• the first symptom was the audio imbalance
• then sometimes I wasn't unable to boot into system because the SSD wasn't showing in BIOS
• GPU didn't initialized during POST
• my internet connection dropped significantly despite having 120mbit fibre (it dropped to ~8mbit)
• low HDD and SSD write/read times
• very often the PC didn't boot up on the first power on. It stayed on the POST screen and nothing happened

1. "The Art and the Artist"- The way Sarath Kumar says "every crime scene should be treated like a case study and the staging of a "death" gives an insight into the killer's mind and motive.
   
2. "The Glaister Equation"- The way Ashok tries to figure of TOD by retracing time using brain temperature drop in thermometer.
   
3. "Eye for an eye"- The killer couldn't take abuse from his own wife. He's submissive at home. He takes out all those subverted emotions on other women instead by killing them and rejoicing their final moments as their souls leave their body. A form of "catharsis" for a wounded soul. A soul for a soul.
   
4. "The CopyCat killer"- one killer replicating the Modus Operandi of another killer and framing him for the crimes. Ironically, #Kennedy had a better motive but he chose to retire after a point.
   
5. "The Stovepipe Malfunction"- which brings out Ashok's book wisdom in the climax scene.
   
6. "Breaking the Loop"- how Ashok stops the cycle of abuse in a stranger's house and makes the child feel loved. So that he doesn't grow up to be another Kennedy/ the villain because of bad parenting/ negligent/ abusive childhood.
   

VigneshRaja is ❤️

• Stay at the same group and further deepen my knowledge in the the same research topic I already did in my bachelor's

• Broaden my horizon by changing to another group and trying out a different research topic

• Content Outreach: Reach out to industry influencers and bloggers with high-quality content that they might want to link to.
  
• Broken Link Building: Find broken links on relevant websites and suggest your content as a replacement.
  
• Resource Pages: Get listed on resource pages that compile useful links on a given subject.
  

• Relevance to your industry
  
• High domain authority
  
• Active and engaged readership
  

• Share high-quality, shareable content
  
• Interact with followers and respond to comments
  
• Collaborate with influencers to amplify your reach
  

• Identify influencers who align with your brand values
  
• Propose mutually beneficial collaborations
  
• Maintain long-term relationships to keep your brand in the spotlight
  

• Google My Business
  
• Yelp
  
• Yellow Pages
  
• Industry-specific directories
  

• Use social media platforms to share your content
  
• Collaborate with other content creators for cross-promotion
  
• Utilize email marketing to reach your audience
  

• Provide valuable insights and answers to questions
  
• Include links to your content when relevant
  
• Build relationships with other community members
  

• Backlinko Study: Found that the number of domains linking to a page correlated with rankings more than any other factor.
  
• Moz Analysis: Revealed that high-quality backlinks from authoritative sites are crucial for improving domain authority and search rankings.
  
• Neil Patel's Case Study: Demonstrated a 300% increase in organic traffic over three months through strategic guest posting and content promotion.
  

• High-Quality Backlink Building: A niche service provider saw a 40% increase in organic traffic within six months after a strategic backlinking campaign.
  
• Guest Blogging: An e-commerce startup experienced a 200% increase in referral traffic over three months by guest blogging on well-established industry blogs.
  
• Social Media Engagement: A local business in the health and wellness sector experienced a 30% boost in online inquiries and foot traffic after ramping up their social media engagement.
  

Abstract

Neural Correlates of Stuttering

• The RFO, the right homolog of Broca's area, shows consistent overactivation in stutterers during reading and passive semantic tasks.
• This overactivation is considered compensatory, not primary dysfunction, and negatively correlates with stuttering severity.
• Decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the white matter (WM) underlying the left rolandic operculum (LRO) suggests demyelination or disorganization, with implications for articulatory planning and sensory feedback integration.

• Post-therapy, stutterers show decreased activation in the right middle frontal cortex and increased activation in left-sided areas and bilateral temporal cortex.
• The left insula and LRO show increased activation post-therapy.

• Right inferior prefrontal cortex activation can compensate for left frontal damage in aphasia, suggesting similar compensation in stuttering.
• Subtle anatomical changes in the right perisylvian cortex in stutterers are noted, with no significant asymmetry differences in the left perisylvian region compared to controls.

• Children with developmental stuttering show reduced WM integrity in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF).
• Adults with stuttering have increased right hemisphere WM volume in regions related to language and motor functions.
• Stuttering severity correlates with lower WM integrity in specific tracts.

• Stutterers show overactivation in motor areas and atypical right lateralization, with reduced auditory activation related to self-monitoring of speech.
• Cerebellar overactivation and abnormal left-lateralized STG activation are noted.
• Female stutterers exhibit distinct activation patterns compared to males, with broader deactivation in the right hemisphere.

• Stutterers show atypical anatomy and lateralization in perisylvian language areas, prefrontal, and sensorimotor cortex.
• Decreased GMV in specific regions and WM integrity differences are found in persistent stuttering compared to recovered stuttering in children.
• Salmelin et al. (2000) found abnormal activation sequences and lateralization in motor cortical areas, suggesting dysfunctional timing relationships affecting speech preparation.

• Functional abnormalities in stutterers extend to non-speech tasks, indicating inherent right hemisphere activation patterns.
• Stutterers exhibit atypical neural functions during silent reading and ERP studies, indicating altered neural organization and processing

• Moretti et al. (2003): A PD patient developed stuttering post-DBS.
• Burghaus et al. (2006): A PD patient’s childhood stuttering worsened post-DBS.
• Walker et al. (2009): A PD patient’s stuttering improved with unilateral DBS.
• Nebel et al. (2009): Stuttering developed in dystonia patients post-DBS, suggesting DBS can both provoke and alleviate stuttering.

Neuroimaging of Glucose and Dopamine Neural Metabolism in Stuttering

• Decreased Metabolic Activity: Wu et al. (1995) reported lower cortical and subcortical glucose metabolism in stutterers, potentially due to excess dopamine activity. During solo reading tasks, stutterers showed decreased glucose uptake in several brain areas, including the superior frontal cortex, Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas, the posterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, deep frontal orbital cortex, and medial cerebellum.

• Choral vs. Solo Reading: Stutterers exhibited hypometabolism in the left caudate during solo reading compared to controls, with no increase during choral reading. However, increased glucose uptake in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area during choral reading suggests enhanced neuronal firing in these regions.

• Trait-Related Hypometabolism: The left caudate shows permanent hypometabolism in stutterers, while left language areas and higher association areas exhibit reversible hypometabolism.
• Cerebellar Activity: Decreased cerebellar glucose uptake was noted during solo reading, but right cerebellum metabolism normalized during choral reading.
• Limbic Metabolism: Increased limbic metabolism during choral speech may correlate with reduced speech-associated anxiety.

• FDOPA Uptake: Wu et al. (1997) found significantly increased FDOPA uptake in stutterers' right ventral medial prefrontal cortex, left caudate tail, and various limbic structures, supporting the dopamine excess theory.

• Similarities to Dystonia: Stuttering shares characteristics with dystonia, such as involuntary movements and sensitivity to emotional stress (Alm, 2005). Family history studies suggest a possible genetic link between stuttering and dystonia (Fletcher et al., 1991).
• Basal Ganglia Lesions: Dystonia often results from focal basal ganglia lesions, suggesting a common pathophysiology with stuttering (Bhatia and Marsden, 1994).

Brain Imaging Studies

• Cerebellum:
  • Role in Auditory Processing: Traditionally seen as a motor structure but also involved in sensory auditory processing.
  • Activation Patterns: Greater activation and abnormal lateralization in stutterers, which changes post-treatment.
• Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC):
  • Function: Involved in emotional control and response preparation. Shows increased activation in stutterers during speech tasks, which decreases post-treatment.
• Supplementary Motor Area (SMA):
  • Volitional Control: Implicated in the control of learned motor patterns and initiation of vocal utterances.
• Other Areas:
  • Insula and Claustrum: Activated during speech tasks in stutterers but not in controls.
  • Thalamus and Globus Pallidus: Involvement in speech tasks, with increased activation in stutterers.

Specific Activation Patterns

• Silent and Oral Reading: Stutterers show increased cerebellar and ACC activation, possibly due to increased self-monitoring and attentional effort.
• Post-Treatment Changes: Reduced activation in these areas as speech becomes more practiced and automatic.
• Divergent Roles in Speech: Different brain areas show task-specific activation, such as insula activation during speaking but not passive listening

CONCLUSION

• Stuttering involves a complex interplay of neural compensatory mechanisms, altered brain activation patterns, and structural differences in brain anatomy.
• Right hemisphere overactivation and reduced WM integrity in specific regions are consistent findings.
• Therapy can alter activation patterns, suggesting potential neural plasticity.
• The cerebellum and efference copy mechanisms may play roles in the neural basis of stuttering.