his feelings for June (i should´ve just driven away with you). This song stops when they stop holding hands. This seemingly insignificant part of the music is the most important hint for the arrest in E11. Please note that there are several songs playing during this scene.
Literary device - here´s an example of use of art, sound and objects to tell a story that often gets overlooked by viewers who complain about June´s close-ups. In my part 2 parlour analysis I showed you how June is standing under the chandelier with munch painting positioned above her right shoulder, when she walked in you only hear her boots, lydia checking up on her and lawrence, her eyes pointing to munch painting when she says aunt lydia and swoosh sound of car as she nods. That scene was to also show you what you´re seeing in this part of the episode. Here Nick is standing close to June but positioned on her right but slightly behind her, he´s there to check up on her and the song playing is the one that played when he brought her ice after punishment from aunt Lydia, the sound of his coat makes a swoosh sound when he walks away from her and you hear his boots. Equally in shot in parlour scene translating to a united front here.
When Fred says "thank you, son" the music changes to the part of the song in S2E10 where June is kneeling in the snow crying as the car drives away with Hannah. The song changes to part where Nick heard the car wheels right when Fred is standing infront of him waiting to stand next to June. Then he steps off with a sweeping sound from his jacket (you heard this sound when June was descending the stairs next to the Munch painting after Serena´s visit to Nichole), sound of boots, his hands behind his back (train scene hint & nick clenches his fist behind his back when fred interrupts him and june to ask about isaac in s2e12), when he´s out of shot and Fred steps up next to June and right up until Serena´s adjusted her ring, the music playing during this part is the same one playing when Nick is holding a crying June in the snow (S2E10). Next scene is of him infront, again in charge and has Fred exactly where he wants him, his POV being Fred, June and Serena, music from S2E10 still playing as June kneels, Nick unable to look June in the eye, a hint of guilt for his role in her pain. Here music is used as a literary device to illustrate to you how Nick feels about everything happening and where he stands on everything he´s doing and what´s driving him.
The Swiss diplomacy
Here you pay attention to June´s continued torment as she won´t accept that Serena never changed. June is clinging to the Serena that let her breastfeed and escape with Nichole. Partly because June doesn´t want to deal with what´s been done to her. This is also where we see Serena continue to abuse June´s begging to absolve herself of everything she did to June. Because by begging June is essentially taking the blame for Serena´s pain. Serena doesn´t have to see herself as the monster. Infact when she says "they seem happy here" you're taken back to her conversation with Tuello where she tells him "i have a child on the way". The same denial and refusal to face what she has done by donning her Gilead crown. This is where Nick has come through in a big way for June because he saw the danger in June believing Serena was ever on her side. (you know she´d never do that, we´ ll find a way -S2E6)
The Canadians have asked the Swiss to act as a neutral party and conduct interviews with the whole household. Here we see Nick, Tuello and Canada taking steps to protect June from The Waterfords. This whole interview being about June´s well being than it is about negotiating Nichole´s repatriation (i should´ve told her what they do to us s1e6). Fred tells her we all wanna make a good impression but here you pay attention to how close he is to June when saying it, then sound of boots followed by the violin music that played when we were introduced to Nick this season. A reminder that Nick is in charge and has Fred exactly where he wants him. Next scene a military truck sweeps in with a misty/foggy entrance, leading the convoy (they'll follow your lead), June appears with a sweeping swoosh (S3E11 hint).
June´s meeting with the Swiss - here you already know that the Canadians have given them information about Nichole´s paternity. What you´re supposed to pay attention to here is June´s loss of judgement as she´s unable to understand the danger of forcing Nick to go against Gilead (women like you are like children, asking for too much, taking whatever you want, damn the consequences-S3E2). She´s throwing him under the bus without thinking about consequences to him if he speaks against The Waterfords. Here you´re shown why June cannot be trusted with any information (how could they not know how transactional you are?). Nick finding out the hard way as she interferes with his plans by making deals on his behalf instead of telling the Swiss of her suffering (we´re gonna get Hannah , we´re gonna go north -S2E2). With June telling him it was his only chance to be a father to his daughter. Which is exactly what Nick is doing. Because for Nick being a father to his daughter means keeping her mother alive (i´m not gonna let anything happen to you s2e7). For Nick gave up the right to a life to serve his country and it´s the very reason he can never leave Gilead (once you´re in bed with the government it´s not so easy to get out).
Nick´s meeting with the Swiss- the music that plays when a blur of Nick appears is the exact same part of the song that Tuello enters this season with in S3E5, the same song from when he hands Serena the cigarette. Here Nick meets with the Swiss to free June from her deal with them. This is where they find out that they´re merely a pawn in his bait and bleed operation. This is what infuriated the Swiss and not his "soldier in the crusades" lie he forced them to feed to The Waterfords. So they´re stuck with recommending discussions continue (attrition). We wont be able to do business with Mr Blaine, she snapped. They too are forced into acknowledging Nick Blaine is a ghost. I dont think you know who Mr Blaine is or who he was (siege of glenrowan- ghost or old nick). Some people are not to be dealt with (people with mysterious histories and dark linkages).
The Ghost Soldier
Nick´s train sequence in detail: scene opens with the music (but ominous) that plays in S1E8 when he tells June that "my name is Nick Blaine, I´m from MIchigan" but shot of his boots only (this is what all the sound of boots you heard during earlier episodes meant), hands behind his back but pay special attention to them, train tracks with sweeping sound when he steps into carriage (you´ve heard this sound from all the hints I mentioned before and you´ll need to remember this exact sound when Tuello charges Serena in E13), pay attention to his hands before he enters the carriage with soldiers. His top hand shows his fingers curled to look like an M, the thumb pointed up like an I, (s1e8 song still playing ominously). Michigan, MI (Military Intelligence). This particular fingers curl also represents the alfabet A in american sign language, here the thumb replaces the pinky to represent the letter I, AI- Army/American Intelligence (morse code spelling AI after Tipping says trade delegates -s1e7) . Pryce was head of SOJ in Michigan state where Nick infiltrates the then turned paramilitary group (S1E8,S2E6-will explain in detail in another post).
The next shot is of him entering the carriage. Here you pay special attention to numbers above him (8623), the music (but ominous) that plays when he enters to take his position. This is important and a crucial hint for (S3E11), the frame changes to showing us his back with the soldiers standing to attention but his head is a blur (how we´re introduced to Tuello in S3E5 and in S2E9). Note that when the soldiers do salute they're all a blur, his POV, to him they're faceless men, his men yet not his men (RE-deploy your men, copy that-S3E1), Nick stands an all black figure (siege of glenrowan). Then we see his face as he salutes to the same (ominous) music from S3E11 (this music starts after the Canadian soldier slams the door on Fred after Tuello´s done reading him his charges ending with rape, when both Serena and Fred are handcuffed in military trucks).
After he´s done saluting the music changes but pay special attention as he reveals his eyes by looking to his left before stepping forward with a sweeping sound, just a figure again, the high pitched buzzing part of the music from S2E9 when Tuello leaves the bar starts. This eyes and music literary sign is an important hint you'll need for Tuello´s first meeting with Fred in S3E11(this is also what all the under his eye signs I mentioned have all been about). The music continues until he reaches the soldier smoking, note that all soldiers (POV) remain a blur infront of him throughout his walk.
There´s a soldier with a cigarette to his right. On his left there´s a reflective object opposite where the smoking soldier stands (we´re still a nation, you don´t know what you're talking about, all said with Tuello mirror reflection a blur s2e9). Here you´re reminded that Nick is Tuello´s right hand man. The music in background during this part of the walk is the same music playing when Tuello´s charged Serena, when he´s saying take her downstairs. You were shown that Nick is his right hand man during Tuello´s first meeting with Serena in Canada. He tells her I´ve read so much about you but he´s holding and looking at his drink, his reflection in the mirror a blur. When Tuello says "maybe we'll run into each other again" he motions with his eyes to the cigarettes infront of her. The shot changes to show him faceless as he gets up, he has a military green sweater on, in his right hand he´s holding a Bourbon - Neat (Blaine, Nick). His left hand points to his drink to show his right hand man before disappearing out of shot. Next frame is of his back, just a figure in black, but he "leaves" his drink at the bar (leaves her with his right hand man).
He walks up the stairs and when he´s out of shot she takes the cigarettes from the table. When Nick hands her the cigarette in S3E1 he´s standing behind and above her, faceless to her, then he walks up the stairs in exactly the same order Tuello did (your information is out of date-we do our best S2E9). Note the soldier only puffs once he´s behind Nick but not out of shot, meaning Tuello´s always there beside Nick and behind his every move. In this sequence Tuello is the train in the Munch painting, you see the smoke but not the train. Nick being the smoke in this scene. Much like Nick is to Gilead the train in The Train Smoke Munch painting. They're seeing the results of his actions but not him. He´s as invisible to Gilead as he has been to The Waterfords. Because officially there is no U.S Military Intelligence presence in Gilead. Nick Blaine is a ghost. In S2E9 when Serena says "which American government is that" Tuello´s reflection in the mirror is a blur. Morse code spells NB after Tipping says that´s what we thought- s1e7.
After he passes smoking soldier, when he´s flanked by soldiers on both sides again the music changes back to the same ominous sound he entered the carriage and saluted to, take note that his walk has now slowed, calculated, the shot very smoky all around him, the soldiers even more of a blur, he´s just a figure in black (siege of glenrowan artwork). Then we see his face at the head of the group, the soldiers behind him lead by a ghost, his eyes and face showing a man who´s not quite one of them, a man who´s wearing a mask, then you hear the amplified sound of sweeping military trucks (this exact sound is made by the last military truck in the arrest scene, the one they put Serena into-s3e11).
You´ll notice that Joseph Lawrence never even acknowledges that he even exists to June. Neither does Beth. Even Tuello won´t dare utter his name. Nick Blaine is a driver, an eye, a commander and a Son Of Jacob.
Again this is just my perspective and it´s meant to help those who're interested in the nonlinear narrative to better understand what happened with Nick´s storyline. Hopefully you can understand why Bruce Miller cut his scenes to end on such a high note with Nick this season. For those who're only following the main storyline none of this will make sense. Next I´ll do Mark Tuello´s arrest of The Waterfords.
8623
Creed of the Military Intelligence Corps
I am a Soldier first, but an intelligence professional second to none.
With pride in my heritage, but focused on the future,
Performing the first task of an Army:
To find, know, and never lose the enemy.
With a sense of urgency and of tenacity, professional and physical fitness,
and above all, INTEGRITY, for in truth lies victory.
Always at silent war, while ready for a shooting war,
The silent warrior of the ARMY team.
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