I am trying to identify an upscale colony in North Jalandhar, where I can buy a house. My interest is in quick access to the highway to make trips to Golden temple once a week. Don't want to be stuck in traffic and get to and fro quickly. I have another priority, which is a good hospital nearby, as I have elderly at home.
I belong to Jalandhar but not a local and don't know much about real estate. Would appreciate any guidance. Thank you!

Thanks Guys. Appreciate the pointers you have provided. I will be visiting there soon and check these places out.
I have a few follow up questions and a slight twist to the discussion. Hope you can shed some light.
How would you compare life, say living in villages like Nussi, Easpur or Randhava, to these colonies? Does living in a village have any advantages, like fresh air, water, vegetables, affordability of bigger house?
I can anticipate difficulties like absence of constant power supply, poor wifi, absence of nearby pharmacy, good restaurants, people might be more conservative etc.
On the other hand, living in these newer colonies one should be able to overcome these difficulties that are there in villages. What are some thoughts that come to your mind?

ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ Sikh History This Week (April 22-28) Post 2417 ਸਿੱਖ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਇਸ ਹਫ਼ਤੇ
Highlights:

1. April 22, 1775: Sikhs Capture Delhi Suburbs of Ganga-Jamuna Doab: after Abdali defeated Marathas. Sikhs under Rai Singh Bhangi, Tara Singh Gaibba, and Baghel Singh crossed River Jamuna at Begi Ghat. Mughal Emperor of Delhi Shah Alam II surrendered and sought protection. From one fourth Octroi collections all Historial Gurdwaras were constructed.(Read more on Sikh Invasions of Delhi 1775 to 1783CE)
2. April 23,1915: Gaddar Party in San Francisco today resolved to fight the British in India, thus most Sikhs went back to fight on their home turf-Punjab. Few that remained in US were providing guidance and Monetary support.(Read more on Gaddar freedom Movement)
3. April 24, 1980: Baba Gurbachan Singh Nirankari is shot dead at his Mission Head Quarters in Delhi. Bhai Ranjit Singh is charged and undergoes 13 years in Jail.
4. April 25, 1809: Treaty of Amritsar between East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed after initial meeting with Viceroy at Ropar. This was set to define the boundaries of Sikh Kingdom to West of River Sutluj.
5. April 26, 1807: Maharaja Ranjit captures Fort of Sahiwal from Baloch Chief. The Battle was won by Sardar Dhanna Singh Malwai. Fateh Khan with his aids was brought to Lahore in Chains. Small Khalsa kingdom thus expands to Muslim strongholds one by one held since centuries.
6. April 26, 1998: Renowned Justice Kuldip Singh, President of WSO (World Sikh Org) formed a 3-member people’s commission to go into Human Rights Abuses on Sikhs in Punjab. CM Badal later backtracks despite promises made in Akali Dal Election manifesto.
7. April 27,1635: Guru Hargobind ji (6th Guru) defeats and kills Painde Khan, leader of Mughal army near Kartarpur (Jalandhar) in a fiercely fought battle. Painde Khan was a valiant Pathan, brought up by Guru himself from childhood, but changed sides in greed. (Read more on this episode)
8. April 27, 1915: British’s First Conspiracy case against Gaddar Party in Lahore. Arrests of activists leads to long Jail terms/Kala Pani & hangings.(read more on Gaddar freedom movement)
9. April 28, 1837: Brave Sikh Bibi Harsharan Kaur helps to win Fort of Jamrud, East Khaibar pass near Peshawar. dressed up in animal hide, she broke through Afghans who had besieged the fort. She reached Hari Singh Nalwa at Peshawar. Convalescing from sickness Nalwa himself marched from Peshawar and broke the siege and drove back the enemy. It was here Brave Nalwa was fatally injured by a sniper bullet.

Compiled/edited/translated by Karamjeet Singh Bhatnura. (Source: History of the Sikhs by Hari Ram Gupta & S. Ajaib Singh Dhillon’s chronological reference in Punjabi etc)

॥ ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ Sikh History This Week: ਸਿੱਖ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਇਸ ਹਫ਼ਤੇ
Highlights:

1. April 2, 1984: Hindu-Sikh spate of violence increase in prior to Army attack of June 1984. Gurdwaras and artifacts destroyed by Jan Sangh & Hindu Shiv Sena mobs.
2. April 3, 1992: Justice Ajit Singh Bains, late Human Rights Activist & messiah for thousands of Sikh innocent victims of torture is taken into custody on framed up charges, released after 5 months
3. April 4,1914: Baba Gurdit Singh leases a Japanese cargo ship KamaGata Maru and sets sail from India to challenge Canadian Immigration law forbidding Indian Natives. Faces a great hardship at Vancouver.
4. April 5,2013: Badal’s Akali Dal Government Bans Movie ’Sadda Huqq’ on influence of DGP Saini.
5. April 6, 1709: Battle of Patti, Bhai Mani Singh and Bhai Gurdas ji (2nd), defeat Sodhis of Amritsar & Kartarpur to consolidate Hold on Akal Takhat & Harimandir.Sahib.
6. April 6,1849: Rani Jindan escapes from Chunar Fort to Nepal after influencing the servants and guards. A daring escape. Stays as royal guest till 1862 when her son dethroned Prince of Punjab Duleep Singh took her to England. She died in 1865.
7. April 7, 1917: 18 members of the Gaddar Party, including Giani Bhagwan Singh, were arrested in San Francisco US.
8. April 7, 1983: A subdued fact comes to light that An Army Officer commits atrocities on Sikh soldiers of his battalion in Ganganager, pepper was used on their body and eyes resulting insepoy Sital Singh’s death while Bir Singh also remained in the Hospital for a long time. Stolen arm was recovered from a soldier of another community. Thanks/Dhanvad.

ARE INDIANS WILLING TO SURRENDER THEIR SANATAN RIGHTS?
(timeless rights)
It’s easy to take democracy for granted in India. As Indians we have had it for 77 years. Most of us have never known anything other than democracy. Most Indians will find it very difficult to relate to what it must be like growing up in China or Russia or pre-war Japan or the German third reich. What it is like to be deeply afraid to express your free opinions about anything and everything; what is it like to be spied on by your neighbours and friends for your views; what it is like to be denied basic redeeming rights to have a say - even a tiny fraction - in who rules over you.
In fact given how expressive and argumentative many Indians are - have been for aeons, giving birth to a host of dialectical schools thousands of years back - it’s difficult to imagine Indians without the Sanatan right to free opinions. No wonder the world’s first democracy existed in Vaishali (Bihar, India) 2,500 years ago. Free thinking and the centrality of objective truth was invoked again and again as divine.
असतो मा सद्गमय। तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय।
(Lead me from the untruth to truth. Lead me from the darkness to light of wisdom)
This is the reason why when every neighbour of India one by one relapsed to some form of dictatorship, we stood firm, recoiling even stronger post the ‘75-77 fiasco, as a democracy. India remains one of the rare lights among major developing countries even today on this.
Yet so much of this can’t be taken for granted. A democracy is what we make it as people. China also calls itself a democracy (with Chinese characteristics), so does Russia. So then what distinguishes a real sustained democracy from a mere ‘fig leaf’ one.
The quality and strength of a democracy rests on its institutions. The institutions in turn derive their resilience and relevance from the constitution, their own individual legacy and the type of moral reputation they enjoy among people. Given the constitution is often broad enough - rightfully so - to allow for a range of interpretations, a free media as the public memory and reputation builder becomes a critical condition for democracy.
One has to just zoom out from the last ten years of relentless WhatsApp brainfog to take in some alarming developments.
A. MEDIA AS THE MOUTHPIECE:
Professional Media (as against user-generated media it is typically expected to be well-researched and thoughtful) has never been as weak.
Rise of social media has dramatically diluted the power that professional media and editors enjoyed.
50% of ad spends are in digital media - almost all going to global search and social platforms, leaving indian newspapers and tv channels to fight for half the pie.
The share of gov ad budgets in professional media has become significant creating wrong incentives. And weakening media business model allowed non-media corporate interests to acquire much of the professional media, especially the news channels, and these interests in turn use them to stay in BJP’s good books.
This means that ability of a ruling regime with dictatorial tendencies to make media kowtow to its whims and fancies has increased dramatically.
Scores of proud editors have left these companies and created their own YouTube channels trying hard to get by and get their message out. If you write against BJP, you are on their crosshair and someday they will get you this way or that way no matter what. Little wonder that India’s rank in world press freedom index is now 161, behind Pakistan.
National household consumption survey data was suppressed as it showed uncomfortable truths. Census seems to have been canceled. The hostility to analytical criticisms seems pervasive.
BJP now runs probably the most formidable social media machine in the world with their WhatsApp networks and advocates penetrating the most intimate family, neighbourhood and alumni groups with industrial scale and efficiency. Truth is low, emotions are high, sometimes almost rabid. Dissent is pounced upon by social media lynch trolls systematically to discourage dissenters leaving no one to counter, but for the most tenacious and foolhardy.
Media in India is no more free. Most don’t even pretend. Truth is what BJP likes. Fake meets fact brazenly everyday. It’s scary. It should be.
B. JAIL FIRST, ASK LATER:
In the ten years of UPA gov, ED did 54% of raids on opposition politicians and 46% of raids on UPA ones. In ten years of Modi gov, 95% of ED raids are on the opposition politicians and 5% on ruling NDA.
Given there is little difference in corruption between UPA and NDA regimes, it points towards a deeply disturbing pattern. In fact while direct transfers thanks to UPA’s aadhar and NDA’s build on that has reduced leakage, we have had magical phenomenon like an industrialist going from about $1B to $150B in net worth in 7 years - quite unprecedented in global history. The most corrupt and venal opposition politicians regularly switch to BJP to win protection - Hemant V Sharma and Ajit Pawar being just the latest two in the list.
The fact that two sitting CMs are being kept in jail without bail on the pretext of investigation into certain charges is unprecedented. The fact that the accused turned approver in the excise case for Kejriwal donated 35 crores in electoral bonds to BJP before he - Sarat Reddy - turned an approver just shows the length to which NDA is willing to go to send a warning to all opposition leaders who don’t switch, or dare challenge their dominance. If wildly popular elected CMs (Delhi: 62 seats out of 70) can be thrown into jail without bail for ‘poochh tachh’ on some dubious charges, while election process is on, no one is really safe.
It’s easy to forget that NDA did not let the parliament function in last one year of UPA. Bills are passed without any debate. 147 opposition MPs were suspended in a single day last year. Unprecedented in the history of India.
The limits have been blurred and this pattern imperils some fundamental norms of democracy.
C. AN OFFICIAL EXTORTION MACHINE:
Electoral bonds - a new system brought by NDA - allow people and companies to donate big monies using an SBI bond. The buyer can buy the anonymous bond and pass it to a party or anyone who in turn can give it to a political party. Who really donated can be a secret, except to the doner.
Ruling party however via the public sector SBI can know who bought how much and they know who donated how much to them. So they also know who donated how much to opposition. Each bond even has a hidden code - something lied about in parliament by them earlier.
When electoral bond data was forced by Supreme Court to be made public, the true picture emerged. About 50% of the bonds went to BJP, rest to the opposition parties. Again and again a contract was awarded to a company right after big bonds were purchased by that company. Again and again a CBI/ tax/ ED raid happened and a big bond was purchased by the company right after to ostensibly “wash off” their sins.
The whole machine came across as a highly professional extortion machine. To be fair, companies buying favours from politicians is age old in India. What is new is the extreme hypocrisy around election funding - and the singling out of strong opposition leaders for attack - turning ED/CBI/Tax officials into hatchetmen. Thus, and this is destroying the credibility of these institutions for good.
$10-16B worth of spending is estimated to happen in the incoming elections - great majority of it by BJP. Wholesale buying of MLAs has happened in many states. No one knows where all that money is coming from. Congress accounts have been frozen for INR 15 lakhs in an old tax matter.
A chief election commissioner resigned just a few weeks before election process began. CJI is being kept out of new CEC appointment. An institution that Sheshan turned into a formidable moral axis is being pressured to turn into a lapdog.
D. DIVIDE AND RULE:
However, what gives these trends a particularly sinister backdrop, is the BJP’s Hindutva ideology. An ideology that thrives on hate against Muslims. It thrives on “divide and rule” - exactly as the British used for 250 years to conquer and colonise the country.
The lesson of India’s history is not that Hindus must hate Muslims, the lesson is each time we have been divided as a nation, foreign powers have prevailed upon us - whether it’s the Huns, the Mongols, the Afghans or the European colonizers.
तेजस्वी नावधीतमस्तु मा विद्विषावहे।
(May the brilliance of wisdom overcome hatred)
When growing up in 80s or 90s, neither the Hindus were under threat, nor the Muslims. Now after decades of brainwash telling Hindus they are under threat, well, both Hindus and Muslims feel they are under threat. This relentless poison of systematic lies and the fear of the ‘other’ - via WhatsApp and other media, has seeped deep into the society.
With rising affluence, the new middle class - now 1/3rd of the country - seeks to find a new identity, and BJP-RSS regime has filled that vacuum with the poison of age-old bigotry. Otherwise decent aunties and kind well-educated uncles are high on the opium of divisive religious zeal, bringing Indian society ironically closer to that of Pakistan. It’s bizarre as most BJP supporters love to gloat over Pakistan’s failings even as they often cite Pakistan to justify their bigotry. Bigots are best friends of bigots no matter what religion.
सर्वे भवन्तु सुखीनः। सर्वे संतु निरामयाह।
(May ALL be happy. May ALL be healthy)
It’s also ironical that Hindu dharma, whose greatest beauty lies in its open architecture open source forever evolving syncretic agility - a quality that makes it probably the oldest surviving major religion, yet made for the future of humanity - is being weaponised into a narrow monolithic religio-political cult.
It is highly plausible that in the ongoing general elections, if BJP scores a much stronger mandate, they will ramp up the “religious war” to next level - by further excluding Muslims from the mainstream (not 1 out of 303 BJP MPs is a Muslim). They may even seek to destroy whatever is left of the opposition with an unimaginable impunity (Haren Pandya was bumped off by hired murderers in Gujarat). It’s possible their reference system here is Russia and China rather than US or Europe.
Some may draw parallels with Indira Gandhi’s ‘75-77 emergency period. But this time I imagine it to be very different. There will be no declared emergency. Indira was arguably rash and clumsy in this matter. And though she was no saint like her father Nehru (her own words), she could only go so far in shaming her beloved father. There was no social media eco-chamber then. And the hyper-capitalists by and large hated her. Much of India then was “media dark” too - and a lot more difficult to control. Many venerated freedom fighters with immense moral power, like JP, were still around to take her on.
The systematic subversion and subjugation of every constitutional body, this time, is happening a lot more thoroughly and rigorously. And a lot of it is irreversible. Institutions take a really long time to build but can be destroyed quite swiftly.
E. BUT INDIANS NEED A BULLY AS A LEADER:
Many Indians sort of in a “deal with the devil” way have accepted the trade between the regime’s bigotry and India’s progress. There is an assumption you can’t have both Hindu-Muslim love and progress. This is complete bunkum. Both are very much possible.
People say Yogi fixed UP’s criminals. People forget Nitish fixed Bihar’s criminals within six months without ever spewing poison from the podiums. You just need political will, need to put the right people on the job and let them do their thing.
People say development and a chaotic indian society needs a firm, heavy hand. Firm yes, heavy no. UPA delivered a higher 7.5% average GDP growth over 10 years despite deep recession and steep oil prices (and without make-up and photo shoots five times a day). India’s boldest reform budgets happened under 90s’ coalitions.
And all this while keeping debt to GDP ratio at about 65% vs about 85% now (IMF has issued a warning). And yes with larger GDP base and so much extra debt one is likely to see tons of more highways being built - but let’s not forget India’s first great metros, airports and highways were built by UPA (and Atal ji built golden quadrilateral before that).
In the last decade, unemployment has worsened further with net loss of industrial jobs - surprisingly regressive for a fast growing economy. Rural wages (40% of indian workers are in farm sector) that went from $3 per day to $4.8 per day in UPA decade has stayed flat.
Per capita GDP post inflation grew only 4.3% vs UPA’s 6.2%. INR has lost about 1/3rd of its value. All these have added up to widening the inequality further. Only saving grace being the inflation levels here.
And let’s not forget the stock markets which went from about 20k to 70K in last ten years - 3.5 times - but it went from about 4K to 20k in UPA’s ten years - 5 times.
Public memory is short, especially when brainwash is overwhelming. Objectivity is an unnecessary inconvenience in the age of social media.
F. BUT HE HAS RAISED INDIA’s STATURE SINGLE-HANDEDLY
Many say India’s stature has risen in the world. Indeed it has. It has been rising consistently with economic growth over last three decades. (And Modi ji has nothing to do with Satya Nadella’s success).
US-China decoupling and the new Cold War has suddenly put India on the right side of history. Global south is a concept from 50s - they called it NAM then. And Nehru actually Co-founded it with Ata Turk, Nasser and Sukarno. G20 is a rotating presidency - everybody gets a year - India swapped its year with Indonesia. And those NRI rock shows in Central Park or Texas stadium mean nothing beyond propaganda to impress Indians - only Indians - that ‘look, even America loves Modi’.
US loves Modi ji only as much as they love India - no more and no less (it may be less as they are aware of the 2002 shame and his impatience with media freedom). For all the current bravado, it’s easy to forget that BJP moved a no-confidence motion on UPA gov for signing the US-India nuclear deal, just about ten years back. That deal is the foundation on which the new US-India reality is being crafted.
And let’s not forget Xi, who Modi ji would often in parliament address as “my friend Xi Jinping” (and took him to his village to sit on a swing together). Xi took Modi ji for a mega ride not unlike Nehru-Mao experience, atleast qualitatively speaking. There was talk of India+ factor, plus standing for Modi’s “my friend” relations with Xi. It was so tough for him to accept that betrayal that in his first statement in parliament post Ladakh incursion, Modi ji denied there was any incursion into Indian lands, quickly u-turning after.
China has still not vacated and the sacred piece of land that in ‘62 Maj Shaitan Singh PVC and his 13 Kumaon made the ultimate sacrifices to the last round for, is now in the buffer zone for first time in history.
We have in the last decade lost a lot of plot in Nepal (blockade was a disastrous move); Maldives (open threat is rarely good diplomacy) and Bhutan (China keeps building roads deeper into Bhutan pre and post Doklam). Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are near status quo - and thank god for that.
Modi ji has done a good job with Pakistan in my assessment. He has been lucky though, for Pakistan, post Osama has less utility for US, and his gov managed to successfully manoeuvre change of status quo in Kashmir. Of course the “Aksai chin bhi lenge” bravado may just have been the trigger for Ladakh.
G. BUT HE IS DOING SO MUCH FOR THE POOR:
Toilets and med insurance for the poor are excellent schemes by the regime, no doubt.
Digital India is being erected on aadhaar which Modi ji called a national security issue in 2014. Soon after winning, he re-branded UPA’s 25 million BSBDA bank accounts as Jan Dhan basis the same Aadhaar vision (which is ramped up to 500 million now and is great).
GST was a necessary and decisive move by the government, even if clumsily rolled-out. Women’s reservation bill, a congress baby, which Sonia and UPA tried hard to push through, is finally done.
Triple Talaaq bill is progressive, but why is there no talk about giving the superior divorce and inheritence rights to Hindu women as Muslim women enjoy. And why not allow Muslims to enjoy the tax benefits that Hindu HUF structure offers.
Demonetisation was a PR stunt. A long and painful one. It broke the back of millions of small businesses. It was never supposed to eliminate black money. More than 99% of notes found their way back to RBI. Indians keep bulk of their black money in benami properties and off shore accounts. You just have to take a glance at the top source countries for FDI into India to know where round-tripped white-washed money comes from. For all the Hindenburg research, the whole matter was summarily suppressed.
Covid handling went from clumsy to getting there to outright complacent right before delta (resolution in parliament to congratulate PM’s supreme victory et al) to finally getting our act together.
In a country that ranks 156 on per capita income, the regime has the gall to declare ‘Amrit Kaal’. In a country that hasn’t produced a single Nobel winning citizen in a long long time - except Kailash Satyarthi for peace prize - and cattles roam gov schools, declaring we have become ‘Vishwaguru’ can only be done by a delusional semi-literate (albeit brilliant in his own right, no doubt).
H. WHO, IF NOT MODI?!:
Many argue, what’s the choice then after all. (Typical reaction: so then Rahul Gandhi?! - and the rhetorical question comes with the rejection built in.)
I think there are many options. BJP itself is not all that bad. Within BJP there are leaders who will make much better PMs - Nitin Gadkari, Rajnath Singh, Shivraj Singh Chauhan, even S. Jaishankar. If they are allowed to raise their profile.
A victory for opposition doesn’t have to result in Rahul Gandhi as PM. It could be Tharoor, or Chidambaram or Nitish or Kharge. Or someone else (before 2002 riots in Gujarat, no one knew who Modi ji was. Before they started obsessively putting out photos of Modi Ji’s Gujarat model - Ahmedabad much before him had been among the most developed cities in India - no one knew Modi ji had anything to do with development - not even Gujaratis. There certainly are real good candidates out there. In any case, it’s better to be roughly right than be precisely wrong.
A country of 1.5B people, which no less than 8 PMs and presidents around the world and dozens of global CEOs call their origin, will always have ample good candidates.
If only they are allowed to emerge. And they will emerge if the seemingly unstoppable BJP momentum slows down. If BJP gets even 270 seats instead of 303 currently (and much lower than the targeted 370) - it will expose the limitations of ModiShahi. It will make RSS, coalition partners and BJP leaders rethink and reconsider.
A lot of BJP leaders while happy to get the extra Modi factor of 5-10% votes to win (if they win it’s Modi, if they lose it’s them) - with extreme centralisation of power in the PMO, they feel more like employees than leaders with a will and agency of their own. So when revolt happens, like all repressed regimes, it will happen very quickly.
All said and done, last GE 37% of votes went to BJP. The other 63% went against it. Not all Indians for whatever reasons are on social media or listen to the frequently nauseating news channels ad nauseum. Thank heavens for that. Modi for them is “as actualised” rather than “as projected”.
Our illiterates and ignorants may after all remain the ones to keep their wisdom and redeem India’s soul, our Sanatan adhikaar to people’s will and agency.
- Prashant K Umaputra

Thanks for the great tips and advice about my upcoming visit in a few weeks on my last post! :)
Based on their location and reviews, I'm looking at staying at The Radisson, Ajit Bhawan, or Ratan Villas (unless there are better recommendations you'd make).
I'm traveling by myself and have my nights free and open.
Are there any cool bars, lounges, or places to have a couple drinks or that I should go to that you'd recommend for going at night?
Thank you ahead of time! :) (I saw another similar post, but didn't see any recommendations where to go or what to do)

https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/berkshire-bought-back-about-23-billion-in-stock/ar-BB1jYwLc
Story by Andrew Bary
Berkshire Hathaway bought back about $2.3 billion in stock in the first quarter through March 6, based on a Barron’s calculation from information in the company’s proxy statement released late Friday.
The company repurchased about 3,800 Class A shares (with Class B stock buybacks converted to an equivalent amount of Class A shares) from year-end 2023 through March 6.
The $2.3 billion of repurchases marks a pickup from the $2.2 billion of stock that Berkshire repurchased in the fourth quarter and could mean $3 billion or more of buybacks for the current quarter if the pace of repurchases continues at the rate of the first two months of the year.
Most of the buybacks in the quarter occurred from Feb. 13 to March 6, with Barron’s estimating that total at around $1.7 billion with about $600 million repurchased in the first six weeks of the quarter.
Investors watch the pace of Berkshire’s buybacks as an indication of whether Buffett views the stock as cheaply valued since he determines the pace of repurchases and has said repeatedly that he is price conscious.
Berkshire stock has been strong this year with the Class A and B shares up about 14% against a roughly 7.5% total return for the S&P 500 index. The Class A stock finished Friday at $618,133, up 0.9%, while the Class B shares ended at $408.13, up 0.3%
The proxy also discloses that Greg Abel, the likely successor to CEO Warren Buffett, earned just over $20 million in total compensation last year, up from $19 million in 2022.
Abel, a Berkshire vice chairman, heads the company’s vast non-insurance operations. Ajit Jain, who oversees the company’s insurance businesses, also earned just over $20 million last year. Buffett, who determines their pay, has compensated them equally since they were elevated to their current positions in 2018.
Berkshire continues to operate differently from other big companies on executive pay.
For starters, Buffett is paid a salary of $100,000 a year with no bonus—a level of compensation he has received for over 35 years. The proxy states that he doesn’t want an increase in pay.
He may be the only major CEO who reimburses the company for minor items such as phone calls and postage that are personal in nature. He reimbursed Berkshire $50,000 for those incidental expenses in 2023, in keeping with payments in past years.
Berkshire spent over $300,000 on Buffett’s personal security last year, which is counted as compensation. But that is a fraction of companies such as Meta Platforms spend on their CEO security.
Buffett pays for his own personal jet travel on NetJets, a Berkhsire company, and the company doesn’t pay for cars or country club dues for executives.
Buffett hates parting with Berkshire Hathaway stock, viewing every share as precious, and doesn’t grant stock compensation to executives or any employees. The company states emphatically in the proxy: “Berkshire never intends to use Berkshire stock in compensating employees.”
Berkshire lets Buffett set the compensation for Abel and Jain, and the proxy states the factors Buffett uses “typically are subjective.” There are no incomprehensible formulas like there are at most public companies. And Berkshire doesn’t use compensation consultants in setting executive pay.
Both Buffett and Charlie Munger, the Berkshire vice chairman who died at 99 in late 2023, dislike consultants of all kinds. Munger once said that he would rather “throw an asp down my shirt front” than hire one.
Buffett once said that if Berkshire uses pay consultants after his death, he will rise from his grave in anger. Their view has been that companies use pay consultants to inflate executive compensation.

The flawed methodology in many aquaponics manuscripts, particularly those that claim fish waste does not contain enough nutrients to support plant growth, stems from a misunderstanding or misapplication of the principles underlying aquaponics systems. This misconception is perpetuated by an echo chamber effect, where incorrect information is repeated and amplified within the community, often exacerbated by the Dunning-Kruger effect, where individuals with limited knowledge overestimate their understanding of a complex topic.
Integrated AquaVegeculture Systems (iAVs), developed by the iAVs Research Group, predates the popularization of aquaponics and represents a more efficient method of combining aquaculture and horticulture. iAVs utilizes sand as a biofilter and growing medium, which has been shown to effectively filter fish waste and provide a rich nutrient source for plant growth.
The shift from sand to gravel in aquaponics systems, by the Speraneos, driven by a desire to commercialize the original iAVs, resulted in systems that often require additional nutrient supplementation for optimal plant growth as well as extra system components, for example, when sand was substituted for gravel, the plants would dry out and so they were forced to design a bell syphon. iAVs was designed to be operated with minimal components, cost and maintenance without bell syphons or any extra filtration equipment.
The Speraneos attended a workshop by Dr. McMurtry but then changed the system to use gravel instead of sand. iAVs is free and open source but the Speraneos commercialized the changes so they could sell their plans.
The criticism of aquaponics research for not adequately comparing nutrient availability in fish waste to that required by plants overlooks the comprehensive work done on iAVs and the data provided.
McMurtry's research demonstrated that with proper system design and management, including the selection of appropriate fish feed, iAVs can supply all necessary nutrients for a wide range of vegetable crops without the need for external nutrient inputs.
This is in contrast to many aquaponics systems that fail to fully utilize the nutrients in fish waste, often due to inadequate biofiltration or the removal of solid waste, which contains significant amounts of essential nutrients.
However, most studies use inefficient mechanical filtration methods that remove the majority of solids or fail to fully utilize the nutrients in fish waste. Furthermore, many systems are operated at suboptimal pH levels for plant uptake and do not incorporate design elements to ensure adequate oxygenation for mineralization.
At higher pH levels, essential macronutrients such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, boron, copper and zinc precipitate out of solution and become unavailable for plant uptake. This can lead to deficiencies in these nutrients. Many micronutrients rely on carriers or chelators for uptake at higher pH levels. For example, iron is commonly bound to chelating agents to remain soluble. However, these bound forms tend to be less bioavailable to plants than nutrient ions. At pH 7 and above, the availability of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and other cations is reduced. This occurs because there is increased competition from hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions under alkaline conditions. High pH causes phosphorus to precipitate out with calcium and magnesium, forming insoluble compounds. This phosphorus becomes inaccessible for plant growth.
In the iAVs approach, the system is designed to buffer pH around 6.5, which is ideal for nutrient availability and removes the need to adjust pH. In the iAVs research, pH stabilzed at week 5. Below neutral pH, phosphorus is more available since there is less calcium and magnesium to bind with it. This enables efficient phosphorus nutrition. Trace elements like iron, manganese, zinc, and copper are more soluble in acidic conditions. This allows plants to take up greater quantities of these essential micronutrients. Mildly acidic pH may even create an unfavorable environment for certain pathogenic fungi and bacteria that can infect plant roots and leaves.
At a pH below 7, ammonia is predominantly in the form of ammonium (NH4+), which plants can directly uptake. Ammonium is a preferred nitrogen source for many plants because it requires less energy to assimilate compared to nitrate (NO3-). Plants can save metabolic energy when absorbing ammonium compared to nitrate because converting nitrate to ammonium (a form that can be incorporated into amino acids) requires energy. This energy saving can then be redirected towards growth and development.
Although some nitrifying bacteria are less active at lower pH, plants absorb nitrate more efficiently in slightly acidic conditions. Protonation of nitrate to HNO3 facilitates transport across membranes. The excess oxygen and the focus on heterotrophs more than compensates for the reduced nitrification at a lower pH.
The end result is the false notion that aquaponic systems are inherently deficient in essential nutrients like potassium, calcium and iron. This echoes through the literature, with authors citing previous flawed studies to support supplemental fertilization.
The iAVs utilizes reciprocating flood irrigation over sand beds to foster aerobic mineralization of solids and nutrient capture. Careful attention is paid to system pH and oxygen levels. As a result, the iAVs consistently demonstrates that fish waste can fully meet plant nutritional needs without supplementation, as demonstrated and proven in the iAVs research.
By comparing aquaponics to hydroponics, the importance of organic matter and the potential for direct uptake of certain organic compounds by plants may be overlooked. This can lead to underestimating the nutritional potential of aquaponics systems.
Hydroponic solutions provide nutrients in inorganic forms that are immediately available to plants. In contrast, organic nutrients often come in complex forms that require microbial activity to break down into assimilable nutrients. This process can affect the rate at which nutrients become available to plants.
Some plants can uptake certain amino acids, enzymes, lipids, and sugars directly from organic sources, potentially "saving" metabolic energy that can then be used for growth. This direct uptake is not replicated with inorganic nutrient solutions.
Understanding the unique dynamics of aquaponic systems is essential for optimizing plant nutrition and debunking misconceptions about nutrient availability.
Our long term troll, Steve, has been claimingfor years that fish feed does not contain enough nutrients and needs supplementation, but when he interviewed James Rakocy himself, it was Rakocy that said "With the recommended ratio (1:2) no solids are removed from the system. ...With this system, nutrient supplementation may not be necessary"
Recent studies challenge the long-held belief in Liebig's law of the minimum, which states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient resource. Instead, complex algorithms that consider interactions among nutrients suggest that plants can thrive even under perceived nutrient limitations. This new understanding supports observations that many plants grown organically, with seemingly fewer nutrients, can outperform those grown hydroponically in terms of yield and efficiency. This phenomenon could be attributed to the more efficient use of nutrients facilitated by organic growing methods, which include symbiotic relationships with soil microbes that enhance nutrient uptake.
Heterotrophs play a crucial role in making nutrients from fish waste more available and broken down in aquaponic systems, offering significant advantages over systems that rely predominantly on autotrophs. The flawed methodology in many aquaponics studies has highlighted an over-reliance on autotrophs, such as nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrate but do not fully address the breakdown and mineralization of organic matter. The optimal pH for heterotrophs is around 6, which is also the optimum pH for availability of nutrients for plants. A pH lower than 7 is also a buffer against ammonia spikes.
Furthermore, the narrative that iAVs was "stolen" and modified into what is now commonly known as aquaponics highlights the lack of recognition for McMurtry's pioneering work and the potential of iAVs as a sustainable food production method. The commercialization of aquaponics, while contributing to its spread, has also led to variations that do not fully capture the efficiency and sustainability of the original iAVs method.
Tragically, the pioneering work on the iAVs has been largely ignored by mainstream aquaponics researchers. The system was originally stolen and altered in ways that undermined its efficiency. For example, exchanging sand for gravel severely limits the capacity to mineralize and retain nutrients in the reactor beds. This "aquaponics" offshoot perpetuates the myth of inherent nutritional deficiencies.
In conclusion, the flawed methodology in aquaponics research and the misconceptions about nutrient availability from fish waste stem from a departure from the principles of iAVs.
A return to these principles, with a focus on optimizing the use of fish waste as a nutrient source through proper system design and management, could address many of the deficiencies observed in current aquaponics practices.
The aquaponics community needs to acknowledge the reality that flaws in their methodologies have led to incorrect conclusions about the potential of these integrated systems. Carefully designed, as in the iAVs, aquaponics can be a highly efficient and sustainable method of food production without costly supplemental inputs.
We owe it to the visionaries who pioneered this technology to apply the scientific method rigorously and learn from their groundbreaking work.
In conclusion, the flawed methodology prevalent in aquaponics research, particularly the underestimation of nutrient availability from fish waste, can be traced back to a departure from the foundational principles of Integrated AquaVegeculture Systems (iAVs). The pioneering work of Dr. McMurtry and the iAVs Research Group has demonstrated that with proper system design and management, fish waste can indeed provide a complete nutrient profile for plant growth, negating the need for external supplementation .
The list below is a sample of the manuscripts that have used or are based on a flawed methodology;
Verma, Ajit Kumar, et al. "Aquaponics as an integrated agri-aquaculture system (IAAS): Emerging trends and future prospects." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 194 (2023): 122709.
Yep, Brandon, and Youbin Zheng. "Aquaponic trends and challenges–A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019): 1586-1599.
Medina, Miles, et al. "Assessing plant growth, water quality and economic effects from application of a plant-based aquafeed in a recirculating aquaponic system." Aquaculture international 24 (2016): 415-427.
Khater, E. G. "Aquaponics: the integration of fish and vegetable culture in recirculating systems." Benha, Egypt (2006).
Licamele, Jason David. "Biomass production and nutrient dynamics in an aquaponics system." (2009).
Goddek, Simon, et al. "Challenges of sustainable and commercial aquaponics." Sustainability 7.4 (2015): 4199-4224.
Yang, Teng, and Hye-Ji Kim. "Characterizing nutrient composition and concentration in tomato-, basil-, and lettuce-based aquaponic and hydroponic systems." Water 12.5 (2020): 1259.
Wortman, Sam E. "Crop physiological response to nutrient solution electrical conductivity and pH in an ebb-and-flow hydroponic system." Scientia Horticulturae 194 (2015): 34-42.
Romano, Nicholas, Shahidul Islam, and Hayden Fischer. "Ebb and flow versus constant water level on the sweet banana chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) production in an aquaponic system." Aquacultural Engineering 102 (2023): 102340.
Blanchard, Caroline, et al. "Effect of pH on cucumber growth and nutrient availability in a decoupled aquaponic system with minimal solids removal." Horticulturae 6.1 (2020): 10.
Van Ginkel, Steven W., Thomas Igou, and Yongsheng Chen. "Energy, water and nutrient impacts of California-grown vegetables compared to controlled environmental agriculture systems in Atlanta, GA." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 122 (2017): 319-325.
Yavuzcan Yildiz, Hijran, et al. "Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces—a review." Water 9.1 (2017): 13.
Derikvand, Peyman, et al. "Inoculum and pH Effects on Ammonium Removal and Microbial Community Dynamics in Aquaponics Systems." Available at SSRN 4441800.
Fruscella, Lorenzo, et al. "Investigating the effects of fish effluents as organic fertilisers on onion (Allium cepa) yield, soil nutrients, and soil microbiome." Scientia Horticulturae 321 (2023): 112297.
Delaide, Boris, et al. "Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Sucrine) growth performance in complemented aquaponic solution outperforms hydroponics." Water 8.10 (2016): 467.
Chen, Peng, et al. "Maximizing nutrient recovery from aquaponics wastewater with autotrophic or heterotrophic management strategies." Bioresource Technology Reports 21 (2023): 101360.
Nozzi, Valentina, et al. "Nutrient management in aquaponics: comparison of three approaches for cultivating lettuce, mint and mushroom herb." Agronomy 8.3 (2018): 27.
Duarte, Eglerson, et al. "Nutrients in lettuce production in aquaponics with tilapia fish compared to that with hydroponics." Revista Caatinga 36 (2023): 21-32.
Bittsanszky, Andras, et al. "Nutrient supply of plants in aquaponic systems." Ecocycles 2.2 (2016): 17-20.
Tyson, Richard V., Danielle D. Treadwell, and Eric H. Simonne. "Opportunities and challenges to sustainability in aquaponic systems." HortTechnology 21.1 (2011): 6-13.
Tsoumalakou, Evangelia, et al. “Precise Monitoring of Lettuce Functional Responses to Minimal Nutrient Supplementation Identifies Aquaponic System’s Nutrient Limitations and Their Time-Course.” Agriculture (Basel)., 2022
Zhanga, Hong, et al. "Recovery of nutrients from fish sludge as liquid fertilizer to enhance sustainability of aquaponics: A review." CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 83 (2021).
Gebauer, Radek, et al. "Species-and diet-specific aquaculture wastewater nutrient profile: Implications for aquaponics and development of sustainable aquaponics diet." Aquaculture 568 (2023): 739307.

Language Academy is the premier destination for PTE and NAATI CCL training in India, located in Jalandhar. Offering a comprehensive array of courses including PTE, NAATI, and IELTS, they boast an impressive track record of success with a dedicated team of Pearson-certified faculty members. With a focus on utilizing the latest technology, Language Academy provides students with free books, online support, and over 3500 practice questions. Their commitment to an affordable fee structure, real-time test environments, and discussion sessions ensures students receive top-notch preparation. Additionally, they offer instant scorecard reports, feedback on speaking tasks, and access to weekly predictions for a smooth exam journey. With a focus on excellence and support, Language Academy stands out as the go-to institute for those aiming to excel in language proficiency exams. To know more watch the video at https://youtu.be/eXtkeQD7V8g?si=tYtUkCky-ynnLEtC

Economists in PEI are now calling out the government of PEI, in 2022 their provinces population increased by 4.3%. We can attribute this to home prices I imagine. The average house in PEI is 390k much cheaper than the majority of metropolitans in Ontario, and other cities like Calgary, Vancouver, Montreal etc.
https://creastats.crea.ca/mls/peia-median-price
While the provincial government of PEI is flooding the province with foreigners, natives of PEI (Canadians) are leaving. There’s been a 27% increase in people leaving the province because of lack of support and infrastructure for people that already live there. Housing is expensive and you can’t see a doctor.
Source: https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.6795753
From 2016 to 2021 there has been a roughly 50% increase in people between the ages of 20-34 living with their parents. In a sign of a country failing it’s citizens this is happening across the country.
1/4 of our retiring boomers apparently have adult children still living at home. In Vancouver and Toronto that number is 28% (Vancouver) and 26% (Toronto). It’s no surprise when you flood the country with one million people and build 250k homes. You get results like this the average house in Canada being $816,720 in 2022. In one year between 2021 and 2022 the price of a house in most markets went up 20%.
Sources: https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/crea-housing-february-1.6385274
https://betterdwelling.com/one-in-five-boomers-have-children-living-at-home-higher-in-toronto-and-vancouve
https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/baby-boomers-adult-kids-at-home_ca_5cd55f57e4b07bc729778057/amp
https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.6931811
Now we get to the fun part. I want everyone to remember when our government tried to justify ruining our quality of life while flooding the country with people while we didn’t have the infrastructure to support this population boom. Marc Miller our immigration minister claims we can’t solve our housing crisis at all without mass immigration (bullshit). Ahmed Hussein the previous minister of immigration parroted the same talking lobbyists handed him I imagine, when he started the mass immigration waves. The third stooge Sean Fraser of the liberal housing/immigration portfolio parroted these same talking points. More immigrants en masse=more homes built. All of this was a lie.
https://globalnews.ca/news/9890682/housing-shortage-canada-immigration-targets/amp/
https://globalnews.ca/news/9367235/canada-housing-immigration-ahmed-hussen/amp/
https://globalnews.ca/news/9859831/cabinet-shuffle-sean-fraser-housing-immigration/amp/
As we’re now seeing economists call out in PEI, the same thing is happening across Canada. For the statistics lovers how does this sound. Of the all of the immigrants that have been invited to PEI, the majority are leaving the province within 5 years, 9% work in healthcare, 1% work in construction, 90% WORK IN LOW SKILLED AREAS. Apparently people in PEI are living three to a bedroom because as we’re seeing everywhere else home prices are skyrocketing.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-immigrant-occupations-1.7117230
This also reflected in stats can findings. The majority of new immigrants to Canada (including international students) are not doctors, engineers, nurses and are not going into construction. They are working at Tim hortons, McDonald’s, front desk at hotels, doing Uber and working at restaurants. The majority of the people Canada is letting in work in accommodation and food services.
Source: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-631-x/11-631-x2022003-eng.htm
I want to be clear none of this is the fault of any immigrant even the fraudulent ones. It is completely the fault of our bought out federal government and the traitors in the provincial government who have sold out their fellow Canadians to enrich corporate lobbyists like Galen Weston, Bell, Rogers and developers in Canada. We’re all overpaying for food, services and homes. Economists are now saying what we’re all saying we should only have targeted skilled immigration, and we have young people who could do these low skilled jobs they just need to be paid more which the owners of these companies do not want to do, so they can get more profits. It’s class warfare.
Here’s how we get out of this mess. Mass deportations of all illegals (it’ll decrease demand for our housing). Mass deportations of all international students who have already graduated waiting to get PR who don’t qualify for the professions we need. You can’t get licensed here as a nurse, doctor, or a construction engineer or have loads of money. Thanks for coming goodbye. Any student currently in school who cannot meet the requirements of their visa (have enough money to financially sustain themselves (ex.uses food banks). It was a pleasure. Be the best Uber driver or Hotel staff in Jalandhar province in India, or Azerbaijan or Paris, or Austin Texas, or Cancun or wherever else. Any Canadian citizen not born here who commits serious crimes should be deported.
In terms of construction costs for builders I think the solution is actually simple. I don’t think you need a university degree or college diploma to hit a nail with a hammer. The people who built the Rockefeller building didn’t go to college for 2 years or university for 4. Obviously you don’t want an uneducated person doing the electrical work but I think most general labourers should be flown in from Mexico, housed by building companies, have health insurance covered by building companies complete their projects (GET PAID in CAD that’s the incentive) and then they go home. They shouldn’t be given PR or citizenship. On holidays or every two weeks they can visit in their families back home in Mexico or elsewhere like what happens in Texas. The incentive is getting paid in CAD not citizenship or PR. This would increase supply while lowering demand making homes cheaper for citizens. The only way we can improve housing costs is increasing supply while lowering demand.

Looking for hire car recommendations around Jalandha Ludhiana. I’ve looked at some websites but the links seem to be broken and they don’t list their prices. How much could it cost per day, looking to hire one for a week. Is it usually cheaper to hire just the car or the one with a driver (I know that this is a more popular option). Thanks :)

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JEE Main is a national level exam that is used for admission to undergraduate engineering programs at National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs), and other centrally-funded technical institutions (CFTIs). JEE Advanced, on the other hand, is a more challenging exam that is used for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

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About JEE Main Exam

JEE Main is a national level engineering entrance examination in India. It is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to undergraduate engineering programs at various institutions across the country, including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), and other government-funded technical institutes. The JEE Main exam is usually held twice a year, in January and April.
The JEE Main exam consists of two papers: Paper 1 is for admission to B.E./B.Tech programs, and Paper 2 is for admission to B.Arch/B.Planning programs. Both papers are held in multiple sessions, and students can choose to take either one or both papers depending on their interests and qualifications.
Paper 1 consists of three sections: Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. Each section has a total of 30 questions, with a weightage of 4 marks for each correct answer, and a penalty of -1 mark for each incorrect answer. The total duration of the paper is 3 hours.
Paper 2 has three parts: Aptitude Test, Mathematics, and Drawing Test. The Aptitude Test has a total of 50 questions, with a weightage of 4 marks for each correct answer, and a penalty of -1 mark for each incorrect answer. The Mathematics section has a total of 30 questions, with a weightage of 4 marks for each correct answer, and a penalty of -1 mark for each incorrect answer. The Drawing Test is a subjective test, with a weightage of 70 marks. The total duration of the paper is 3 hours.
Eligibility criteria for JEE Main is that the student should have passed 10+2 education or equivalent with a minimum of 75% marks or be in the top 20 percentile in the 12th class examination, for General and OBC-NCL candidate and for SC,ST, PwD students pass marks in 12th class examination is 65%.
JEE Main score is used for admission to undergraduate engineering programs at NITs, IIITs, and other government-funded technical institutes, and also to provide an eligibility for JEE Advanced, which is the entrance examination for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

About JEE Advanced Exam

JEE Advanced is the second stage of the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) in India. It is conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) on a rotational basis. JEE Advanced is considered one of the most prestigious and difficult undergraduate engineering entrance examinations in the world.
To be eligible to take the JEE Advanced exam, students must first clear the JEE Main exam, which is the first stage of the JEE. The top 2,50,000 students in JEE Main are eligible to take JEE Advanced.
The JEE Advanced exam is divided into two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2, which are both held on the same day. The papers are both three hours long and consist of multiple choice questions in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. The papers are conducted in either English or Hindi, but students have the option to choose which language they prefer.
The JEE Advanced exam is used to determine the ranking of students for admission to undergraduate programs in engineering at the IITs. The IITs use the results of the JEE Advanced exam to determine which students will be offered admission to their undergraduate programs.
In order to perform well on JEE Advanced, students typically need a strong understanding of mathematics and physics, as well as a good aptitude for solving problems. Additionally, a strong foundation in the basics of chemistry is also important. It’s also important to mention that the exam is quite challenging, and a lot of dedicated time and hard work is required to pass it.

JEE Exam Eligibility

The eligibility criteria for the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) in India are as follows :

1. The candidate must have completed their 10+2 education, or an equivalent examination, with a minimum of 75% aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. Candidates belonging to the Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Person with Disability (PwD) categories must have at least 65% aggregate marks.
2. The candidate must have completed their 10+2 education, or an equivalent examination.
3. The candidate must be under 25 years of age on October 1st of the year in which they are appearing for the JEE. Candidates belonging to the SC, ST, and PwD categories are eligible for a 5-year age relaxation.
4. For JEE (Main) The candidate should have passed the Class XII (or equivalent) examination or should be appearing in the Class XII (or equivalent) examination in the current year.
5. For JEE (Advanced) The candidate should have appeared in the Class XII (or equivalent) examination for the first time and qualify JEE Main in the first 15 lac rank. .

12th and 12th pass-out students are eligible for JEE

1. Only those who qualify for JEE Mains are eligible for Advanced
2. Both exams are conducted in online mode
3. Mains is MCQ based, and Advanced is based on objective-type
4. The maximum attempt for Mains is 8 times (4 times in a year), and for Advanced is 2 times a year

About NEET Exam

The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) is a standardized test in India for students who wish to pursue undergraduate medical (MBBS), dental (BDS), and AYUSH (BAMS, BUMS, BHMS, etc.) courses in government and private institutions in India.
Here’s a quick overview of NEET:

• Who conducts it? The National Testing Agency (NTA) conducts NEET.
• What is the eligibility criteria? To be eligible for NEET, you must have passed class 12th or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and English as compulsory subjects. You must also have scored at least 50% marks (40% for SC/ST/OBC categories) in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology individually.
• What is the exam pattern? NEET is a pen-and-paper based test conducted in English and 11 other Indian languages. The exam is 3 hours long and consists of 180 multiple-choice questions (45 each from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology). Each correct answer carries 4 marks, and each incorrect answer deducts 1 mark. There is no negative marking for unanswered questions.
• When is the exam conducted? NEET is usually conducted in the first week of May every year.
• What are the benefits of qualifying NEET? Qualifying NEET is mandatory for admission to any MBBS, BDS, or AYUSH course in India. It also makes you eligible to apply for medical courses abroad.

The official NEET website: https://neet.nta.nic.in/
Here are some key points about the NEET exam:

1. Conducting Authority: The NEET exam is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA), which is responsible for organizing the test, declaring results, and providing the All India Rank to the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) for counseling purposes.
2. Eligibility Criteria:

• For undergraduate courses (MBBS/BDS), candidates must have completed 10+2 or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English. The minimum age limit is 17 years.
• For postgraduate courses (MD/MS), candidates must have a recognized MBBS degree and completed or completing their internship.

1. Exam Pattern:

• The NEET UG exam consists of one paper with 180 multiple-choice questions from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (Botany & Zoology).
• The NEET PG exam includes questions from subjects studied during the MBBS program, and it is a computer-based test.

1. Syllabus: The NEET syllabus is based on the NCERT curriculum for classes 11 and 12 for UG courses. For PG courses, it includes subjects like Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology, etc.
2. Exam Mode: NEET UG is a pen-and-paper-based test, while NEET PG is conducted in a computer-based mode.
3. Reservation: There are reservations for various categories as per government guidelines. Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and economically weaker sections (EWS).
4. Score Validity: The NEET score is valid for one year for admissions to undergraduate courses and three years for postgraduate courses.
5. Counseling: After the declaration of results, counseling is conducted for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Counseling for undergraduate courses is done by the Medical Counseling Committee (MCC), while for postgraduate courses, it is managed by respective state authorities.

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Courses offered by ANAND CLASSES for IIT JEE Coaching in Jalandhar
JEE Mains and Advanced: ANAND CLASSES prepare students for JEE Main by providing them with best study material, regular tests, and doubt clearing sessions, try yourself, assignment booklets, DPP, and exercises. After completing the Main syllabus, the focus transfer to multiple choice-type questions. In addition, small assignment booklets, previous year question papers, and chapter-wise questions are provided for Advanced.
JEE Crash Course: This course is for a shorter interval of time and provides live and recorded lectures to understand concepts better. A lot of question banks, tests, and assessments of the performance of students are provided in this course.
JEE Repeater Course: This course is for 12th pass-out students. Apart from providing study material, DPP, practicing questions, doubt clearing sessions.
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ANAND CLASSESs has been preparing students since 1996 for JEE and is a highly reliable proven coaching center in Jalandhar. Below are some highlights of joining ANAND CLASSES :

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The ANAND CLASSES provides a 4-year integrated course for JEE preparation. Below is the course description.

1. Study material will be provided of Science, MAT, Maths and Social Science for Class 9 & 10. Physics, Chemistry, and Math for Class 11 & 12.
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JEE Coaching Center in Jalandhar for Classes 11 and 12

JEE is a toughest exam, and hence it’s preparation start early. ANAND CLASSES provides different programs for JEE. ANAND CLASSES also offer short-term classroom lectures on JEE Main and JEE Advanced Syllabus to prepare students for JEE exam.
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"Behno aur Bhaiyo” was the greeting style of the golden voice of Radio legend “Ameen Sayani” as he introduced India to the most popular songs on India’s first Bollywood song countdown called Binaca Geetmala. The Bollywood music chart aired on Radio Ceylon from 1952 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1994 on Vividh Bharti and week after week all of India looked forward to hearing the familiar voice of the legend as he shared the best songs of Bollywood. At the end of each year Binaca Geetmala announced the number 1 most popular song of the year based on record sales and listener club feedback. I want to take this opportunity to share some trivia and mini reviews of the Binaca Geetmala top songs of the year from 1953 to 1993. Let's start with the songs crowned "the top of the pop" by Binaca Geetmala in the evergreen 50s and how they fared against their competition in that year's Filmfare awards.
1953 - "Yeh Zindagi Usi Ki Hai" from the movie “Anarkali" beautifully sung by Lata Mangeshkar with music by C Ramchandra and lyrics by Rajinder Krishan was the first annual top song of the Binaca Geetmala. Basant Prakash was the original composer for the movie and recorded one song with Geeta Bali. However due to a disagreement with the producer, he was replaced by C Ramchandra who brought in Lata to sing all the remaining songs for the movie. “Yeh Zindagi Usi Ki Hai” was the ultimate heartbreak song of that era which Anarkali (played by Bina Rai) sings as she is buried alive behind a wall as a helpless Salim (played by Pradeep Kumar) struggles to reach in time to save his love. C Ramchandra used the help of another music icon Roshan (Grandfather of Hrithik and father of Rajesh and Rakesh Roshan) to collaborate on the composition of the melody of this song. This movie introduced the talented Nasir Hussain to Bollywood who started his career as a writer for this movie and would go on to create the masala film genre with musical extravaganzas like Yaadon Ki Baraat, Hum Kissi Se Kum Nahin and many many more. Even though the song ruled the charts but it lost the first ever Filmfare Award for music direction to Naushad’s iconic “Tu Ganga Ki Mauj” from Baiju Bawra.
1954 - “Jayen To Jayen Kahan” from “Taxi Driver’ sung by Talat Mahmood with music by S.D. Burman and Sahir Ludhianvi’s poetry ruled the charts the following year. This was one of the best songs by the forgotten music Icon Talat Mehmood. His good looks made him an actor in several movies with Nutan and Suraiya but would give up acting to focus on singing. His smooth and velvety vocals were the voice of Dilip Kumar and early Dev Anand. The arrival of Mohammed Rafi and the infusion of rock n roll into Bollywood music in the 60s would sideline Talat Mahmood, who unfortunately literally disappeared from the landscape of modern Bollywood. This brilliant song is drenched with melancholy as Talat’s vocals emotes the pathos of Sahir’s poetry. S.D. Burman won his first Filmfare Award for best music director for this song for “Taxi Driver”. The song was picturized on Dev Anand and a second version sung by Lata Mangeshkar was shot on Kalpana Karthik who Dev Sahib fell in love with and married secretly on the set during a break while shooting “Taxi Driver”.
1955 - “Mera Joota Hai Japani” from the movie "Shree 420” sweetly sung by Mukesh with music by Shankar Jaikishan and Shailendra’s lyrics made Raj Kapoor an Indian Icon and a global star. It’s patriotic theme made it the biggest song of the year in India and the Russians went absolute gaga over this song when RK gave them the highest possible honor of his crown “Sar Par Laal Topi Roosi”. The song has been used in multiple Hollywood movies like Mississippi masala, Gravity and Deadpool. Hemant Kumar’s “Nagin" with it's haunting "Been" melody would win the Filmfare Award for music direction even though Shankar Jaikishan’s soundtrack topped record sales.
1956 - "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jeena Yahan” from “C.I.D.” was playfully sung by Mohammed Rafi and Geeta Dutt with the music of O.P. Nayyar and Majrooh Sultanpuri’s lyrics. Johnny Walker and Kumkum’s street hustling characters warn their fellow citizens about the fast life of their favorite city in this iconic anthem "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jeena Yahan, Zara Hatke Zara Bachke, Yeh Hai Bombay Meri Jaan”. Mohammed Rafi was the closest we can get to a true “Method” singer who brilliantly adapted his vocal style to the actors he sang for. He sat with Johnny Walker for a few days before recording the song to observe his mannerisms and modulate his voice to best fit him on screen. He took singing to the next level of the art form. “Ae Dil Hai Mushkil” would rule the chart and hearts of India but unfortunately lose at the Filmfare awards to the RK classic “Chori Chori” which was an album full of iconic songs like “Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum” and “Yeh Raat Bheegi Bheegi”.
1957 - "Zara Saamne Toh Aao Chhaliye” from "Janam Janam Ke Phere” was one of the earliest hit duets by Lata and Rafi with the music of S.N. Tripathi and lyrics by Bharat Vyas. S.N. Tripathi was a forgotten multitalented genius of early Bollywood who composed, sang, dubbed, wrote, acted, produced and directed movies. He exclusively composed music for mythological movies and was best known for being the first to use the “Jai Hind” slogan in a song during the British Raj. This song was picturized on its leads Nirupa Roy and Manhar Desai for the movie “Janam Janam Ke Phere” which was also known as "Sati Anapurna”. This was the first movie directed by Manoo Desai who would revert to his full name of "Manmohan Desai” as he began his long commercially successful career of super hits with his next movie “Chhalia” with Raj Kapoor. His first movie was average and quickly forgotten but he would have a stellar 60s with Shammi Kapoor, an even brighter 70s with Rajesh Khanna before he would direct a string of 7 super hit movies with Big B in the 70s and 80s. O.P. Nayyar’s “Naya Daur” would be the big winner at Filmfare awards that year.
1958 - "Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara” from “Solva Saal” was an amazing haunting song sung by Hemant Kumar with S.D. Burman’s music and Majrooh Sultanpuri’s beautiful lyrics. The song was picturized on Dev Anand and Waheeda Rehman and the mouth organ on this song was played by the maestro Dada Burman’s son and future maestro Pancham AKA R.D. Burman. Filmfare awards were dominated that year by the Bimal Roy classic “Madhumati” for which Salil Chowdhury won best music director and the first playback singer award was actually won by Lata Mangeshkar (There was no female singer category) for "Aaja Re Pardesi” and Shailendra won the first award for best lyricist for Yahudi’s “Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai"
1959 - "Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka” from “Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi” passionately sung by Kishore Kumar with Asha Bhosle to the music of his guru S.D. Burman and Majrooh Sultanpuri’s lyrics. This is the song during which Kishore and Madhubala fell in love. Madhubala never looked happier and more beautiful than she did in this song and Kishore’s pitch and yodels never sounded better. This playful song ruled the charts but Filmfare awards were taken over by Raj Kapoor’s “Anari” as Shankar Jaikishan won best music director, Mukesh became the first male singer to win for singing and Shailendra would win his second back to back best lyricist award for “Sab Kuch Seekha Humne”.
1960 - "Zindagi Bhar Nai Bhoolegi Wo Barsaat Ki Raat" from the movie “Barsaat Ki Raat" beautifully sung by Mohammed Rafi with music by Roshan and lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi was the decade’s first annual top song of the Binaca Geetmala. The image of Madhubala admiring Bharat Bhushan’s voice as she eagerly listens to this song on radio masterfully depicts the importance of radio and the Geetmala in those days. The film popularized qawwalis, however Rafi’s ultra-romantic version of Sahir’s poetry was a masterpiece. The song was about Madhubala and Bharat Bhushan’s characters chance meeting on a stormy night as Roshan’s brilliant background score channels their internal storm without a single word spoken between the two characters throughout the scene. Bharat Bhushan’s poet translates his experience from that brief encounter into this amazing song. Rafi would win the Filmfare Award that year for another iconic song “Chaudhvin Ka Chand” for which Shakeel Badayuni would get the best lyricist award as Shankar Jaikishan won for best music director for “Dil Apna Preet Parai” which featured Lata’s iconic “Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh”.
1961 - "Teri Pyaari Pyaari Surat Ko” from “Sasural” became Mohammed Rafi's second top chartbuster of the decade with Shankar Jaikishan’s music and Hasrat Jaipuri’s lyrics. Rajendra Kumar had already a few hits under his belt including playing Nargis’s son in Mother India in the 50s, however the 60s saw his actual rise to stardom and “Sasural” was one of the initial blockbusters which earned him the crown of Jubilee Kumar. Kumar’s lead actress in the movie was B Saroja Devi who was called the "Saraswathi of acting” in the Kannada film industry. This would be one of her biggest Hindi movies as Kumar tries to woo her with the flirtatious "Teri Pyaari Pyaari Surat Ko, Kisi Ki Nazar Na Lage, Chashme Budoor”. The song topped the charts and also won Rafi his 2nd consecutive Filmfare Award for singing.
1962 - "Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par” from “Junglee” became Mohammed Rafi’s 3rd consecutive top of the chart song with another delightful collaboration with Shankar Jaikishan and Hasrat Jaipuri. This song was originally planned as a Mohammed Rafi only song, but the director felts its power and got Lata to sing her version of this classic tune. This was Junglee's romantic anthem and played a big role in shaping Shammi Kapoor’s romantic image as it skyrocketed him to mega-stardom with back to back hits in the 60s. Shankar Jaikishan won best music director for another Shammi Kapoor masterpiece “Professor” while Lata won the best singer award for the haunting “Kahin Deep Jale” from the surprise superhit "Bees Saal Baad” which also earned Shakeel Badayuni his 3rd consecutive Filmfare Award for best lyrics.
1963 - "Jo Wada Kiya Woh Nibhana Padega” from “Taj Mahal” was the amazing Lata - Rafi duet which became one of the most memorable songs of the golden era with the music of Roshan and Sahir Ludhianvi’s masterful lyrics. This song conquered everything, the hearts of Indians, the Geetmala with astronomical sales and Roshan winning his only award for music director along with Sahir Ludhianvi’s first win for Lyrics. Sahir was one of the greatest Urdu poets to write Bollywood songs and he was among the first to tell composers to compose music around his lyrics and demanded that All India Radio also give credit to the songs lyricist when playing the songs. The song featured Pradeep Kumar and Beena Rai who both achieved tremendous success with Taj Mahal but it also became among their last hit movies in lead role. Beena Rai who was married to Prem Nath retired from movies and Pradeep Kumar couldn’t compete with the fresh blood of Shammi Kapoor, Rajendra Kumar and even smaller actors like Biswajeet and Joy Mukherjee. He very quickly got sidelined into character actors roles but got immortalized forever as a result of this evergreen romantic gem.
1964 - “Bol Radha Bol” from “Sangam” once again brought the Raj Kapoor - Shankar Jaikishan - Shailendra - Mukesh collaboration to the top of the charts. This was a fun and naughty song as Raj Kapoor with a Gopi-esque feather in his hair teases a sensual Vyjayanthimala in a red swimsuit while swimming in the river. There is an interesting story behind the origin of the song. RK tried multiple times to sign Vyjayanthimala for the movie. After several follow ups, he sent her a telegram asking her “Bol Radha Bol, Sangam Hoga Ke Nahi” to which she replied “Hoga Hoga, Zaroor Hoga”. When RK happily showed her confirmation telegram to Shailendra, the poet immediately sang “Tere Mann Ki Ganga aur Mere Mann Ki Jamuna Ka Bol Radha Bol Sangam Hoga Ke Nahi”. The rest is history. Sangam was one of the biggest blockbusters of Raj Kapoor’s career grossing more than 700 crore rupees (Adjusted for inflation), however on Filmfare night, a small movie named “Dosti” would bring down the Goliath “Sangam” by winning all the best music director, singer and lyricist awards.
1965 - "Jis Dil Mein Basa Tha Pyaar Tera” from the movie “Saheli” sung by Mukesh with the music by Kalyanji Anandji and lyrics by Indeevar topped the charts. The movie featured Pradeep Kumar and Kalpana right before they both disappeared into the oblivion of Bollywood character acting. The movie was directed by Arjun Hingorani before he got super-obsessed with Dharmendra and the letter “K” and made “Kab, Kyon Aur Kahaan”, “Kahani Kismat Ki”, “Khel Khiladi Ka”, "Katilon Ke Katil”, “Karishma Kudrat Ka” and “Kaun Kare Kurbani” with Garam Dharam. Kalyanji Anandji and their assistants Laxmikant Pyarelal collaborated to create this melancholic masterpiece. Ravi’s “Khandaan" would be the big winner sweeping best music director, singer and lyricist awards.
1966 - "Baharon Phool Barsao Mera Mehboob Aaya Hai” from “Suraj” sung by Rafi with Shankar Jaikishan’s music and Hasrat Jaipuri’s romantic lyrics topped the charts in the year when one of India’s brightest Gems “Guide” received tremendous critical acclaim for its songs and music. The movie featured a child artist named Baby Sonia who would grow up to become Neetu Singh AKA Mrs Rishi Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor’s mother. The fans adored the love with which Rajendra Kumar showered his leading actress Vyjayanthimala as he sang this romantic song for his beloved. The song topped the charts and sweeped the Filmfare Award by winning best music director, lyricist and singer. 1967 - "Saawan Ka Mahina Pawan Kare Sor” by Mukesh and Lata was another beloved chartbuster and Filmfare Award winning masterpiece composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal on Anand Bakshi’s lyrics. Dosti was LP’s breakthrough album and earned them their first award after which they returned to assisting Kalyanji Anandji. Milan was the movie which truly established them as a standalone dynamic musical duo and future stars of Indian music. The song also established Anand Bakshi as a lyricist earning him his first of 41 Filmfare nominations and began his 300+ movie collaboration with Laxmikant Pyarelal. The song has a funny and brilliant wordplay between Mukesh and Lata as Sunil’s villager character sings the word “Sor” which Nutan’s educated pupil sings “Shor” and he responds “Shor Nahi Sor, Sor”. This melodious masterpiece is the heart and soul of the movie which would earn LP their 2nd Filmfare award after Dosti while the lyrics award would go to the patriotic masterpiece “Mere Desh Ki Dharti” sung beautifully by Mahendra Kapoor. Mahendra would also win best male singer for Hamraaz’s “Neele Gagan Ke Tale”. Lata’s sister Asha Bhosle would win her first Filmfare Award for Dus Lakh’s “Garibon Ki Suno” in the first award best female singer award.
1968 - "Dil Vil Pyar Vyar Main Kya Jaanu Re” from “Shagird” sung by Lata Mangeshkar with Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music and Majrooh Sultanpuri’s lyrics would become the biggest hit of the year. The song was picturized on Saira Bano along with Joy Mukherjee and played a critical role in making the movie a superhit. The song and movie were nowhere to be seen on award night as Shankar Jaikishan’s Shammi Kapoor blockbuster “Brahmachari” would win best director, male singer and a posthumous lyricist award for Shailendra. Asha Bhosle would win her consecutive second Best female singer Filmfare award for Shikhar’s "Parde Men Rahne Do”.
1969 - "Kaise Rahoon Chup Ki Maine Pi Hi Kya Hai” from “Intaqam” was sung by Lata with LP’s music and Rajendra Krishan’s lyrics. So Laxmikant Pyarelal ended the 60s at the top of the charts for 3 consecutive years and signaled a change of guards from the maestros of the golden era to the masters of the 70s masala. Lata sang the song with such perfection that her slurring delivery convinced fans that the nightingale must have been under the influence while recording the song. Lata sounded more drunk than Sadhana appeared on screen and earned her a 17th Filmfare nomination for singing. She would lose to herself for Jeene Ki Raah’s "Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne Lage”.
1970 - "Bindiya Chamkegi Choodi Khankegi" from the movie “Do Raaste” was full of spunk and energy for the new decade with Lata singing Anand Bakshi’s playful lyrics to Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music. The 70s began with the first superhit collaboration of iconic Kaka - Mumu Jodi as Mumtaz rose from a B Grade movie actress to the first superstar’s leading lady. This was Mumtaz’s 60th movie in the industry and the one that finally made the once child artist turned “stunt film heroine" into a bonafide star and inspiration for millions of struggling artists starting at the bottom of the Bollywood food chain. This was Rajesh Khanna’s 270 Crore (Adjusted for inflation) grossing blockbuster and number 5 in his 17 movie consecutive hit spree. With this movie he would solidify his superstardom and continue delivering hit after hit. The success of this movie would start his hit pairing with Mumtaz in 10 iconic movies. ”Bindiya Chamkegi” ruled the pop charts, while Shankar Jaikishan’s “Pehchan” and “Jahan Pyar Mile” would give the legends the edge at Filmfare Awards over LP in the early days of the decade.
1971 - "Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana” from Andaz was sung with such passion and energy by Kishore and Asha that this Shankar Jaikishan and Hasrat Jaipuri classic was enough to make the movie a box office success. The movie was released at the height of Rajesh Khanna’s superstardom with his face right in the center of the poster, his name in bold above all other actors and this song picturized on him was in every trailer and promo, despite the fact that Kaka only had a 10 minute cameo including the song in the movie. The lead actor of the movie was Shammi Kapoor whose 60s box office charm and magic had vanished. A first time director named “Ramesh Sippy” always wanted to make his debut with Shammi, so when the dancing star of the 60s agreed to take on a more mature role in “Andaz” a new star director was born. Sippy would go on to make the biggest movie of all time, "Sholay” and follow it with masterpieces like “Shaan”, “Shakti” and Saagar”. Shammi got one of his last superhits as a lead actor but everyone knew that the reason for the movie’s success was fans flocking to the cinema to watch Kaka ride a bike as he sang “Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana”. Hasrat Jaipuri would win the best lyrics Filmfare Award for the song. Shankar Jaikishan would also dominate at the awards again but it would be Raj Kapoor’s “Mera Naam Joker” which would earn them yet another best music director and Manna Dey his only filmfare award.
1972 - “Dum Maro Dum” from “Hare Rama Hare Krishna” sung by Asha Bhosle would establish R.D. Burman’s music as the new wave sound of the decade and etch Anand Bakshi’s lyrics into the annals of Bollywood’s pop music history. Asha Bhosle would win the Filmfare award for this brilliant psychedelic number which Dev Anand wasn’t too interested to include in his movie. Pancham and Anand Bakshi were so sure about its potential that they would not hear “No” from the movie’s legendary writer - actor - producer - director. They stood their ground and India swayed to the hypnotic melody, sounds and vocals of the song. Dev Sahib would get his first directorial super hit, Pancham would become the go to composer for the fresh pop sound and India would get their first glimpse of the sensual Zeenat Aman.
1973 - "Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi” and “Zanzeer” would change Bollywood forever as it would announce the beginning of the era of a angry young man. Manna Dey’s exceptional vocals would immortalize Gulshan Bawra’s ode to friendship and earn Bawra the best lyricist award. Zanzeer was a Dharmendra vehicle which he couldn’t make because of a really busy schedule. So the director Prakash Mehra offered it to Dev Anand, who didnt like the "no smile, no song and all business" cop character and declined the movie. Raj Kumar who was a cop before joining films liked the script but his dislike for Prakash Mehra's looks made it impossible to cast him. Raj Kumar is known to have made the following statements to Mehra, “Hum Yeh Film Karenge, Aur Zaroor Karenge, Lekin Humhe Set Par Tumhara Yeh Manhoos Chehra Nahin Dikhna Chahiye” and its amazing follow up “Humhe Yeh Kahani Pasand Hai, Bahut Pasand Hai, Lekin Tumhare Baalo Se Aati Hui Yeh Ghatiya Tel Ki Badboo Ki Wajah Se ,Hum Yeh Film Nahin Banayenge”. Truly hilarious. Mehra would also get rejected by Dilip Kumar, after which Pran would tell him to watch a movie called “Bombay to Goa” with a lanky young actor called Amitabh Bachchan. Rest is history. Big B would get crowned the next superstar with Zanjeer and it would become his first hit movie with future wife Jaya, Prakash Mehra found his muse and leading man of 7 blockbusters, Salim Javed would become the genius writing duo for the ages, Pran would solidify himself as the highest paid “character” actor and Ajit’s iconic character “Teja” would say “ Lilly don't be silly”. Now this is how icons are born.
1974 - "Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz Kora Hi Reh Gaya” from “Kora Kagaz” sung magnificently by Kishore Kumar with Kalyanji Anandji’s music and M.G. Hashmat’s lyrics. The movie was centered around Jaya’s character and it required a middle aged actor to play the role of her estranged husband. None of the middle aged actors wanted to change their image and play the role against Jaya, Sanjeev Kumar was unavailable and all the newer actors were too young for the role. That is how the legendary director of Guide, Jewel Thief, Johny Mera Naam and several other masterpieces and Dev Anand’s brother, Goldie Anand got roped into the play the role. The movie would become his first super hit as a lead actor. Kishore's epic song “Kora Kagaz” was beautifully picturized on Jaya. Kalyanji Anandji would win best music director award for the short 3 song soundtrack of “Kora Kagaz”, but Mahendra Kapoor and Santosh Anand would win best singer and lyrics for Roti Kapda Aur Makaan.
1975 - "Baaki Kuchh Bacha To Mahangai Maar Gayee” from “Roti Kapda Aur Makaan” would top the charts the following year after RKAP had already won Filmfare year awards for the previous year. Laxmikant Pyarelal’s composition of Varma Malik’s lyrics about India’s socio-economic condition, sung by Lata, Mukesh, Jaani Babu Qawwal and Narendra Chanchal rang true and connected with the public especially the youth during an unemployment crisis. The movie had already completed its Filmfare award cycle even though the song stayed top of mind and charts, other movies like Rajesh Roshan’s debut “Julie”, Kishore Kumar’s “Amanush” and Sulakshana Pandit’s “Sankalp” would win the awards.
1976 - "Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein Khayaal Aata Hai” from the iconic “Kabhi Kabhie” was an exceptional composition by Khayyam of Sahir Ludhianvi’s iconic poetry given voice by Mukesh and Lata. The movie and the song had such heart and soul that it conquered the box office, the charts and the awards as it won for best music director, lyricist and male singer. Mukesh had unfortunately passed away on his US tour and his award was accepted posthumously. Mukesh was another maestro whose sweet voice was taken away too soon at the age of 53. He left for his heavenly abode when he was still at the top of his game in a year when he received 3 Filmfare nominations and songs. Mukesh had recorded songs for other movies yet to be released for which he would receive 2 more nominations in the next two years. Such was the immortality of his voice and music. A true icon and legend.
1977 - "Husn Haazir Hai Mohabbat Ki Sazaa Paane Ko” from “Laila Majnu” was yet another Sahir Ludhianvi masterpiece in Urdu poetry which was brought to life by Madan Mohan through the voice of Lata Mangeshkar. The maestro Madan Mohan had already passed away in 1975, so he never saw the success of his music for Laila Majnu. After his passing away, the producer H.S. Rawail reached out to the young and upcoming Rajesh Roshan to compose the remaining songs for the movie, however Rajesh refused to step into the shoes of the maestro as he didnt consider himself worthy enough of the honor. S.D. Burman’s erstwhile assistant and music composer Jaidev would step in to complete the work of the maestro. Rishi played Majnu to the debutant Ranjeeta’s Laila in this hit love story, however there was no love lost on the set as Rishi would refuse to promote her. Ranjeeta had already signed a few movies which would also become box office hits, however mainstream actors would start stepping away from working with her in movies forcing her to get confined to smaller roles and B grade movies. Surprisingly the movie would also be completely absent from the Filmfare awards which would be dominated by "Amar Akbar Anthony", "Hum Kissi Se Kum Nahin” and the invasion of middle cinema movies like “Manthan”, “Gharonda”, “Bhumica” and “Swami”.
1978 - "Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se, Maine Dekha Jo” from "Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se” sung by Hemlata with lyrics and music by Ravindra Jain became the next year's biggest hit. This was a heartbreaking movie from Rajshri starring Ranjeeta and Sachin which did well at the box office but would get crushed by Big B's “Don” and Raj Kapoor’s “Satyam Shivam Sundaram” on Filmfare Awards night.
1979 - "O Saathi Re” from “Muqaddar Ka Sikandar” sung by Kishore Kumar with Kalyanji Anandji’s music and Anjaan’s lyrics was the big song of the last year of the decade. Kader Khan had written a mammoth 16 pages of dialogues based on his own life’s challenges for Big B to deliver in the movie before he performs this song on stage. Amitabh refused to deliver such a long monologue but Kader also refused to shorten the dialogues. Amitabh then sat down with Kader to reason with him but he was brought to tears on hearing Kader’s life journey and pains which inspired the dialogues. He agreed to do the scene with the 16 pages of dialogues before Kishore Kumar sings the drenched in melancholy “O Saathi Re”. The movie and all its songs became superhit but middle cinema continued to rule at the awards as smaller movies “Gol Maal”, “Dada” and “Sargam” would win the Filmfare awards.
1980 - "Dafli Wale Dafli Baja” from “Sargam” sung by Lata and Rafi with Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music and Anand Bakshi’s lyrics became the only song ever to debut and stay at the top of the charts for 25 consecutive weeks till it was officially retired. The movie would be Jaya Pradha's triumphant entry into Bollywood during the days when she couldn’t even speak a single word of Hindi which made her role of a mute in Sargam a perfect Bollywood debut for her. This movie helped Chintu get more single hero movies. Laxmikant Pyarelal won their 6th Filmfare award for “Sargam” and Rafi would return to form as he sang all the songs of this superhit album like he used to sing in the 50s and 60s.
1981 - “Mere Angne Mein” from Laawaris sung by the superstar Amitabh Bachchan and a 14 year old Alka Yagnik with the music of Kalyanji Anandji and Anjaan’s lyrics topped the charts for most of the year. This was one of the most commercial Amitabh voiced tracks of his career. Amitabh himself sang the most popular version of this folk song in which he croons about the benefits of having a Tall, Fat, Dark, Light Skinned or Short wife. The video of the song was so popular as Amitabh appears as the multiple kind of wives he is singing about that the movie got repeated viewings so that the fans could dance again and again to this number with Big B. Umrao Jaan, Ek Dujhe Ke Liye, Love Story and Kudrat would split the Filmfare music awards.
1982 - "Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain” from “Khud-Daar” was a fun duet by Lata and Kishore with Rajesh Roshan’s music and Majrooh Sultanpuri’s lyrics. Amitabh began his career with the movie Saat Hindustani where he and another struggling actor Anwar Ali became close friends. Anwar Ali was Mehmood’s younger brother and Amitabh lived with Anwar in Mehmood’s guest house for the initial few years of his career. Mehmood gave Anwar and Amitabh a break in his movie Bombay and Goa. Rest is history. Anwar Ali’s career didnt kick off like his friend and he was in deep financial troubles in the 80s when he decided to produce a movie with his friend Big B. Since Anwar couldn’t afford the superstar and his usual entourage of Salim-Javed, Prakash Mehra and Manmohan Desai, Amitabh decided to help out his friend by not taking any signing amount and working for a very small payday and brought in his friends Kader Khan and Ravi Tandon to write and direct the movie. The movie was released the month Amitabh got a near fatal injury while shooting for Coolie. Hordes of fans rushed to the hospital to pray for the superstar and also to the cinema hall to make Khud-Daar one of the biggest hits of the year. India sang and danced to the movie’s songs and learned how to say “I love you” in English, Gujrati, Bengali and Punjabi like Kishore does in this song. Filmfare Awards focused on movies like "Namak Halal", “Nikaah" and "Prem Rog" and also finally rewarded R.D. Burman for his illustrious career by finally naming him Best music director for “Sanam Teri Kasam”.
1983 - "Shayad Meri Shaadi” from “Souten” brought a Rajesh Khanna song to the top for the first time in more than 10 years as Kishore and Lata sang to Usha Khanna’s music and Sawan Kumar’s lyrics. The movie lived upto its name as Rajesh Khanna and his leading lady Tina Munim had an affair during the shooting of the movie in Mauritius. This love affair would lead to Dimple’s divorce with Kaka and Tina’s split with Sanjay Dutt. Sawan Kumar made the most of the news of their affair to promote the movie as he leaked pics of the two leads at a wedding function, leading to further rumors of their marriage. Everyone went to the cinema to watch the movie which was creating such giant waves in the lives of its stars making it a good box office year for Kaka, who was rediscovering love, fame and movie success again with movies like "Avtaar" and "Agar Tum Na Hote”. Usha Khanna’s music was very well received by the public making her the first female composer to get a Filmfare nomination. However R.D. Burman’s soulful songs of “Masoom” would rule at Filmfare Awards winning best music director, lyricist and singer awards.
1984 - "Tu Mera Hero Hai” from “Hero” sung by Anuradha Paudwal and Manhar Udhas with Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music and Anand Bakshi’s lyrics ruled at the box office and Geetmala in 83 and 84. Subhash Ghai introduced Jackie Dada and Meenakshi Seshadri to their fans with this romantic love story. This song played a big role in making Jackie an instant star. Meenakshi’s character and most of India fell in love with Jackie Dada during this memorable romantic song. However Filmfare Awards were completely dominated by Bappi Lahiri’s "Sharaabi" especially with Kishore Kumar earning all best singer nominations for the same movie.
1985 - “Sun Sahiba Sun” from Raj Kapoor’s final and boldest movie “Ram Teri Ganga Maili” sung by Lata with Ravindra Jain’s music and Hasrat Jaipuri’s lyrics ruled the charts and awards. Raj Kapoor was initially planning to make RTGM to launch Rishi and Neetu Singh after "Mera Naam Joker”, but the failure of Joker made him change his plan to make a safer movie “Bobby”. The song “Sun Sahiba Sun” was written by Hasrat Jaipuri in the 50s for a RK Film called “Ajanta” which got shelved. Shankar Jaikishan used the melody for the song “I Love you" in “Sangam”. 30 years later RK would bring the melody and the lyrics together to compose the year's most successful song. Ravindra Jain would win the best music director Filmfare Award for the movie but Hasrat Jaipuri would lose the best lyrics award to “Mann Kyo Bahka” from another bold movie named “Utsav”.
1986 - "Yashoda Ka Nandlala” from “Sanjog” sung by Lata with Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music and Anjaan’s lyrics was a surprise track to top the charts. The movie was also a surprise mainstream drama from Jeetendra, right in the middle of his South Indian movie remake spree as he released more than 140 movies in the 80s. This movie featured Jaya Pradha who partnered with Jeetendra in 24 movies. The melancholic track about loss sung by Lata struck a chord with the fans and reached the top of the charts. There was no Filmfare Awards held for 2 years due to the Indo-Pak conflict on the border.
1987 - "Chitthi Aayi Hai” from “Naam” made a star of Manhar’s younger brother Pankaj Udhas who sang this haunting song with music from Laxmikant Pyarelal and Anand Bakshi’s soulful lyrics. BBC Radio worldwide selected “Chitthi Aayi Hai" in the top 100 songs of the millennium. The song evoked such emotions that it revived the careers of Mahesh Bhatt, Sanjay Dutt and kicked off Pankaj Udhas and Paresh Rawal’s careers. Rajendra Kumar made the movie with the intent to revive the failing career of his son Kumar Gaurav, but despite his good performance and critical acclaim, it wouldn’t change the downward trajectory of his career. There was no Filmfare Awards held for 2 years due to the Indo-Pak conflict on the border.
1988 - "Papa Kehte Hain” from “QSQT” announced the arrival of Aamir Khan and Udit Narayan whose infectious vocals raised this song to the top with newbie composers Anand-Milind and the lyrics of the legend Majrooh Sultanpuri. The Masala King of the 70s “Nasir Hussain” handed over the reigns of his kingdom to his son “Mansoor Khan” who wanted to share his fresh take on the age old tragic romantic stories of Romeo and Juliet, Laila Majnu and Heer Ranjha. The movie which gave birth to Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla, Mansoor Khan, Raj Zutshi, Anand Milind, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, launched T-Series into the stratosphere and kicked off the fad of calling movies with long titles by their spunky acronyms “QSQT”, DDLJ, HAHK, K3G and so on. In this song Aamir is playing the same guitar on stage that his cousin Tariq played in Yaadon Ki Baarat, the 70s blockbuster in which Master Aamir played the role of a young Tariq. The song also had a cameo appearance of his newly wed wife Reena Dutta dancing to her hubby’s debut song. Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla, Anand-Milind and Udit Narayan all started their careers with Filmfare Awards for QSQT.
1989 - "My Name is Lakhan" from “Ram Lakhan” sung by "Mohammed Aziz” would become Laxmikant Pyarelal’s 5th and Anand Bakshi’s 4th top Geetmala song of the decade. The opening drum beats and the fun “Dhina Dhinaa Dhi Daa, Rum Pum Pum Pum, One Two Ka Four and Four Two Ka One” has become part of Anil Kapoor’s Jhakaas DNA. This is his go to song, his go to dance steps, his go to style and attitude. All of India danced to the beats of this song but the storm known as "Maine Pyar Kiya” swept the filmfare awards.
1990 - "Gori Hai Kalaiyaan” from “Aaj Ka Arjun” was a mega hit from Bappi Lahiri as Shabbir Kumar and Lata sang Anjaan’s lyrics in the surprise Big B hit movie marking a brief return to form after several of his big movies failed to impress at the box office. The years big musical “Aashiqui” would win all Filmfare awards for its music and songs.
1991 - "Dekha Hai Pehli Baar” from the musical romantic film “Saajan” would reign at box office and Filmfare Awards giving Nadeem Shravan and Sameer their first Geetmala top of the pop song voiced by the iconic S.P Balasubrahmanyam and Alka Yagnik. Nadeem Shravan would win their second consecutive Filmfare award for the movie.
1992 - “Maine Pyar Tumhi Se Kiya Hai” from “Phool Aur Kaante” sung by Kumar Sanu and Anuradha Paudwal would reunite the “Aashiqui” singers with their composer Nadeem Shravan and lyricist “Sameer” again for another top of the pop chartbuster. Kumar Sanu, Nadeem Shravan and Sameer would also win at the Filmfare Award but for another movie “Deewana”.
1993 - Binaca Geetmala would announce their last annual chartbuster “Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai” voiced by Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun with Laxmikant Pyarelal’s music and Anand Bakshi’s lyrics from the movie “Khalnayak”. Alka Yagnik would win the Filmfare Award for singing for this song. The movie and song were both engulfed by controversy due to Sanjay Dutt’s arrest and the song’s racy lyrics. Despite facing ban for a short period of time, the song especially Madhuri’s dance performance would return to top the charts and earn its Filmfare Award. The song would also end Binaca Geetmala’s 40 year run of counting down the most famous songs of the week and year for its fans. One of the last gems from the ages of the maestros was finally put to bed as Ameen Sayani bid farewell to his hordes of radio fans.
Binaca Geetmala Top Song of the Year Playlist