Alkaloids e-cigarette

Nicotine is poison its alkaloid

2024.03.22 21:38 levir720 Nicotine is poison its alkaloid

Nicotine is a poison, it is an alkaloid, the plant creates nicotine to protect itself from being eaten by insects, and an insect that eats tobacco dies. a person is much older and will not die from nicotine, but it is also poison for humans When we take a puff, our cortisol and adrenaline increase and the body perceives it as a poison, hence the stimulation. it's not good for our body, we are flooded with adrenaline and cortisol all day long by smoking e-cigarettes. no wonder our face and complexion are ugly, we have anxiety, severe depression and lack of motivation to live since we are constantly under the influence of stress. This is especially dangerous for men because long-term elevated cortisol, adrenaline and prolactin reduce our testosterone, which makes us feel terrible and our body building, strength and muscle mass is much worse. throw this poison now

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2024.03.09 04:21 PA99 These findings have big implications for increasing acceptance of ayahuasca, or at least ‘harmalas’.

Bioactive β-Carbolines in Food: A Review. Piechowska P, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Mildner-Szkudlarz S. Nutrients. 2019 Apr 11;11(4):814. doi: 10.3390/nu11040814
Our findings strongly suggest that some foods, especially coffee, can act as a rich source of β-carbolines,
β-carbolines have been detected in tobacco leaves, cigarettes, and cigarette smoke [9,11].
Note that ‘harmalas’ are classified as β-carbolines (beta-carbolines). It should also be noted that ‘harmalas’ aren’t just simple MAOIs: they also have a quasi-psychedelic effect.[1] Also, two additional pieces of information not mentioned in the article that are relevant are (1) DMT metabolizes into two β-carbolines,[2][3] and (2) cacao contains four β-carbolines in tiny quantities.[4] These findings demonstrate that ayahuasca’s chemicals aren’t as exotic as people think.
More fascinating facts:
Certain trees of the Virola species contain 2-methyl-6-methoxy-tetrahydro-β-carboline.[5] Also fascinating is that these trees are the only known source of substantial amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in the plant kingdom.[6]
In addition to the familiar ‘harmalas’, Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) contains over 150 alkaloids in trace amounts.[7] Two of these are harmalidine[8] and harmalicidine.[9] There are also many β-carbolines in marine organisms.[10] There are also two forms of DMT in sea sponges (5-bromo-DMT (Smenospongia aurea) and 5,6-dibromo-DMT (Smenospongia echina)).[11]
It was a very nice empathogenic effect with great pleasure from auditory stimulation. I had found myself holding and hugging my friends without realizing it. It was similar to my experience with MDMA. (5-Br-DMT, Slim_Zany, bluelight.org)

And last, but certainly not least, five β-carbolines are generated in the body (endogenous):

harman[12] & norharman
6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (pinoline)
Tetrahydro-β-carboline[13]
6-hydroxy-tetrahydro-β-carboline[13]

edit
6-MeO-harmalan a.k.a. 10-MeO-harmalan may be endogenous as well.[14]

I’ve been keeping track of all of this information in this post: rare harmalas

For the record, the predominant β-carbolines in B. caapi are harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine[15] and these are their alternate names:

harmine: 7-methoxy-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline
harmaline: 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-β-carboline
tetrahydroharmine: 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline

Thanks to ebi.ac.uk and isomerdesign.com

[1] https://www.reddit.com/harmalas/s/QnhTB68dUL
[2] Specifically, tetrahydro-β-carboline and 2-methyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline.
Barker SA, Monti JA, Christian ST (1980) Metabolism of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain homogenates. Biochem Pharmacol 29(7):1049–1057
[3] Sitaram BR, McLeod WR (1990) Observations on the metabolism of the psychotomimetic indolealkylamines: implications for future clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 28(10):841–848
[4] Tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs), potential neuroactive alkaloids, were found in chocolate and cocoa. 6-Hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (6OHMTHβC), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) in both diastereoisomers (1S,3S and 1R,3S), and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (MTHβC), (Abstract)
Despite their supposed relative low concentration (i.e. an average of 30 g/person/ day consumption of dark chocolate would account for an ingestion of up to 0.21 mg/person/day of total THβCs), the presence of THβCs exhibiting potential bioactive or neuroactive properties could play a role in craving, and this hypothesis deserves further attention. (Discussion)
Tetrahydro-β-carbolines, Potential Neuroactive Alkaloids, in Chocolate and Cocoa. Herraiz, Tomas. 2000. Potential Neuroactive Alkaloids, in Chocolate and Cocoa", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry., 48 (10), pages 4900–4904.
More info about cacao: https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showthreaded.php/Numbe20839702/page/0/vc/1
[5] We found 2-methyl-6-methoxy-tetrahydro-β-carboline (2Me-6MeO-THBC), a compound reported from Virola sp. (Agurell et al., 1968b) to be in the same general range of potency as harman and harmol. Thus 2-Me-6-MeO-THBC exhibited the greatest inhibitory activity of any of the 6-methoxylated β-carbolines tested, and was approximately an order of magnitude more active than THH. The greater activity of this compound with respect to THH and the other 6-methoxylated analogues may be due primarily to the methylation of the piperidine nitrogen. This compound was not investigated by either McIsaac and Estevez (1966) or Buckholtz and Boggan (1977); the former authors, however, reported that acetylation of the piperidine nitrogen resulted in a compound lacking inhibitory activity.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: Tryptamine and β-carboline constituents of Ayahuasca. McKenna DJ, Towers GHN, Abbott F. Apr 1984. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol 10, 2, 195-223. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90003-5 (β-Carbolines as inhibitors of MAO: structure/activity relationships of selected derivatives p. 217)
[6] Ott J. Pharmepéna-Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2001 Oct-Dec;33(4):403-7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2001.10399925.
[7] Alkaloids from the entheogenic plant Peganum harmala. Anstis DG, Liyu J, Davison EK, Sperry J. Feb 20, 2023. Australian Journal of Chemistry 76(5) 264-278. DOI: 10.1071/CH23038
[8] A gold(i)-catalysed approach towards harmalidine an elusive alkaloid from Peganum harmala. Miaskiewicz S, Weibel JM, Pale P, Blanc A. RSC Adv. 2022 Sep 21;12(41):26966-26974. doi: 10.1039/d2ra05685b.
[9] Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Peganum harmala seeds. Lamchouri F, Zemzami M, Jossang A, Abdellatif A, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013 Jul;26(4):699-706. https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/Pak_J_Pharm_Sci/Pak_J_Pharm_Sci_2013_26_4_699_706.pdf
[10] https://www.reddit.com/harmalas/s/4fXUMQ9vUl
[11] https://www.vice.com/en/article/znqdve/sea-dmt-000481-v20n3
[12] Harman in human platelets. Bidder TG, Shoemaker DW, Boettger HG, Evans M, Cummins JT. Life Sci. 1979 Jul 9;25(2):157-64. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90387-4.
[13] Tetrahydronorharmane (THN) and 6-hydroxy-norharmane: physiological components in platelets and urine of man. Honecker, H. & H. Coper: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1978, 302, R63.
Note that these two names are synonyms for the above-mentioned chemicals. The first one is also a DMT metabolite.
[14] From what is available in the scientific literature, 10-MH seems to be an anti-metabolite of both melatonin and serotonin and is present endogenously in the body. In other words, out bodies synthesized it from melatonin probably as part of a negative feedback mechanism to put the brakes on excessive serotonin/melatonin production/effects.
https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/10-methoxy-harmalan-liquid-product-for-r-d.43474/
One more substance, 6- methoxyharmalan, has been shown to derive, at least in vitro, from melatonin (9), which in turn results from the methylation of acetylserotonin. The enzyme which makes this methylation possible, hydroxyindole-0-methyltransferase (HIOMT), has only been found in the pineal body. (See Fig. 1.)
Naranjo C. Ayahuasca, caapi, yage. Psychotropic properties of the harmala alkaloids. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1967 Dec;4(3):16-7. PMID: 5615550. https://www.claudionaranjo.net/pdf_files/psychedelics/psychotropic_properties_of_the_harmala_alkaloids_english.pdf
[15] B. caapi contains the β-carboline derivatives harmine, tetrahydroharmine (THH), and harmaline as the major alkaloids (Callaway et al., 1996). (6. Chemistry of ayahuasca and its source plants)
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L.P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with Ayahuasca. J Anal Toxicol 20, 492–497.
McKenna DJ. Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges. Pharmacol Ther. 2004 May;102(2):111-29. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002.

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2023.06.12 02:47 martinbourne THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO KRATOM POTENTIATORS - WRITTEN BY HARRISON R. COHEN

Link To Article Page - https://www.blatepapes.com/blog/kratom-potentiators
THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO KRATOM POTENTIATORS
JUN 23 WRITTEN BY HARRISON R. COHEN WHAT IS KRATOM?
For those that don’t know, kratom is powdered leaf from the Mitragyna speciosa tree which grows wild in Indonesia. The leaves are dried, ground and imported into the USA to be resold.
The naturally-occurring alkaloids in the kratom leaf partially bind to our opioid receptors. This offers both both pain relief and mental stimulation when consumed.
Philly Kratom with Pack of Blate Papes pouches Blate Papes pouches with kratom from Your Leaf Your Life
WHAT IS A POTENTIATOR? To potentiate something means to increase the potency of that thing, especially when referring to medicine.
Today the term “kratom potentiator” has become a blanket statement which means any substance that can be taken to increase the effect kratom has on an individual.
But technically this isn’t correct, and not knowing the difference can affect your desired outcome! That’s why we’ve divided it into the following subcategories:

Kratom Potentiators – Substances that increase the available strength of the kratom itself.
Kratom Bioavailability Enhancers – Substances that increase the percentage amount your body absorbs from the kratom. These increase the effect kratom has by increasing the percentage of alkaloids your body absorbs from the amount you already take.
Kratom Tolerance Reducers – Substances that reduce a user’s tolerance to kratom’s effects. These can indirectly increase the effect of kratom you feel by reducing your accumulated tolerance to it.

Depending on which subcategory the substance falls under, you would likely want to take it at different times and frequencies. Typically, (1) potentiators are taken with kratom, (2) bioavailability enhancers are taken before you take kratom, and (3) tolerance reducers are taken at other times or on days when you don’t consume kratom.
However, because many of the substances commonly called “potentiators” don’t fall into any of these 3 categories, we’ve defined a fourth type just for them:

Kratom Synergizers – Substances that have their own effect on the mind and/or body, and that are believed to increase the desirable effects of kratom through synergy alone. Any substance under this type does not directly increase the strength of kratom. Instead, its own effects are thought to go well when combined with the effects of kratom.

Since the effects of synergizers are to be felt at the same time as the effects of kratom, they’re usually taken together with kratom (unless there is a delay between the consumption of the substance and the time it takes for its effects to “kick in”).
WHY WOULD SOMEONE WANT TO POTENTIATE THEIR KRATOM DOSAGE? Some reasons to increase your kratom’s strength are:
TO GET MORE OUT OF LESS Using less kratom to get a larger effect means that you will waste less, thus saving money.
Consider this hypothetical situation: You take kratom daily for pain relief. This morning you go to take your kratom but realize you are very low on powder. Instead of running out to buy more locally from a place you don’t know or trust, you could try potentiating with lower amounts. This could allow you enough time to wait for your next purchase to arrive if you buy online.
TO REDUCE TOLERANCE Users who take kratom regularly may want to lower their tolerance, thereby decreasing the overall amount they must take to achieve the same effect.
TO FEEL A STRONGER EFFECT Users may not be satisfied with the strength of the kratom that they take, and thus potentiating their dosage could bring the effect up to satisfactory levels.
TO INCREASE THE DURATION OF EFFECT Instead of redosing, users may be able to use a substance that slows the removal of kratom alkaloids from the body, thereby increasing the time before it wears off.
TO SWALLOW LESS POWDER AT ONE TIME Using regular kratom powder requires you to consume from 1 to 5 grams at a time. But kratom tastes like dirt and tree leaves. That’s why kratom users look for better ways to consume it.
Combining potentiation methods with edible gel films like Blate Papes make taking kratom quick, easy, and effective.
IS IT SAFE TO POTENTIATE KRATOM? Although a small number of cases have been reported involving deaths with combined drug intake and kratom use, not one cause of death has ever been linked to kratom alone, or kratom combined with any of the substances listed here.
That said, we’re not doctors, and none of this is medical advice… nor should it be considered as such. We simply want to provide you with a full wealth of information, unlike most sources about how to potentiate kratom powder.
It’s our personal opinion that our bodies work the way they do for a reason. So long as we are healthy individuals with healthy habits who eat healthy foods and take healthy supplements… nature and our bodies should do the rest. But that’s not to say we can’t improve how our bodies absorb nutrients naturally.
However, we also believe that taking unnatural chemicals/drugs for the sole purpose of stimulating a stronger effect from a natural product (like kratom) seems counterproductive. But since the internet is full of recommendations like this, we will include every one we've found and discuss it with research and user reports.
WHAT ARE THE BEST KRATOM POTENTIATORS OUT THERE? With a quick Google search, you can find all sorts of advice for potentiating your kratom doses. But this stuff isn’t some sort of voodoo magic… it should be based on the most current scientific research.
Unfortunately, much of the available data has no evidence to support it and is oftentimes just plain wrong.
For example, some sources recommend taking anti-acids before ingesting kratom.
This may seem like a good idea because science suggests putting your body into a more alkaline state helps absorption. However, although antacids produce an alkaline environment in the stomach, they ironically contribute to metabolic acidosis.
Meanwhile, consuming citrus and other acids actually put us in a more alkaline state, and thus may do better to increase the bioavailability of kratom.
There being so much conflicting data on the internet can be confusing. And considering the placebo cure rate in medical trials ranges from 15% to 79%, many of the suggestions out there could be due to the placebo effect alone!
This is one of the many reasons why we can’t be 100% sure that any kratom potentiators actually work. All we can do is present the current data available and let you decide for yourself what may or may not be useful.
LIST OF KRATOM POTENTIATORS The following is an alphabetical list we compiled of all the “kratom potentiators” that can be found across the internet. Because of this, we can’t speak to the safety or efficacy of any of them.
We will list the substance, the suggested reasoning for why it works, any evidence or user experience available, and a special “crapometer” rating from 1 to 5, with 1 being “may actually work” and 5 being “pure crap.”
ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) Tylenol brand pain reliever Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Tylenol will provide increased pain relief and hence an increased anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effect.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post about mixing acetaminophen with kratom
Reddit post about mixing acetaminophen with kratom #2
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Depending on what the goal is of the person taking the kratom, it may or not help. If someone is looking for increased pain relief, then it may actually be of benefit to them. This can be seen by the fact that many prescription pain relievers currently come bundled in a pill with acetaminophen included. But if the goal is to increase any of the other effects, there is no evidence that says taking Tylenol does anything but make your liver work harder.
AGMATINE Agmatine Chemical Structure Type: Tolerance reducer & Potentiator
Suggested reasoning:
Tolerance reducer: Agmatine acts as an NMDA antagonist. NMDA antagonists are believed to help with tolerance build up.
Potentiator: Agmatine modulates alpha(2-) adrenergic receptors and has been studied to increase the pain-relieving effect of morphine, while simultaneously lowering the development of dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Effect of agmatine on the development of morphine dependence in rats: potential role of cAMP system
Journal Article: Agmatine potentiates the analgesic effect of morphine by an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism in mice
Journal Article: Modulation of opioid analgesia by agmatine
Double-M post about agmatine with kratom
Double-M post about agmatine with kratom #2
Crapometer: 2 - Maybe
Justification: Agmatine has been studied to both increase the analgesic effect of morphine while simultaneously lowering dependence and withdrawal symptoms after use. For the nerds out there, the mechanism by which this happens is thought to have to do with modulation of the alpha-2 adrenoreceptors and potentially cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which is a secondary messenger inside our cells that signals a wide variety of hormones and neurotransmitters.
Study (2) done with rats and morphine determined that “cotreatment of agmatine with morphine produces antinociceptive (increased blocking of pain from sensory neurons) enhancement via an alpha(2-)adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanism and agmatine-morphine combination may be an effective therapeutic strategy for medical treatment of pain.”
Study (1) concluded by stating that “the most fascinating aspect of agmatine, an endogenous molecule, is its ability to potentiate the analgesic effect of morphine and at the same time to reduce the morphine dependence and withdrawal.”
Although the user reports we did find seem to contradict each other, the evidence from studies done with morphine look promising. Kratom is not an opioid, but it’s alkaloids show significant binding affinities at alpha-2A, 2B, and 2C adrenergic receptors, and thus may also share the benefit of both tolerance reduction and analgesic potentiation such as is seen with agmatine and morphine.
But we should also consider that analgesic (pain-releiving) potentiation does not necessarily mean increased euphoria, with some users even reporting the opposite effect. At any rate, more studies and feedback would be of great benefit here.
Personal Experience
We’ve actually taken about 0.5g-1g of agmatine sulfate 3-5 days a week for many years. That wasn’t for potentiating kratom, but rather as part of our do-it-yourself pre-workout mix. That’s because agmatine is a very popular nitric oxide booster, which is said to help blood flow and pumps for more effective workouts. As many of you know, we originally created Blate Papes gel films to make taking pure, unflavored powdered supplements easier and more pleasant, and agmatine falls into that category as a single-ingredient powder.
Unfortunately, I can’t speak to how it reduces tolerance to kratom because I haven’t specifically used it for this purpose. With the pre workout mix we make, I also take magnesium, pink salt, creatine, citrulline, beta alanine, betaine and taurine. While it’s true that a rising tolerance has never been an issue for me, I can’t say definitively what that relates to. I also take other supplements such as black seed oil, mushroom powders, moringa, acerola cherry, etc..
Agmatine definitely works great for increasing pumps during your workouts though!
AKUAMMA SEED
Type: Potentiator & Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning:
Potentiator: Akuamma tree (Picralima nitida) seeds contain alkaloids that have mild opioid receptor binding affinity. Therefore, combining the two is supposed to help prolong the effects of kratom.
Tolerance Reducer: Because of its mild opioid receptor binding affinity, some people suggest taking this on breaks from kratom usage to combat feelings of discomfort.
Evidence or experience: Users describe mild effects similar to those of kratom, with nausea, vomiting, and unpleasant taste being frequently reported.
Journal Article: Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Journal Article: Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida
Double-M post about akuamma seeds and kratom
Crapometer: 4 – Probably crap (potentiator), 2 – Maybe (tolerance reducer)
Justification: There are a couple things here that don’t sit right. First, what is the benefit of adding a mild-opioid receptor binder to your dose of a moderate opioid receptor binder? It seems like this would be a waste of time and money.
However, akuamma’s strongest alklaloid (akuammine) binds to and is an agonist at the kappa-opioid receptor… but it’s an antagonist at the mu-opioid receptor, which is what kratom agonizes! So taking it alongside kratom seems very counter-productive, as mu-opioid sites are where the analgesia, euphoria and sedation all come from.
But if your goal is to reduce your tolerance, perhaps taking it during breaks from kratom could be useful.
APPLE CIDER VINEGAR (ACV) Bottle of Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar Type: Potentiator & Bioavailability Enhancer
Suggested reasoning:
Potentiator: like citrus and other acids, ACV is said to help break down the plant cell walls and release more kratom alkaloids.
Bioavailability enhancer: consuming ACV puts the body in a more alkaline state, which is said to aid in the body’s absorption of kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit user report about ACV potentiating kratom
Reddit user report about ACV potentiating kratom #2
Reddit user report about ACV potentiating kratom #3
Reddit user report about ACV failing to potentiate kratom
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Many people say that acidic juices like lemon juice, ACV, etc. potentiate their kratom powder when either ingested around the same time or mixed and soaked together for a while before ingesting. But there needs to be a comparison where one takes an amount of powder and drinks something acidic, and then another where someone soaks that same amount of powder in the acidic liquid for a period of time before swallowing it.
Soaking powder is annoying, time-consuming, and pretty gross to ingest. So is it enough to justify the amount of time and effort it takes to prepare each single dose of kratom in advance and then force-swallow it?
My Personal Experience I feel it my duty to explain that ACV is best left alone. After taking 3 liters over the course of a few months, I noticed when I would sweat at the gym, I would smell like ACV… and ACV smells horrible. There are far better acidic choices and general health supplements that can do a better job than ACV without that side effect.
ASHWAGANDHA
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Websites say that ashwagandha potentiates other anxiolytics… therefore the belief is that it can do the same for kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Double-M forum post discussing Ashwagandha
Reddit post about taking Kratom with Ashwagandha
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: There’s no scientific evidence or reasoning supporting the use of ashwagandha for kratom potentiation and user reports go both ways. However, you can find plenty of websites that sell ashwagandha alongside kratom and say it will potentiate it! Classic.
BLACK PEPPER
Type: Bioavailability Enhancer
Suggested Reasoning: The alkaloid piperine within black pepper is known to enhance the absorption of other substances. Therefore it may help the absorption of kratom. It's also included in some supplements such as turmeric.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Piperine : A Bioenhancer
Journal article: Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview
Reddit post discussing black pepper as a kratom potentiator
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe
Justification: The research on this subject definitely proves interesting. On this alone, it seems like there could be reason to try it. However, there has been no study relating to it helping kratom and its alkaloids specifically. For that reason, we really need more users to try it and write about how the effects are different when taken together.
BLACK SEED OIL
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: May mildy act on the opioid receptomay block drug pathways to increase effects
Evidence or experience:
Reddit user report about BSO as a potentiator
Reddit user report about BSO as a potentiator #2
Double-M user report about BSO as a potentiator
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe
Justification: Because we’re not exactly sure how black seed’s mu-opioid receptor activity affects kratom, we’ve based this entirely on all the user reports we could find being much more positive than negative.
Interesting side note: Black seed (Nigella sativa) was found in the Egyptian tomb of King Tut and the muslim prophet is believed to have said it can cure any disease other than death. It’s also a very popular health supplement that we take on a daily basis for its thymoquinone content.
BLUE LOTUS FLOWER
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Blue lotus flower has two psychoactive alkaloids, apomorphine and nuciferine, which contribute to its use as a sleep aid and anxiety reliever, and it’s also been described as a mild stimulant. For these reasons, blue lotus flower is believed to synergize with the relaxation and euphoria effects of kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post about mixing blue lotus with kratom
Reddit post about mixing blue lotus with kratom #2
Reddit user report about mixing blue lotus and kratom
Article: The Blue Lotus Flower (Nymphea caerulea) Resin Used in a New Type of Electronic Cigarette, the Re-Buildable Dripping Atomizer
Crapometer: 3 – Meh
Justification: Apomorphine is a nonselective dopamine receptor agonist and activates serotonin receptors and α-adrenergic receptors. It’s been used as a sedative-hypnotic since the late 1800s to treat insomnia, depression, or schizophrenia. It’s also been used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Parkinson’s disease, and alcohol and morphine addiction.
Nuciferine also has agonist and antagonist effects at some serotonin and dopamine receptors. Behavioral effects in rats reported included morphine analgesia and anticonvulsant action.
As for whether or not it’s worth using alongside kratom, user reports vary very widely. Some people say it synergizes and they enjoy it, while others say they don’t notice it.
Although it’s true these alkaloids don’t directly potentiate kratom, that’s not to say there isn’t a synergy that can be felt. And blue lotus flower on its own seems like it could be an interesting herb to try if you have the opportunity.
Our friends over at Herba Rosa Kratom recently showed how to make a “love potion” of blue lotus extract. They reported feeling an “enriched sense of well-being and mindfulness, enhanced senses, increased libido/bloodflow, and improved focus on the task at hand” after 30 minutes of ingestion.
CAFFEINE/COFFEE
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Caffeine inhibits adenosine, delaying fatigue and sleepiness. So consuming caffeine simultaneously may provide synergistic effects.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Coffee contains potent opiate receptor binding activity
Reddit post about coffee potentiating kratom
Double-M post about coffee potentiating kratom
Crapometer: 3 – Meh.
Justification: Being that caffeine is only a kratom synergizer, it doesn’t make kratom stronger.
Mixing the two would be a highly subjective experience, as some people enjoy and drink caffeine regularly, while others do not. Also, the first study linked above actually suggests caffeine may be a “buzzkill” for opiate-receptor binders; i.e., kratom!
CAT’S CLAW
Type: Tolerance Reducer
Suggested Reasoning: As an NMDA antagonist, people claim it may lower tolerance.
Evidence or Experience:
Double-M post about cat's claw and kratom
Reddit user report about cat's claw potentiating kratom
Crapometer: 3 – Meh
Justification: No scientific proof and user evidence isn’t very extensive.
CAYENNE PEPPECAPSAICIN
Type: Potentiator & Bioavailability Enhancer
Suggested reasoning:
Potentiator - Consuming chili prior your dose or whenever enhances the blood flow in the intestinal barrier. This leads to better absorption of alkaloids and strengthens effects.
Bioavailability Enhancer - It may be a CYP3A4 inducer which is the main channel of kratom alkaloids that converts mitragynine into the more potent mu-opioid receptor agonist, 7-hydroxymitragynine.
Evidence or experience:
Double-M post: Taking capsaicin to induce cyp3a4 as a kratom potentiator
Reddit post: Capsaicin but not black pepper potentiates kratom?
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe (as a potentiator), 3 - Meh (as a bioavailability enhancer)
Justification: It’s interesting to say the least and seems like it could be legitimate. But since we don’t know for sure whether it’s better to induce or inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolic pathway… we can’t be sure about its efficacy as a bioavailability enhancer.
CHAMOMILE
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Helps with nausea and increases relaxation.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post: Kratom enhancers/hacks
Crapometer: 3 – Meh
Justification: Chamomile doesn’t potentiate kratom in any way, it’s only listed here as a possible synergizer. But unless your goal from taking kratom is sedation, it seems the beneficial effect chamomile can have is to help you sleep. This could be useful during tolerance breaks, but we haven’t seen any reason to add it to your regimen.
CIMETIDINE (TAGAMET) Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Inhibits the CYP3A4 metabolic pathway which restricts opioids from being metabolized out of the body.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: 7-Hydroxymitragynine Is an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator of Its Analgesic Effects
Crapometer: 3 – Meh
Justification: People think this is the holy grail of kratom potentiators. And rightly so because it may help keep mitragynine from metabolizing quickly…. but it’s also blocking it from metabolizing into the stronger mu-opioid receptor agonist, 7-hydroxymitragynine. Yes, Tagamet is known to potentiate some opioids by blocking their inactivation.
But mitragynine is not an opioid and the CYP3A4 pathway is necessary to convert mitryaginine into 7-hydroxymitragynine. So, this could be actually inhibiting the effects!
Oh, and Tagamet can cause gynoclamastea… otherwise known as MAN BOOBS!
However, many people still claim it makes their kratom stronger. Perhaps mitragynine has a different feel to it than 7-hydroxymitragynine?
Honestly though, the thought of man boobs should have been the first and last thing you needed to see here before moving on… unless you’re female of course. Then, pardon the booby-talk.
CINNAMON
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: It increases absorption.
Evidence or experience: None.
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: There’s very little information about this combination available. Additionally, there are two types: Ceylon Cinnamon and Cassia. Apparently, most of the cinnamon available is cassia, which has side effects and little health benefit. Ceylon cinnamon has a high ORAC score (antioxidant rating) and it may help absorption by making the body more alkaline. However, there is no evidence to prove this fact, and thus, we can’t be sure.
CITRUS JUICES:
Type: Potentiator & Bioavailability Enhancer
Suggested reasoning:
Potentiator – Soaking kratom with acidic liquid like citrus will break down the cell walls, preparing the alkaloids to be more readily absorbed.
Bioavailability Enhancer – Consuming citrus juice puts your body into a more alkaline state and this allows the body to absorb more alkaloids from the kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Double-M post about potentiating kratom with citrus
Reddit post about potentiating kratom with citrus juice
Reddit post about potentiating kratom with citrus juice #2
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe
Justification: Almost unanimously across all the kratom potentiation information, it’s agreed that citrus will potentiate kratom by breaking down the cell walls. And while this is true, more needs to be explained. While researching this, some sources say that if kratom is soaked with a lot of citrus for too long, after breaking down the cell walls, the acid may nullify the base alkaloids as well. If that’s true, then taking them at the same time may be better than soaking them altogether.
Additionally, the body absorbs alkaloids much better in an alkaline state. Although citrus is acidic, oddly enough, it puts the body in a more basic state (alkaline). This is because it’s not the acidity of food that affects our blood pH levels, but rather the acidity of the acid waste that’s produced when that food is digested! And so because being more alkaline has a positive effect on the amount of nutrients we absorb from our food, consuming citrus juice an hour or two before taking kratom may be a better use of the citrus than soaking or mixing it with kratom. We actually just posted a TikTok discussing a famed herbalist and how specific foods affect our alkalinity.
At any rate, more scientific research is needed into this with mitragynine as the primary topic of study.
DAMIANA
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Damiana is a relaxing, euphoric stimulant that provides some anxiolytic and aphrodisiac properties
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post: My experience with kratom boosters
Reddit post: Ultimate guide for Kratom potentiators and supplements
Crapometer: 3 – Meh
Justification: Damiana is an herb with its own relaxing and euphoric effects. We’ve seen it added to many supplements such as pre workout powders and fat burners. So although people have reported the combination gave them positive effects, it’s not any of the three types of substances we’re discussing in this article.
DARK CHOCOLATE / CACAO
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: These contain theobromine. Like caffeine theobromine acts as an antagonist of adenosine receptors. Used with kratom, some believe it can increase the mood-boosting effects and euphoria.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post about raw cacao for kratom withdrawal
Reddit post about taking cacao with kratom
Double-M post about cacao potentiating kratom
Crapometer: 4 – Probably crap
Justification: Although people may like to combine this with the kratom dosage, it is not a potentiator, enhancer or tolerance reducer. I’ve also seen some accounts of people saying it lowers the euphoric feeling of kratom.
However, if you want to feel a little better during kratom withdrawal, some people believe cacao can help.
DIPHENHYDRAMINE (BENADRYL) Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: It’s a CYP2D6 inhibitor like kratom. Therefore, it is thought that it will keep more kratom from being metabolized, keeping more of it in your system for a longer period of time.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
Journal Article: Mitragynine 'Kratom' related fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Antihistamines historically have been used to combat morphine histamine reactions. There are cases of deaths reported of people with diphenhydramine and kratom in their systems, but in nearly every case they also have morphine in their system. And if they don’t have morphine, they have other chemicals including benzodiazepines, other opioids, etc.
The science does seem to support that it may inhibit some of the kratom alkaloids from being metabolized as quickly.
However, diphenhydramine makes you tired and can affect you in other ways. If you want to feel more effect, it’s hard to justify taking a synthesized medication that both has side effects and can interact with drug metabolism rather than just taking more of the kratom itself.
DEXTROMETHORPHAN (DXM) Type: Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning: DXM is an NMDA antagonist. NMDA antagonists are said to lower tolerance to kratom and opioids.
Evidence or experience:
Double-M post about NMDA antagonists affecting kratom negatively
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe
Justification: There is scientific research that support NMDA antagonists lowering tolerance. However, some users say that DXM and other NMDA antagonists lower the feeling of euphoria from taking kratom. Some therefore suggest only taking low doses of DXM and other NMDA antagonists during breaks from kratom use, when you wish to reset your tolerance levels as quickly as possible.
FREEZING KRATOM Type: Bioavailability Enhancer
Suggested Reasoning: Mixing kratom in citric juice and freezing it is believed to help break down the cell walls, thus releasing more of the alkaloids for absorption. This is called the “red bubble tea” method.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post about freezing kratom
Reddit post about freezing kratom #2
Double-M post about freezing kratom
Crapometer: 2 - Maybe
Justification: In general, freezing herbs in liquid does cause cell lysis (the breakdown of cell walls). However, kratom is ground to a powder to break down the cell walls and make it easier to digest in the first place. Some people swear by this red bubble freezing technique, and some say it doesn’t make their kratom dose any stronger. Additionally, the red bubble tea method is a very tedious process that involves boiling, mixing, freezing and filtering, and takes about 12-24 hours to complete. Unless you’re trying to filter out all the powder without losing most of the alkaloids, this process seems like quite a lot of work.
If just taking kratom normally, your stomach acid and normal digestive process soak and break down cell walls naturally. So although it may be good for those who want to filter the powder out of their dosages, it doesn’t seem like a sustainable way to take kratom over the long-term unless you’ve got a ton of time on your hands to waste every week.
GINGER
Type: Potentiator & Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning: It reduces stomach disturbances, increases absorption, and inhibits the development of opiate tolerance.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) prevents the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and physical dependence in rats
Reddit post asking about ginger and kratom potentiation
Reddit post about ginger and kratom potentiation #2
Crapometer: 2 – Maybe
Justification: Although kratom is not morphine, the studies done with ginger, morphine and rats are very, very interesting to say the least. There are also many use accounts of increased analgesic effect of taking ginger alongside kratom. Ginger is also known to ease an upset stomach, so it’s been commonly used to help those that suffer from kratom-related stomach issues.
This definitely warrants more research, but it’s probably one of our personal favorite options in terms of potential benefits! Ginger is all-natural and full of other health benefits… if you know what we stand for, you best believe that we’re interested!
GRAPEFRUIT JUICE
Type: Potentiator & Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning: Grapefruit juice is one of the original main recommended potentiators for kratom use for the same reasons as citrus juice, but also because it inhibits the metabolic pathway CYP3A4 which is responsible for metabolizing mitragynine. For this reason, people believe slowing this pathway’s metabolism will decrease the clearance rate of mitragynine from the body, resulting in a higher peak and longer duration of effect.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post: M. Speciosa and Enzymes: To Inhibit or Induce?
Journal Article: 7-Hydroxymitragynine is an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator of its Analgesic Effects
Wikipedia page for CYP3A4 Metabolic Pathway
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: The big question here is whether inhibiting CYP3A4 is a good thing or a bad thing. While it is true that mitragynine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, this pathway is also responsible for converting mitragynine into the stronger mu-opioid receptor agonist 7-hydroxymitragynine (about 10 times stronger). A more recent study (linked above) even suggests that 7-hydroxymitragynine is most responsible for the analgesic effects of kratom, and that normal mitragynine has very little affinity to the mu-opioid receptors. If that were true, then the real goal would be to induce CYP3A4 to metabolize mitragynine into 7-hydroxymitragynine more.
So what does this mean? It means that no one really knows what the hell is going on.
There are plenty of reports all of the internet of people claiming CYP3A4 inhibitors made the effect of their kratom stronger. There are also many that say the exact opposite. So we can be either dealing with a working potentiator or a placebo effect. So contrary to popular opinion, it’s probably best to avoid inhibiting or inducing any metabolic pathways until more is known about the pharmacological mechanisms of kratom’s alkaloids.
KANNA
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: The main effects of kanna are considered to be euphoric, sedating and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing). Since these are similar to kratom, some think they should synergize well together.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post about taking kratom and Kanna
Reddit user report about taking kanna and kratom
Crapometer: 4 - Probably crap
Justification: This is not a potentiator, and we haven’t found a definitive answer on whether it synergizes well with kratom. It would also likely be very subjective. It’s also a natural selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is what most anti-depressants are. But in our experience, SSRIs and are not something to play around with mixing.
KRATOM: STEM & VEIN Type: Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning: During the production of Kratom, the stems and veins are removed. Some vendors sell them as separate product. Some claim that the stem and vein have more of the kratom alkaloids that aren’t the common ones in the leaves. Therefore, some users mix this with their kratom dose, while lowering the amount of normal kratom leaf powder they take. This is supposed to help reduce kratom tolerance.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit user report about stem and vein kratom
Reddit user report about stem and vein kratom #2
Double-M post about stem and vein kratom
Crapometer: 4 - Crap (but it DOES technically reduce your tolerance)
Justification: I understand the attraction of this idea. But I can almost guarantee that the only reason that stem and vein kratom “works” for reducing tolerance, is that it’s a much lower dose of kratom than the person is used to taking. That’s it. Think about it, the stem and veins also have the same alkaloids the leaves have, right? But the leaves have the most. So when a person takes stem and vein, or mixes in stem and vein with their kratom dose, they are effectively just lowering their dose for a bit. Of course it’s going to decrease your tolerance. And taking a lesser amount of kratom (or any opioid for that matter) does make you feel better than you did without it! So you’ll of course feel “better.”
But there isn’t some special alkaloid that’s doing this. It’s the same ones that’re in the leaves. It’s all a trick of the mind. You want to see the same amount of powder you take daily, and this way you can. But do I think it’s worth buying stem and vein kratom, just to take less? Well, that depends on what you believe is happening. For someone that finds it too difficult to take a break, it could help trick them into lowering their dose. And for the vendors that sell it.. hey, if your customers want to buy it, you might as well offer it.
L-TYROSINE
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: When consumed, L-tyrosine is the precursor to L-DOPA, which is then converted into dopamine. Dopamine then turns into norepinephrine and epinephrine, which means L-tyrosine increases the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in the brain, causing euphoric and mood-boosting effects. The suggested reasoning is that combining this with a dose of kratom will have synergistic effects, both boosting and replenishing these neurotransmitters.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic
Study on Rats: Real time monitoring of dopamine release evoked by mitragynine (Kratom): An insight through electrochemical sensor
Reddit user report on tyrosine with kratom
Reddit user report on tyrosine with kratom #2
Crapometer: 2 - Maybe
Justification: If we’re talking about potentiation of the euphoric effects of kratom, this could have merit. There is scientific evidence that shows kratom has a binding affinity to dopamine receptors. However, one study in rats that monitored dopamine release after treatment with mitragynine concluded that it did not increase dopamine release after a single exposure (one dose of mitragynine). However, on day 4, after repeated exposures to mitragynine, dopamine began being significantly released with dosing.
This seems to show that once the brain learned to associate the pleasurable effects of mitragynine with dosing, it began to support consumption by releasing dopamine. However, because we really don’t know too much about how neurotransmitters work together, we can’t be sure that taking dopamine/norepinephrine/epinepherine precursors is actually helping this reaction to produce more euphoric effects.
My own personal experience Although I don’t usually discuss my own experiences, I have and currently do take L-tyrosine on an as-needed basis. From my past experience, when particularly depleted, I’ve noticed L-tyrosine 500mg-2g does have a leveling-out like effect. But when combined with stimulants, it has only ever increased my anxiety and precipitated psychosis. So in my personal opinion, (and I am not a doctor at all) the brain seems to know the right level of balance. It doesn’t need us throwing more neurotransmitters into the mix while it's in the middle of a release. But when it comes to replenishment, I see no problem with taking L-tyrosine as it is a naturally occurring ingredient that has a very safe history of use profile.
It's my opinion that when used to replenish these neurotransmitters, it could possibly potentiate by ensuring there will be adequate neurotransmitters available for the subsequent release following kratom dosing.
LAVENDER
Type: Tolerance Reducer & Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Lavender oil is known widely as a natural sleep-aid and anti-anxiety essential oil, as it is said to provide a calming effect by just scent alone. But it is studied to have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects due to antagonism on the NMDA-receptor and inhibition of the serotonin reuptake transporter. As we discussed about NMDA antagonists earlier, this may be reason to believe it can help with tolerance, as well as add well to the relaxing effect kratom has.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Lavender and the Nervous System
Reddit user report on lavender for kratom withdrawal
Journal Article: Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Central Nervous System Targets
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Given its NMDA action and known anti-depressant capabilities, it stands to reason that it may have a positive effect when taken alongside kratom. However, as discussed with NMDA antagonists earlier in this article, it may be a better idea to take lavender during a break or withdrawal period from kratom, depending on your goal. It’s definitely possible that there’s a synergistic effect of combining the two at one time, but whether that is significant enough to be noticeable, or even if the NMDA activity won’t hinder the acute euphoria is a whole other story.
We linked to a reddit post in which someone claimed lavender oil greatly reduced their kratom withdrawals and even strongly potentiated their low dose. Either way, being that lavender has been safely used for generations, it couldn’t hurt to give it a try.
MAGNESIUM Type: Tolerance Reducer
Suggested reasoning: Magnesium is a potent NMDA receptor antagonist, and so just like we discussed with DXM, it should help with reducing kratom tolerance. However, some people have said NMDA antagonists reduce euphoria when taken together.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Zinc, magnesium and NMDA receptor alterations in the hippocampus of suicide victims
Reddit user report on taking magnesium with kratom
Crapometer: 2 - Maybe
Justification: Given the NMDA activity, it would seem the best thing would be to take magnesium toward the end of your dose, or even a few hours before bed, so that it will help guard against tolerance building. Additionally, magnesium sulfate (pure epsom salt) is a saline laxative and thus may help combat kratom-induced constipation problems.
Personal Experience I personally took epsom salt over many years for these effects. Although I took it side by side kratom for a long time, I couldn’t say whether or not it hindered or helped the euphoria. Regardless, not long ago I began taking it later in the day instead of the morning or before dosing. I found that taking it just before bed made my throat very dry, and I had to get up to urinate multiple times during the night. But taken a few hours before bed instead seemed to do the trick.
Magnesium is also a very good supplement for those who take stimulants, as stimulants cause the body to rapidly deplete magnesium. Magnesium protects against a whole host of common side effects for this reason alone. However, Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) isn’t the most optimal form for consumption, albeit very cheap. Magnesium glycinate seems to be more popular for this purpose.
MORINGA OLEIFERA
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Some sources say it inhibits the cytochrome enzymes responsible for mitryginine metabolism, leading to increased levels in the blood.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Potential inhibition of major human cytochrome P450 isoenzymes by selected tropical medicinal herbs—Implication for herb–drug interactions
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: The only study about moringa (linked above) inhibiting cytochrome pathways also compares 8 other herbs, and moringa only shows very weak inhibition of CYP1A2. Considering also that kratom is predominately metabolized by the CYP3A4 pathway, the idea that this will potentiate a kratom dose is unlikely. Moringa is a superfood though, and as such, it definitely wouldn’t hurt to try adding it to your current health regimen.
MULUNGU Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: It’s suggested that because mulungu is a strong anxiolytic, they will go well together for those that like the anti-anxiety effects of kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Erythrina mulungu Alkaloids Are Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Currents in Mammalian Cells
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: Not only is this not a potentiator of any kind, it’s not even synergistic with kratom as it’s mostly used as a sleep aid rather than anti-anxiety. Studies suggest the pharmacological action of mulungu is via the inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors (what nicotine works on). This has no known benefit to kratom or the effects of kratom.
N-ACETYL CYSTEINE (NAC) Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Could not find any real reasoning… but people seem to think it’s a potentiator and that it helps with withdrawals.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit post asking about NAC for kratom potentiation
Reddit user report about NAC ruining the euphoria from kratom
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: We couldn’t find any real reasoning for why NAC would potentiate kratom or help with withdrawal. But there are reports of NAC dulling the euphoric effects of kratom. This is basically a contradiction saying it attenuates the effects of kratom and doesn’t potentiate it.
So what’s going on here? We can’t be sure, however, we do know that NAC is a very strong antioxidant and a good stand alone supplement.
NICOTINE
Type: Synergistic
Suggested reasoning: The stimulant effect of nicotine is said to enhance the euphoric effects of kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Web Article: What’s The Deal With Combining Kratom and Nicotine?
Reddit user report saying nicotine dulls the effects of kratom
Reddit user report saying kratom may help them to quit smoking
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: It’s crap because it’s not a potentiator, but many people claim smoking or vaping synergizes well with the effects of kratom. Pharmacologically, nicotine has no mechanism that definitively potentiates kratom. But many people claim there’s a synergistic euphoria from the combining the two. Then again, some others claim the opposite.
My personal experience About 10 years ago when I was in my early twenties, I combined the two many times. Although I was not a habitual smoker, the only time I smoked or vaped was when I had kratom in my system. I honestly did not (and do not) like cigarettes or vaping while clean and sober. My main concern was always that smoking made me a little nauseous and that I would have to poop, but when I took kratom, I could smoke without having to.
Did it feel better? I wish I could say. I’m not sure that it felt better as much as it felt “different.” And being that I was always looking for a new high when I was in my younger years, this was just another way for me to exert control over my mental condition. If I had to say definitively whether it synergizes with it, I would say it depends on the person and whether they already use nicotine or not. If they do, then it will probably synergize (from their perspective).
NOOPEPT (OMBERACETAM)
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Noopept is a popular nootropic (smart drugs). It’s said to have great cognitive-enhancing capabilities by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), working on AMPA glutamate receptors and increasing the availability of acetylcholine in the brain. How this relates to kratom potentiation… who knows?
Evidence or experience:
Web Article: Noopept: Everything You Need to Know About This Nootropic
Reddit user report on combining noopept and alpha GPC with kratom
Crapometer: 4 - Leaning towards crap
Justification: The truth is that we just don’t know what the heck it does or exactly how it works, so we can’t be sure it has any potentiating effects on kratom. However, there are ample user reports of noopept and other racetams increasing the euphoria of common stimulants. But kratom isn’t a classic stimulant, although people report it having stimulant-like effects. The real problem here is we have no proof and little evidence of its effectiveness in potentiating kratom.
PHENIBUT
Type: Synergizer
Suggesed reasoning: Phenibut has a very similar chemical structure to GABA, which reduces the excitability of neurons. When consumed, it reduces anxiety and promotes feelings of well-being, relaxation and sedation. It’s for this reason that some think phenibut compliments the effects of kratom.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Phenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA): a tranquilizer and nootropic drug
Reddit user report on potentiating kratom with phenibut
Double-M user report on phenibut for potentiating kratom
Reddit user report on taking kratom and phenibut for over a year
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Originally, phenibut was going to be excluded from this list for harm reduction and because it’s not a potentiator pharmacologically. But we decided it’s better to explain this thoroughly rather than to ignore it. With that said, phenibut has a very high potential for addiction and abuse. That’s because it’s similar to benzodiazepines; if taken continuously for a long period of time, your body becomes dependent on it. When you don’t have it, the withdrawals are proclaimed to be horrific.
With that said, some think that taking it at most twice per week in moderation and alongside doses of kratom, it synergizes the effects. While this may be true, it’s almost certainly dose and person-dependent. The general consensus, from what we’ve gathered, is that if the user has any type of addiction potential, it would do more harm than good to use this as well.
Personal Experience As some of you may or may not know from reading our story, I was an addict for much of my twenties. I bought and used phenibut multiple times during that period. I don’t remember combining it with kratom specifically on any occasion, but I do remember that phenibut is a very strong chemical with a very long half-life. It takes about 2 hours to feel any effects, which is a very long time. Additionally, if you take too much, it is very over-powering and can make you feel dizzy, nauseous and out of it for up to 2 days. My main reasoning for using it was to negate the strong anxiety from my stimulant abuse during that time period. (NOTE: This was addictive behavior and I do NOT condone this).
My personal opinion is that it’s much better left alone.
THC/CBD
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Some people claim they go well together because they both relax you.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit AMA with a neuroscientist who studies cannabis and pain relief
Reddit post about potentiating kratom with CBD
Reddit post about combining kratom with CBD
Crapometer: 4 – Probably crap
Justification: We’re claiming this is crap mostly because THC and CBD don’t directly potentiate kratom by pharmacological actions. And while it is true that there are many user accounts of both marijauana and CBD synergizing with kratom, there are just as many accounts of marijuana overpowering it or making them too paranoid… and others saying CBD has no effect.
Additionally, a lot of the argument being made toward CBD potentiating or synergizing with kratom is made by companies that sell them both. For this reason, and because results are highly subjective, we recommend being wary of any such advice.
TURMERIC (CURCUMIN) WITH BLACK PEPPER (PIPERINE)
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: Curcumin, the main alkaloid of value in turmeric, slows the absorption of substances by inhibiting the CYP3A4 metabolic pathway. For this reason, it’s believed that curcumin can increase kratom’s duration in the body and extend its effects. Turmeric should always be taken together with piperine (the alkaloid of value in black pepper) as it greatly increases the bioavailability and absorption of curcumin.
Evidence or experience:
Reddit Post: M. Speciosa and Enzymes: To Inhibit or Induce?
Double-M post about potentiating kratom
Journal Article: Curcumin Attenuates Opioid Tolerance and Dependence by Inhibiting Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II α Activity
Reddit user report about taking turmeric and black pepper with kratom
Crapometer: 3 - Meh
Justification: Being that curcumin is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and that we really don’t know for sure whether inhibiting CYP3A4 is a good or a bad thing (see grapefruit juice), we can’t say whether this is a valid potentiator. Generally the mixture of turmeric and black pepper is very common and has numerous studied benefits. But whether the combination is effective when paired with kratom, that’s impossible to say with the current science. Black pepper alone with kratom may be the more promising option due to piperine’s known ability to increase bioavailability
Personal Experience
Being that I first began consuming kratom on and off in 2010, I did a lot of research and testing with these combinations. From my experiences, I never really felt that the combination of turmeric and black pepper made much of a difference to the effect of my kratom dosages. I felt the same way about star fruit and grapefruit juice.
VALERIAN
Type: Synergizer
Suggested reasoning: Valerian provides anxiotlytic and sedating effects, therefore it may synergize with kratom based on individual’s goals.
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: The induction of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by six trade herbal products in cultured primary human hepatocytes
Journal Article: The Influence of Standardized Valeriana officinalis Extract on the CYP3A1 Gene Expression by Nuclear Receptors in In Vivo Model
Reddit post asking about combining valerian root with kratom
Double-M post: Kratom and Valerian Root
Crapometer: 4 - Crap
Justificaton: The two studies linked above contradict each other, one stating that valerian inhibits CYP3A4 while the other says it induces it. Not that we know which is better anyway, but most user reports either say it’s worthless with kratom or that valerian just helps them sleep at night. Side note: the smell of valerian is alarming… but luckily, you wouldn’t taste that or kratom when using blate pouches.
WATERCRESS
Type: Potentiator
Suggested reasoning: The only reasoning found anywhere was on the kratom “psychonaut wiki” in which they say, “Ingesting watercress approximately 45 minutes before kratom is said to potentiate its effects. This works because watercress functions as a cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 enzyme inhibitor which results in altered drug metabolism.”
Evidence or experience:
Journal Article: Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress
Kratom "Psychonaut Wiki"
Journal Article: Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)
Crapometer: 5 - Crap
Justification: Other than the kratom “Psychonaut Wiki” that lists watercress as a potentiator, there is no evidence that it offers any sort of ability to potentiate kratom. And the justification they list for watercress potentiating refers to cytochrome CYP2E1 which has absolutely nothing to do with kratom metabolism! The cytochrome pathways responsible for kratom alkaloid metabolism are CYP3A4 with minor contributions by CYP2D6 and CYP2C9
The other websites saying it’s a potentiator either give no reasoning, or they say something ridiculous like it’s “packed with nutrients that could help ease digestion.”
It seems like what happened here is one website wrote a sentence about it, and 50 others copy-and-pasted it without doing any research whatsoever. Another perfect example of what’s wrong with most things you read on the internet. Unsurprisingly, many of those same websites will happily sell it to you alongside your kratom powder.
KRATOM POTENTIATORS FROM BEST TO WORST RATING: 1 - IT WORKS None - Why didn’t we give any 1’s? Because we just can’t be sure any of them really work… and kratom isn’t expensive enough to justify going to such lengths to increase its potency. Instead, just buy it in bulk.
RATING: 2 - MAYBE IT WORKS Agmatine - Tolerance reducer & Potentiator
Akuamma Seed - Tolerance Reducer
Black pepper - Bioavailability Enhancer
Black Seed Oil - Potentiator
Cayenne PeppeCapsaicin - Potentiator
Citrus Juices - Potentiator & Bioavailability Enhancer
DXM - Tolerance Reducer
Freezing Kratom - Bioavailability Enhancer
Ginger - Potentiator & Tolerance Reducer
L-Tyrosine - Potentiator
Magnesium - Tolerance Reducer
RATING: 3 - CAN’T TELL EITHER WAY Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - Synergizer
Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) - Potentiator & Bioavailability Enhancer
Blue Lotus Flower - Synergizer
Caffeine/Coffee - Synergizer
Cayenne PeppeCapsaicin - Bioavailability Enhancer
Cat’s Claw - Tolerance Reducer
Chamomile - Synergizer
Cimetidine (Tagamet) - Potentiator
Cinnamon - Potentiator
Damiana - Synergizer
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Potentiator
Grapefruit juice - Potentiator & Tolerance Reducer
Lavender - Tolerance Reducer & Synergizer
Phenibut - Synergizer
Turmeric (Curcumin) with Black Pepper (Piperine) - Potentiator
RATING: 4 - PROBABLY DOESN’T WORK Akuamma Seed - Potentiator
Dark chocolate / Cacao - Synergizer
Kanna - Synergizer
Kratom: Stem & Vein - Tolerance Reducer** (It’s crap… but it does technically reduce your tolerance)
Noopept (Omberacetam) - Potentiator
THC/CBD - Synergizer
Valerian - Synergizer
RATING: 5 - DOESN’T WORK Ashwagandha - Potentiator
Moringa Oleifera - Potentiator
Mulungu - Synergizer
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) - Potentiator
Nicotine - Synergistic
Watercress - Potentiator
We tried to include every suggested potentiator we could find, but if you know of anything we’ve missed, please comment below to help others learn as well! And as more research develops, we will continue to update this list! But your comments could be more useful than any of the information we’ve assembled above, so feel free to include data, links, your experiences, etc! Thanks so much, we appreciate you!
Harrison R. Cohen Harrison is the CEO and Cofounder of Blate Papes® edible films. He has a Bachelor’s of Science in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Florida, and has been involved in health and fitness for over 13 years. His passions are edible films, health, and dogs.

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2023.03.16 17:04 dead_waxx [For Sale] Hip-hop, electronic, vaporwave, jazz and more!

I'll be shipping via Media Mail. Three 12" LP's ship for $5 and $1 for each additional record so buy a few and save on shipping! 7" vinyl will ship for $4. I've got over 430 feedback on Discogs and pride myself in packing so that you will receive your records in the condition listed. Feel free to make an offer on any of these.
If you have a Discogs account and would like to do business through the site so we can both get feedback I'm cool with that too! Prices are all in USD. I'll do international as well, but shipping for 12" vinyl comes out to ~$25 for the cheapest method.
=======================================================
Against all Logic - 2017 - 2019 Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Alchemist - This Thing Of Ours Vol. 2 Vinyl - M Cover - M $85
Alkaloid - Liquid Anatomy Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Angel Olsen - Big Time Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Astronoid - Air Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Beastie Boys - Root Down EP Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (some corner wear, close to NM) $25
Benny The Butcher & Harry Fraud ‎– The Plugs I Met 2 Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $35
Bent Arcana – Bent Arcana Vinyl - M Cover - M $37
The Black Lips - Underneath The Rainbow Vinyl - M Cover - M $13
Black Milk - Fever Vinyl - M Cover - M $14
Blanck Mass - Animated Violence Mild Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Blood Incantation - Hidden History Of The Human Race Vinyl - M Cover - M $60
Blood Incantation - Interdimensional Extinction Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Boldy James - Real Bad Boldy Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Boldy James & Alchemist - The Price Of Tea In China Vinyl - M Cover - M $110
Bolt Thrower - Honour • Valour • Pride Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $60
Brain Corrosion / Ripped To Shreds - Exhumed From Eastern Tombs Vinyl - M Cover - M $15
Brand New - Deja Entendu Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (shrink slit, dents on all corners) $90
Bush - Sixteen Stone Vinyl - M Cover - M $125
C.O.W. 牛 - $hanghai Mone¥ / C.O.W. Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Cabestro - ¿Crónica de Sucesos? Vinyl - M Cover - M $22
Cale Sexton - Melondrama Vinyl - M Cover - M $18
Ca$h Money And Marvelous - Play It Kool / Ugly People Be Quiet **(TEST PRESS)** Vinyl - NM Cover - Generic $25
The Chemical Brothers - Push The Button Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (Bottom right corner bent) $75
Coachwhips - Get Yer Body Next Ta Mine Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $39
Cody Wright & Nick Stubblefield - Toejam & Earl: Back In The Groove Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Conway x Big Ghost LTD - If It Bleeds It Can Be Killed Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Cult Leader - A Patient Man Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Curren$y & The Alchemist - Covert Coup Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Curren$y & Harry Fraud - Cigarette Boats Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $40
Curren$y & Harry Fraud - The Director's Cut Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Da Crime Click - Million Wayz To Murda Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Damascus - Heights Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $19
Desired - Timeless Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Deströyer 666 - Call Of The Wild Vinyl - M Cover - M $27
Deströyer 666 - Wildfire Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner bend at bottom left) $30
Dirty Fences - Goodbye Love Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $30
Duma - Duma Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Durand Jones & The Indications - Private Space Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Dynatron - The Rigel Axiom Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
El Michels Affair Meets Liam Bailey - Ekundayo Inversions Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Elder - Omens Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Equip - Nocturne Catacombs Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Equip - Shadow Dancer Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Experience Unlimited - Free Yourself Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $19
Expo 70 - Cleverly Mystique Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Expo Seventy - Virtually From The Unknown Vinyl - M Cover - M $24
First Touch - First Touch Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $40
The Flaming Lips - Embryonic Vinyl - NM (played a couple of times) Cover - VG+ (general shelf wear) $45
Flying Lotus - Cosmogramma Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Forest Swords - Compassion Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (small corner ding at bottom left) $35
Freddie Gibbs - Str8 Killa Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Freddie Gibbs & Alchemist - Alfredo Vinyl - M Cover - M $55
The Frightnrs - Always Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
The Frightnrs - Nothing More To Say Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Fucked Up - Year Of The Dragon Vinyl - M Cover - M $15
Ghetto Kumbé - Ghetto Kumbé Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Ghost Funk Orchestra - A Song For Paul Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Goat - Commune Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Golgothan Remains - Perverse Offerings To The Void Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Gorillaz - Humanz Vinyl - M Cover - M $28
Gulch - Impenetrable Cerebral Fortress Vinyl - M Cover - M $42
Have A Nice Life - Deathconsciousness Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $75
Havukruunu - Kelle Surut Soi Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dents, top right and bottom left) $80
Head Technician - Zones Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Park Hye Jin - If U Want It Vinyl - M Cover - M $85
Ill Considered - Ill Considered 3 Vinyl - M Cover - M $30
Imperial Triumphant - Vile Luxury Vinyl - M Cover - M $95 (SIGNED BY ENTIRE BAND)
Imperialist - Cipher Vinyl - M Cover - M $75
Jane Church - Calimocho Molotov! Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Jean Grae & Quelle Chris - Everything's Fine Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Jeremiah Sand - Lift It Down Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
KA - Honor Killed The Samurai ‎ Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top left) $130
Kamaal Williams - Wu Hen Vinyl - M Cover - M $18
Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Vinyl - M Cover - M $75
Khruangbin - Mordechai Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $35
Khruangbin - The Universe Smiles Upon You Vinyl - M Cover - M $22
Kikagaku Moyo - House In The Tall Grass Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corners dented, top left most noticeable) $75
King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - I'm In Your Mind Fuzz Vinyl - M Cover - M $70
Kokomo - Monochrome Noise Love Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (seam split on spine) $15
Krallice - Go Be Forgotten Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (some shelf wear) $15
Lay Llamas - The Lay Llamas Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $25
The Laze - The Phantom Of The Opera (1925 Motion Picture Soundtrack) Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $15
Liars / Tropical Fuck Storm - Less Artists More Condos Series #18 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Lurker Of Chalice - Lurker Of Chalice Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $38
Macintosh Plus - Floral Shoppe Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $75
Makeup And Vanity Set - Wavehymnal Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Malokarpatan - Cesta Podzemnými Sálami Kovovlada Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Malokarpatan - Krupinské Ohne Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $48
Malokarpatan - Nordkarpatenland Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Malokarpatan - Stridžie Dni Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Mamaleek - Come & See Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $32
Mark De Clive-Lowe - Church Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $15
Marrasmieli - Between Land and Sky Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $85
MGMT - In The Afternoon Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Mikal Cronin - MCIII Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Mike - Black Soap Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Minot - Equal / Opposite Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $14
Mirror Kisses - Heartbeats Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (top corners slightly dented) $20
Misþyrming - Algleymi Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Mortuous - Through Wilderness Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Moses Sumney - Aromanticism Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Mt. Mountain - Dust Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented) $35
Mutilation Rites - Chasm Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
N*E*R*D - No_One Ever Really Dies Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Nas - The World Is Yours Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (opened) $29
Nechochwen / Panopticon - Split LP Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
OCS - Memory Of A Cut Off Head Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $34
Oh Sees - Orc Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Oddisee - 101 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Outre-Tombe - Nécrovortex Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $36
Panchiko - D>E>A>T>H>M>E>T>A>L Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $90
Paul Orwell - Speak Of The Devil Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Pauline Anna Strom - Trans-Millenia Music Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $40
Perturbator - Terror 404 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $70
Power Trip - Nightmare Logic Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Prurient - Unknown Rains Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner dent bottom left) $16
Psychedelic Porn Crumpets - And Now For The Whatchamacallit Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Pye Corner Audio - The Spiral Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Radiohead - A Moon Shaped Pool Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Rainforest Spiritual Enslavement - Taking Place In The Foyer Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Ripped To Shreds - 埋葬 Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner bend bottom right) $20
Robert Parker - Club 707 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
RXK Nephew - Crack Therapy 3 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Saint Pepsi - Mannequin Challenge Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Satin Sheets - St. Francis Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Sellorekt/LA Dreams - Into The Light Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Sewerslvt - Draining Love Story Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $375
Shabazz Palaces - Quazarz vs. The Jealous Machines Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $10
Shabazz Palaces - Quazarz: Born On A Gangster Star Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $10
Shawty Pimp - ...Still Comin' Real Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented and top and bottom have seam splits) $45
ShrapKnel - S/T Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $70
Skáphe - Skáphe³ Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Skeletal Remains - Devouring Mortality Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Slime Girls - No Summer No Cry Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $73
Small Bills - Don't Play It Straight Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $24
Suffering Hour - Dwell Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Surfing - Incubo™ Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner ding top right) $15
Suffering Hour - Dwell Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Sweet Trip - Velocity : Design : Comfort Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $74
Thee Oh Sees - A Weird Exits Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Thee Oh Sees - Drop Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $22
Thou - Magus Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Tobacco - Sweatbox Dynasty Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $12
Triumvir Foul - Urine Of Abomination Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Tropical Fuck Storm - The Planet Of Straw Men Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $24
Trouble - Snake Eyes Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit to check color) $28
Ulthar - Providence Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $17
Vanum - Ageless Fire Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
The Velvet Underground & Nico - The Velvet Underground & Nico Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Viktor Vaughn - Vaudeville Villain Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Vince Staples - Summertime '06 Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap open) $150
Warm Soda - Symbolic Dream Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $13
Waste Of Space Orchestra - Syntheosis Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Wavves X Cloud Nothings - No Life For Me Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented, seam split on top $9
WestsideGunn - Chris Benoit Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $180
Wild Nothing - Gemini Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Wilma Vritra - Burd Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $100

submitted by dead_waxx to VinylCollectors [link] [comments]

2023.02.14 17:30 dead_waxx [For Sale] Hip hop, electronic, indie, metal and lots more!

submitted by dead_waxx to VinylCollectors [link] [comments]

2023.01.01 02:52 JohnRPolito Looking to bolster your motivation to stop vaping?

117 recent reasons to stop vaping e-cigarettes

"Menthol has been shown to exacerbate elements of nicotine addiction in humans and rodents; however, the mechanisms mediating its effects are not fully understood." "These findings support the existence of genotype-specific mechanisms that may contribute to the variable effects of menthol in different populations." Akinola 2022
"Adolescents and young people" ... "who used e-cigarettes had 1.5 times higher odds of reporting oral lesions." Alade 2022
"Our work provides evidence of an association between neurobehavioral changes and altered hippocampal VGLUT1 and VGAT expression in mice exposed to e-cigarette vapors containing nicotine. Such exposure was also associated with altered neurobehaviors, which might affect neurodegenerative diseases." Alasmari 2022
"Young adults involuntarily exposed to vapor from ENDS express elevated whole salivary cotinine and IL-1β levels. Long-term exposure to ENDS vapor may potentially predispose vulnerable populations to oral and systemic inflammatory diseases." AlMubarak 2022
"Nicotine enhances proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis and inhibits apoptosis/autophagy in [non-small cell lung cancer] cells by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), especially the α7 subunit, and its downstream signaling pathways ..." Alsharairi 2022
"In utero nicotine exposure in pregnant rats showed deleterious impacts on fetus growth and weight, as well as placental size. These were accompanied by increased apoptosis within the placenta, as revealed by Bax gene upregulation." Alzu’bi 2022
"Among cancer survivors in this study, 22.1% reported a history of clinical diagnosis of depression. Analysis showed 51.3% of current users ... and 19.1% of those who had never used e-cigarettes self-reported a history of clinical depression. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of self-reported clinical depression were significantly higher for survivors who were current users (OR = 2.85) ... compared to never e-cigarette users." Antwi 2022
"Varying strengths of nicotine concentration were examined for toxicity on head and neck cells. The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) caused changes to cell size and shape and reduced cell viability and cell proliferation." Baniulyte 2022
"Animal studies investigating the effect of gestational nicotine exposure on fetal lung development demonstrated abnormal lung growth; including abnormal airway branching and alveolar development. Consequently, offspring display altered pulmonary mechanics, including both increased respiratory rate and airway resistance. These findings mirror respiratory pathology observed in infants born to smoking mothers." Bednarczuk 2022
"Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a major byproduct of e-cigarette combustion and is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products. Mounting evidence points to its damaging effects on cellular functions." Belfleur 2022
"The association of e-cigarette use with depressive symptoms strengthened significantly from 2019 to 2021." Cambron 2022
"E-cig vapor, regardless of nicotine content, induced DNA damage in oral epithelial cells, along with a decrease in proliferation and cell viability. While the initial immune response is dampened in the presence of e-cig aerosols, under chronic conditions, e-cig aerosols have the capacity to induce an inflammatory response and COX2-mediated signaling, which could lead to cancer initiation." Cátala-Valentín 2022
"Despite emerging evidence linking obsessive-compulsive disorder and symptoms (OCS) and nicotine dependence (ND), this comorbidity has received little research." "Findings from this study lend support for the OCS-ND comorbidity in clinical and non-clinical populations and suggests that the OCS-ND link may be obscured when obsessive-compulsive phenomena is modeled as a dichotomous diagnostic variable versus as a dimensional construct." Chasson 2022
"We found that the e-liquids may impair the development of rat ovarian follicles and reduce estrogen secretion through Hippo signaling pathway." Chen 2022
"DNA adducts are central in the mechanism of carcinogenesis by genotoxic agents." "The median value of this DNA adduct in the e-cigarette users was 179 fmol/µmol dGuo ... while that for non-users was 21.0 fmol/µmol dGuo." "These results demonstrate for the first time that e-cigarette users have elevated levels of a carcinogen-DNA adduct in their oral cells." Cheng 2022
"A total of 154,856 participants were included, of whom 5% were e-cigarette users, 31.4% were traditional smokers, and 63.6% were nonsmokers." "Our regression analysis showed that e-cigarette users have 2.2 times higher risk of having cancer compared to non-smokers." Chidharla 2022
"In conclusion, nicotine has an extremely strong toxicological profile, as demonstrated by the drastic reduction of cell viability and the induction of morphological changes and nuclear alterations associated with cellular apoptosis." Chioran 2022
"[W]e characterized the variability in mass concentration and particle size distribution associated with the aerosol generation of different devices and e-liquid compositions in an experimental setup. The findings of this study indicate a large inter-day variability in the experiments ..." Das 2022
"Several cross-sectional, national, population-based studies on large groups of adolescents have been carried out showing an association between vape exposure and self-reported asthma diagnosis and/or respiratory symptoms in this age group." Di Cicco 2022
"The unfavorable responses of sympathetic and arterial pressure to EC [electronic cigarette] smoking are similar to those elicited by TC [tobacco cigarette] in healthy habitual smokers." Dimitriadis 2022
"Alterations in cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, and molecular changes following vaping exposure demonstrate vaping-related health concerns." Echeagaray 2022
"We recently reported a mouse model of chronic electronic cigarette (e-cig) exposure-induced cardiovascular pathology, where long-term exposure to e-cig vape (ECV) induces cardiac abnormalities, impairment of endothelial function, and systemic hypertension. Here, we delineate the underlying mechanisms of ECV-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED), a central trigger of cardiovascular disease." El-Mahdy 2022
"The use of ENDS [Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems] seems to be associated with erectile dysfunction independent of age, cardiovascular disease, and other risk factors." El-Shahawy 202200429-3/fulltext)
“Triple-negative breast cancer is more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes ..." “We ... detected that nicotine significantly reduced the increase in cell apoptosis induced by paclitaxel treatment. Moreover, the presence of nicotine reduced the efficacy of paclitaxel treatment administered in three cycles to MDA-MB-231 tumor cells.” Español 2022
"This is the first study, to our knowledge, to identify an association between recent secondhand exposure to e-cigarette emissions and mental health problems ..." Farrell 2022
"E-cigarette use is increasing at an alarming rate, particularly among adolescents and young adults. This is concerning given the lack of research into the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on the brain and behavior. The present study describes a viable rodent model of human e-cigarette use and suggests that exposure to nicotine vapor produces short-term increases in impulsive choice." Flores 2022
"A total of 71,940 women were included in our study. After adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, insurance, maternal education, prenatal care, physical abuse during pregnancy, and complications during pregnancy, the odds of unfavorable birth outcomes increase by 62% among women who reported e-cigarette use during pregnancy versus women who did not." Galbo 2022
"Changes in blood pressure and arterial stiffness are similar after cigarette smoking and JUUL use. These changes may be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk compared with no product use." Gernun 2022
"This study investigated the differential adverse effects of heating-associated by-products versus the intact components of EC aerosol to the lungs and heart of mice." "EC aerosol exposure induced pulmonary and systemic inflammation." "Heating-associated by-products contributed to RV hypertrophy and dysfunction." "EC aerosol exposure without heating the e-liquid induced pulmonary fibrosis." Getiye 202200079-7/fulltext)
"Flavor chemicals contribute to the appeal and toxicity of tobacco products, including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)." "A large library of 3012 unique flavor chemicals was compiled ..." "Computational analysis of the constructed flavor library flagged 638 chemicals with GHS classified respiratory health hazards, 1079 chemicals with at least one structural alert, and 2297 chemicals with substructural similarity to FDA's established and proposed list of HPHCs (Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents)." Goel 2022
"After excluding missing data, there were 1,173,646 participants. The adjusted odds ratio of visual impairment in current e-cigarette users compared with never e-cigarette users was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.48), and in former e-cigarette users was 1.14 (95% CI 1.06-1.22)." Golla 202200473-6/fulltext)
"In the present study, the effects of maternal nicotine exposure (MNE) during pregnancy on fetal heart morphogenesis were studied." "In conclusion, MNE induces congenital heart defects and coronary artery malformation in mice." Greco 2022
"4th generation e-cigarette users had significantly more bronchial epithelial cells in sputum, suggestive of airway injury." Hickman 2022
"Comparing aorta segments from nicotine-treated mice relative to an equal number of control counterparts, stiffness in the circumferential direction was nearly twofold higher (377 kPa ± 165 kPa versus 191 kPa ± 65 kPa, n = 5, p = 0.03) at 50% strain." Ho 2022
"In rodent models, nicotine administration nearly doubles the amount of opioids taken in intravenous self-administration paradigms." "In conclusion, acute nicotine administration in adult male rats significantly enhances compulsive-like responding for [synthetic opioid remifentanil] that persists despite contingent punishment of drug-directed responding." Honeycutt 2022
"E-cigarette vendors started marketing synthetic cooling agents as additives that impart a cooling effect but lack a characteristic minty odor. Knowledge about content of synthetic coolants in US-marketed E-cigarette products and associated health risks is limited." "Synthetic cooling agents (WS-3/WS-23) were present in US-marketed E-cigarettes, at levels that may result in consumer exposures exceeding safety thresholds set by regulatory agencies." Jabba 2022
"Suicide attempts were significantly higher among e-cigarette users compared to non-users. E-cigarette use was associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt." Javed 2022
"Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) ... NNN and NNK are known carcinogens." "To understand the drivers behind the potential formation of TSNAs in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols and e-liquids, model e-liquid systems were generated in the lab to demonstrate that nitrite can react with nicotine and minor alkaloids to form TSNAs in e-liquids." Jin 2022
"[W]e assessed the mass of metals as a function of EC flavoring, nicotine concentration, device power, puff duration, and aging of the devices. The masses of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn were consistently high across all brands in the primary and secondhand aerosols, some of which were above the regulated maximum daily intake amount ..." Kapiamba 2022
"E-cigarette vapers practiced exclusive nasal exhalation at far higher rates than did cigarette smokers (19.5% vs 4.9%)." "It is therefore plausible that ATP-specific [alternative tobacco product] consumer behaviors may foster unique upper respiratory health consequences that have not been observed in smokers." Karey 2022
"Nicotine induces kinetic tremor, which resembles pharmacological features of essential tremors, via activating the inferior olive (IO) neurons." "The present study suggests that dopamine D3 and D1/5 receptors regulate the induction of nicotine tremor in an opposite way, D3 receptors facilitately and D1/5 receptors inhibitorily." Kato 2022
"Some of the most concentrated and prevalent flavorants in e-liquids include trans-cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, and benzaldehyde. Aldehyde flavorants have been shown to react with PG and GL to form flavorant-PG and -GL acetals that have unique toxicity properties in e-liquids before aerosolization." Kerber 2022
“Nicotine … promotes angiogenesis, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition while promoting growth and metastasis of tumors." "Nicotine contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide range of cancers including breast cancer through its carcinogens such as NNK and NNN." Khodabandeh 2022
"Many electronic cigarette manufacturers have offered different types of 'high-end mods' that allow for controlled heating of the e-liquid. However, the controlled heating condition can drastically alter the inhaled aerosols’ physical properties and chemical substances, causing potential health risks." Ko 2022
"E-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) is mainly composed of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (Gly), and the aerosol generated by these devices primarily contains these two components." "PG damaged SAECs [small airway epithelial cells] more than Gly. In addition, COPD-SAECs were more susceptible to PG than SAECs without COPD. Usage of e-cigarettes may be harmful to the respiratory system, especially in patients with COPD." Komura 2022
"Ruthenium-bispyridine (RuBi) complexes are photolyzed by biologically harmless visible light. In the present study, we show that RuBi-caged nicotine can be used as a source of free nicotine to induce proliferation of A549 nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in these cells." Kravchuk 2022
"Mice exposed to PG/VG, Apple, Cherry, and Wintergreen increased MMP2 levels. Our results revealed flavor- and sex-based e-cigarette effects in female mice exposed to cherry-flavored e-liquids and male mice exposed to tobacco-flavored e-liquids, namely, increased lung inflammation." Lamb 2022
"Diacetyl (DA) is an α-diketone that is used to flavor microwave popcorn, coffee, and e-cigarettes." "In this study ... [t]ranscriptomic analysis demonstrated cilia dysregulation, an increase in hypoxia and sterile inflammation associated pathways, and decreased expression of interferon-stimulated genes after DA exposure." Langel 2022
"There are sparse data on the specific effects of electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco in pregnancy." Layoun 2022
"Taken together, this study shows that the glycerol contained in vaping liquids can affect the liver as well as the aspects of glucose and glycerol homeostasis." Lechasseur 2022
"Nicotine, a psychoactive alkaloid found in tobacco, is associated with the development of gastric cancer." Li 2022
Among 483,948 middle- and high-school students, the "median prevalence of ever E-cigarette use was 11.2% ... and current use was 7.5% .... Overall, E-cigarette use was associated with significantly higher odds of having asthma (pooled OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.22, 1.42) than nonuse, and both current use (OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.26, 1.48) and ever use (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.12, 1.28) showed similar associations." Li 202200098-8/fulltext)
"Nicotine, a major alkaloid found in tobacco, is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer." "In this study, we found that nicotine induces IL-8 expression via ROS/NF-κB and ROS/MAPK (Erk1/2, p38)/AP-1 axis in gastric cancer cells, thus stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment." Lian 2022
"We found that e-cigarette aerosol contains certain harmful organic chemicals and metals documented to result in respiratory problems. Estimated respiratory cancer risks corresponding to chromium from both ENDS [electronic nicotine delivery systems] products and nickel from Air Bar (Watermelon Ice) were substantially above the conventionally acceptable risk." Lin 2022
"In the population, 1,447 (17.4%) were reported to be binge drinkers. Significant factors associated with binge drinking in the final model included ... smoking/e-cigarette use (Cigarette user only aOR = 2.11 (1.69-2.65); E-cigarette user only aOR = 2.67 (1.62-3.17); dual cigarette and e-cigarette user = 3.43 (2.21-5.33)." Lines 2022
"Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that flavored and nicotine-containing e-cigarettes induce endothelial dysfunction through excessive ROS production, resulting in decreased NO bioavailability, increased endothelial cell apoptosis, and impairment in angiogenesis and wound healing, especially under diabetic condition." Liu 2020
"We report a case of three seizures provoked by e-cigarette use (vaping) within the time span of five years from youth to young adult." "Each seizure occurred within minutes of vaping, thereby suggesting a temporal association and a possible causal relationship between e-cigarettes and seizures." Liu-Zarzuela 2022
"Despite the increasing popularity of e-cigarettes, their long-term health effects remain unknown." "Our stable isotope tracing experiments provide further evidence that thermal decomposition of vegetable glycerin in the e-cigarette solvent leads to generation of acrolein and glycidol. This suggests that the adverse health effects of e-cigarettes may be attributable in part to these reactive compounds formed through the process of aerosolizing nicotine." Lorkiewicz 2022
"Vaping has been reported to cause acute epiglottitis, a life-threatening airway obstruction induced by direct epithelial injury and subsequent inflammatory reaction. Here, we show that we were able to recapitulate this phenomenon in vitro." Lungova 2022
"Most vapers in the United Kingdom and the United States want to stop vaping (62% vs 61%) but US respondents plan to quit significantly sooner..." Machado 2022
"The study found that higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and higher impulsivity were significantly associated with current cigarette and e-cigarette use. For example, one unit increases in depression, anxiety, and impulsivity were associated with 34%, 17%, and 38% increased odds of e-cigarette use versus non-use, respectively." Masaki 2022
"Collectively, these findings indicate that paternal nicotine taking produces heritable sex-specific molecular changes that promote addiction-like phenotypes and memory impairments in male offspring." Maurer 2022
"Finally, research using the preclinical models has demonstrated synergistic interactions between developmental nicotine exposure and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury that contribute to "worse" outcomes from the injury in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder associated with developmental nicotine exposure." McCarthy 2022
"Temporal influences of electronic cigarettes (Ecigs) on blood vessels are poorly understood." "These data show that exposure to cigarettes and Ecigs triggers a similar level/duration of cerebrovascular dysfunction after a single exposure." Mills 2022
"In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that nicotine exposure suppressed the proliferation and promoted the death of 16HBE cells ... These findings indicated that nicotine treatment induced pyroptosis in 16HBE cells, which may be associated with the progression of COPD." Mo 2022
"Ethyl ester flavor additives are used in e-liquids to produce a citrus flavor. Although these compounds are considered safe as flavor additives, this only applies to oral consumption and not vaping operations, where they can decompose into potentially harmful compounds including carboxylic acids." Narimani 2022
"Combined with previous evidence of lower e-cigarette use following the minimum legal age law, our findings indicate that youth e-cigarette use increases risks of mood and anxiety disorders." Nguyen 2022
"Compared to control animals with no smoke exposure, there were significant decreases in the numbers of goblet cells within the ET [eustachian tube] mucosa of mice exposed to tobacco smoke and e-cigarette vapor." Nicholas 2022
Osteoblasts are cells within bone that develop new bone. E-cigarette vapour "can significantly reduce osteoblast viability and impair osteoblast function." Nicholson 2022
"This review identified six EVDS-induced [electronic vapor delivery systems] pulmonary implications warranting anesthetic consideration: alterations in pulmonary function tests, disrupted ventilation, impaired mucociliary clearance, tissue destruction, a disrupted immune response, and oxidative stress with DNA fragmentation." Novelli 2022
"Our study demonstrates that disposable Puff ECs have high levels of cytotoxic chemicals." Omaiye 2022
"[S]moking is a major cause of pulmonary disease due to pulmonary/lung inflammation." "Our data indicate that certain e-liquids induce an inflammatory response in our zebrafish model and that e-liquid exposure alone results in pro-inflammatory lung responses in our C57BL/6J model, data collected from lung staining and ELISA analysis, respectively, in the mouse." Onyenwoke 2022
"[E]xposure to e-cig aerosols during pregnancy raises concern for maternal and fetal health." "Morphologic assessment of distal airspaces in neonatal lungs display an emphysematic phenotype. Respiratory mechanics of neonates display signs of increased respiratory workload, with increased resistance and decreased compliance. These data are novel and provide evidence that prenatal e-cig exposure may result in altered lung function or development of disease." Orzabal 202200064-0/fulltext)
"Stroke was more prevalent among traditional smokers than among e-cigarette smokers. (6.75% vs. 1.09%)" "E-cigarette smokers had early onset of stroke in comparison with traditional smokers (median age: 48 vs. 59 years)." Patel 2022
“From the present study, it could be concluded that nicotine significantly induced rectal cancer in the mice model by modulating gut microflora and increasing COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 levels.” Peng 2022
"There is currently insufficient information available regarding the perioperative implications of electronic cigarettes ... These substances affect the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems, and can interact with multiple drugs, which can affect the anesthetic management." Pereira 2022
"Our results indicate that nicotine exposure through breastfeeding leads to long-lasting behavioral effects and synaptic protein changes" Pereira-Junior 2022
"In this study, we provide evidence that nicotine induces Nox5-mediated pro-calcific processes as novel mechanism of increased atherosclerotic calcification." Petsophonsakul 2022
"This review aims to discuss the significant effect that E-cig use has on the BC [breast cancer] tumor microenvironment, which ultimately leads to enhanced tumor malignancy and metastasis ..." Pham 2022
"This study demonstrates that e-cigs, at high-power setting, should be considered, contrary to popular belief, as hazardous products in terms of genotoxicity in mouse model." Platel 2022
"Prenatal exposure to nicotine, tobacco's major addictive constituent, has been shown to reduce birth weight and increases apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the postnatal pancreas." Raez-Villanueva 2022
"A wide range of ENDS, including multiple types of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine, a heated tobacco product, and an ultrasonic vaping device devoid of heating coil, all impair FMD [arterial flow-mediated dilation] after a single vaping session comparably to combusted cigarettes." Rao 2022
"The use of electronic cigarettes is documented to increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke." "Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a deadly stroke subtype, and tobacco use increases sICH risk." "Our data in the present study show that nicotine exposure increases hematoma expansion and neurological impairment post-sICH in both male and female rats." Rehni 2022
"EC use is significantly associated with a high prevalence of CRS [chronic rhinosinusitis] and AR [allergic rhinitis] in the adult population. These results indicate that the use of ECs may increase the risk of upper airway disease." Rha 2022
"Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) is a common malignancy affecting 30,000 people in the United States each year. Our objective was to determine the impact of eCig and nicotine on gingival OSSC invasion and their secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules." "These results support the already established data showing that nicotine promotes oral carcinogenesis." Robin 2022
"Nicotine, the most abundant smoke component, deposits on indoor surfaces during smoking and reacts with pollutants in the indoor environment to form a mix containing toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. More specifically, surface-bound nicotine reacts with nitrous acid (HONO), a common atmospheric species that is emitted from indoor combustion appliances and smoking, to produce tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) including NNA, NNK and NNN." Sarker 2022
"Cases of intentional or accidental intoxication following ingestion of the refill solution are also a growing concern. Most of these cases were fatal and related to cardiac arrest and hypoxic brain injury." Sellner 2022
"While e-cigarettes have the potential to promote smoking cessation, their real-world impact is uncertain. In this cohort, dual users were more likely to quit smoking than cigarette-only users, but the overall impact was small because most dual users returned to cigarette-only use." Shafie-Khorassani 2022
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart attack. "Those using e-cigarettes have higher odds of suffering from an MI in comparison to not using e-cigarettes." Sharma A 202201315-8/fulltext)
"Nicotine binding to nAChR promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastasis of oral cancer cells." "Since nAChRs dictate both addictive and carcinogenic effects of nicotine, it seems counterintuitive to designate nicotine just as an addictive agent devoid of any carcinogenicity." Sharma M 2022
"The short and long-term health effects of JUUL electronic cigarette (e-Cig) are largely unknown and warrant extensive research." "We exposed male C57 mice to TS/JUUL vapor for 14 days." "Post-ischemic brain injury following tMCAO [transient middle cerebral artery occlusion] was significantly worsened by JUUL/TS pre-exposure." Sifat 2022
Among 5,207 matched youth (school engagement, thrill-seeking, delinquency, peer & parent smoking, parental education), youth using e-cigarettes by age 14 were 2.7 times more likely to use cocaine by age 17 than nicotine naïve youth (7.6% vs. 3.1%) Silva 2022
"E-cigarette aerosols induced moderate cellular toxicity in bronchial epithelial cells." Sinha 2022
"Coil-less ENDS offer the promise of delivering fewer toxicants due to the absence of heating coils, but initial studies show that these products exhibit similar toxicological profiles compared with JUULs." Strongin 2022
"Our study showed differences in the analyzed personality traits between e-cigarette users and never smokers. The study group had significantly higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion and conscientiousness than the control group." Suchanecka 2022
"Nicotine dependence plays a vital role in an individual's anxiety and depression level. Higher the nicotine dependence, higher their anxiety and depression level." Sushanthi 2022
"We propose that E-cig nicotine can be nitrosated in mouse and human cells becoming nitrosamines, thereby causing two carcinogenic effects, induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair, and that e-cigarette aerosol is carcinogenic in mice." Tang 2022
"E-cig aerosols contain unique chemicals which alter the oral microbiome and promote dysbiosis in ways we are just beginning to investigate." "Yet there is little evidence of the effects of long-term use of e-cigs on oral health." Thomas 2022
"The odds ratios of "inflammatory arthritis diseases were 1.31 and 1.55 among sole e-cigarette and dual users compared with never e-cigarette users, respectively." Tian 2022
"Brain metastasis is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system, occurring in up to 50% of lung cancer patients with a median survival of less than a year and at a rate twice to ten times higher than that of primary neural neoplasms." "Here, we showed that nicotine skews neutrophil polarization within the pre-metastatic brain niche and promotes metastatic colonization of lung cancer cells by regulating their stemness and energy metabolism." Tyagi 2022

submitted by JohnRPolito to stopsmoking [link] [comments]

2022.12.06 05:26 dead_waxx [For Sale] Hip-hop, Indie, Metal, Jazz and more!

I'll be shipping via Media Mail. Three 12" LP's ship for $5 and $1 for each additional record so buy a few and save on shipping! 7" vinyl will ship for $4. I've got over 430 feedback on Discogs and pride myself in packing so that you will receive your records in the condition listed. Feel free to make an offer on any of these.
If you have a Discogs account and would like to do business through the site so we can both get feedback I'm cool with that too! Prices are all in USD. I'll do international as well, but shipping for 12" vinyl comes out to ~$25 for the cheapest method.
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Against all Logic - 2017 - 2019 Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Alchemist - This Thing Of Ours Vol. 2 Vinyl - M Cover - M $85
Alkaloid - Liquid Anatomy Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Angel Olsen - Big Time Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Armand Hammer - Paraffin Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner ding at top left) $95
Armand Hammer - Shrines Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner ding at bottom left) $85
Astronoid - Air Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Beastie Boys - Root Down EP Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (some corner wear, close to NM) $25
Benny The Butcher & Harry Fraud ‎– The Plugs I Met 2 Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $35
Bent Arcana – Bent Arcana Vinyl - M Cover - M $37
The Black Lips - Underneath The Rainbow Vinyl - M Cover - M $13
Black Milk - Fever Vinyl - M Cover - M $14
Blanck Mass - Animated Violence Mild Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Blood Incantation - Hidden History Of The Human Race Vinyl - M Cover - M $60
Blood Incantation - Interdimensional Extinction Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Boldy James - Real Bad Boldy Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Boldy James & Alchemist - The Price Of Tea In China Vinyl - M Cover - M $110
Bolt Thrower - Honour • Valour • Pride Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $60
Brain Corrosion / Ripped To Shreds - Exhumed From Eastern Tombs Vinyl - M Cover - M $15
Brand New - Deja Entendu Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (shrink slit, dents on all corners) $90
Bush - Sixteen Stone Vinyl - M Cover - M $125
C.O.W. 牛 - $hanghai Mone¥ / C.O.W. Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Cabestro - ¿Crónica de Sucesos? Vinyl - M Cover - M $22
Cale Sexton - Melondrama Vinyl - M Cover - M $18
The Callous Daoboys - Die on Mars Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Ca$h Money And Marvelous - Play It Kool / Ugly People Be Quiet **(TEST PRESS)** Vinyl - NM Cover - Generic $25
The Chemical Brothers - Push The Button Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (Bottom right corner bent) $75
Chevalier - Destiny Calls Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Chromatics - Cherry Vinyl - M Cover - M $150
Coachwhips - Get Yer Body Next Ta Mine Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $39
Cody Wright & Nick Stubblefield - Toejam & Earl: Back In The Groove Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Conway x Big Ghost LTD - If It Bleeds It Can Be Killed Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Cult Leader - A Patient Man Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Curren$y & The Alchemist - Covert Coup Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Curren$y & Harry Fraud - Cigarette Boats Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $40
Curren$y & Harry Fraud - The Director's Cut Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Da Crime Click - Million Wayz To Murda Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Damascus - Heights Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $19
Desired - Timeless Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Deströyer 666 - Call Of The Wild Vinyl - M Cover - M $27
Deströyer 666 - Wildfire Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner bend at bottom left) $30
Dirty Fences - Goodbye Love Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $30
Duma - Duma Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Durand Jones & The Indications - Private Space Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Dynatron - The Rigel Axiom Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
El Michels Affair Meets Liam Bailey - Ekundayo Inversions Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Elder - Omens Vinyl - M Cover - M $50
Equip - Nocturne Catacombs Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Equip - Shadow Dancer Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Experience Unlimited - Free Yourself Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $19
Expo 70 - Cleverly Mystique Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Expo Seventy - Virtually From The Unknown Vinyl - M Cover - M $24
First Touch - First Touch Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $40
The Flaming Lips - Embryonic Vinyl - NM (played a couple of times) Cover - VG+ (general shelf wear) $45
Flying Lotus - Cosmogramma Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Forest Swords - Compassion Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (small corner ding at bottom left) $35
Freddie Gibbs - Str8 Killa Vinyl - M Cover - M $20
Freddie Gibbs & Alchemist - Alfredo Vinyl - M Cover - M $55
The Frightnrs - Always Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
The Frightnrs - Nothing More To Say Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
Fucked Up - Year Of The Dragon Vinyl - M Cover - M $15
Ghetto Kumbé - Ghetto Kumbé Vinyl - M Cover - M $35
Ghost Funk Orchestra - A Song For Paul Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Goat - Commune Vinyl - M Cover - M $45
Golgothan Remains - Perverse Offerings To The Void Vinyl - M Cover - M $90
Gorillaz - Humanz Vinyl - M Cover - M $28
Green River - Dry As A Bone Vinyl - M Cover - M $22
Gulch - Impenetrable Cerebral Fortress Vinyl - M Cover - M $42
Have A Nice Life - Deathconsciousness Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink slit) $75
Havukruunu - Kelle Surut Soi Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dents, top right and bottom left) $80
Head Technician - Zones Vinyl - M Cover - M $19
Park Hye Jin - If U Want It Vinyl - M Cover - M $85
Ill Considered - Ill Considered 3 Vinyl - M Cover - M $30
Imperial Triumphant - Vile Luxury Vinyl - M Cover - M $95 (SIGNED BY ENTIRE BAND)
Imperialist - Cipher Vinyl - M Cover - M $75
Jane Church - Calimocho Molotov! Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Jean Grae & Quelle Chris - Everything's Fine Vinyl - M Cover - M $40
Jeremiah Sand - Lift It Down Vinyl - M Cover - M $25
KA - Honor Killed The Samurai ‎ Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top left) $130
Kamaal Williams - Wu Hen Vinyl - M Cover - M $18
Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Vinyl - M Cover - M $75
Khruangbin - Mordechai Vinyl - M Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $35
Khruangbin - The Universe Smiles Upon You Vinyl - M Cover - M $22
Kikagaku Moyo - House In The Tall Grass Vinyl - M Cover - VG+ (corners dented, top left most noticeable) $75
King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - I'm In Your Mind Fuzz Vinyl - M Cover - M $70
Kokomo - Monochrome Noise Love Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (seam split on spine) $15
Krallice - Go Be Forgotten Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (some shelf wear) $15
Lay Llamas - The Lay Llamas Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $25
The Laze - The Phantom Of The Opera (1925 Motion Picture Soundtrack) Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $15
Liars / Tropical Fuck Storm - Less Artists More Condos Series #18 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Lurker Of Chalice - Lurker Of Chalice Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $38
Macintosh Plus - Floral Shoppe Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $OFFER
Makeup And Vanity Set - Wavehymnal Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Malokarpatan - Cesta Podzemnými Sálami Kovovlada Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Malokarpatan - Krupinské Ohne Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $48
Malokarpatan - Nordkarpatenland Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Malokarpatan - Stridžie Dni Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Mamaleek - Come & See Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $32
Mark De Clive-Lowe - Church Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner dent at top right) $15
Marrasmieli - Between Land and Sky Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $85
The Mars Volta - De-Loused In The Comatorium Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
MGMT - In The Afternoon Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Mikal Cronin - MCIII Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Mike - Black Soap Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Minot - Equal / Opposite Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $14
Mirror Kisses - Heartbeats Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (top corners slightly dented) $20
Misþyrming - Algleymi Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Mortuous - Through Wilderness Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $30
Moses Sumney - Aromanticism Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Mt. Mountain - Dust Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented) $35
Mutilation Rites - Chasm Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
N*E*R*D - No_One Ever Really Dies Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Nas - The World Is Yours Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (opened) $29
Nechochwen / Panopticon - Split LP Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
OCS - Memory Of A Cut Off Head Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $34
Oh Sees - Orc Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Oddisee - 101 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Oneohtrix Point Never / Rene Hell - Music For Reliquary House / In 1980 I Was A Blue Square Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner dents on right side) $9
Outre-Tombe - Nécrovortex Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $36
Panchiko - D>E>A>T>H>M>E>T>A>L Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $90
Paul Orwell - Speak Of The Devil Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Pauline Anna Strom - Trans-Millenia Music Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $40
Perturbator - Terror 404 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $70
Power Trip - Nightmare Logic Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Prurient - Unknown Rains Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner dent bottom left) $16
Psychedelic Porn Crumpets - And Now For The Whatchamacallit Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Pye Corner Audio - The Spiral Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Radiohead - A Moon Shaped Pool Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Rainforest Spiritual Enslavement - Taking Place In The Foyer Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Ripped To Shreds - 埋葬 Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner bend bottom right) $20
Robert Parker - Club 707 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
RXK Nephew - Crack Therapy 3 Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Saint Pepsi - Mannequin Challenge Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Satin Sheets - St. Francis Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $20
Sellorekt/LA Dreams - Into The Light Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $35
Sewerslvt - Draining Love Story Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $375
Shabazz Palaces - Quazarz vs. The Jealous Machines Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $10
Shabazz Palaces - Quazarz: Born On A Gangster Star Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $10
Shawty Pimp - ...Still Comin' Real Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented and top and bottom have seam splits) $45
ShrapKnel - S/T Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $70
Skáphe - Skáphe³ Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Skeletal Remains - Devouring Mortality Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Slime Girls - No Summer No Cry Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $73
Small Bills - Don't Play It Straight Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $24
Suffering Hour - Dwell Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Surfing - Incubo™ Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corner ding top right) $15
Suffering Hour - Dwell Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Sweet Trip - Velocity : Design : Comfort Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $74
Tame Impala - Innerspeaker Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Thee Oh Sees - A Weird Exits Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Thee Oh Sees - Drop Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $22
Thou - Magus Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $45
Tobacco - Sweatbox Dynasty Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $12
Triumvir Foul - Urine Of Abomination Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
Tropical Fuck Storm - The Planet Of Straw Men Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $24
Trouble - Snake Eyes Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit to check color) $28
Ulthar - Providence Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $17
Vanum - Ageless Fire Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $25
The Velvet Underground & Nico - The Velvet Underground & Nico Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $50
Viktor Vaughn - Vaudeville Villain Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Vince Staples - Summertime '06 Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap open) $150
Warm Soda - Symbolic Dream Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $13
Waste Of Space Orchestra - Syntheosis Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Wavves X Cloud Nothings - No Life For Me Vinyl - Mint Cover - VG+ (corners dented, seam split on top $9
WestsideGunn - Chris Benoit Vinyl - Mint Cover - NM (shrink wrap slit) $180
White Lung - Paradise Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $40
Wild Nothing - Gemini Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $15
Wilma Vritra - Burd Vinyl - Mint Cover - M $100

submitted by dead_waxx to VinylCollectors [link] [comments]

2022.10.30 23:50 Gallionella ALLS16L

Scientists at the Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust used a drug made from a genetically modified form of herpes simplex — the cold sore virus — to attack tumors in cancer patients' bodies, developing a cutting-edge form of cancer therapy in the process.
While experts caution that more follow up studies will be needed, the treatment has seemingly already saved the life of at least one patient, according to BBC News. https://futurism.com/neoscope/virus-modified-kill-cancer-cells
When the researchers enhanced the lipid-storing capacity of mature fat cells, they ceased to morph into other cell types and no longer promoted tumor growth.
Dr. Scherer said the mechanism for how adipocytes change into other cell types is not yet clear; however, a chemical signal from tumor cells is probably responsible for this phenomenon. He and his colleagues plan to search for this signal and look for other ways to manipulate this system to discourage breast cancer growth. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220923121702.htm
In a new study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the research team presents their findings about the stars in the outer regions of the galactic disk.
"We can see that these stars wobble and move up and down at different speeds. When the dwarf galaxy Sagittarius passed the Milky Way, it created wave motions in our galaxy, a little bit like when a stone is dropped into a pond," Paul McMillan, the astronomy researcher at Lund Observatory who led the study, explains. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220923121707.htm
The researchers found that blue lakes are on the decline. They believe the reason for this is rising temperatures associated with climate change that are causing algae to thrive in lakes. Although microscopic, the build-up of the algae can profoundly change the change of a lake en-mass. https://www.iflscience.com/the-climate-crisis-is-literally-changing-the-color-of-our-planet-65463
New UMBC-led research in Frontiers in Microbiology suggests that viruses are using information from their environment to "decide" when to sit tight inside their hosts and when to multiply and burst out, killing the host cell. The work has implications for antiviral drug development.
A virus's ability to sense its environment, including elements produced by its host, adds "another layer of complexity to the viral-host interaction," says Ivan Erill, professor of biological sciences and senior author on the new paper. Right now, viruses are exploiting that ability to their benefit. But in the future, he says, "we could exploit it to their detriment." https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220923/Viruses-exploit-ability-to-sense-the-environment-to-maximize-their-infective-yield.aspx
Palaeontologists have discovered an algae fossil in China, identifying it as a new genus and species called Protocodium sinense. The ancient fossil — 541m years old — predates the origin of land plants, giving scientists new insights into the early diversification of the plant kingdom.
And interestingly the fossil is the first and oldest green algae from this era to be preserved in three dimensions, which has enabled scientists to investigate its internal structure with unprecedented accuracy. https://cosmosmagazine.com/history/ancient-fossil-algae-plant-evolution/?amp=1
Social tipping interventions offer an indirect way to trigger change at scale, ranging from social justice to climate change. Yet, what happens when social tipping interventions meet ordinary but ingrained group identities? To examine this, we implemented an experiment around the 2020 US election. https://socialsciences.nature.com/posts/group-identities-make-social-tipping-unreliable-after-intervention
The authors say many of the 104 studies they analysed demonstrated significant effects from cold water swimming including also on 'good' fat which helps burn calories. This may protect against obesity, cardiovascular disease, they add.
However, the review was inconclusive overall on the health benefits of cold-water bathing, an increasingly popular hobby.
Much of the available research involved small numbers of participants, often of one gender, and with differences water temperature and salt composition. In addition, it is unclear whether or not winter swimmers are naturally healthier, say the scientific expert team of review authors from UiT The Arctic University of Norway and from the University Hospital of North Norway.
"From this review, it is clear that there is increasing scientific support that voluntary exposure to cold water may have some beneficial health effects," states lead author James Mercer, from UiT.
"Many of the studies demonstrated significant effects of cold-water immersion on various physiological and biochemical parameters. But the question as to whether these are beneficial or not for health is difficult to assess. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220923090945.htm
The Best Time to Take Vitamins
Sync your supplements with your schedule for maximum benefits https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-best-time-to-take-vitamins/
Physicians Committee’s Lawsuit Against Elon Musk Company Neuralink Reveals Existence of Hundreds of Photos of Monkeys Used in Painful Experiments https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220926005606/en
“What this signature tells us is that certain mutations in your DNA are due to exposure to tobacco smoke,” said study co-first author Marcos Diaz-Gay, a postdoctoral researcher in Alexandrov’s lab. “It doesn’t necessarily mean that you have cancer. But the more you smoke, the more mutations accumulate in your cells, and the more you increase your risk for developing cancer.” https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965967
While existing epidemiological studies don’t differentiate between soluble and non-soluble fiber, researchers could look at fiber consumption in concert with blood bile acids.
There are two basic types of naturally occurring dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble. Soluble fibers are fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids. Insoluble fibers pass through the digestive system unchanged.
Intriguingly, researchers found high total fiber intake reduced the risk of liver cancer by 29% in those whose serum bile acid levels were in the lowest quartile of their sample.
However, in men whose blood bile acid levels placed them in the top quarter of the sample, high fiber intake conferred a 40% increased risk of liver cancer. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965925
Unfortunately, sharks also get a lot of sensational coverage in the media, and well-intentioned but uninformed people often spread misinformation on social media. For example, you may have seen posts celebrating Hawaii for banning shark fishing in its waters – but these posts don’t note that about 99% of fishing in Hawaii occurs in federal waters.
Don’t take the bait. By getting your information from reliable sources, you can help other people learn more about these fascinating, ecologically important animals, why they need humans’ help and the most effective steps to take. https://www.earthtouchnews.com/oceans/sharks/how-you-can-help-protect-sharks-and-what-doesnt-work/
Total color blindness, also known as achromatopsia, is often caused by mutations that disrupt cone photoreceptor function. People with achromatopsia still possess cones, but the mutations prevent the cones from sending signals to the brain. Two children with total color blindness underwent gene therapy to correct the mutations, and the treatment partially restored the remaining cones' function. https://bigthink.com/health/gene-therapy-color-blindness/
Three distinct phases of climate variability in eastern Africa coincided with shifts in hominin evolution and dispersal over the last 620,000 years, an analysis of environmental proxies from a lake sediment record has revealed. The project explores the youngest chapter in human evolution by analysing lacustrine sediments in close vicinity to paleo-anthropological key sites in eastern Africa using scientific deep drilling https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965939
Tonight starting at 6pm EST, NASA will begin streaming the test of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), which is set to take place at about 7:15 ET, on the agency's YouTube channel and its NASA Live website. https://futurism.com/the-byte/watch-live-nasa-dart-slam-asteroid
Family ties give animals reasons to 'help or harm' as they age https://phys.org/news/2022-09-family-ties-animals-age.html
Pakistan's catastrophic floods have led to renewed calls for rich polluting nations, which grew their economies through heavy use of fossil fuels, to compensate developing countries for the devastating impacts caused by the climate crisis.
The currently favored term for this concept is "loss and damage" payments, but some campaigners want to go further and frame the issue as "climate reparations," just as racial justice activists call for compensation for the descendants of enslaved people. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-climate-activists-reparations.html
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in about 6,000 plant species, including the daisy and bean families. In plants, they protect plants from predators; however, in humans, they have antibacterial and antitumor properties, making them useful for herbal medicine. Early studies reported pyrrolizidine alkaloids could kill cancer cells, but the research was abandoned because they also caused liver damage. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-inhibit-cancer-cell-growth-compounds.html
The gut microbiota is a universe of its own and we have just started to understand how the human host and the bacterial community affect each other. Our results show that for certain blood metabolites, the bacteria you carry in the gut constitute a strong determinant," notes Marju Orho-Melander, Professor of Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, and one of the senior authors of the study.
The scientific team believes that the breadth of findings may spur the interest of other international groups focusing on gut microbiota and host interactions, and has therefore opted to publish all the associations on a public website hosted by SciLife Data Centre in Uppsala (https://gutsyatlas.serve.scilifelab.se). https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220923090939.htm
"Scientists already knew that integrating multiple senses enhances neuronal responses," Lur said. "If you only see something or just hear it, your reaction time is slower than when experiencing them with both senses simultaneously. We've identified the underlying mechanisms making this possible."
He noted that the study data suggests the same principles apply if one information stream is sensory and the other is cognitive. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220927/UCI-neuroscientists-discover-underlying-mechanisms-behind-braine28099s-high-level-work.aspx
Using artificial intelligence, physicists have compressed a daunting quantum problem that until now required 100,000 equations into a bite-size task of as few as four equations -- all without sacrificing accuracy. The work, published in the September 23 issue of Physical Review Letters, could revolutionize how scientists investigate systems containing many interacting electrons. Moreover, if scalable to other problems, the approach could potentially aid in the design of materials with sought-after properties such as superconductivity or utility for clean energy generation. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220926114753.htm
5 myths about quitting smoking, as research shows 40% of cancers ‘could be prevented’Experts run down the common misconceptions about ditching cigarettes. https://www.newsletter.co.uk/health/5-myths-about-quitting-smoking-as-research-shows-40-of-cancers-could-be-prevented-3858788
Scientists don't know for sure why the colorful phase is getting shorter, but Rao offered one potential explanation. In the fall and winter, lower levels of sunlight mean it's not very beneficial for the tree to waste energy making chlorophyll and maintaining its leaves—so it drops them. Warmer temperatures may be delaying the onset of color changes, but since light levels are not changing from year to year, the trees shed their leaves around the same time every year. The period in between is shortened due to the warming temperatures.
Color quality
Stressed trees do not produce fall foliage that's as vibrant as a healthy tree. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-climate-impact-fall-foliage.html
Psychedelic drugs: how to tell good research from bad https://theconversation.com/psychedelic-drugs-how-to-tell-good-research-from-bad-189923
Astronomers stunned as binary asteroid Didymos-Dimorphos brightens after DART space rock impact
By Tereza Pultarova
published 28 minutes ago
"This is exceeding my expectations a lot!" https://www.space.com/dart-asteroid-impact-didymos-brighten-observations
Libraries emphasize free and equitable access to information and strive to build balanced collections. The professional code of ethics requires librarians to respect intellectual freedom, which is the right of every individual to seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction. We reject restrictions on access to material based on partisan or doctrinal disapproval, whether by individuals, governments or religious and civic institutions.
Hitler's Mein Kampf or the collected works of Stalin can serve as primary sources to study society at a particular moment. Inflammatory material of the present serves the same function.
Mel Bach, a librarian at the University of Cambridge, writes that libraries "buy material that is distasteful and worse, from around the world, giving readers present and future the chance to study the extremes that are, devastatingly, part of reality." https://phys.org/news/2022-09-war-ukraine-libraries-vital-role.html
The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of repeated exposure to polyethylene (PE) MPs on the human gut microbiota and intestinal barrier https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389422018040
Microplastics discovered in human stools across the globe in 'first study of its kind' https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/812659

FDA’s rotten definition of “healthy” food is finally getting tossed ..For now, salmon and nuts are not eligible for "healthy" label, but sugary cereals are. https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/09/fdas-rotten-definition-of-healthy-food-is-finally-getting-tossed/

Study finds law enforcement is hampering harm reduction programs https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/966401
Our new study set out to fill this knowledge gap by examining Australian birds. Alarmingly, we found birds at our study sites died at a rate three times greater during a very hot summer compared to a mild summer.
And the news gets worse. Under a pessimistic emissions scenario, just 11% of birds at the sites would survive.
The findings have profound implications for our bird life in a warming world—and underscore the urgent need to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and help animals find cool places to shelter.
Feeling the heat
The study examined native birds in two parts of semi-arid New South Wales: Weddin Mountains National Park near Grenfell and Charcoal Tank Nature Reserve near West Wyalong. At both locations, citizen scientists have been catching, marking and releasing birds regularly since 1986. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-sad-distressing-massive-bird-deaths.html
Study links cold water shock to catastrophic coral collapse in the Eastern Pacific https://phys.org/news/2022-09-links-cold-catastrophic-coral-collapse.html
The fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is high in unsaturated fats and low in overall calories, protein, and carbohydrates and is designed to mimic the effects of a water-only fast while still providing necessary nutrients. Previous research led by Longo has indicated that brief, periodic FMD cycles are associated with a range of beneficial effects, including the promotion of stem cell regeneration, lessening of chemotherapy side effects, and lowering risk factors for cancer, diabetes, heart disease and other age-related diseases in mice and humans.
Promising results in mouse models of Alzheimer’s https://scienceblog.com/533990/fasting-mimicking-diet-reduces-signs-of-dementia-in-mice/
A team of researchers in Hyderabad, India, developed a 3D printed cornea — starting from one donor, the technique allows the creation of three corneas, basically tripling the number of patients that can receive a transplant. https://www.zmescience.com/medicine/3d-printed-cornea-innovation-can-become-a-beacon-of-hope-for-millions-with-eye-problems/
After years of development by Eviation Aircraft, the inaugural flight of the zero-emissions plane that's powered by two 640-kilowatt electric motors went off without a hitch when it look off at 7:10 am on Tuesday from Grant County International Airport in Moses Lake, Washington.
Alice is targeted for commuter and cargo markets and will typically operate flights ranging from 150 to 250 miles. For context, a standard flight from New York City to Washington, D.C. is about 206 miles by plane. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11258731/Alice-worlds-electric-passenger-plane-takes-skies-time-Washington.html
A new study has highlighted one way insufficient sleep can harm your immune system, making you more vulnerable to infections and inflammatory disease by damaging your body’s hematopoietic stem cells.
“This study begins to identify the biological mechanisms that link sleep and immunological health over the long-term,” explained lead author Filip Swirski. “It shows that in humans and mice, disrupted sleep has a profound influence on the programming of immune cells and rate of their production, causing them to lose their protective effects and actually make infections worse – and these changes are long-lasting.” https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/poor-insufficient-sleep-damage-immune-stem-cells/
Most bile acids exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against commercially available probiotics. This suggests that bile acids may restrict the benefits offered by externally supplemented probiotics.
The in vivo studies reported differential microbial composition in the cecum and colon. The microbial composition of the colon in CDCA and DCA treatment groups was different from that of the control group.
The reversal of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio indicated that the cecum acted as a reservoir of colonic microbiotas. When the colon encounters microbial changes, microorganisms from the cecum migrate to the colon to balance the changes. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220927/Bile-acids-play-an-important-role-in-regulating-gut-microbiome.aspx
Stunning New Pics Capture The Incredible Moment a Spacecraft Struck an Asteroid https://www.sciencealert.com/stunning-new-pics-capture-the-incredible-moment-a-spacecraft-struck-an-asteroid
The findings aligned with what the researchers initially thought: mice that were exposed to the irregular, shifting light patterns had an increased tumor burden of 68%.
But when they used RNA sequencing to determine the different genes involved in the cancer growth, they were surprised that a collection in the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) family of proteins was the main culprit.
"This is not the mechanism we were expecting to find here. HSF1 has been shown to increase rates of tumor formation in several different models of cancer, but it has never been linked to circadian disruption before," Lamia says.
HSF1 genes are responsible for making sure proteins are still made correctly even when a cell is under extreme stress -- in this case, when it experiences changes in temperature. The team suspects that HSF1 activity is increased in response to circadian disruption because changes in our sleep cycles disturb the daily rhythms of our bodies' temperature. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220929133348.htm
"A risk factor like uncontrolled high blood pressure that is more prevalent in one group can still contribute to substantial health disparities."
Levine and her colleagues looked at changes in the thinking and memory abilities of adults over 18 who took part in six long-term studies conducted over the past five decades. On average, they had access to nearly eight years of data from each person, including systolic blood pressure, which is the top number in any blood pressure reading.
The size of the data set allowed them to trace blood pressure readings and changes on tests of cognitive performance, executive function and memory in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults more clearly than any one smaller data set could. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220929133441.htm
Talking about someone behind their back might sound malicious or dishonest, but it doesn't have to be. If the information being shared is based on truth, it can actually have a positive effect on our relationships with others, according to new research.
The findings are based on a mathematical model of gossip that recently won the Ig Nobel Prize, a satiric award designed to first make people laugh and then make them think – much like gossip itself. https://www.sciencealert.com/it-turns-out-there-is-such-a-thing-as-good-gossip-according-to-new-research
However "for each of these hypotheses, the data is not very solid yet", Robineau said.
It is most likely that "we are not going to find a single cause to explain long Covid", he added.
"The causes may not be exclusive. They could be linked or even succeed each other in the same individual, or be different in different individuals."
A way to treat the condition also remains elusive.
For the last year, the Hotel-Dieu hospital in Paris has been offering long Covid patients a half-day treatment course.
"They meet an infectious disease specialist, a psychiatrist, then a doctor specialising in sports rehabilitation," said Brigitte Ranque, who runs the protocol dubbed CASPER. https://www.bssnews.net/news/85559
Aspens form stands of clonal trees, where each tree is genetically identical. Pando, an aspen stand in southern Utah, spans 108 acres. Experts consider it to be the world’s largest organism by weight. Over recent decades, Pando has been shrinking, unable to keep up with persistent over-browsing by deer and cattle. Now the genetically uniform entity is beginning to break up because of human interventions. The effort to restore Pando will inform conservation projects worldwide. https://bigthink.com/life/pando-largest-organism-stopped-growing/
SACRAMENTO, Calif. – On Thursday, Gov. Gavin Newsom vetoed a bill that would have required collection and reporting of information on products and substances sold or brought into the state containing the toxic “forever chemicals” known as PFAS.
“We are troubled that Gov. Newsom would veto legislation that would finally identify the PFAS coming into the state,” said Bill Allayaud, California director of government affairs at the Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news-release/2022/09/gov-newsom-vetoes-california-bill-track-and-report-toxic-forever
Simple nasal washes with mild saline water can prevent hospitalization and deaths from COVID-19, if applied twice daily following a positive diagnosis, according to research led by the US-based Augusta University. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220930/Simple-nasal-wash-can-prevent-hospitalization-and-deaths-from-COVID-19.aspx
Disease outcomes differ by new host species in virus spillover experiments
New study investigates why virus spillovers cause widespread disease in some new host species yet fizzle out in other species https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/966574
Traffic light system example of food packaging.
The move has been previously implemented in other countries, most notably in Europe, with positive impacts. The move also puts pressure on companies to produce healthier products — but herein lies the challenge, as pushback from the food industry can be strong, and food lobbying has skewed US nutrition recommendations in the past. https://www.zmescience.com/medicine/nutrition-medicine/why-the-white-house-wants-nutrition-labels-on-the-front-of-packaging-and-why-this-matters/
"Putting someone who recently suggested 'every last drop' of oil should be extracted from the North Sea in charge of energy policy is deeply worrying for anyone concerned about the deepening climate emergency, solving the cost-of-living crisis and keeping our fuel bills down for good," environmental pressure group Friends of the Earth said.
"Extracting more fossil fuels is a false solution to the energy crisis. It's our failure to end our reliance on gas and oil that's sent energy bills soaring and left us teetering on the brink of catastrophic climate change," it said.
Rees-Mogg's appointment "suggests that the Tories have learned nothing after years of incompetence in energy policy", added Rebecca Newsom of Greenpeace. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-environmental-bodies-uk-climate-comments.html
“This study, therefore, provides further support to the importance of looking beyond a single nutrient at a time as the one size fits all response to the age-old question of how to live a long and healthy life.”
Cohen also points out that the results are concordant with numerous studies highlighting the need for increased protein intake in older people, in particular, to offset sarcopenia and decreased physical performance associated with aging. https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/how-does-what-we-eat-affect-our-healthspan-and-longevity-it%E2%80%99s-complex-dynamic-system
The DNA in specimens "fixed" with chemicals like formaldehyde gets broken up into small pieces and stuck together. Over time, the DNA becomes more and more damaged.
This is a big challenge for researchers who want to study species like the upokororo and a major reason why extinct fish are understudied compared to other extinct species.
Fortunately, new methods have recently been developed that help to isolate and analyze small damaged fragments of DNA. This means genetic analysis of many "wet preserved" specimens like those of the upokororo is now possible for the first time. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dna-century-old-mystery-zealand-extinct.html
Asteroids are many things — dinosaur killers, archives of the earliest days of the solar system, targets for planetary defense — but they’re not supposed to be water worlds. Right?
Well, at least not these days. But in the earliest days of the Solar System’s formation, Ryugu—the diamond-shaped target of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)’s Hayabusa2 mission — had a tiny ocean within it. https://www.inverse.com/science/asteroid-ryugu-water-discovery
NASA's Juno spacecraft cozied up to Jupiter moon Europa on Thursday, beaming back some of the closest images ever taken of the icy world. The views give us our first really good look at Europa since NASA's Galileo spacecraft buzzed by more than two decades ago. https://www.cnet.com/science/space/nasas-juno-captures-closest-images-of-jupiter-moon-europa-in-years/
Non-invasive sensors laid on the skin's surface to measure bioelectrical activity could offer a better alternative for patients suffering with poor gut health. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220929133515.htm
Agricultural rewilding can help restore the environment and support production of high-welfare food, researchers say https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220929204056.htm
New research reveals that our choices may be making us more individualistic
September 20, 2021
Shilpa Madan
According to research, an average American makes around 35,000 decisions each day. https://pamplin.vt.edu/news/2021/09/pamplin-madan-choice.html
Arakawa says it expects strong demand for the resin, especially in personal care products, but high prices for natural gas and hydrogen, as well as ongoing supply chain disruptions, made the German plant unsustainable. When the plant shuts down at the end of March 2023, the Japanese firm will supply the resin from its facilities in Japan. https://cen.acs.org/business/economy/European-gas-prices-shut-down/100/i35
Raw, boiling, pan-frying, and toasting were associated with healthy profiles as for inflammatory markers, renal function, thyroid hormones, and serum vitamin D. On the contrary, frying and, to a less extent, stewing showed unhealthier profiles. Cooking methods not including added fats where healthier than those with added fats, heated at high temperatures, or during longer periods of time. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19716-1
Some of the world's most significant fossil discoveries have come from China. These include amazing feathered dinosaurs, the earliest modern mammals, and some of the oldest-known animals on Earth.
Today, four new papers published in Nature carry on this tradition by revealing the world's oldest well-preserved jawed fishes, dating between 436 million and 439 million years ago to the start of the Silurian period.
The fossil discoveries all come from new fossil sites in the Guizhou and Chongqing Provinces in China. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-kung-fu-world-oldest-fish-fossils.html
Riboflavin depletion promotes altered energetic and redox states and increases adiposity, independent of lifespan genetic dependencies. Riboflavin-depleted animals also exhibit the activation of caloric restriction reporters without any reduction in caloric intake. Our findings indicate that riboflavin depletion activates an integrated hormetic response that promotes lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acel.13718
Mice who have been tricked into thinking they are fasting manage inflammation more easily, according to neurobiologists at The University of Manchester and collaborators from the University of Naples ‘Federico II’, in Italy.
The study of mice and published in Current Biology is also the first to show that the well-established protective effects of fasting are at least in part mediated by the brain, rather than a lack of nutrients as generally thought. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discovenews/brain-tricked-into-thinking-it-is-fasting-to-cope-better-with-inflammation/
The Securities and Exchange Commission has charged Kim Kardashian for promoting a crypto security asset called EthereumMax on Instagram without disclosing she was paid to do so.
Kardashian agreed to settle the charges by paying $1.26 million and cooperating with the SEC’s ongoing investigation https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kim-kardashian-fined-promoting-crypto_n_633acaf8e4b08e0e606fd3a9
The competition drove both strains to evolve. Specifically, the invading strain acquired genetic material from the resident one, through the action of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
When bacteria integrate genetic material from the virus in a stable way, they become fitter to survive in the gut. However, if the virus multiplies, these end up dying. The researchers have shown that, curiously, 5 to 16 months after colonizing the host's gut, the invading E. coli dies less because it inhibits the multiplication of the virus. This means that bacteria evolved to "domesticate" bacterial viruses, keeping the benefits they brought, but getting rid of the associated costs. https://phys.org/news/2022-10-bacteria-evolve-gut-year.html
The Viking Age bead makers were more advanced than previously believed. New research shows that craftsmen in Denmark around year 700 used sophisticated and sustainable methods when they gave old Roman glass mosaics new life as glass beads. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/966648 . .
Recent developments and trends in thermal blanching – A comprehensive review https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214317316300919
Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage cauliflower and kale, contain a phytonutrient family known as glucosinolates, which have been shown to be cancer protective.4 Glucosinolates are water soluble, so will be lost if the vegetables are boiled, blanched or steamed with water. When vegetables from the brassica family are cooked in extra virgin olive oil, the glucoslinolate phytonutrients will be retained and the resultant cooked vegetable therefore has superior health benefits.5 https://olivewellnessinstitute.org/article/vegetables-blanch-boil-steam-or-frywhich-is-best/
Steam Blanching
Heating in steam is recommended for a few vegetables. For broccoli, pumpkin, sweet potatoes and winter squash, both steaming and boiling are satisfactory methods. Steam blanching takes about 1½ times longer than water blanching https://nchfp.uga.edu/how/freeze/blanching.html
The percent reduction range for each method was 43.7-77.0%, and the reduction range for the five leafy vegetables was 40.6-67.4%. Lettuce had the highest reduction (67.4 ± 7.3%), whereas ssamchoo had the lowest reduction (40.6 ± 12.9%). Spinach and crown daisy showed no significant difference in their reductions. Based on reduction by method, running water (77.0 ± 18.0%) and boiling (59.5 ± 31.2%) led to the highest reduction, whereas detergent (43.7 ± 14.5%) led to the lowest reduction. The reductions of chlorfenapyr, diniconazole, indoxacarb, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, and lufenuron in the leafy vegetables were lower with blanching and boiling than with other methods (p< 0.05). These results highlight the importance of thoroughly washing leafy vegetables to lower the intake of pesticide residues before cooking. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141043/
this study aims to determine whether cooking processes can reduce the pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale and yard long beans) in Thailand. For cooking experiments, the two vegetables were cooked using three different processes: boiling, blanching, and stir-frying. After the treatments, all cooked and control samples were subjected to extraction and GC-MS/MS analysis for 88 pesticides. The results demonstrated that pesticide residues were reduced by 18–71% after boiling, 36–100% after blanching, and 25–60% after stir-frying for Chinese kale. For yard long beans, pesticide residues were reduced by 38–100% after boiling, 27–28% after blanching, and 35–63% after stir-frying. Therefore, cooking vegetables are proven to protect consumers from ingesting pesticide residues. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/cooking-nutrient-content#cooking-amp-nutrients
It also triggered a monstrous tsunami with mile-high waves that scoured the ocean floor thousands of miles from the impact site on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, according to a new University of Michigan-led study.
The study, scheduled for online publication Oct. 4 in the journal AGU Advances, presents the first global simulation of the Chicxulub impact tsunami to be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. In addition, U-M researchers reviewed the geological record at more than 100 sites worldwide and found evidence that supports their models' predictions about the tsunami's path and power. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221004105010.htm
expert reaction to study looking at soluble amyloid-beta (rather than amyloid plaques) and cognition in a group of people with Alzheimer’s disease-causing mutations https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-looking-at-soluble-amyloid-beta-rather-than-amyloid-plaques-and-cognition-in-a-group-of-people-with-alzheimers-disease-causing-mutations/
How to Take on a Pipeline (and Win)
In January 2022, the Fourth Circuit US Court of Appeals ruling on a Sierra Club lawsuit stripped the Mountain Valley Pipeline of construction permits in the Jefferson National Forest. This was a rare moment when the cumulative voices of affected communities who watched their fields wash away due to pipeline construction rose above the influence of a major player in the energy industry. Scientific analysis provided by the graduate students of Virginia Scientist Community Interface (V-SCI) played a key role in lending credence to a mountain of evidence that up until that point had been treated as ‘anecdotal.’
https://blog.ucsusa.org/science-bloggehow-to-take-on-a-pipeline-and-win/
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) during pregnancy is associated with sleep and behavior problems consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a study by Penn State College of Medicine researchers. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221004121942.htm
A new system of algorithms enables four-legged robots to walk and run on challenging terrain while avoiding both static and moving obstacles. The work brings researchers a step closer to building robots that can perform search and rescue missions or collect information in places that are too dangerous or difficult for humans. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221004134345.htm
The U.S. Supreme Court opens its new session on Oct. 3, 2022, with a high-profile case that could fundamentally alter the federal government’s ability to address water pollution. Sackett v. EPA turns on a question that courts and regulators have struggled to answer for several decades: Which wetlands and bodies of water can the federal government regulate under the 1972 Clean Water Act? https://theconversation.com/which-wetlands-should-receive-federal-protection-the-supreme-court-revisits-a-question-it-has-struggled-in-the-past-to-answer-185282
If any workforce is under the looming threat of being replaced by automation, it’s the fast food industry.
One of such mechanized threats takes the form of Flippy, a hamburger flipping robot developed by Miso Robotics. Operated by an AI and cameras, the wage slave Terminator is now back with its next evolution, Flippy 2. Where the original Flippy was limited to burgers, Flippy 2 is now a fry cook killer, deep frying delicious crispy stuff from french fries to onion rings mostly on its own. https://futurism.com/the-byte/ceo-brags-that-fry-cook-robot-will-replace-obsolete-human-grunts
Decreased proteins, not amyloid plaques, tied to Alzheimer’s disease
University of Cincinnati researchers led by Alberto Espay and Andrea Sturchio published new research that supports the hypothesis that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a decline in levels of a protein called amyloid-beta. https://canopy.uc.edu/undergrad/news/detail?feed=uc_news&id=27a1dfb1-6309-550a-a165-17c6ed58d5c0&_kgoui_bookmark=4a887fd4-103b-54ef-82ab-f2f8afe3865e
Late-Night Eating Impact New study provides experimental evidence that late eating may increase hunger, obesity risk https://hms.harvard.edu/news/late-night-eating-impact
Eating in a 10-hour window may reduce the health harms of shift work
Firefighters working 24-hour shifts who only ate between 9am and 7pm saw improvements in heart health, blood sugar and blood pressure https://www.newscientist.com/article/2340830-eating-in-a-10-hour-window-may-reduce-the-health-harms-of-shift-work/

submitted by Gallionella to zmarter [link] [comments]

2022.09.07 20:29 Bubzoluck [30 min read] Engineering Consent - PART 1: A History of Nicotine and How Cigarettes made green the most like color (and I don't mean money!)

[30 min read] Engineering Consent - PART 1: A History of Nicotine and How Cigarettes made green the most like color (and I don't mean money!)

Hello and welcome back to SAR! Today is the first part in a series on cigarettes. I think most people nowadays know that using tobacco products is linked to harmful health consequences, and while we will be discussing how cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and vapes cause cancers, I don’t want to rehash the same thing as others. Because to understand cigarettes you need to understand the force that is the cigarette industry and how both the public, the government, and the companies defended cigarette use. Cigarettes were not just a commodity, they were torches of freedom for women’s suffrage, they were the escapism of the Great Depression, and are why we know sugar is harmful. They also invented modern advertising. Oh and Betty Crocker wants your eggs (and I don’t mean chicken eggs). And so before we discuss the harmful effects of cigarettes we should understand what they meant to society.

A sweet smelling smoke, like Gabriel’s kiss upon my lips

The quote that titles this section is from Pope Alexander VI, the Spanish Borgia who fell in love with tobacco when Cristoforo Colombo (that’s his real name) sent the good back from his first exploration. Even before it reached Europe, the plant had a long history of enjoyment among the first peoples of the Americas. Archeological digs in Mesoamerica found tobacco as far back as 12,000 years, making it one of the longest cultivated non-nutritious plants out there (wheat and grains are the longest nutritious plants). Tobacco was also used medicinally and spiritually among the American tribes and was a major trade item for them as well.

Nicotiana tobacaum flower and cured leaves

The plant we all think of is Nicotiana tobacum, which was the most cultivated plant but it didn’t start the trend of smoking plants outside of North and South America. Herodotus (c. 480BC) reported that Scythian Greeks would smoke hemp seeds for rituals and recreation. Cannabis has its roots in central Asia and western China as far back as 2800 BC. Spikenard, the biblical name for Lavender, was a particularly rich commodity for smoking and was heavily connected to religious life. When Mary laid Jesus down in a field, a Lavender bush sprouted beneath him, forever enrobing the Son in the smell. Royal families would demand Lavender scents in each place they went.
- Okay so smoking wasn’t new but tobacco would corner the market on recreational drug use because it wasn’t opium which was what everyone really wanted to use. By the 1500s opium had been a mainstay treatment (named Laudanum) but it would remove someone’s wits and leave them inebriated. Tobacco on the other hand has Nicotine, a stimulant alkaloid naturally found in high quantities in N. tobacum. People. Loved. It. Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds of inhalation and creates a buzz of pleasure and release of adrenaline that boosts energy. For a society just stepping out of the age of temperance, tobacco was a perfect addition to the new Renaissance era of indulgence. When tobacco was in great enough supply in Europe (for rich merchants and royalty) it quickly became the favorite pastime. Eventually tobacco replaced lavender at passover, then the weeks leading up to Easter, and eventually each night. Eventually it found its way into personal pipes and was the best way to wind down and become numb to the stress of the day.

Jean Nicot presenting tobacco to Catherine de Medici

We credit French ambassador Jean Nicot for bringing tobacco to the royal courts. France’s Francis II was afflicted by constant headaches and was gifted some snuff by Nicot. Instantly his headaches ceased—huzzah the king is cured by this powerful magic herb! Although Francis would die two years later (after reigning for two years), it was Francis’ mother, Catherine de Medici, who became a huge user of snuff and would gift it regularly to her relatives across the European continent. It would be renamed herb de la Reine (queen’s herb) in 1560. In honor of the man who put Tobacco on the world stage, French botanists named the plant Nicotiana in honor of Jean Nicot.
After the cure of the King, tobacco was used in every major court by the end of the 1570s. It reached England due to exportation from the Roanoke colony by Sir Walter Raleigh. There the Native American word tobah would combine with the business ability of the plant and tobah companies became tobacco. A famous English song, “Tobacco is like Love” was extremely popular in the early 1600s.
There is one aspect of Tobacco that is consistent no matter the country: taxation. If the people want it, the government will get their share. One of the first taxes levied on Tobacco was actually to protect the 13 Colonies’ monopoly on English production—taxing British-grown tobacco to support colonial imports. Spanish and Portuguese exports of baskets of dried tobacco ropes also helped export one of the first terms for tobacco, canasters, after the word for basket, canastro. Russian Tsar Peter the Great learned of smoking when staying in England, and since he was trying to drag Russia out of the old ways of medieval serfdom by studying western European customs, he introduced a royal monopoly on Tobacco. Russia would import 1.5 million pounds of Tobacco per year, one of the largest imports.

Bugs begone!

Nicotine as compared to Acetylcholine vs Action of Nicotine
One of the questions we don’t ask enough about plants is why they have the molecules they produce. Why does a strawberry have its fruit on the outside (did you know the “seeds” on the outside of the strawberry are actually the fruit? The red part is the swollen fruit receptacle). So why does Tobacco produce Nicotine, there must be an evolutionary purpose? The Nicotine promotes the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. which help reduce lead contents and prevent fungal growth. But, as it turns out, Nicotine is a pretty potent insecticide and is able to easily kill native insects in North and South America who try snacking on the plant.

Nicotine is an agonist of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) found in the central nervous system. In fact, these receptors are named Nicotinic because it was Nicotine binding to it that led us to its discovery. These Nicotinic receptors have two major functions: 1) they are the primary receptor at the motor nerve-muscle junction which helps us control skeletal muscle and 2) transmit outgoing signals from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. For humans the effect on muscle control is limited but its ability to change how the body maintains itself is what we feel.
- The Nicotinic receptors are responsible for neuronal signals leaving the brain, enhancing that signal and which neuron has the Nicotinic receptor that Nicotine binds to? Dopamine. When nicotine binds to the receptor it causes a downstream release of Dopamine in multiple areas in the brain. This leads to the calming effects of nicotine by making the brain worry less and also relaxing the baroreflex, the part of the brainstem that controls blood pressure and heart rate. With the baroreflex being less sensitive, it lets the heart beat slower, a physical reinforcement manifestation of being less anxious. The other effect of an increase in dopamine release is behavioral modifications and reinforcement. Dopaminergic neurons are ones that form new neural connections quickly and solidly allowing a quick propagation of behaviors. This prompts a person to try a second use of tobacco which further supplants the use. The result: addiction.

“I never smoked a cigarette until I was nine.”

Corn Husk Cigarette vs Snuff (powdered tobacco) Box
While there is a lot to be said about nicotine addiction that isn’t the focus of today’s post; I want to look at the public health history of the cigarette rather than the physiological history (we’ll tackle it in the post about addictions). The book I’ll be using to reference material is “Cigarette Century” by Allan M. Brandt—fantastic read and I highly recommend it. The rest of this post will be a synopsis of some of the fantastic research and storytelling this book does. Brandt explains that despite Tobacco being a huge cash crop for the American South, very little of it was going into cigarette making. In fact, the majority of Tobacco products before the Civil War were cigars, chew, snuff, and pipe Tobacco. The original cigarettes were wrapped in corn husk and eventually swapped with paper when new cigarette companies wanted to make a small compact good.

Very few people before the 1860s would smoke cigarettes because of the culture associated with the poor urban youth—cheap Tobacco for cheap citizens. The first cigarette brand, Sweet Caporals, was a fad among the East Coast cities and was a low cost alternative for Northern and Western European immigrants flocking to new opportunities in America. The economic depression of 1873 forced many higher end tobacco users to switch to cigarettes and by the end of the decade multiple other cigarette companies had popped up.

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It was James Buchanan Duke (aka Buck) who would invent the modern cigarette by using a new brighter blend than his competitors. In 1882 Duke employed just 10 cigarette rollers but by 1885 he would have over 700 rollers across two factories. It would be James Bonsack in 1881 who would invent the first automated cigarette roller capable of delicately filling and rolling the paper casing around the fine tobacco leaves. The device was one ton in weight and required three people to run but it produced 200 cigarettes a minute (one roller could produce one cigarette a minute). Although it was wildly efficient, Bonsack demanded $200 in royalties (about $5,000) and $0.30 per thousand cigarettes produced ($8.71). Most major cigarette brands of the day balked at the price but it was Duke who saw the potential in consistent quality and machine-made efficiency. He bought 10.
- Duke DOMINATED the market. His competitors tried to capitalize on the old techniques but none could compete with the volume and consistent quality of the Bonsack machine. By being his biggest customer Duke boosted the machine’s patent and controlled its advantage over the market. In fact this relationship would be the first situation in which a patent protected the product of a company rather than protecting the individual inventor (kinda like drug patents for pharmaceutical companies nowadays). Although Duke did well, cigarettes made up less than 2% of the tobacco market.

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Many times in this post you will find people going, “I need this improbable thing to happen” and while we may be able to think of an easier solution, those people come up with the most elaborate schemes out there. Duke knew that Tobacco’s success depended on getting new customers—after all people do die. While advertising wasn’t a new concept, Duke invented modern advertising in all its unabashed discontent. With new color lithography printers, Duke added collecting cards of sports, Civil War generals, fashion, beauty, educational flags or stamps, risque actresses (which was very popular among the young boys). He encouraged people to collect the cards and complete the set thus inventing the first trading card ‘game’ and young boys loved it. With coupons and incentive premiums, Duke began the first campaign centered explicitly on children, mainly under 12 years, which would have them buy up to 12,000 cigarettes to complete their collections (and many did). In 1889, Duke’s company spent $800,000 in advertising alone (about $4.5 million).But capturing the young boy market with a pretty smile wasn’t going to get more customers. In 1884 Duke purchased 400,000 chairs with advertisements printed on them and sent them to retailers. While it would get more customers, it had another important side effect: it kept new players out of the game by requiring a lot of capital to be spent on advertising.
- Once he knocked out new competitors, Duke focused on the ones already established. With loads of advertising, special rates with Bonsack on his machines, and the cheapest product on the market, Duke rounded up 4 other companies into one—the American Tobacco Company. He controlled 90% of all cigarette sales in the United States and the “Tobacco Trust” became the first American monopoly. Duke specialized “departments” into each part of the Tobacco production: one would buy leaves, another cut paper, another rolls, etc. thus making an interconnected web of complex corporate structure. The Tobacco Trust was founded in 1890, the same year as the Sherman Antitrust act, which would eventually bust the monopoly in 1910.

Weekly Journal-Miner May 31, 1911

Duke, who spent decades building the Trust into an efficient cigarette making mega-machine would have to chop and cut it apart to appease the government intervention. The break up of American Tobacco would create 4 new companies: American Tobacco Co., Liggett & Myers, R.J. Reynolds, and P. Lorillard. After the breakup, customers wouldn’t notice a difference in quality or taste because the monopoly became an oligopoly with each company focusing on a single brand.
Despite the rise and climb of Cigarettes, Duke thought the fad would soon be over. Hell, in 1912 over 13 billion cigarettes were produced and why shouldn’t the market be saturated? Little did he know.

Guess what really won the war

The turn of the 20th century was an interesting time for America—temperance was about to get major wins and the turn away from immoral and cultural offenses was huge. Cigarettes represented a dirty habit of disreputable boys (and men) who sucked down sticks to collect dirty pornography cards. The anti tobacco movement, born out of the prohibition movement, tried to fight against the cosmic rise of cigarettes. “An 1884 New York Times editorial stated the national crisis in no uncertain terms: ‘The decadence of Spain began when the Spaniards adopted cigarettes, and if this pernicious practice obtains among adult Americans the ruin of the Republic is close at hand.’” Many states had banned the sale of cigarettes to children and in 1900, North Dakota, Tennessee, and Iowa banned their sale altogether.

One of the contributing factors to the Tobacco Trust’s downfall was their alleged bribing of political figures. Hey, most of the trusts were doing it, go ask Standard Oil how they got so much leeway. It wouldn’t work, by 1909 Kansas, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Washington would completely ban them as well. Anticigarette leagues were winning and their propaganda spreading was doing as they hoped—doctors worried about the health implications of smoking and eugenicists believed that the cigarette was a sign of being lowborn. Anti-smokers would say that cigarettes polluted the air (while cigars and pipes made it pleasant) and the demand for nonsmoking sections of subways, restaurants, and public buildings grew. One health reformer, John Harvey Kellogg (yes, that Kellogg) said, “Smoking has become so nearly universal among men, the few non-smokers are practically ignored and their rights trampled upon.” A bit dramatic, but you get it.
- Smoking in the military was slightly different. After the Spanish-American war in 1898, most military officials were against young men smoking cigarettes. When the United States entered WW1 in 1914, those sentiments were eroded almost entirely. I mean, you have an 18 year old witnessing the deaths of thousands of men from terrible machines of war, who cares if he takes a puff? Who cares of the health concerns if he was just exposed to some mustard gas rolling across the trenches? One pro-cigarette proponent stated, “The men who for us have so long breathed the battle-smoke are to be defended from the dangers of tobacco smoke. We might as well discuss the perils of gluttony in a famine as those of nicotine on a battlefield.” How could the boys fighting for their country be viewed as delinquents? They were men, strong capable men. When General Pershing was asked how American citizens at home could help the war effort, he said, ““You ask me what we need to win this war. I answer tobacco, as much as bullets.”

The Sun, August 16, 1918 vs The Sun, December 13, 1918

One of the first groups to step up to the request was the YMCA and if you lived at the time you probably would have gotten whiplash from the 180-switch the YMCA’s opinion of cigarettes took. Volunteers would organize smoke funds to assure enough supply on the front. The “Sun Fund” collected 137 million cigarettes in just 2 months. By 1918, the War Department made sure equitable distribution of cigarette rations was done at four-tenths of an ounce per day of loose tobacco or 4 ready made cigarettes.
So the war changed public opinion? Yes and no. Most swapped their opinion but some notable holdouts became staunch anti-indulgence proponents. But to be anti-cigarette was to be anti-supporting the troops and who could be so heartless?
Guess who’s backkkkkkk? Well the companies formed after American Tobacco was demolished (but not really) profited immensely from the rise in popularity of cigarettes. As cigar, snuff, and pipe smoke declined due to Temperance, the war ensured that cigarettes never wavered. Tobacco advertising then took on three important tenants: 1) advertise to cigarette smokers, 2) advertise to non-smokers or non-cigarette smokers, 3) make sure they know their cigarettes taste good.
The “Coming of the Camel” campaign by Reynolds Tobacco Company was the first advertising campaign focused on reinventing the failed American Tobacco brand, Red Kamel. R.J. Reynolds, the CEO, created the first blended cigarette by using American and Turkish tobacco strains that had a mild taste similar to more expensive brands. At $0.10 a pack ($2.96), Camels competed nicely against low-end and high-end brands and the ‘mildness’ of Camels appealed to trepidatious new smokers. Notably Reynolds offered no coupons or promotions—a good product need not sully itself since people would pay full price for good cigs.

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Reynolds used a new technique to promote: he put ads in newspapers multiple days in a row saying “the Camels are coming.” Then the cryptic “TOMORROW, there’ll be more in this town than all of Asia and Africa combined.” Finally the product was revealed—”Camel cigarettes are HERE!” Needless to say he built hype and it worked. Introduced in 1913, Camels became a nationally recognized brand favorite by 1915 and by the end of the war was the most popular brand of cigarettes. Market share determined government purchasing and Camel accounted for over 1⁄3 of all cigarettes. Two other post trust-busting companies would follow Reynolds’ advertising strategy and by the 1920s three companies constituted 80% of all cigarettes: R.J. Reynolds’ Camel, Liggett & Myers’ Chesterfield, and the American Tobacco Company’s Lucky Strike.

Hi ho for Liberty and Women!

Here’s an interesting question for you: is it moral to advertise to women? These were the questions the cigarette companies were toying with—can you advertise to women a product that is for men? Would they even like it? Would a new smoker be accepted by her non-smoker friends? Can you still put risque cig cards in the packs if women could buy them? The 1920s represented a change in how society treated women and cigarette companies took advantage of that initial shift. While Reynolds’ basked in the success of Camels, American Tobacco launched Lucky Strikes with its own niche slogan, “They’re toasted,” pitched by its CEO George Washington Hill. In Hill’s mind, customers needed a “reason why” they should choose his Luckies but he knew it wouldn’t be enough. Hill invented a reason why men should reach for Lucky Strikes instead of another, but what reason did women have?

You might think that it was the beauty industry that started the trend of advertising dieting to get the perfect fit. Although the practice had been around for decades, it was Albert Lasker’s “Reach for a Lucky” campaign that would be the most successful campaign of the 20s. Lasker’s campaign twisted the turn of the century slogan “Reach for a Vegetable” into “Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet.” In addition to the diet implications, Lasker had prominent heroines pose with Lucky Strikes, such as a 1928 ad of Amelia Earhart with Luckies before her famous Atlantic flight. Further capitalizing, Lasker launched ads saying, “For a Slender Figure—Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet.”

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The “Reach for a Lucky” campaign was genius on multiple fronts. Firstly it put cigarettes into the world of fashion and beauty. Campaigns with famous women helped connect the brand to Women’s Suffrage and evolving female roles that other brands hadn’t established. The use of testimonials also provided a “reason why” as CEO Hill wanted and created a public image of women smoking that citizens could identify with. Aggressive testimonial campaigns became the new norm in advertising and the idea that companies were just trading on a famous name plagued campaigns. In the October 1927 issue of Liberty magazine, movie star Constance Talmadge endorsed a dozen products including Lucky Strikes which said, ““Light a Lucky and you’ll never miss sweets that make you fat.”
Generally companies avoided direct combat on the advertising field but the “Reach for a Lucky” campaign created the idea of “Instead.” No, I don’t mean instead of another cigarette, I mean instead of candy. Yeah, the candy industry was FURIOUS at the notion that cigarettes were stealing customers. The National Confectioners Association formed a ‘defense committee’ which threatened to sue American Tobacco for taking their customers away. The group even contacted the head of the health commission for Chicago to release a pamphlet on the “importance of candy as food.” Ads defended candy by saying, “You can get thin comfortably ‘on candy,’” Despite the opposition, especially with advertising to young people again, Lucky Strike became the leading cigarette by 1931.
- Unlike sodas or potato chips, cigarettes varied only slightly in their composition, flavor, and taste which meant that most consumers were buying for the brand rather than the actual product. Despite consumers saying they could identify their brand in blindfold tests, they failed time and time again and people would defend their favorite brand intensely. “Brand differentiation—and the rise of the cigarette—was viewed by critics as representative of a new and dangerous element: the artificial creation of desire for purposes of profit.” Advertising became the vehicle, driver, and destination of consumerism while allowing for the individuality of joining the crowd.
Many of the modern facets of advertising and brand building were born out of the cigarette industry in ways we thought would have grown organically. George Washington Hill, the advertising guru for American Tobacco, contracted the help of the nephew of Sigmund Freud, one Edward Bernays. Bernays marks a turning point in the story since he single handedly (basically) invented the idea of public relations. With his family’s ideas of psychology and a drive to appeal to the public, he moved advertising from an education scheme to a science. And while we are talking about the concepts that Bernays would invent, let’s detail them:

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While working for Betty Crocker, the food company that was up to this point doing alright in their own market, Bernays and a few colleagues were having trouble understanding exactly what their consumer wanted. What should the packaging be? What flavors of the new boxed cakes and foods should they be? What did people think of the product? And so the idea of bringing in a selection of people into a room and showing them exclusive products ahead of release—the result was the invention of the focus group. During this time in the 40s, women were working in factories and businesses to support the war and post-war industrialism birthed new cheap alternatives to old problems. And so women in the focus group liked the product but they felt that just adding water and oil into the box was… a bad product. Sure it tasted good but wouldn’t the women’s husbands think less of them for only adding liquid to a box and making a cake?
- Using Freudian psychoanalysis techniques the team ‘realized’ that the women felt guilt for putting so little work into the dessert. Apparently adding only water or oil robbed the women of feeling like they made a home cooked meal. Subconsciously the women were searching for a way to add their mother and nurture status back into the meal preparation and so the team developed the perfect solution! Just add an egg—like a woman adding her own eggs (ovaries), she would feel like she’s contributing to the product and lessen her own eggs. As crazy as this sounds, cake mix sales skyrocketed. And that is the reason why we add an egg to cake mixes.
In order to solicit new female smokers, Bernays wanted to further exploit the success of the “Reach for a Lucky” campaign by explicitly contacting the fashion industry instead of just insinuating the impact of the cigarette. He sent out hundreds of Parisian haute couture photos to newspapers and magazines, each with a Lucky Strike in their mouth. Likewise he contacted doctors to publish articles about the determinants of sugar on one's health. But the real breakthrough came in 1929 when Bernays asked an important question: “‘How can we get women to smoke on the street? They’re smoking indoors. But damn it, if they spend half the time outdoors and we can get ’em to smoke outdoors, we’ll damn near double our female market.” And so Bernays used the public relations monster to destroy taboos.
- When women were emancipated and got the right to vote, the idea of doing masculine activities to show that the fairer sex could rough and tumble with the boys became commonplace. In fact smoking a cigarette was seen as a symbol of freedom that the cigarette industry sponsored by linking liberty to smoking. Bernays focused on this idea of “torches of freedom” and fought to introduce women smoking in public—at the 1929 New York City Easter parade, he employed a group of debutantes who marched down Fifth Avenue smoking their Lucky Strikes. Notable feminist Ruth Hale lauded the demonstration and encouraged women to “Light another torch of freedom!” and other feminists picked up the voice of smoking outside.

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This one is a bit crazy. Apparently women were not as enthused with the green packaging of the Lucky Strikes box because the dark green clashed with their fashion. Any normal person would tell his client American Tobacco, “gee guys maybe you should think about changing your packaging.” Instead CEO Hill and Bernays sought to change fashion—Bernays would make green fashionable. He sponsored and funded green balls where people would wear green gowns, “Green Fashion Fall” luncheons to promote the color, and sponsored new clothing lines all with the hue of dark green. And. It. Worked. What?!?! “Bernays later explained, “I had wondered at the alacrity with which scientists, academicians and professional men participated in events of this kind. I learned they welcomed the opportunity to discuss their favorite subject and enjoyed the resultant publicity. In an age of communication, their own effectiveness often depended on public visibility.”
Okay okay, I might have painted a picture of snickering Hill and Bernays cackling away at the idea of turning women into zombie smokers. They weren’t the only force in getting women to turn to the death sticks but they did elevate cigarettes into a commodity that should be smoked instead of an item solely for men. The cigarette industry as a whole promoted the idea that, to be a flapper, a feminist, and independent was to have a cigarette in hand. The term that Bernays coined was “engineering consent” in which the illusion of agency was just as important as the product itself.

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With all this focus on Bernays and Hill over at American Tobacco you might have forgotten that there were two other major brands that constituted the Big Three. R.J. Reynolds Co. originally relied on traditional slogans like “No Better Cigarette Is Made” for their Camels but with the explosion of Lucky Strikes’ success from 1927 to 1931 (which dropped Camels market share from 45% to 28%), Reynolds needed to switch it up to maintain their status. Reynolds would retain the help of William C. Esty to become the next cigarette advertising IT-couple. Esty introduced the campaign of “whizz and whoozle” in which the company would do and spend whatever it takes to make Camels number one. Esty needed to turn Camels from a truck driver brand to one that the newly emerged middle-class women’s market could grab with both fingers…cause you hold cigarettes with two fingers. Oh be quiet, it was funny.
- Anyways, Esty turned to sports figures, movie stars, and socialites to promote Camels as well as using “(wo)man on the street” testimonials to show that the every-(wo)man liked Camels best. See cigarettes didn’t erode while the entire country grappled with the worst years of the Great Depression. Poorer individuals smoked cigarettes to emulate the better life they saw in advertisements and movies and the richer folks smoked to maintain their status. In this regard advertisements made it clear that any woman, no matter her status, could smoke the brand of Beverly Hills socialites and imagine themselves walking the red carpet. Smoking was independent of all barriers in society: status, race, gender, and means.
- But connecting Camels to famous people wasn’t going to do it—hell Lucky’s was doing the same thing and doing it better, Esty needed a slogan that jumped into national debates. Following a 1934 Science article in which it revealed that smoking increases sugar in the bloodstream, Esty jumped on the idea that smokers could “Get a Lift.” The article wasn’t wrong, Nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to release epinephrine which increases blood sugar but Esty’s claim that cigarettes were beneficial for diabetics was a diabolical retelling. And It. Worked.
Think of modern brands—huge global brands—and think of their smaller competitors. Hell, take a moment and think of all the root beer brands that are out there. The Big Three brands were plagued by their smaller rivals ever since the big breakup of the Tobacco Trust in 1911 and they nipped at the heels of the industry titans. In the 1920s you had brands like Stephano Brothers’ Marvels, Brown & Williamson’s Wings, Axton Fischer’s Twenty Grand, and Pinkerton Tobacco’s Sunshines all of which made up 20% of the market share of cigarettes. However, unable to keep up with the advertising requirement of millions (in 1920s money) and the Great Depression crushing small companies in the first four years of the Great Depression (1929-1939), those same companies only made up 6.4% of the market share by 1933.

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Lorillard Tobacco Company launched Old Gold with a “Reach for a Lucky”-inspired campaign that stated, “Eat a chocolate. Light an Old Gold. And enjoy both! Two fine and healthful treats.” A later campaign stated “Not a Cough in a Carload” and was the first to use comic strips in advertising. By the early 1930s Old Gold only held 7% of the market which made it the 4th leading brand, but why? Catchy slogans were used by every brand and tens of companies went under. Philip W. Lennen, the advertising guru for Old Gold, innovated blindfold tests, double cellophane wrapped packages, and prize contests worth thousands of dollars. Let’s see how you do with the puzzle up above (by the way it was worth $100,000). Here’s the answer: spectator is shouting “Ho”, they are watching a “Race”, the dog is growling “Gr”, a racer has an “E”, and the woman is saying “Lee” ⇒ Ho-Race Gr-E-Lee ⇒ Horace Grelee, the famous publisher!. Did you get it? Neither did I…
- People LOVED these with over 2 million people playing for their chance at the $100,000 ($2,057,472) which would take apparently up to 80 hours of hard work to figure out. The sale of tip sheets was a big side hustle for crafty entrepreneurs for $1.45 ($29.83). Of the 2 million entries, 54,000 people got all 90 puzzles correct and so a tie-breaker of another 90 puzzles was done. A final third round let to 8,160 winners which necessitated a FINAL tie-breaker—contestants had to write an essay about how the puzzle contest made people desire Old Gold. Yes, homework. As crazy as it sounds, by 1937 it was the contests that were holding up the company by boosting sales by over 70%. And thus the Big Three became the Big Four.
But Lorillard wasn’t the only smaller brand to survive the culling of the small guy. In 1933, at the height of the Big Four another fighter entered the ring: Phillip Morris with the aptly named cigarette: Philip Morris. Surprisingly Philip Morris took off (mostly because of being a left over from the Tobacco Trust breakup) but one of its 50 brands was the best—Marlboro. Despite it becoming the brand of the manly man in the 1970s, Marlboro started out as a brand specifically for women. Philip Morris did well because of a new casing, diethylene glycol, that was less irritating than other brands. Now where have I heard of DEG before? Hmmm… oh yeah! Its a poison. :

https://preview.redd.it/2h0iw5srbhm91.png?width=722&format=png&auto=webp&s=8ad72c64c69fbaba45d0a0465de6a952bc19ef3b

Taking a page from Bernays, Philip Morris produced the campaign of the “the best bellhop in New York City” featuring Johnnies Roventini (who became Johnnie Morris). Johnnie was a 43in high dwarf who was plastered on billboards and ads in every major newspaper and magazine. Johnnie earned $20,000 a year ($411,494) and was insured for $100,000 against “growing an inch.” Philip Morris would also pay college students to introduce their cigarettes to their friends. And. It. Worked. Basically overnight Philip Morris grew to a position where, as the cigarette industry entered the 1950s, there would be the Big Five: Lucky Strikes, Chesterfields, Camel, Old Gold, and Philip Morris

And that’s our story! Hopefully you learned something new. Again this was a synopsis of the great book Cigarette Century by Allan M. Brandt, if you need a new book to read, do this one! If you have any questions, please let me know! Want to read more? Go to the table of contents!

https://preview.redd.it/jnlkbha9chm91.png?width=606&format=png&auto=webp&s=717a7abbb43abd884d862087e8aa8c793aca30b0
Likewise, check out our subreddit: SAR_Med_Chem Come check us out and ask questions about the creation of drugs, their chemistry, and their function in the body! Have a drug you’d like to see? Curious about a disease state? Let me know!
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30457895/

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2022.07.27 03:07 cgregor9 ACHV (achieve life sciences)

u/PradoMV96 wrote a DD on this company 2 years ago and I think now would be a good time to revisit.
about ACHV:

Achieve is a specialty pharmaceutical company committed to advancing cytisinicline as a widely available treatment option to help people battling nicotine addiction.
Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It is an established smoking cessation treatment that has been approved and marketed in Central and Eastern Europe for more than 20 years. It is estimated that over 20 million people have used cytisinicline to help combat nicotine addiction.
Achieve’s focus is to address the global smoking health epidemic through the development and commercialization of cytisinicline. Smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable death and is responsible for over eight million people losing their lives annually worldwide.

The FDA will require two phase 3 trials for cytisinicline (ORCA-2 and ORCA-3)

The results from ORCA-2 were announced on 4/27/22 and were positive
Clinically robust and statistically significant results in primary and secondary endpoints for both 6- and 12-week cytisinicline treatment compared to placebo
Primary endpoints demonstrated 6-8x increased odds of smoking abstinence with cytisinicline compared to placebo
Subjects who received 12 weeks of cytisinicline treatment had 6.3 times higher odds, or likelihood, to have quit smoking during the last 4 weeks of treatment compared to subjects who received placebo (p<0.0001). The abstinence rate during weeks 9-12 was 32.6% for cytisinicline compared to 7.0% for placebo.
Subjects who received 6 weeks of cytisinicline treatment had 8 times higher odds, or likelihood, to have quit smoking during the last 4 weeks of treatment compared to subjects who received placebo (p<0.0001). The abstinence rate during weeks 3-6 was 25.3% for cytisinicline compared to 4.4% for placebo.

as a confirmatory phase 3 trial, ORCA-3 will mirror ORCA-2. It will be set up almost identically. I predict that the 2nd phase 3 trial will also be successful and should have results by the first half of 2023. They've also rolled out a phase 2 trial aimed at e-cigarette cessation called ORCA-V1. The company was given 2.5 mil by the NIH and NIDA to fund this trial specifically.
The biotech sector has had a pretty bad year and ACHV has taken a beating as well. Despite positive results the stock is still sliding towards its 52 week low. I believe now would be a good time to enter for anyone interested in the product.
This is a link to breaking biotech for some good background https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEAzxbP-eEY&t=42s

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2021.08.16 06:40 gravitydefyingturtle Old Man Willow

This creature evolved in the distant future of Australia, in a world that belongs to u/Sparkmane.
A plant is a creature, and yes this creature was named for Tolkien’s murderous tree. Fortunately, the Australian Old Man Willow doesn’t want to mulch you for shits and giggles, he just wants to have sex in your lungs.
You’re about to learn more about plant sex than you ever cared to, and for that I am sorry.
Pluck an orange from a tree, plant the seed, and a new orange tree grows. You, the squishy, uncomplicated mammal that you are, would be forgiven for thinking that the second tree is the offspring of the first tree. The second tree is not the first tree’s child, though, it’s its grandchild.
All plants engage in “alternation of generations”, where each species has two forms that birth each other in a cycle. It would be tempting to think of it like larval and adult stages, but each of these forms in the cycle is a separate organism. The asexual “sporophyte” produces a spore, which grows into a male or female “gametophyte”. The gametophyte produces gametes (sperm or eggs), which fertilize each other to produce an embryo that grows into a new sporophyte.
Hot, right? I think I need a cigarette.
In earlier plants, like ferns, the SP and GP live separately from each other; the classic fern is the SP, while fern GPs are tiny and live underground; you’ve probably never seen one. In flowering plants, like willows, the part you see is the SP, while the GPs are supported and protected by their parent. The female GP is called an ovule and lives inside the flower, while the male GP is the pollen. That’s right, pollen aren’t plant sperm, but tiny little plants in their own right whose sole purpose in life is to produce and deliver sperm to an ovule. So more like self-sustaining testicles.
Old Man Willow is, naturally, a willow. Black willows are hideously invasive plants that infest the waterways of Australia, choking out native riparian forest like river redgums and she-oaks. Willows love water, so when the Great Drying hit, many of the introduced willows couldn’t hack it. In eastern Australia though, some managed to evolve a way to keep going, by making use of the water-filled fleshbags that surrounded them.
Normally, a flowering plant like a willow tree will keep the spores that they produce safely inside the flower, where they can be fed and protected. Male spores grow into pollen grains, which are then broadcast to the outside world in the hopes of them meeting a flower of the right species and fertilizing the egg cell inside the ovule. The ancestors of Old Man Willow essentially stopped taking care of their spores, because the trees tended to die from lack of water before the spores were ready. Instead, they adapted their spores with protective coats and broadcast them, male and female alike, into the world. They offloaded the job of caring for their GPs to animals, who can move around to access water. When the Great Drying ended, the ancestors of Old Man Willow could perhaps have reverted to making normal flowers, but decided to double-down on the perversion.
Old Man Willow’s spores wait in the environment, usually in the dirt, and can sit for years before an animal inhales them. A bit of stirred-up dust could bring spores with it into nasal passages; the spore is smaller than most dust particles and its coating is hypoallergenic, so there’s a decent chance that any one spore can get through the animal’s defences (i.e. snot and nasal bones) and enter the lungs. Here, the environment is perfect for the spore’s growth: the temperature is warm and stable, there’s plenty of oxygen, the pH is just right, and best of all, lots of moisture! There’s no sunlight (unless you’re lunging wrong), but gametophytes in general are half-assed photosynthesizers at best and the GP can siphon off all of the nutrients that it needs from the host’s blood, which is conveniently available thanks to the thin walls of the alveoli.
Once inside, the Old Man Willow GP can remain in place for several years; both sexes have reverted to a more primitive, self-sustaining state. They are larger than either ovules or pollen grains, about the size and shape of a pea, with small root-like hairs providing anchorage to the lung’s walls and allowing them to siphon off blood. Male GPs produce flagellated sperm cells that get periodically jizzed out into the lung space. Female GPs make an egg cell which sits in a protective part of the plant, waiting for the arrival of said jizz. An animal’s immune system has a hard time recognizing a plant as a threat, so the GPs are pretty safe, and a single GP is not really a threat to its host.
The problems begin when there are more than one. Since a single GP can live for years inside a lung, and since a spore can live for years outside of a lung, chances are that a given animal will pick up more than one over the course of its lifetime, which is of course necessary for Old Man Willow to get his freak on. It’s easier for the gametes to ~~mete~~ meet and do their thing if both GPs are in the same lung, but the sperm cells get moved around by the animal’s breathing, so there’s still a chance for a lad to impregnate the girl next door. Once they do join up, the fertilized egg cell inside the female GP will grow into a seed, fed by the female GP from its host’s blood. When the seed is ready, the GP dies, releasing the seed into the lung space. If you’re an animal with an infestation in your lungs, this is probably the first time that you become aware that something is wrong.
The seed does need sunlight for the embryo to grow, so it needs to get out of the lungs. The seed coat is saturated with an alkaloid that irritates the lung tissue, causing fits of deep, hacking coughs as the host’s lungs desperately try to get rid of the irritant. Eventually the host hacks up the seed, along with some handy moisture to get it started, much of which is blood.
Once in the soil, the seed grows into a tree, the sporophyte. As the tree grows, it can take two possible paths. The first is an unimpressive shrub with distinctly willow-like leaves out in the open, but marked with some long, thin, leafless branches that spread out in all directions that eventually dip to the ground. These stunted Old Man Willows are not as successful at doing their tiny facehugger routine, because most of the local fauna have long ago evolved to recognize them as a threat and will avoid the shrubs, even if they aren’t quite sure why.
The second route is the more dangerous one to everyone, when those spider-leg branches find another tree. The taller the better. Old Man Willow will begin to scale the tree, using its branches like vines to climb its new host, while the leaves on the original shrub section die off, leaving just the trunk. Fortunately for the host tree, Old Man Willow doesn’t have anything nefarious planned for it, he just wants to use it as a disguise.
With its distinctive shrubbery dead at ground level and its leaves now positioned well above ground, Old Man Willow is much harder for wandering animals to detect. Additionally, being off the ground means that his spores can spread further in the breeze. Whatever position Old Man Willow finds himself in, when he reaches maturity, he begins to produce spores. Instead of flowers, he grows big, knobbly, club-like sporangia on the tips of some branches, which are kind of like flowers but worse in every way. When the spores are ready, vents in these little clubs open up and begin to broadcast the spores into the wind. Hundreds of thousands of them in a season, hundreds of millions over the course of his lifespan.
How vulnerable an animal is to developing an infestation is dependent on a few factors, because while the spores are incredibly hardy, the GPs are not. Reptiles and amphibians are pretty safe, as their variable body temperatures will kill the GP. Aquatic animals, which either lack lungs entirely or go long periods holding their breath, will suffocate the GPs. Birds have their respiratory system integrated into their bones for whatever reason, so a spore might end up there instead of the lung tissue, and will never grow.
Mammals are the target, and the bigger the better. Smammals have two reasons for being bad victims for Old Man Willow: 1) They have tiny lungs, and an internal pea-sized plant will probably kill a mouse before the plant gets a chance to reproduce, and 2) they have short lifespans anyway, so will probably die before they pick up a second spore of the opposite sex. Marsupials of middling size, like ‘roos and possums, are better; capacious lungs, a decent lifespan, and a standard body temperature that the GPs find comfortable. Big placental mammals, though, are Old Man Willow’s favourite victims. The placental body temperature is a smidge higher than those of marsupials, making the lungs of these creatures a nice Goldilocks Zone for the GPs.
Returning humans will have a lot of trouble with Old Man Willow. Where grumbies, dargs, and dongos might make very good hosts, humans are kind of perfect for it. Most large placentals that live where Old Man Willow does don’t really dig that much, so are less likely to stir up spores from the soil, but humans farm. We are also much, much longer-lived than those other species, which gives us a lot more time to be exposed, collect spores, and develop a garden of GPs in our breathey-bags. Finally, we don’t have 10 million years of evolved instinct telling us that the creepy-looking ~~old man~~ shrub is bad news and to stay away from it.
A human with a bad infestation will develop a chronic, hacking cough, and will later develop severe emphysema as the developing seeds tear their wear out of the lungs. A particularly bad infestation will also result in anemia, hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, and other scary words as the GPs drain nutrients from the blood. A person with a bad case is going to eventually develop a pulmonary embolism, a blood clot in the lungs, which is always going to be lethal.
Most returning humans in eastern Australia will have at least one GP in their lungs in their lifetimes but again, it’s only really an issue if you have more than one. Bad cases will be more common than fungal pneumonia, which infects people in much the same way (inhalation of spores). That’s not due to the plant spores being more infectious than fungal spores, but rather Old Man Willow is just better at getting his spores out into the environment en masse.
Fortunately, what we lack in instinct, we can make up for with deductive reasoning. A human that coughs up a bloody seed will hopefully have an idea: “I should plant this seed, see what grows, and then avoid those plants in the future”. Or better yet, cut them all down and kill them with fire.
We also have medicine. Ironically (or maybe coincidentally? I’m not sure I can barely write English) the main treatments for an infestation will be the descendants of two other introduced plants. The first is mullein (Verbascum), a velvet-leafed forb that grows in open, sunny areas. Mullein has been dried and smoked to treat lung ailments for thousands of years; whether it was any good at the job or not, Old Man Willow certainly hates it, and smoking mullein leaves is good at clearing an infestation out of your lungs. The second plant, cardinal flower (Lobelia), is a common garden flower that escaped into the world after we disappeared. It is smoked in the same way as mullein and is more effective at killing off Old Man Willow, but is a lot harsher on the lungs and the rest of the body. Lobelia ^{(Sackville-Baggins, hey another JRRT reference!}) grows in more-forested areas than mullein, so it’s available in places where mullein isn’t. If the choice is death by embolism or a few bad days (another name for it is ‘puke weed’; draw your own conclusions), I’d say pass the bong.
Old Man Willow lives in eastern Australia. He can live in grassland, but prefers open forest. Dense forest is not good, particularly rainforest which is too thick for them to penetrate the canopy. They also can’t grow in the desert, so Old Man Willow hasn’t spread westwards or northwards in Australia. He has not made it to Tasmania, but a few southern islands closer to the mainland have it.
While he absolutely sucks, Old Man Willow is a fascinating bit of evolution. If humanity doesn’t wipe him out, Old Man Willow could be the foundation of a new lineage of parasitic plants. For now, he’s tied to his free-living sporophyte form, so unlike some other parasites, he cannot re-infect you; an infestation is not self-sustaining, and you need to pick up more spores to get more parasites. Parasite evolution seems to be particularly sadistic, though, so maybe in another 10 million years you’d see cows wandering around with willow trees growing out of their backs.
So be sure to stop by the servo on your smoko, pick up some durries, hey? You don’t want Old Man Willow ta’ getcha!
cough

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2021.07.14 13:42 SituationLive4406 XXII transacts an immediately accretive deal in the cannabis sector.

22nd Century (XXII) About to Experience a Growth Spurt with New Initiatives on the Horizon
Approx. 10% of the float is sold short (14M shares)
Good day everyone,
We are initiating coverage on 22nd Century Group, Inc. (NYSE: XXII), a leading plant-based, biotechnology company that is focused on tobacco harm reduction, very-low nicotine content tobacco, and hemp/cannabis research.
Current price $3.72/share
Outstanding shares (est.) 162M Shares
float (est 141M)
Institutional ownership 28.9%
Revenues (ttm) 27M
Our last report on XXII was in April when the company shares were at $5.15, and we saw them move to $5.62/share. We looked at what’s new at XXII and coupled with the current lower share price, prompted this report. When we look the company stock chart, we see the company shares trading below their 50 DMA of $4.48 and a current RSI (14) of 35.41 and we believe those data indicate a “buying the dip” opportunity.
A month ago, XXII completed a $40M capital raise. “This straight common equity financing will accelerate our ongoing strategic objectives and enable us to continue to advance across each of our three plant franchises. With our recently announced initiatives to strengthen and maximize multiple revenue opportunities in our hemp/cannabis franchise, we are now squarely positioned in the mainstream of the cannabis equity space,” said James A. Mish, chief executive officer of 22nd Century Group.
It was just on June 25th that CEO James Mish out lined the path forward for the company in a letter to shareholders. He pointed out that “political momentum in our favor. We have seen renewed interest in and support for a menthol ban on tobacco products, a reduced nicotine mandate requiring that all cigarettes be made “minimally or non-addictive” based on their nicotine content and, with 36 states now legalizing cannabis in some form, major progress on potential reform to hemp/cannabis regulation.” We urge you to read that recent letter to shareholders, it almost has a “swagger” to it and we liked that.
Mr. Mish further stated “22nd Century offers the FIRST and ONLY reduced nicotine content combustible cigarette product authorized for sale by the FDA, and our pending MRTP authorization will allow us the headline marketing claim that our industry-disrupting cigarettes contain “95% Less Nicotine. We have expanded our VLN® tobacco growing program for the current crop year to support anticipated demand.” Advertising cigarettes is pretty much illegal but if the FDA wants VLN cigarettes in the hands of smokers, what is the point of not advertising them?
The global market for cigarettes is estimated to be over $700 billion. That means that each 1% of the cigarette market share represents $7 billion in revenues.
On their cannabis/hemp business:
The company is also stepping up its involvement in the cannabis sector telling shareholders “We have expanded and advanced our successful plant research partnerships with KeyGene and CannaMetrix and established strategic partnerships with two leading and soon to be announced, alkaloid-based plant breeders in the northern and southern hemispheres, providing for year-round growing capabilities.”
22nd Century Group has now secured all key partnerships needed to maximize and support each of the five components in the upstream segment of the cannabinoid value chain: plant profiling (CannaMetrix), plant biotechnology (KeyGene), commercial-scale plant breeding; plant cultivation (Needle Rock Farms and breeder network), and ingredient extraction/purification (Panacea). In doing so, they have built a unique ability to accelerate the delivery of valuable, commercial-scale plant lines and intellectual property.
A new Canadian subsidiary, 22nd Century Canada, was launched in May to serve as a base for all XXIIs expanded activities in tobacco and hemp/cannabis products.
In further news on the XXII cannabis business, the company announced it has signed a definitive agreement to restructure its strategic investment in Panacea Life Sciences, Inc. 22nd Century’s existing $7 million note in Panacea will be exchanged for ownership of Needle Rock Farms, located in a prime Colorado hemp/cannabis growing location and valued at $2.2 million. The Company will also receive a new $4.3 million note and $500,000 in Panacea equity.
In addition, $7.0 million in Panacea Life Sciences Series B Preferred Stock held by 22nd Century will be converted into 91 million shares of Exactus, Inc. (OTCQB: EXDI), as part of a business combination transaction via share exchange with Panacea under which Panacea will become publicly traded. The transaction is expected to be immediately accretive to 22nd Century.
The recent dilutive cash raise of $40M stings for many investors but in this case, we believe it was a necessary move to facilitate the growth initiatives coming for the company. Too often we see these cash raises with the purpose of “general corporate expenses” but XXII has told us exactly what they need to spend money on.
The initiatives we’ve reiterated above may cause a growth in company revenues in the near-mid term particularly with the potential sales of their VLN cigarette product line and the accretive equity stake in Exactus. We are excited to see the company developing their cannabis business and are looking forward to seeing initiatives there.
What is equally exciting is the potential for catalysts generated by company announcements in the near term. We recommend that as part of your due diligence, you read the recent letter to shareholders in its entirety.
The Traders News Group & Lucky's Breakout Stocks
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2021.05.26 08:26 Creative-Turnip5667 How to Prevent Pre-Diabetes

Diabetes is a very serious chronic disease suffered by millions of people worldwide.
If you are diabetic and fail to control your blood glucose levels you are likely to end up with one or more serious medical conditions, such as heart disease, kidney failure and damaged nerves among many others.
Pre-diabetes is a condition in which your blood glucose levels are higher than they should be but not so high that you are diagnosed as diabetic. Research suggests that up to 70% of persons with pre-diabetes go on to develop full type 2 diabetes.
But this means that 30% manage to halt the development of diabetes before it becomes a chronic disease. So, if you have been diagnosed as pre-diabetic, developing full-blown diabetes is not inevitable.
You can't change your past behaviour, your age or your genes but you can change your lifestyle... how you disport yourself and what you eat and drink.
How your digestive system works
The foods you eat are mostly a combination of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in various proportions. A piece of meat, for example, contains mostly protein and fats. Vegetables such as potatoes contain lots of carbohydrates.
When you digest a bit of food, it is broken down into it main components... carbs, proteins and fats. These components are then broken down further in your digestive system and released into to your blood-stream which delivers them around your body.
Your energy comes from glucose. Glucose is just a simple sugar. But it is your body's primary source of energy.
Most glucose comes from digesting the sugar and starch in carbohydrates which you get from food such as rice, pasta, grains, breads, potatoes, fruits and some vegetables. The glucose produced by digestion in your stomach is absorbed into your bloodstream which delivers it to your body's cells.
Glucose is the fuel for your cells... it powers your movements, thoughts and just about everything else you do.
In order to power your cells, glucose has to get into them. It can only do this with the help of insulin.
Insulin is a hormone (a type of chemical). It is produced by your pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin into your bloodstream where it travels around your body and meets up with glucose on the same trip. The purpose of insulin is to enable glucose to enter your cells.
To do this, insulin attaches itself to a receptor in the surface of the cell. This causes the cell membrane to allow glucose to enter the cell. The cell can then use the glucose as its fuel.
This glucose-insulin system has to work properly if you are to be healthy.
If the insulin does not do its job of 'opening the cell door' for glucose, the glucose will not be able to get into the cell... and the cell will run out of fuel.
Diabetes is a condition in which the glucose-insulin system does not function correctly.
There are two major types of diabetes: (a) type 1 and (b) type 2. More than 90% of diabetics have type 2 diabetes.
In type 1 diabetes the pancreas does not produce any insulin or, at best, very little. Type 1 cannot be cured. The only way these diabetics can survive is by taking regular shots of insulin.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does produce insulin which is released into the bloodstream. But when the insulin arrives at a cell it has trouble attaching itself to a receptor. So it cannot induce the cell membrane to open and allow glucose to enter the cell.
Insulin resistance is the condition in which insulin is unable to attach itself to cell receptors.
Imagine a key trying to slide into a lock in a door. If the lock is jammed... say, with a bit of chewing gum... the key cannot get in. There is nothing wrong with the key and nothing wrong with the lock. But before the key can get in, the lock has to be cleaned out.
One of the main reasons for insulin resistance is having cell 'doors' that are jammed with fat. The only way to 'unjam' them is to eliminate all fat as far as possible from your diet for four to six weeks (at least) until the cell receptors are free of fat.
So what do you have to do to prevent type 2 diabetes developing from pre-diabetes to the full-blown chronic condition... with its elevated risks of heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney transplants, leg amputations, and other dreadful conditions?
Change your lifestyle using:

Exercise, and
Diet

Here are 12 things you can do:
[1] Avoid sedentary behaviour
A sedentary lifestyle is one in which you sit most of the day and undertake little physical activity. The link between sedentary behaviour and the risk of diabetes is well proven.
An analysis of the results of 47 studies found that people who spent most of the day engaged in sedentary behaviour (eg, office workers) have a 91% risk of developing diabetes.
If you work in an office, there are several ways you can change your sedentary habits:

Stand up from your desk and walk around for a few minutes every hour.
Stand instead of sitting when talking on the phone.
Take the stairs instead of the elevator.
Park far away from the supermarket so you have to walk a good distance to get inside.
Go for long walks in the evening (easy if you have a dog).

The best way to reverse sedentary tendencies is to commit to specific actions you can do every day.
[2] Get plenty of exercise
Research indicates that physical exercise increases the insulin sensitivity of cells... when you exercise, less insulin is required to enable your blood glucose to enter your cells.
Many types of physical activity reduce blood glucose levels in pre-diabetic adults who are obese or overweight... including aerobic exercise, strength training and high-intensity interval training.
One study of pre-diabetics indicated that high-intensity exercise increased insulin sensitivity by 85%... while moderately intense exercise increased it my more than 50%. But this effect only happened on the days that they actually worked out.
Another study found that to improve insulin response in pre-diabetics, they needed to burn at least 2,000 calories a week through exercise... but that is not too hard to do if you set your mind to it.
The trick is to find a physical activity you enjoy and can undertake regularly, and then stick to it for the long-term.
[3] Quit smoking
Besides cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, colon, oesophagus and digestive tract, as well as emphysema and heart disease, research indicates that there are strong links between smoking (and exposure to second-hand smoke) and type 2 diabetes.
Smoking increases the risk of diabetes by 44% in average smokers and 61% in heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes a day), compared to non-smokers according to a meta-analysis of several studies that together covered more than one million smokers.
But quitting reduces this risk over time, not immediately.
A study of middle-aged male smokers indicates that five years after quitting their risk of developing diabetes was reduced by 13% and after 20 years it was the same as people who had never smoked.
[4] Lose weight
The majority of people who develop type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. In addition, people with pre-diabetes tend to have visceral fat ... ie they carry their excess weight around their middle and abdominal organs such as the liver.
Studies have shown that excess visceral fat promotes insulin resistance, increasing the risk of diabetes significantly. This risk can be reduced by losing weight, especially around the middle.
One study of more than 1,000 people found that for every kilogram (2.2 lbs) they lost, their risk of diabetes was reduced by 16%. This study also found that the maximum reduction of risk was 96%, ie a loss of 6 kilogram (13.2 lbs).
There are many healthy ways for losing weight... exercise... dieting.
You have many dietary options to choose from: Mediterranean, paleo, low-carb, vegetarian. The best, perhaps, is the Beating-Diabetes diet.
[5] Reduce the fat in your diet
As you already know, the main cause of type 2 diabetes is fat gumming up the receptors in your muscle cells, so the insulin cannot open the cell membranes to allow glucose to enter. The "cure" is to unblock the receptors.
As you are pre-diabetic it is likely that fat is already beginning to gum up the receptors. You can unblock the receptors by minimising the fat you ingest in your diet.
To minimise the fat you eat:

make sure that less than 10% of the energy in any food you eat comes from fat (read the labels), and
reduce your consumption of meat, eggs and dairy products as much as possible, and focus on foods based on plants (fruit and vegetables).

It's that simple.
[6] Reduce the refined carbs you eat
Refined carbohydrates are refined sugar and grain products that have been milled. The process removes dietary fibre, vitamins, and minerals from the grains.
Examples of refined carbs include white sugar, granulated sugar, high fructose corn syrup and so on, as well as white flour, white rice, white pasta etc. These are digested more rapidly than unrefined carbohydrates.
Many studies have shown a link between the frequent consumption of sugar or other refined carbs and the risk of diabetes.
For example, an analysis that looked at a total of 37 studies found that persons with the highest intakes of refined carbs are 40% more likely to develop diabetes than those with the lowest intakes.
This is because simple sugars and refined carbs are digested very quickly and are absorbed rapidly in the bloodstream. This results in a spike in the level of glucose in your blood.
But, as you are pre-diabetic, your body's cells are resistant to the action of insulin. As a result the glucose spike stimulates your pancreas to produce more insulin.
Over time this leads to higher and higher blood glucose and insulin levels in your blood until you develop full-blown diabetes.
To avoid this you need to stop putting sugar in you tea and coffee, and stop drinking sodas and other sugary drinks.
You also need to start eating natural foods such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, and uncooked vegetables, all of which are top sources for unrefined carbohydrates.
[7] Eat a high fibre diet
Dietary fibre is the indigestible portion of plant foods. There are two types of fibre and eating plenty of both types is crucial for preventing pre-diabetes turning into the full-blown variety.
Soluble fibre is fibre that dissolves in water to form a viscous gel-like material that slows the rate at which food is absorbed, reducing the likelihood of sudden spikes in blood glucose.
Insoluble fibre cannot dissolve in water but does absorb water which makes your stool more bulky, easing its passage. It too is linked to reductions in blood glucose but how it works is not clear.
The main sources of soluble fibre are... legumes (beans, peas, etc)... grains (oats, rye and barley)... vegetables such as broccoli, carrot and artichokes... root vegetables such as sweet potatoes and onions... and the insides of some fruits such as prunes, plums, berries, bananas, apples and pears.
Insoluble fibre is mostly found in... whole grains... wheat and corn bran... nuts and seeds... potato skins... flax seeds... fruit such as avocados and bananas... some skins such as on tomatoes... and vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, courgettes (zucchini) and celery.
Some plants contain significant amounts of both soluble and insoluble fibre. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruit and you will get enough fibre to prevent your pre-diabetes developing into diabetes.
[8] Minimise your intake of processed foods
Processed foods, such as bacon, sausage, paté, salami, breakfast cereals, cheese, tinned vegetables, bread, savoury snacks (crisps, sausage rolls, pies and pasties), cakes and biscuits, microwave meals and so on, are full of oils, added fats, added sugar, refined grains and all sorts of additives.
Processed foods are linked to all sorts of health problems, including diabetes. One study found that poor-quality diets that are high in processed foods increase the risk of diabetes by 30%.
So to prevent your diabetes developing into chronic diabetes, you need to cut back on processed foods. Eat vegetables, fruits, nuts and other plant foods instead.
[9] Restrict portion sizes
Once food hits your stomach, it all starts to be digested at once.
Thus, unsurprisingly, eating too much at one sitting has been shown to cause higher blood sugar and insulin levels in people who are pre-diabetic.
A two-year study of pre-diabetic men found that those who reduced the amount of food they ate in one meal had a 46% lower risk of developing diabetes compared to those who continued to eat large amounts.
Another study of people with re-diabetes concluded that those who practiced portion control lowered their blood glucose and insulin levels significantly after 12 weeks.
So, to prevent the onset of diabetes, you need to practice portion control.
[10] Drink lots of water, coffee and tea
Water... lots of it... should be your primary beverage.
Sticking with water most of the time means you will be avoiding beverages that are high in sugar, preservatives and other questionable ingredients.
A large observational study of 2,800 people found that those who consumed more than two servings of sugar-sweetened beverages a day had a 99% increased risk of developing LADA and a 20% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, is a form of type 1 diabetes that occurs in people over 18 years of age.
Some studies have found that increased water consumption (as oppose to upping the quantity of sodas or fruit juices you consume) leads to better blood glucose control and insulin response.
One 24-week study, for example, showed that overweight adults who replaced diet sodas with water as part of a weight-loss programme experienced a decrease in insulin resistance and lower levels of blood glucose and insulin after fasting.
So drink plenty of water, at least 2 to 4 litres, a day to stop diabetes developing.
Make sure you avoid the sugar-filled sodas and energy drinks. Instead, when you need a pick up or energy booster, go for coffee or tea.
Coffee and tea contain polyphenols, antioxidants that may protect against diabetes. Green tea also contains epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a unique antioxidant that has been shown to reduce the release of blood sugar from the liver and to increase insulin sensitivity.
Several studies have shown that drinking coffee on a daily basis reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by anywhere from 8 to 54%. The greatest reduction in risk is seen in those who drink the most.
An analysis of several studies, that included tea as well as coffee, found similar results. This review also showed that the risk of developing diabetes was reduced the most in women (of all sizes) and overweight men.
So it's plenty of water, tea and coffee for pre-diabetics who wish to avoid developing diabetes.
[11] Take a daily nutritional supplement
The term nutritional supplement covers micro-nutrients such as vitamins, dietary minerals and fatty acids.
Vitamins are vital for health. All vitamins fall into one of two main groups... water-soluble or fat-soluble.
Water-soluble ... are all the B vitamins plus vitamin C. These vitamins are not stored in your body and you get rid of excess quantities in your urine. Thus they cannot build up to toxic levels in your body.
Fat-soluble ... are vitamins A, D, E and K. To absorb these vitamins, you need a little fat in your diet. Any excess amounts are stored in your body fat so they could, theoretically, build up to toxic levels. But this is extremely rare.
Minerals are divided into two groups... major minerals and trace minerals.
Major minerals are the minerals you need in amounts of 100 milligrams (mg) or more each day. These minerals are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, potassium, sodium, and chloride.
Trace minerals are needed in amounts of less than 100mg each day. Trace minerals include iron, iodine, zinc, fluoride, selenium, copper, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum.
Minerals are used in a variety of processes. For example, your body uses calcium to make bones and teeth, and iron to make the haemoglobin in your red blood cells.
Although the functions of all vitamins and dietary minerals are not yet fully understood by scientists, and even though the results of clinical tests often contradict each other, a daily dietary supplement should help prevent your pre-diabetes developing into diabetes.
Here's what you need to take on a daily basis:

Multivitamin • to make sure all your nutritional needs are covered
Vitamin B12 (4mcg) in a separate tablet • for the health of your nervous system as your pre-diabetes is likely to be affecting your nerves already
Calcium (400mg) plus vitamin D (2.5mcg) together in a separate tablet • to ensure the health of your bones
High-strength cod-liver oil capsule with vitamins D and E, in a separate capsule • to make sure you ingest adequate amounts of the essential fatty acids omega 3 and omega 6

There is an emphasis on vitamin D because this vitamin is important for good control over your blood glucose.
A variety of studies show that persons who have too little vitamin D in their bloodstream are at a greater risk of all type of diabetes. One study found that persons with the highest levels of vitamin D in their blood were 43% less likely to develop diabetes compared to persons with the lowest levels.
Most health organisations recommend maintaining a vitamin D blood level of at least 75nmol/l (30ng/ml).
Controlled studies have shown that when people who are deficient in vitamin D take supplements, their blood glucose levels normalise and their risk of developing diabetes is reduced significantly.
[12] Add natural herbs to your diet
The internet is full of claims, mostly spurious, that certain herbs can prevent your pre-diabetes from developing into the full-blown version of the disease. Here are a few of the more credible claims:
Cinnamon ... is a highly-aromatic spice with a very distinctive flavour. It is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions, apparently with some success.
Reports on the internet suggest that cinnamon can cut fasting glucose levels by up to 30%, so I began sprinkling one large teaspoon on my porridge (oatmeal) in the morning. Within a few days, my average glucose levels on awaking had dropped by nearly 0.5mmol/l (9mg/l) or about 8%, quite a bit short of 30%... a significant reduction nonetheless.
So it seems to me that this spice, in the form of ground powder you can buy from your local supermarket, can help you improve your blood glucose levels and thus help prevent your pre-diabetes developing into diabetes.
Bitter melon... aka bitter gourd or karela (in India), is a unique vegetable-fruit that can be used as a food or medicine. It is often recommended for the control of diabetes.
A number of clinical studies have shown that bitter melon is effective in improving blood glucose levels, increasing the secretion of insulin and decreasing insulin resistance.
In January 2011, for example, the results of a four-week clinical trial were published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, which showed that a 2,000 mg daily dose of bitter melon significantly reduced blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes. However the hypoglycemic effect was less than that of a 1,000 mg per day dose of metformin, a popular diabetes medication.
Although it may be of some help in preventing your pre-diabetes getting worse, bitter melon needs to be treated with care as it has been associated with miscarriages and induced abortions in animals... it should be avoided if you are pregnant or want to get pregnant.
Curcumin ... is a component of turmeric, one of the main ingredients in curries. It has strong anti-inflammatory properties and has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries.
Research shows that curcumin can help reduce inflammatory markers in persons with pre-diabetes.
In a controlled 9-month study of 240 pre-diabetic adults, none of those who took 750mg of curcumin per day developed diabetes, but over 16% of the control group did. The study also noted that insulin sensitivity amongst those who took curcumin increased, as did the functioning of their insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Thus the benefits of curcumin in decreasing insulin resistance and reducing the risk that pre-diabetics will develop full blown diabetes appear to be well proven.
Berberine ... is an alkaloid extracted from various plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is proven to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. It works by reducing the production of glucose in the liver and increasing insulin sensitivity.
An amalgamation of 14 studies of human and animal research has shown that 1,500mg of berberine, taken in three doses of 500mg each, is equally effective as taking 1,500mg of metformin or 4mg glibenclamide, two popular pharmaceuticals for treating type 2 diabetes. Berberine is one of the few supplements shown to be as effective as conventional diabetes drugs.
Berberine, however, can interact with other medications and caution needs to be exercised... ask your doctor before you try to use it to prevent your pre-diabetes getting worse.
Caveat (1): Spurious claims that certain supplements can cure or prevent diseases abound on the internet. However there are a few reliable sites that contain research-tested information. These are mainly connected to reputable universities, medical schools and teaching hospitals.
Caveat (2): Some herbs and supplements may interact with your diabetes medication (including insulin) and cause excessively low blood glucose. So check with your doctor before using them.
Conclusion
Pre-diabetes can develop into full-blown diabetes very quickly if you do nothing about it. And the medical consequences of diabetes are very serious indeed.
So take your pre-diabetes seriously and deal with it as outlined above... this will enable you to live a pleasant and fruitful life.

submitted by Creative-Turnip5667 to u/Creative-Turnip5667 [link] [comments]

2021.01.02 18:14 gogovachi Suisei's karaoke streams have been unprivated! I've organized them for you. Please watch them and support Suichan!

Some background: a couple months back most of Suisei's older karaoke stream archives were made private during the Great Hololive Copyright purge. Fortunately, it seems the many of her karaoke streams (including her epic 4 hour marathon stream on Christmas Eve) been brought back online recently.
I wanted to share these great performances with members of the Hololive Reddit community who may not have had a chance to watch them yet. Below is a list of all the currently available karaoke streams and concerts that I could find on her channel. They are complete with setlists so you can see if Suichan sang any of your favorite songs.
Suisei is my favorite vocalist in Hololive and one of the biggest contributors to my Hololive addiction. Her drive and tenacity are inspiring and her singing has become even more beautiful over time. Please take a listen and support our diamond in the rough!
Note: All setlists and timestamps are taken and edited from the comments of many, many very helpful YouTube users (esp. レインHaruto who went the extra mile with bilingual timestamps on many of these streams).
Other Resources:

1 March 2020 (Suisei's 3D Model Debut Concert)

01:39 Tenkyu, suisei ha yoru wo mataide (2nd original song)
06:10 MC1
09:29 Neo stream (from Macross Delta, Original artist: Walkure)
14:25 Absolute 5 (from Macross Delta, Original artist: Walkure)
19:09 Iteza Gogo Kuji Don't be late (from Macross Frontier, Original artist: Sheryl Nome(May'n))
25:05 MC2
29:06 Kyoumei Sekai no Ontology (from THE IDOLM@STER CINDERELLA GIRLS, Original artist: Asuka Ninomiya(Shiki Aoki))
33:40 Hotel moonside (from THE IDOLM@STER CINDERELLA GIRLS, Original artist: Kanade Hayami(Yuko Iida))
39:46 Daydream Warrior (from Love Live! Sunshine!!, Original artist: Aqours)
44:36 MC3
48:42 Kirameki Rider (Original artist: hololive IDOL PROJECT )
54:00 comet (1st original song)
58:21 MC4 & Announcements

7 June 2020 (Massive Acapella stream)

06:18 Yuwake to Hotaru / 夜明けと蛍 by n-buna / ナブナ(2014)
10:58 Bungaku Shounen no Yuutsu / 文学少年の憂鬱 by ほえほえP(2010)
13:50 Noruniru / ノルニル by やくしまるえつこ(2011) / アニメ輪るピングドラム
16:47 Koikaze / こいかぜ by 高垣楓/早見沙織 (2012) / THE IDOLM@STER CINDERELLA GIRLS
19:50 Ame to Cappuccino / 雨とカプチーノ by Yorushika / ヨルシカ(2019)
22:36 Dreaming bird from ゲーム,アニメアイカツスターズ！(2017)
24:57 SEVENDAYS LOVE, SEVENDAYS FRIEND from アニメプリティーリズム・レインボーライブ(2013)
29:03 Inochi ni Kiwareteiru / 命に嫌われている。by Kanzaki Iori / カンザキイオリ(2017)
30:47 // ハム太郎とっとこうた / いはたじゅり / アニメとっとこハム太郎(2000)
31:34 Teru no Uta / テルーの唄 by Aoi Teshima / 手嶌葵 from アニメ映画ゲド戦記(2006)
34:22 THE GENESIS by Eden(2018?) / ゲームあんさんぶるスターズ！！
35:59 Love's Bells / ラブノベルズ by BiBi(2011) / キャラソンラブライブ!
37:36 // Sekai ni Hitotsu Dake no Hana / 世界に一つだけの花 by SMAP (2003)
38:14 Ranbu no Melody / 乱舞のメロディ by シド(2010) / アニメ BLEACH
41:14 Change!!!!! / チェンジ!!!!! by Walkure / ワルキューレ from Macross Delta アニメ映画劇場版マクロスΔ 激情のワルキューレ(2018)
43:56 Yozora wa nandemo shitteru no / 夜空はなんでも知ってるの? by CYaRon!(2016) / キャラソンラブライブ!サンシャイン!!
46:41 Hanamuke no Tori / 餞の鳥 by D/Zeal(2018?) / アイドルマスターミリオンライブ！シアターデイズ
49:41 Koyoi Tsuki no Yakata ni Te / 今宵月の館にて by Valkyrie (2018?) from Ensemble Stars
53:44 Yobanashi Deceive / 夜咄ディセイブ by じん/自然の敵P(2013)
55:58 // Aozora no Rhapsody / 青空のラプソディ by fhána from Kobayashi-san no Dragon Maid (2017)
57:56 Fire◎Flower by halyosy(2008)
1:00:58 未熟DREAMER by Aqours(2016) / アニメラブライブ！サンシャイン!!
1:07:16 Osore-san Revoire / 恐山ル・ヴォワール by 恐山アンナ/林原めぐみ(2011) / かぴたろう(2010) / キャラソンシャーマンキング
1:09:52 Rumor / Police Piccadilly(2019)
1:12:05 Gekkou / 月光 by Onizuka Chihiro / 鬼束ちひろ(2000) from TRICK
1:13:22 heavenly blue by Kalafina(2014) / アニメアルドノア・ゼロ
1:15:32 Kaen / 火炎 by Queen Bee / 女王蜂 (2019) from アニメどろろ
1:17:24 Fixer / フィクサー by ぬゆり(2017)
1:18:54 RE:I AM by Aimer(2013) / アニメ機動戦士ガンダムUC
1:21:33 Shinkai City Underground / 深海シティアンダーグラウンド by 田中B(2011)
1:23:00 // Lupin the 3rd Theme / ルパン三世'79 from アニメルパン三世(1979)
1:24:14 Melody in the dark by UNDEAD(2015?) / ゲームあんさんぶるスターズ！！
1:27:22 Miwaku Geki / 魅惑劇 by Valkyrie(2018?) / ゲームあんさんぶるスターズ！！
1:28:57 // fake town baby → 2020-01-07, 2020-04-15
1:29:42 Euterpe / エウテルペ by EGOIST(2011) / アニメギルティクラウン挿入歌
1:34:26 Tsubasa Moratorium / 翼モラトリウム by ALKALOID(2020?) from Ensemble Stars
1:36:54 TAO by Do As Infinity from Tales of Legendia
1:36:45 // Karma / カルマ → 2019-06-10
1:38:23 // Hikari to Kage / 光と影 by Uemura Kana / 植村花菜 from ゲームテイルズオブザワールドレディアントマイソロジー(2006)
1:40:24 Hotarubi / 蛍火 by Sudo Mayumi / 須藤まゆみ from Tales of Legendia (2005)
1:42:28 // V.I.P by SID / シド(2012) / アニメマギ
1:43:01 Ghost Rule / ゴーストルール by DECO*27(2016)
1:44:08 // このピアノでお前を8759632145回ぶん殴る / SLAVE.V-V-R(2016)
1:44:54 Sayonara Andromeda / さよならアンドロメダ from Idolm@ster あいどるますたー
1:48:19 Yurei Tokyo / 幽霊東京 by Ayase (2019)
1:51:14 Uchiage Hanabi / 打上花火 by DAOKOx米津玄師(2017) / アニメ映画打ち上げ花火、下から見るか?横から見るか?
1:55:02 Magia by Kalafina / アニメ魔法少女まどか☆マギカ(2011)
1:57:37 Raisan Uta / 礼讃歌 by Valkyrie(2017?) / ゲームあんさんぶるスターズ！
1:59:05 // Anpan Man's Theme / アンパンマンのマーチアニメそれいけ!アンパンマン(1988)
1:59:36 // Triangle / トライアングラー by Maaya Sakamoto / 坂本真綾 / アニメマクロスF(2008)
2:00:04 // Silent Oath by Knights(2016?) / ゲームあんさんぶるスターズ！
2:00:54 // Amagi Goe / 天城越え by Ishikawa Sayuri / 石川さゆり(1986)
2:01:23 Alive Factor / アライブファクター from アイドルマスターミリオンライブ！(2015?)
2:05:40 Departures 〜あなたにおくるアイの歌〜 by EGOIST(2011) / アニメギルティクラウン

9 June 2020 Sheena Ringo (椎名林檎) and Tokyo Incidents (東京事変) Stream

2:09 郡青日和 / Ultramarine weather
7:28 罪と罰 / Tsumitobachi
13:22 NIPPON
18:14 永遠の不在証明 / Eien no fuzai shōmei
24:00 おとなの掟 / Otona no okite
28:29 女の子は誰でも / Onnanoko wa daredemo
32:58 能動的三分間 / Nōdōtekisanpunkan
37:13 きらきら武士 / Kirakira Bushi
42:15 本能 / Hon'nō
46:55 神様、仏様 / Kamisama, Hotokesama
50:54 青春の瞬き / Seishun no Mabataki
56:26 丸の内サディスティック / Marunouchi Sadistic

15 June 2020 (3D Live Karaoke)

04:43 Ikuze! Kaito Shoujo / 行くぜっ!怪盗少女 by Momoiro Clover Z / ももいろクローバーZ(2010)
09:48 アイスクリームシンドローム/icecream syndrome / スキマスイッチ(2010) / アニメ映画劇場版ポケットモンスターダイヤモンド&パール幻影の覇者ゾロアーク
16:20 めざせポケモンマスター/mezase Pokemon master / 松本梨香 / アニメポケットモンスター(1997)
22:14 メリッサ/Melissa by Porno Graffiti / ポルノグラフィティ from Full Metal Alchemist (2003)
28:20 シャルル/Charles by Balloon / バルーン(2016)
33:28 花に亡霊/hana ni bourei by Yorushika / ヨルシカ(2020)
39:00 ノーザンクロス/Northern cross from Macross F / シェリル・ノーム starring May'n / アニメマクロスF(2008)
45:42 UNION by OxT from アニメ SSSS.GRIDMAN(2018)
50:31 シュガーソングとビターステップ/Sugar Song to Bitter Step by UNISON SQUARE GARDEN(2015) / アニメ血界戦線

29 June 2020

02:10 - 思想犯 / Shisou Han / Yorushika (2020)
09:35 - 春ひさぎ / Haru Hisagi / Yorushika (2020)
13:24 - 雨とカプチーノ/ Ame to Cappuccino / Yorushika (2019)
19:17 - 秒針を噛む/ Byoushin wo Kamu / ZUTOMAYO
24:00 - 乱舞のメロディ/ Ranbu no Melody / SID (シド) (2010) / BLEACH OP
29:10 - 餞の鳥 / Hanamuke no Tori / D/Zeal

8 July 2020 (Acapella Stream!)

06:44 A Declaration Of xxx by RAISE A SUILEN
10:40 Tryst of Stars by fine
13:23 Tokyo "2" Rock City by Hatsune Miku
17:03 she tried singing Pien pien song
17:40 Additional Memory by JIN
19:49 Yuubae Present by Idolm@ster
21:53 Harmonics by D/Zeal
25:40 Pure Amore Love by PriPara
28:33 aLIEz by SawanoHiroyuki
31:00 Hana no Uta by Aimer
34:09 Kyoumen no Nami by YURiKA
36:23 FairyTale Ja Irarenai by Idolm@ster Million Live
38:57 Say it by Yorushika
39:50 Aster by Harumaki Gohans
42:12 Taishou a by anNina
45:08 Complex image by Ayane
46:49 Yoshiwara Lament by Wagakki Band
47:26 Griletto by GARNiDELiA
51:49 Diamond Princess no Yuuutsu by BiBi (Love Live)
54:00 Umiyuri Kaitei Tan by n-buna
55:16 HEAVEN'S RAVE by AXiS
57:13 Beat in Angel by Maki And Rin (Love Live)
59:20 Believe Again by Saint Snow
1:01:40 About me (English song)
1:06:05 World's end, girl's rondo by Kanon Wakeshima
1:08:24 Gate of the abyss by UNDEAD
1:10:55 Fallen by EGOIST
1:14:33 EXPOSE 'burn out!!!' by RAISE A SUILEN
1:17:13 Shikisai by Maaya Sakamoto
1:19:24 Atsuku Nare by Franchouchou (Zombieland Saga)
1:21:25 Dance in the Apocalypse by Eden
1:26:30 Kimi no gin no niwa by kalafina
1:30:40 Follow the Nightingale by Kokia
1:31:48 New Day, New life by Kokia
1:33:38 Otahen Anthem by Riamu Yumemi (Idolm@ster)
1:35:38 Stay Alive by Rie Takahashi (Emilia re:zero CV)
1:37:03 Childish Unravel
1:40:47 infinity#7 by Macross Frontier

21 July 2020

2:25 King Gnu - 飛行艇 King Gnu - Hikoutei
7:02 LiSA - 紅蓮華 LiSA - Gurenge
13:19 EGOIST - 名前のない怪物 EGOIST - Namae no nai Kaibutsu
18:57 THE ORAL CIGARETTES - 狂乱 Hey Kids!! THE ORAL CIGARETTES - Kyouran Hey Kids!!
24:00 MYTH & ROID - Paradisus-Paradoxum
28:08 Cö Shu Nie - Asphyxia
31:15 カンザキイオリ - 命に嫌われている。 Iori Kanzaki - Inochi ni Kirawarete iru. (Hated by Life Itself.)
36:50 RINGOタイム！ Apple juice time!
38:46 アカペラ a cappella ARB/Triple H - 灰色の水曜日 ARB/Triple H - Haiiro no Suiyoubi (Gray Wednesday)
43:13 ヨルシカ - 思想犯 Yorushika - Shisouhan (Thoughtcrime)
47:29 緑黄色社会 - Mela! Ryokuoushoku Shakai - Mela!

4 August 2020 (Singing till 400k subs)

02:51 海の幽霊 (Umi no Yuurei) / 米津玄師 (Kenshi Yonezu)
08:28 カワキヲアメク (Kawaki wo Ameku) / 美波 (Minami)
12:46 Rolling Star / YUI
15:58 fake town baby / UNISON SQUARE GARDEN
20:27 カルマ (Karma) / BUMP OF CHICKEN
24:32 めざせポケモンマスター (Mezase Pokémon Master) / 松本梨香 (Matsumoto Rika)
29:39 愛を伝えたいだとか (Ai wo Tsutaetai Datoka) / あいみょん (Aimyon)
33:38 光 (Hikari) / 宇多田ヒカル (Utada Hikaru)
38:54 長く短い祭 (Nagaku Mijikai Matsuri) / 椎名林檎 (Shiina Ringo)
43:15 公然の秘密 (Kouzen no Himitsu) / 椎名林檎
46:54 宿命 (Shukumei) / Official髭男dism (Official HIGE DANdism)
51:35 ノーダウト (No Doubt) / Official髭男dism
55:04 ないものねだり (Naimononedari) / KANA-BOON (Yurayurayurayura~)

24 August 2020

02:36 - Roki by Mikito-P / ロキ by みきとＰ
08:08 - Crying for Rain by Minami / カワキヲアメク by 美波 , Domestic no Kanojo OP
13:47 - Kyoumen no Nami by YURiKA / 鏡面の波 by YURiKA , Houseki No Kuni OP
15:27 - HERE by JUNNA , Ancient Magus' Bride OP
17:17 - Hana No Uta by AIMER / 花の唄 by AIMER , Fate Heaven's Feels Ending
24:16 - Unravel by TK From Long shite sigure / Unravel by TK from 凛として時雨 , Tokyo Ghoul OP
28:42 - Asphyxia by Cö shu Nie , Tokyo Ghoul:Re OP
32:17 - RINGO TIME / 林檎タイム
35:04 - UNSTOPPABLE by Raise A Suilen / RAS , BanG Dream OST
41:06 - Ranbu No Melody by SID / 乱舞のメロディ by シド , Bleach OP
44:58 - After Dark by Asian Kung-Fu Generation / アフターダーク by アジアン・カンフー・ジェネレーション , Bleach OP
48:13 - Harukaze by SCANDAL / 春風 by SCANDAL , Bleach OP

7 September 2020 (Offline Collab with Aqua, Marine, and Kanata @ Kanata's Channel)

00:56 Stream Start
03:02 Started introducing. first are Suisei, Aqua, Marine, Kanata
06:12 Roki by MikitoP, Sung by Suisei and Kanata
12:28 Danzen!futari wa Pretty Cure by Mayumi Gojo, Sung by Marine and Aqua
18:42 Lion by Megumi Nakajima, Sung by all of them
25:18 Yasashisa ni Tsutsumaretanaraa by Yumi Matsutoya, Sung by Suisei and Marine
29:37 CONNECT by ClariS, Sung by Aqua and Kanata
36:21 Yoru ni kakeru by Yoasobi, sung by Suisei and Aqua
42:58 Moonlight Densetsu by DALI, sung by Marine and Kanata
47:38 Sugar Song and Bitter Step by Unison Square Garden, sung by all of them
52:11 Genesis of Aquarion by Akino ft. Bless4 , sung by all of them

27 September 2020 (500k Subscriber Stream)

02:20 Makes you Happy by NiziU
05:35 Mela! By Ryokuoushoku Shakai
09:47 UNION by OxT
15:49 Maybe by YOASOBI
20:44 Hokoutei by King Gnu
25:07 Honnou by Shiina Ringo
31:49 Say it by Yorushika
35:58 The Everlasting Guilty Crown by EGOIST
46:57 My Dearest! By Supercell

19 October 2020 (STARt IN THE SCREEEN! 3D Live Concert. Legendary.)

02:09 A DECLARATION OF xxxx / Raise a Suilen / BanG Dream! (2019)
07:31 Tenkyuu, Suisei wa Yoru wo Mataide / Hoshimachi Suisei(2019)
14:57 Tsukiyo Tsukiakari / Mikito P(2013) / with Amane Kanata
20:05 PLATONIC GIRL / the world standard / with Towa Tokayami
24:59 TRIal HEART Koi no Hensho Ticket / PriPara the Movie: Minna de Kagayake Kirarin☆Star Live! / with Kanata Amane and Towa Tokayami
31:11 Gurenge / LiSA
37:34 Believe again / Saint Snow / with Natsuiro Matsuri
44:51 Hanamuke no Tori / D/Zeal (2018) with Tokino Sora
50:18 Inochi / AZKi(2019) / with AZKi
1:00:40 Diamond Crevasse / Sheryl Nome starring May'n (2008)

1 November 2020 (2 hours live with Amane Kanata~!)

02:13 Tsukiakari by MikitoP
08:23 Next Color Planet by Hoshimachi Suisei
14:28 Alice In N.Y. by HitoShizukuP
20:23 death should not have taken thee by Wonderful Opportunity
25:33 Tsugaru Kaikyō Fuyugeshiki by Sayuri Ishikawa
30:33 Sweet Magic by Junky
35:48 Otome Kaibou by DECO*27
40:48 Welcome to Japari Park by Doubutsu Biscuits
45:16 Roki by MikitoP
49:48 Yoru Ni Kakeru by YOASOBI
55:23 Hakujitsu by King Gnu
1:02:48 Ahoy!!We are the Houshou Pirates by Houshou Marine
1:10:03 Alien Alien by NayutalieN
1:14:00 Gurenge by LiSA
1:18:58 Lion by May'n ft Megumi Nakajima
1:25:28 Triangler by Maaya Sakamoto
1:31:15 Unravel by TK From Tk from Ling Tosite Sigure
1:36:28 LOSER by Kenshi Yonezu
1:41:28 Kanden by Kenshi Yonezu
1:47:08 Menuki Doori by Ringo Shiina and Tortoise Matsumoto
1:50:58 Diamond Crevasse by May'n

4 November 2020

02:19 HAM by Zutomayo
07:20 RINGO TIME!
07:57 Haru Hisagi by Yorushika
11:54 Hakujitsu by King Gnu
17:22 RINGO TIME! And Cute Suisei goes brrrrrrrr
18:13 rain stops, good-bye by NioP
23:50 Deep coma by Haruno
27:13 Good night by Every Little Thing

12 November 2020 (New Costume Singing Stream)

02:44 Stream start, Tamashii Revolution by Superfly
06:45 Her Introduction
07:05 Ringo Time!
08:27 Thoughtcrime by Yorushika
12:45 The Everlasting Guilty Crown by EGOIST
18:22 Ringo Time!
19:32 Unlasting by LiSA
24:32 Homura by LiSA
29:35 Main Event, she's changing her costume
31:25 ANIMA by ReoNa
36:00 NEW OUTFIT REVEAL
38:00 Megane Suisui
49:29 Kyouran Hey Kids!! by THE ORAL CIGARETTES
53:55 Inferno by Mrs. GREEN APPLE
59:15 Marunouchi sadistic by Shiina Ringo

23 November 2020

02:07 Tsumitobachi by Shiina Ringo
29:53 Kamisama, Hotokesama by Shiina Ringo
41:10 Ringo Time!
41:39 Homura by LiSA
50:00 Kanden by Kenshi Yonezu
55:53 KING by Kanaria
1:00:20 Ikenai borderline by Walkure
1:05:37 Walkure ga Tomaranai by Walkure
1:08:33 Kemono Yuku Hosomichi by Shiina Ringo and Hiroji Miyamoto
1:14:05 Kaen by ziyoou vachi (Queen Bee)
1:19:25 Ham by Zutomayo

26 November 2020

夜もすがら君想ふ / Yomosugara Kimi Omofu - TOKOTOKO/nishizawasanP
からくりピエロ / Karakuri Pierrot - 40mP
Just Be Friends - Dixie Flatline
夕立のりぼん / Yuudachi no Ribbon - mikitoP
小夜子 / Sayoko - mikitoP
少女レイ / Shoujo Rei - mikitoP
まとい / Matoi - mikitoP

16 December 2020

Arietty's Song by Cecile Corbel
Uma to Shika by Kenshi Yonezu
Yesterday by Official Hige dandism
ANIMA by ReoNa
30:53 Naimononedari by KANA-BOON
Ringo Time!
Kimagure Romantic by Ikimono-Gakari
Karma by Bump Of Chicken
Gunjou by YOASOBI
Sincerely by TRUE
Mamoritai White Wish by BoA

24 December 2020 (4 Hour Endurance Stream going for 650k subs. If you haven't yet, WATCH THIS!)

Christmas Song / back number
I LOVE... / Official HIGE DANdism
Yesterday / Official HIGE DANdism
No Doubt / Official HIGE DANdism
LOSER / Kenshi Yonezu
Katsute Tensaidatta Oretachie / Creepy Nuts
Kanden / Kenshi Yonezu
Uma To Shika / Kenshi Yonezu
Plagiarism / Yorushika
That's Why I Gave Up on Music / Yorushika
Gunjou / YOASOBI
Shin Takarajima / Sakanaction
Rain / Motohiro Hata
Sakura Nagashi / Utada Hikaru
Beautiful World / Utada Hikaru
Can You Keep A Secret? / Utada Hikaru
Movin'on without you / Utada Hikaru
Kiss & Cry / Utada Hikaru
Tsumi To Batsu / Ringo Sheena
Honnō / Ringo Sheena
In Summer, Night / Ringo Sheena
Marunouchi Sadistic / Ringo Sheena
Iteza ☆ Gogo Kuji Don't be late / May'n
Northern Cross / May'n
fake town baby / UNISON SQUARE GARDEN
Sugar Song and Bitter Step / UNISON SQUARE GARDEN
Bōken Suisei / Kurumi Enomoto
Unlasting / LiSA
Homura / LiSA
Sincerely / TRUE
UNION / OxT
NO,Thank You! / Ho-kago Tea Time
Don't say ″lazy″ / Sakurakou K-ON Bu
Tsuki No Waltz / Mio Isayama
After Dark / ASIAN KUNG-FU GENERATION
ALONES / Aqua Timez
HANABI / Ikimonogakari
Rolling star / YUI
chAngE / miwa
HARUKAZE / SCANDAL
Hikari No Rock / Sambomaster
Seishun no Mabataki (Le Moment) / Ringo Sheena
Departures - Anata Ni Okuru Ai No Uta / EGOIST
Yume De Aruyouni/ DEEN (Tales of Destiny!)
Good Night / Every Little Thing
Tenkyuu、Suisei Wa Yoru Wo Mataide / Hoshimachi Suisei

25 December 2020 (Suisei's Part of the Hololive Christmas Song Relay)

Tsuki no Waltz / Mio Isayama
No, Thank You / Houkago Tea Time
Sincerely / TRUE
Christmas Song / back number
Angelic Angel / μ's (Muse)

9 January 2021 (Due to Youtube issues, the stream is split in two)

Memeshikute by Golden Bomber
PLATONIC GIRLS by MikitoP
Kowareyasuki by Guilty Kiss
New Romantic Sailors by Guilty Kiss
Comet Honeymoon by NayutalieN
Diamond Crevasse by Sheryl Nome
Plagiarism / Pretender Yorushika
Get Over Dress-Code by Pripara
Blue Clapper by Hololive Gen 5 (Momosuzu Nene, Shishiron Botan, Yukihana Lamy, Omaru Polka)

16 January 2021 (Singing till 700k)

Koi ni Naritai Aquarium / Aquors from Love Live!
Zenryoku☆Summer! / Angela / Aho Girl OP
Kimi Janakya Dame Mitai / Ooishi Masayoshi / Gekkan Shoujo Nozaki-kun OP
Happy birthday (to a Superchatter’s little sister)
Melissa / Porno Graffiti / Full Metal Alchemist OP1
Again / YUI / Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood OP1
Laugh Maker / BUMP OF CHICKEN
Uma to Shika / Kenshi Yonezu
Umi no Yuurei / Kenshi Yonezu
Suna no Wakusei / HACHI feat. Hatsune Miku (covered by Kenshi Yonezu)
Yoru ni Kakeru / YOASOBI
Byoushin wo Kamu / ZUTOMAYO
Gunjou / YOASOBI
“URECHII~” and Ringo Time
Pretender / Official Higedandism (false start)
Pretender / Official Higedandism
Kawaranai Mono / Oku Hanako (Theme from The Girl who Leapt Through Time)
Ikuze! Kaito Shoujo / Momoiro Clover
Ijiwaru Shinaide Dakishimete yo / Juice=Juice
Ai wo Tsutaetaidatoka / Aimyon
Tamashii Revolution / Superfly
Cute Suisei Noises and Ringo Time 2
Asphyxia / Cö shu Nie (Tokyo Ghoul:re OP1)
unravel / TK from Ling Tosite Sigure (Tokyo Ghoul OP)
the high note
The Everlasting Guilty Crown / EGOIST (700k ometetou!!)
Kimagure Romantic / Ikimono Gakari

21 January 2021 - 3DLive Karaoke #2

MELTDOWN by Kagamine Rin
A Perfect Sky by BONNIE PINK
Don't say Lazy by Ho-kago tea time Shukumei by Official HigeDAN dism
Gunjou by YOASOBI
Trial Heart Koi no Hanashi Ticket by PriPara
Crying for Rain by Minami
Kimagure Romantic by Ikimonogatari
Naimononedari by KANA-BOON
Ahoy!! We are the Houshou Pirates by Houshou Marine
Blue Clapper by Hololive 5th Gen

The List continues in the comments

submitted by gogovachi to Hololive [link] [comments]

2020.09.08 09:38 hemantlatawa Order And Buy Vape Online At Affordable Prices

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submitted by hemantlatawa to u/hemantlatawa [link] [comments]

2020.06.02 03:25 PradoMV96 Thorough DD on $ACHV (Achieve Life Sciences)

What is Achieve life sciences? * $ACHV is a specialty pharmaceutical company committed to advancing cytisinicline as a widely available treatment option to help people battling nicotine addiction * Achieve’s focus is to address the global smoking health epidemic through the development and commercialization of cytisinicline. Smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable death and is responsible for nearly six million people losing their lives annually worldwide
What is their Pipeline product & how does it work? * Their pipeline product is: Cytisinicline * Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. * It is an established smoking cessation treatment that has been approved and marketed in Central and Eastern Europe for more than 20 years. * Cytisinicline’s dual-acting MOA (method of action) specifically targets the α4β2 nicotine receptor. Through its partial agonist/partial antagonist activity, it is believed to help reduce nicotine cravings, withdrawal symptoms and reward and satisfaction associated with smoking * Cytisinicline is believed to act as a partial agonist, preventing nicotine from binding and releasing dopamine
Cytisinicline Clinical Trials * $ACHV completed their FDA submission: * In preparation for initiation of the Phase 3 ORCA-2 clinical trial of cytisinicline, the Company has now submitted to FDA all requested non-clinical data to allow 6 and 12 weeks of cytisinicline treatment in the Phase 3 trials. * The recent data from the phase 2b Orca 1 trials shows: * There is a Statistically Significant Improvement in Quit Rates for Simplified Cytisinicline Dosing Schedule in Phase 2b ORCA-1 Dose-Selection Trial * Cytisinicline was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported * 3.0 mg dose with TID administration selected to move forward to Phase 3 development * Cytisinicline was well-tolerated across all treatment groups; There is an Overall low incidence of adverse events & there were No serious or severe adverse events reported * Links to data graphs displaying the results of Phase 2b Orca1: Graph 1 Graph 2 (there are two more graphs that are posted on the site, but i can't directly link to like in the previous linked graph)
Recent Q1 financials/highlights * As of March 31, 2020, the company's cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash was $12.2 million. Total operating expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 were $3.4 million. Total net loss for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 was $3.3 million * They beat their expected EPS of -0.12 by 8.33%, reporting an EPS of -0.11, where as the previous quarter, Q4, they reported -0.30 * Closed financing for gross proceeds of approximately $1.9 million, prior to deducting placement agent commissions and estimated offering expenses * In April 2020, Achieve announced it entered into definitive agreements for a private placement of its securities for gross proceeds of approximately $1.9 million, prior to deducting placement agent commissions and estimated offering expenses. The Company intends to use the proceeds to fund clinical research and development, and for general working capital * Presented new findings from the Phase 2b ORCA-1 trial evaluating cytisinicline in U.S. smokers at the Society for Research on Nicotine & Tobacco (SRNT) Annual Conference * An oral presentation featuring new ORCA-1 Phase 2b trial analyses was presented at the SRNT Annual Meeting in March 2020. In addition to previously reported data indicating a statistically significant improvement in quit rates, new analyses demonstrate cytisinicline biochemical efficacy via measurement of serum cotinine as well as the previous carbon monoxide efficacy. Additionally, further analyses confirm that cytisinicline benefit was observed across all clinical sites, baseline characteristics, and attributes. Thus, regardless of trial site location, patient demographics, smoking history, or prior treatments, all subjects treated with cytisinicline showed similar smoking cessation benefit * Established agreement with the FreeMind Group to assist in securing non-dilutive funding to evaluate cytisinicline in vapers and e-cigarette users * Links to their first financial quarter report of 2020: link1 link2 link3
Important events to positively impact Q2-Q4 * September 30th, $ACHV announced the completion of their maximum tolerated dose (MTD) study. The results indicate a lack of dose-limiting toxicity as defined by protocol criteria even at the highest 30 mg single, oral dose of cytisinicline evaluated in the study. * December 9th, $ACHV announced that following discussions with the Food and Drug Administration, $ACHV has received feedback on the final Phase 3 clinical trial protocols and the cytisinicline clinical development program. Specifically, the FDA has agreed with the overall Phase 3 study designs that will utilize the simplified cytisinicline dosing schedule of 3.0 mg administered three times daily and the duration of 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. The FDA also agreed that the use of the newly-developed, single 3.0 mg cytisinicline tablet in the Phase 3 program was acceptable. * On January 13th, $ACHV announced the outcome of a study using Oracle’s high-performance cloud infrastructure to potentially improve the speed of drug discovery and development of new treatments. * Achieve Life Sciences has partnered with the University of Bristol to formulate molecules and potential treatments to combat addiction and neurological disorders based on their lead smoking cessation compound in development, cytisinicline. Building on this research and previously conducted studies, cloud-based computer simulations can now be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of potential new treatments more efficiently and help to accelerate the pace of discovery * On February 6th, $ACHV announced thay have retained the FreeMind Group, an international consulting firm dedicated to assisting life science organizations secure non-dilutive funding. * Achieve and FreeMind will conduct a strategic assessment of potential non-dilutive funding opportunities from various public and private sources, followed by anticipated grant production and submission, to further the clinical development of cytisinicline in vaping, or e-cigarette, cessation. * April 13th, $ACHV announced that they have entered into definitive agreements for a private placement of its securities for gross proceeds of approximately $1.9 million, prior to deducting placement agent commissions and estimated offering expenses. * The private placement will be for up to 5,615,653 units at a price of $0.33 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock. The private placement will close in two tranches based on the execution of definitive documents on April 27, 2020 and April 28, 2020. The warrants for the first closing have an initial per share exercise price of $0.362, and the warrants for the second closing have an initial per share exercise price of $0.366. All warrants will be exercisable beginning on the six-month anniversary of the initial closing of the offering and will have a five-year term * The Company intends to use the proceeds from the private placement to fund clinical research and development, and for general working capital. * On march 11-14th, $ACHV took part in the SRNT 2020 conference to publish the positive results of their clinical trials
SRNT 2020 conference * $ACHV Phase 2b results show: * “254 smokers were randomized. All cytisinicline arms showed a greater reduction in cigarettes smoked within days of starting treatment. Despite the study not being powered to compare quit rates, CO-verified EOT, and prolonged abstinence (off-treatment, weeks 5 to 8) quit rates were significantly greater than those on placebo. For 3 mg tid, these were 54% and 30% respectively compared with 16% and 8% on placebo (Odds Ratios of 6.0 and 5.4). Cytisinicline (3mg tid) was well tolerated, with no AE’s reported by more than 6% (nausea, insomnia, abnormal dreams), vs placebo at 10%, 2%, 2%, respectively” * In conclusion, as stated in their presentation at the conference: * “: All cytisinicline dosing schedules led to clinically-relevant quit rates. The 3 mg tid group had slightly better abstinence rates than the other groups; had high treatment compliance (97.6%); and an adverse event frequency comparable to placebo. The simplified 3 mg tid dosing schedule for cytisinicline will be evaluated in phase 3 studies. The authors would like to thank the participating investigators, clinical staff and study subjects for their contributions.” * Here is a link to their SRNT meeting/conference
Negatives/risks of the business * As found on their recent 10-Q/K filing: * “Our current resources are insufficient to fund our planned operations for the next 12 months. We will continue to require substantial additional capital to continue our clinical development activities. Accordingly, we will need to raise substantial additional capital to continue to fund our operations from the sale of our securities, partnering arrangements, non-dilutive fundraising or other financing transactions in order to finance the commercialization of our product candidate” * “Our single product candidate, cytisinicline, has been in-licensed from a third party. We are required to continue to contract with Sopharma AD, or Sopharma, to continue our development of, and potential commercialization of, cytisinicline pursuant to a supply agreement with Sopharma. If the supply agreement with Sopharma is terminated, we will need to develop or acquire alternative supply and manufacturing capabilities for cytisinicline, which we may not be able to do on commercially viable terms or at all.” * “We are currently dependent on the potential development of a single product candidate, cytisinicline. We are still developing our sole product candidate, and cytisinicline cannot be marketed or sold in the United States or in foreign markets until regulatory approval has been obtained from the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory agencies. The process of obtaining regulatory approval is expensive and time consuming. The FDA and foreign regulatory authorities may never approve cytisinicline for sale and marketing, and even if cytisinicline is ultimately approved, regulatory approval may be delayed or limited in the United States or in other jurisdictions. Even if we are authorized to sell and market cytisinicline in one or more markets, there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully market cytisinicline or that cytisinicline will achieve market acceptance sufficient to generate profits. If we are unable to successfully develop and commercialize cytisinicline due to failure to obtain regulatory approval for cytisinicline, to successfully market cytisinicline, to generate profits from the sale of cytisinicline, or due to other risk factors outlined in this report, it would have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations as cytisinicline is currently our sole product candidate.” * “Clinical development is expensive, time consuming and involves significant risk. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trial will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of development” * “Our product development program may not uncover all possible adverse events that patients who take cytisinicline or our other product candidates may experience. The number of subjects exposed to cytisinicline or our other product candidates and the average exposure time in the clinical development program may be inadequate to detect rare adverse events, or chance findings, that may only be detected once the product is administered to more patients and for greater periods of time” * “We expect to continue to rely on third parties to manufacture cytisinicline for use in clinical trials, and we intend to exclusively rely on Sopharma to produce and process cytisinicline, if approved. Our commercialization of cytisinicline could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if Sopharma fails to obtain approval of government regulators, fails to provide us with sufficient quantities of product, or fails to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.” * “We have until October 5, 2020, to regain compliance with the bid price requirement. In order to regain compliance, the bid price of our common stock must close at a price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading days.”
The positives moving forward * Now I understand there are a lot of risks behind this company & I'll be honest, it worries me too. Especially since the entire company is riding behind one sole product. * That being said, the biggest positive is that so far, their clinical trials are proving to work * Here is a [link to their presentation regarding Phase 2b results](file:///C:/Users/llope/Downloads/ORCA-1%20SRNT-US%20Presentation-FINAL.pdf) that backs what I just mentioned. * Seeing that so far, its proving to work, they will begin phase 3 soon. As as that ends and things keep going as positive as they have gone so far with their trials, they will be ready to submit to the FDA for approval
Target Price/forecasts: * CNN Money sets a low estimate of $2 with a high estimate $10 * Tipranks sets the average target price at $6 with a high estimate of $10 * NASDAQ website sets the target price at $6 with a “strong buy” * The Wall Street Journal sets the median target price at $4.67 with a high estimate at $10
Final Thoughts/Comments * I’ll be perfectly honest, of all the DD i have done so far, i will admit that this is the most risky one so far because of all the risks they have publicly published in their SEC filing. * Despite all the negative risks, they are truly creating a drug that is showing to be very positive with those in use of it in the ongoing clinical trials. To back what i say, here is this article from the New England Journal of medicine that shows how effective Cytisinicline has been so far. * Because of the risks involved & with the current low trading price, I am comfortable with personally buying max 100 shares *(NOT $100)**. That being said, because they only have until October to reach compliance, I will hold until Oct. If they are not close to compliance or reach it, I will sell those shares. * Again, please remember, please read all the DD ive posted and please dig in deeper than what i have posted/mentioned. I want you guys to be informed so you can make the best decision possible on your own :)
Links to very important documents/videos I HIGHLY RECOMMEND you read * 10-Q Filing * 10-K filing * SRNT 2020 Conference * New England journal of medicine * New England Journal of medicine second article * corporate presentation * video presentation

submitted by PradoMV96 to EducatedInvesting [link] [comments]

2020.02.24 21:48 WitchCitySalem Plant Based Supplements & their benifits

⚠ Contaminated products warning ⚠

The country of China in known to import herbs & other products into the United States Of America & other countries that are contaminated with pesticides , chemical toxins & or heavy metals with absolute disregard of human health & safety. For this reason it is best to avoid all herbal supplements or food grown or packaged in china even if they are certified organic.
Short documentary on food safety in China: 🇨🇳 https://youtu.be/5oQbCOz9nlU

⚠ Prescription Medication Warning: ⚠

Make sure that If you are taking any prescription medications to check with your docter to see if any of the herbs you take or are considering taking could interact with your prescription medications.

Buying certified organic products

It is best to buy all herbs & foods with organic certification or herbs that are wild crafted to reduce your exposure to pesticides, fungicides & herbicides. Look for the certification seal on products as well as the name of the group who has certified it as organic & confirm that the group that certified it is legitimate. Not all herbs can be found organic or wild crafted & if that is the case I would recommend purchasing conventional herbs when organic & wild crafted are not available.

Recommended online herb shops:

(Conventional, wild Crafted & organic Herbs)

https://www.herbco.com/

(Organic Herbs)

https://www.terrasoul.com/

(Organic & wild crafted herbs)

https://mountainroseherbs.com/

(Organic & wild crafted herbs)

https://www.starwest-botanicals.com/

(Organic herbs)

https://www.frontiercoop.com/herbs-and-teas/herbs

Organic Cacao, Vanilla & Matcha

https://wildernesspoets.com/

Plant Based Supplements:

This is a list of some plant based supplements made from fruit, vegetables, herbs, seeds, barks & roots.
These supplements listed are anti-inflammatory.

Г---------------------------------------------------ฯ

Hormonal Support Supplements:

________________________________

Ashwaganda Root:

Ashwaganda is a root that contains withanaloids that:

Act as an antioxidant
Act as a analgesic (pain reliever)
Lower Inflammation
Lower cortisol levels
Reduce anxiety
Reduce depression
Heal stomach & intestinal ulcers
Balance hormones
Raise testosterone
Increase muscle strength & size
Decrease stored fat
Increase stamina
Encourage sleep

Where to purchase:

It can be purchased online & in local stores. It is easier to find & to purchase from online retailers.

Forms of use:

It can be purchased in the form of capsules, a powder or a alcohol / glycerin tincher extract.

Recommend dosage:

Powder:
Take it daily for 2 to 4 weeks at 1/3 - 1/2 teaspoon 3 times per day. Then take a break for 1 -2 weeks. Then repeat. Best used 3 times a day, 1/3- 1/2 TsP once in the morning, 1/3-1/2 TsP afternoon, 1/3-1/2 TsP one dose at night.
Start small when starting to consume ashwaganda at about 1/3 of a teaspoon of ashwaganda powder in glass of water or mixed into raw honey or in a smoothie.

Maca Root:

Maca root powder is a popular supplement among bodybuilders and athletes. It has been claimed to help you gain muscle, increase strength, boost energy and improve exercise performance. Also, some animal studies indicate that it enhances endurance performance

.
.
Г-----------------------------------------------------------------------ฯ

Heart & Circulation supplements:

________________________________

Cayenne pepper:

- helps support blood circulation and heart health.

Beet root:

Supports nitric oxide release
Supports blood flow to the heart
Supports liver detoxification

Hawthorne berry:

Hawthorne berry strengthens the heart!
Hawthorne berry may help people with heart failure
Good for the heart & circulation

Raw Cacao: ( Raw Chocolate )

⚠ Cacao is a natural stimulant, because it contains caffine & theobromine. So if you are trying to avoid all stimulants then avoid this supplement. ⚠
Cacao is the raw unroasted form of Cocoa. Raw chocolate or cacao grows as a fruit on a tree in a pod & that contains large seeds/ beans inside its hard outer shell.
The seeds are used to make cacao nibs & powder. Cacao is made into cocoa through a process of aklilization & roasting.

Cacao is a food that is rich in the mineral magnesium.
The human body uses magnesium to preform 300 different tasks.
Supports heart health , blood circulation & Improves mood
May help Stress, Anxiety & Depression

Г--------------------------------------------------ฯ

Thyroid Support Supplements:

_______________________________

Kelp powder or capsules:

Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis and function of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) thyroid hormones.
Kelp Contains iodine to support proper function of the thyroid gland. Foods that contain selenium also support the thyroid gland. Kelp contains both selenium & iodine.
Sea kelp is a natural source of vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D and E, as well as minerals including zinc, iodine, magnesium, iron, potassium, copper and calcium.

Recommend dosage:

the FDA-recommended dosage for daily intake of iodine is 225 μg. One gram of powdered kelp contains approximately 200 μg of iodine.

Brazil nuts:

Eating Brazil nuts may reduce inflammation, support brain function, and improve your thyroid function and heart health.
Brazil nuts are and rich in healthy fats, selenium, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, manganese, thiamine, and vitamin E.

Recommend dosage:

1 or 2 whole brazil nuts is equal to almost %100 of your daily value of selenium. Don't over consume selenium rich foods.
Г--------------------------------------------------------ฯ

Whole Body Nutritional Support

___________________________________

Spirulina powder:

Spirulina contains significant amounts of calcium, niacin, potassium, magnesium, B vitamins and iron. It also has essential amino acids. Protein makes up about 60 to 70 percent of Spirulina's dry weight.
Spirulina is so concentrated in vital nutrients that the human body needs that it is being used in africa to restore the health of people who are experiencing malnourishment.
Spirulinas amino acid profile:
leucine, tryptophane, methionine, phenylalanine, lysine, thionine, isoleucine and valine

High in Chlorophyll which may help detoxification
A whole food that is high in protein
Contains high levels of vitamin A
Vitamin A supports your eye sight & skin

Avoid spirulina grown in China & Japan

Moringa Leaf Powder:

Moringa is a leaf that grows on the moringa oliferia tree. Moringa is being used in africa to restore the health of children who are malnourished.
Moringa is the healthiest plant on the earth in terms of the amount of vitamins, minerals, anti oxidants & protien it contains in a small amounts of leaf powder

Moringa contains plant based protien
Moringa may help with weight loss
Moringa contains at least 42 anti-oxidants
Moringa contains at least 92 nutrients
Moringa contains anti inflammatory compounds

It can be purchased online or in local stores in the form of a powder, capsules, extract, teas.

Г-----------------------------------------ฯ

Liver Support Supplements:

__________________________

Whole beets, beetroot juice or whole beetroot powder:

Beet root helps detoxify the body & support liver health

Note: avoid beets and beet powders that are a "product of China" instead buy beet products grown in the usa or other countries.

Wheatgrass powder:

Helps support Glutathione (GSH) which is the bodys master anti-oxidant that recycles other antioxidants including vitamin- c, vitamin-e, CoQ-10 & ( ALA )alpha lipoic acid

Milk thistle Seed:

May help with liver obstruction
May support liver detoxification

Dandilion root powder:

Liver detoxification

Burdock root:

lymph node detoxification

Turmeric:

Tumeric root that is orange in color. It has been used to make medicine & dyes for clothing in the past by certain cultures.

contains vitmains & minerals
natural pain reliever
anti inflammatory.
support Liver health

Note: Turmeric can be combined with black pepper to increase its absorption & potency.
Г----------------------------------------------------------ฯ

Sleep & Anxiety Support Supplements:

_____________________________________

Hibiscus

Lemon grass

Lemon balm

Helps reduce anxiety

Chamomile flower

Helps reduce anxiety by acting on benzodiazepine receptors in the brain which increases the calming neurotransmitter GABA.

Japanese Matcha powder (Shaded Green Tea):

Matcha powder is made by Finley grinding green tea leaves that are shaded before harvest. This shading technique increases a Amino acid called l-theanine which helps decrease anxiety & increase alpha brain waves. This tea provides a calming yet energizing effect.
Avoid matcha imported from china & instead choose Japanese Matcha.

Valerian root:

Valerian is beneficial for men & women and also has a strong oder due to the compounds it contains.
Valerian has couponds that can act as a anti spasm agent. It also has compounds that act as a sedative. Valerian works by acting on GABA pathways.
Due to this it helps women with menstrual pain because it stops or lowers the amount of painfull spasms that are coming from the uterus.

Helps with general pains
Helps menstrual "Cramps"
Helps OCD
Helps anxiety
Encouraging sleep
Helps insomnia

Г-----------------------------------------------ฯ

Supplements for physical pain:

_____________________________

Kratom leaf powder:

( Mitragyna speciosa )
Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. It is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, where it has been used in herbal medicine since at least the nineteenth century. Kratom has opioid properties and some stimulant-like effects.
Kratom is a leaf from a tree that acts as an opioid when consumed by human beings. It does this because it contains the (Alkaloids) Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine that bind to opioid receptors located in the brain & spinal cord. This herb can be used short term or long term to help manage serious physical pain. Due to the fact that this herb acts as an opioid there is a possibility of dependence or addiction but it can be useful & safe for severe physical pain if used properly.

Consuming kratom can lead to:

Reduced physical pain
Reduced depression
Reduced anxiety
Reduced symptoms of opioid withdrawals
Reduced cravings for opioid medications

Kratom Legality Worldwide:

. . .

Kratom is illegal to buy, sell, possess or use in these states listed below.

Alabama
Arkansas
Indiana
Rhode Island
Vermont
Wisconsin

Kratom is legal, but may be regulated in the states listed below:

*KCPA = Kratom Consumers protection act
Alaska
Arizona – KCPA passed
California – Outside San Diego, which banned it, kratom is legal in California
Colorado – Outside Denver, where it’s considered illegal for human consumption, kratom is legal in Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida – Aside from being banned in Sarasota Country, kratom is legal in Florida
Georgia – KCPA passed
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois – Outside the city of Jerseyville, kratom is legal in Illinois for those over the age of 18
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi – Outside Union County, which has banned the substance, kratom is legal to use in Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada – KCPA passed
New Hampshire – Kratom is legal for those over the age of 18
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee – Kratom is legal for those over the age of 21
Texas
Utah – KCPA passed
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming

Outside of the United States, kratom laws also vary. In the following countries, kratom is illegal:

Australia
Denmark
Finland
Israel
Japan
Latvia
Lithuania
Myanmar
Malaysia
New Zealand (unless the person has a prescription from a doctor)
Poland
Romania
Russia
Singapore
South Korea
Sweden
Thailand
Vietnam

⚠Herbal Drug Warning:

Do not take kratom leaf if you have a history of seizures because this herbal drug may cause seizures in people who are sensitive to opioids or other drugs.
Do not take kratom while you are consuming perscription medications (Drugs) or combine Kratom with prescription drugs. There are potentially drug interactions with this herb.

Wild lettus powder:(Lactuca virosa)

Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. It is known as lettuce opium because of its putative sedative and analgesic properties. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria.

Hemp seed hearts & cold pressed hemp seed oil (cannabis sativa)

These products are not illegal even though they come from the canabis sativa plant. It only has trace amounts of thc & cbd. You will not experience a high from these products but you will instead recive the benifits of consuming good fats ( omega 3 , omega 6 & GLA )
Overview:

Hemp oil contains vitamin-e which is good for the heart & skin
These products will not make you fail a drug test
These hemp products are totally legal
Hemp products are anti-inflammatory
Hemp oil & seed contains omega 3, omega 6 & GLA
Hemp hearts and oil help can people with chronic pain

Usage tips:

USE IT RAW ( DO NOT HEAT HEMP OIL or seeds) The reason for that is when you cook any fat you oxidise it & reduce it beneficial properties. Same applys for extra virgin coconut & extra virgin oilve oil.
Use it daily in your foods: atop salads & smoothies

White willow bark:

Willow bark comes from the willow tree of the Salix species. The bark contains salicin, a compound similar to aspirin. Salicin is metabolized in the body to create salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin. The herbal extract has long been used in native and folk medicine to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever.

The natural form of asprin
used for pain

Noni Fruit Powder: (Pain killer tree) (cheesefruit)

Noni is a fruit from a tree called Morinda citrifolia. Noni may be beneficial for heath in the following ways.

Lowers exsessive inflammation
Helps your body produce endorphins that help reduce pain
Contains amino-acids that are the building blocks of protein.
It can be purchased & consumed in the form of a whole fruit, juice, powder, capsules.

Mangosteen:

Contains xanthones they - May help lower pain - May help lower inflammation

Clove:

support digestion
loweres exsessive inflammation
helps stop pain

Black seeds & black seed oil (Nigella sativa)

One of the strongest supplements for pain
helps to lower exsessive inflammation

Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Contains vitamin e
Lowers inflammation
Protects the heart

Г-----------------------------------ฯ

Vitamin-c Supplements:

______________________

Amla berry: Least expensive

High in vitamin c which is involved in collagen production & repair in the human body. ( Skin, hair & nails )

Rose hips powder:

Rose hips powder is high in vitamin c

Camu berries:

High in Vitamin c: Supports skin, hair & nails

Acerola cherry: most expensive

High in Viamin c: supports skin, hair & nails

Digestive Supplements:

Neem Leaf Powder

Mint leafs or mint powder ( Pepper mint, Spearmint)

Beneficial for the digestive system & is cooling in taste due to its two main chemical (Menthol) & ( menthone ) which is used are manufacturing food products and in Menthol flavored cigarettes.

Ginger:

Reduce mild or severe nausea
act as a digestive aid (Before or after meals)
pain reliever
anti-inflammatory
Beneficial for arthritis of the hands & knees.

Marshmellow Root Powder:

Supports digestion

Licorice root powder:

May help support sleep
May Help anxiety & or stress
May help heal intestinal ulcers

Ceylon cinnamon:

Cinnamon is the bark from the cinimon verum tree. It is lower in cumarin which can be liver toxic if used in high amoints. Cassia cinnamon also has benifits but i would only recomend using it in small amounts daily.

Contains antioxidants
Supports digestion
acts as a anti-inflammatory
supports blood flow in the liver

Food Grade Aloe Vera leaf or juice:

Helps heartburn / Acid reflux
soothing to the throat, skin & intestinal tract.
soothing stomach & intestinal ulcers

Kidney support supplements:

chanca piedra:

Use this herb to help break apart kidney stones - drink it daily at about 1.0 -1.5 grams per dose 3 times a day for stones in the kidneys & gallbladder.

Gallbladder support supplements:

Celery seed powder:

Hydranga root powder:

Raw apple cider vinagar:

Use this diluted in a glass of water or orange juice for gallbladder pain

Spleen support supplment:

Organic Nutmeg Powder:

Nutneg is a potent pain reliever
when used in small amounts - quarter teaspoon- half a teaspoon.

in water or food NUTMEG supports the spleen.

Bone support supplements:

Red Tart cherry juice or whole red tart cherries:

Beneficial for people with arthritis & inflammation of joints.

Hair & skin support supplments:

Aloe vera (Topically)

-kills the bacteria that causes acne -Promotes new skin growth -Lowers skin inflammation -Heals skin discolorations - Anti bacterial & anti fungal

Rose water (Topically)

Lowers skin inflammation
Horsetail herb:

(Internally& Externally)

This herb is high in a natural silica.

Brain support supplements:

Gotu Kola: (Centella asiatica)

. . .

submitted by WitchCitySalem to PlantBasedSupplements [link] [comments]

2020.02.03 16:01 BuffHistory1 The Murder of No Man - The Mysterious Demise Of Hilary Rougier

On the 15th March 1928, the body of an unnamed man was exhumed from St John's in Woking.
In a bizarre case involving secret letters, underhand financial dealings, murder and the strange suicide of one of the star witnesses; this forgotten unsolved case has proved to be one of the most fascinating in the history of British forensics.
I have put together for you, for the first time, the only full account of the lead up to the murder, the act and the aftermath.
I hope you enjoy it and apologies in advance for my love of excessive commas and antiquated grammar.
If you have any questions feels free to comment or drop me a personal message.

Source: https://institutionalhistory.com/the-murder-of-no-man-the-hilary-rougier-mystery/

The Murder of No Man - The Mysterious Demise Of Hilary Rougier

In August 1926 a gentleman died in Woking of, what was at first supposed to be, a cerebral haemorrhage and senility. Little was known of his life and no one (or at most 2 people depending on the source) attended his burial. Indeed, the grave itself, denuded of stone or inscription, moved strangers to such pity that they brought flowers to adorn the barren ground. Forgotten in life, unknown in death, thus might have ended this tale of emptiness and mystery. Then a guarded police investigation and newspapers sworn to secrecy: a will was found, witnesses interviewed and a body exhumed.

On the 15th March 1928, workers from the London necropolis company, erected 5-foot canvas sheets and dug down to the oak coffin below. Once raised to the surface, the nameplate was hastily removed. Such was the need for clandestine cover in this case, that a group of workers were sent to another part of the graveyard to dig a fake, vacant plot. The media circus began and at a conference, the Vicar of St. John’s in Knaphill made an announcement about the exhumation of a body, declining to name it due to ongoing research by police, deigning only to describe the male as a ‘bird of passage’. Sir Bernard Spilsbury, the home office pathologist, examined the body and surrounding soil before removing 3 jars of dirt and viscera for further investigation.

In the background, superintended Boshier and Deputy Chief Constable Kenward conducted interviews in Woking, followed leads in Horsham and all under the utmost confidentiality. The papers, despite being sworn to secrecy, having correctly guessed the man’s identity after looking at the burials register for St John’s, ran with the story anyway.

‘Identity Revealed’ ran the Sheffield Evening Post and a name, Hilary Rougier, ex-farmer aged 77 years old. Born in Guernsey on the 28th October 1848 to Hilary Rougier and Marie Ann Cary, a distinguished Guernsey family, Hilary Jnr. studied at Hayes Grammar School, Elizabeth College and later at Dinan in France for 18 months. He became a ‘farm pupil’ in Berkshire and Somerset for many years before setting up shop on his own, farming in Reading for 7 years. Then For 18 months he lived at a remote farm near Market Harborough in Leicestershire before he retired, moved back to Guernsey to enjoy ‘leisurely pursuits’ such as hunting and horse riding. Hilary returned to England, North Devon, in 1903. In July 1926, he arrived at Knaphill and stayed at the Nuthurst guesthouse with a family friend, a man called William Lerwill and his wife May St Leger Lerwill.

Throughout his time in Knaphill, Hilary became a notable figure. A local shopkeeper remembered him thus “Mr. Rougier used to go for a walk through the lanes every day until he became too ill…he was always accompanied by a spaniel. Walking with his head bent, he always seemed as if he wished to avoid talking to anybody, though occasionally he passed the time of day, but that was all. I think he suffered from asthma, for he had severe coughing fits.”

The plot thickened further with the discovery of a will, dated 28th October 1919, showing that he bequeathed “all property to my dearly beloved sister”. Hilary, it seemed, had once been an incredibly wealthy man with property all around the UK; however, a distant relative stated that by the time of his death his net worth was £79.

Then another startling turn. On the same day that the name of the deceased was officially revealed, the police sought to speak to the former nurse of the Lerwills, allegedly of French extraction. It was later disclosed that her name was Marjorie Helen Aldridge, a young-looking woman of 35 years of age who was slightly deaf. A manhunt began and she was found, eventually, in Scotland, where she had been holidaying and had, according to her, not read any newspapers nor heard of the ongoing investigation. She met with Superintendent Boshier in the Midlands and gave her evidence.

There was radio silence for a while as the police gathered evidence and awaited the results of the autopsy. The media, starved of attention, went into a frenzy. They dogged Boshier’s every move and each day had some piece of new information or evidence to report. There were intimations on potential suspects, where and what Boshier was taking to his ‘interviews’ and even an early leaked report on the autopsy results: negative for poison. As days grew into weeks finally, on the 17th May 1928, the police concluded their search and an inquiry begun.

Many were those who had been interviewed nationally and, due to the media frenzy surrounding the case, the inquiry began with a ‘small crowd’ gathered around the Woking Police Court. Mr. and Mrs. Lerwill arrived together and sat near their counsel J.E. Symes and in attendance, was also the counsel of Mrs Carey-Smith, sister of Hilary Rougier: Mr A. W. Crosso.

The Coroner addressed the jury and stated “You will hear medical evidence given by Dr. Brewer who attended the deceased in his last illness. You will also hear evidence from Sir Bernard Spillsbury, who conducted a post-mortem examination, and from Mr. Roche Lynch, with regard to the result of an analysis he made. In this case certain information came to my notice and I order the exhumation of the body. The man died in the month of August 1926, nearly two years ago, and was then buried. I decided to hold an inquest, and issued a burial order under which re-burial has taken place.”

The first witness to testify was Mary Reeves, a trained nurse, who was asked in early August 1926 to visit by the Vicar of St John, to visit Hilary as he was dying and needed “some attention”: when she arrived, he had already passed away. Under questioning, she admitted that she had prepared the body for burial and that there were no abnormal or unusual signs on the body, nor were the sheets stained.

The next witness to be called was Dr. Brewer who, on Mrs Lerwell’s request, had visited the patient prior to death and described him as being an ordinary healthy, old gentleman for his age but continued to say “I noticed he appeared to be very subdued”. When pushed further for an explanation, he stated “I noticed that he never spoke for himself, but Mrs. Lerwill monopolised the conversation, and seemed to speak on his behalf…he did not volunteer any statement or make any remarks on his own. Mrs. Lerwill made a remark to me that he was peculiar as to his feeding. He took his food by himself”. In addition, Brewer also recanted his initial cause of death ‘cerebral haemorrhage and senility’ owing to the pathologist’s later findings. James Fry, the undertaker, was also asked perfunctory questions about the burial, exhumation and reburial.

Sir Bernard Spilsbury was next to the stand and had a rather puzzling report to make; there were no signs of poisoning which would indicate murder or disease, which would suggest natural causes in the deceased’s body. However, that is not to say that there was no poisoning at all.

Dr. Roche Lynch, home office pathologist, took the stand and stated that alkaloid morphine was found in the organs he analysed. Indeed, that fact that morphine could still be traced some 18 months after death, given that it tended to ‘disappear as putrification proceeds’ suggested a ‘considerable quantity was taken – quite possibly a fatal dose’. Morphine took 6-12 hours to work and the symptoms witnessed by Dr. Brewer were consistent with morphine overdose.

119 articles were taken from Nuthurst, amongst which were bottles of laudanum of the type which may have killed Hilary. The residence was formerly that of a doctor, rented to the Lerwills by his daughter Mary Beatrice Hope after his death, and the bottles were likely his. Mary recalled coming back from holiday in October 1928 to find the residence empty. She remembered that one of the bottles was possibly much fuller than its present state and one of the rooms of the house ‘smelt musty and not very pleasant’, also that a headboard had been polished and cleaned but a part had looked grey. Lillian M. Hope, sister of the above, stated also that the moment they got home they were told “Mr. Rougier had died” but not by the Lerwills. Indeed, the Lerwills had absconded and the promise to pay for rent in monthly instalments did not materialise after the first down payment.

Miss Alice Dayborn, a day domestic helper at Nuthurst, recounted that Hilary used to ‘potter around the garden’ most of the day. About three weeks into working at Nuthurst, Mrs Lerwill remarked that Hilary was ‘not looking very well’ and she sent for a doctor. Marjorie Helen Aldridge, the errant nurse now almost on the point of fainting, whilst at the stand attested to Rougier being a paying guest of the Lerwills and that he “had not his full voice, and seemed always to speak under his breathe…he was very feeble and not eating before his death”. Regarding relations between the Lerwills, she stated that they were both “affectionate” and “fond”.

Richard Hillier, nephew-in-law to the deceased, took the stand and what he had to say would change the course of this case. Richard was notified of his uncle in law’s demise on the same day that he died and whilst arranging funeral preparations, noticed that several his personal belongings were missing. All that was found in the vicinity of Hilary’s deathbed were a few newspaper cuttings and some coins; his chequebook was missing. The funeral arrangements also elicited strange behaviour from Mrs. Lerwill, when she suggested not only a speedy funeral, as it was hard on her children, but a cremation also.

Arthur Wilso Crosse, the solicitor involved in writing up Hilary’s 1919 will, paid a visit to Nuthurst upon hearing the news of his erstwhile client’s death and remembered that Mrs Lerwill “rather resented my appearance… [and] referred me to her solicitor at Brighton”. No wonder he was resented, as Crosse’s visit wasn’t just a perfunctory one and as he delved into Hilary’s affairs, discovered that of the 5,000 pounds of his estate that should’ve remained, only £79 was accounted for. When asked what the Lerwill’s solicitor had to say, he responded “he ought not to say…I did not obtain any satisfactory result”. A great many stubs for cheques made payable to the Lerwills by Hilary, of denominations between 40-2,000 pounds, was discovered.

At this point Hilary’s sister, Mrs Carey-Smith, took the stand and attested to Hilary’s inheriting a large sum from their father as well as his frugalness, reiterating that he was ‘careful with his money’. Mrs Carey-Smith last saw her brother alive in the Spring of 1925, when he sold a house in Guernsey to the tune of £3,080: Mrs Lerwill was also in attendance. The last time she heard from her brother was a fortnight before his death; he made no mention of any health or money problems and seemed quite himself.

The nurse, Helen, was questioned again and said that she was worried about Rougier on the night before his death, on account of his stumbling to bed, but he reassured her he was alright. When asked if he was depressed, he replied in the negative, likewise when questioned if ever he was suicidal or had harmed himself. When asked about bottles, she claimed she only seen those prescribed by Dr. Brewer, for Hilary’s throat, and nothing containing morphine. Helen also drew attention to the fact that one night ‘while playing cards, Mr. Rougier suddenly lost his memory’. Lastly, poison in his food was ruled out as Hilary’s last meal was fed to the dog after and the dog was still alive.

In his testimony he stated that Rougier wrote to him, asking to stay with him confirming how the arrangement at Nuthurst came to be. Whilst living with them his (Rougier’s) cough got worse, becoming ‘very bad’, and that the Rougier said a ‘doctor was no good to him, as it was more a case of old age’. The coroner pushed further, asking for why the doctor wasn’t sent for sooner, William replied that Hilary had been getting worse for a while and that the doctor could do nothing. On the night Hilary died, William’s car had broken down on his way back to Woking from Colchester. When pressed as to whether he had anything else to say, William said there had been hearsay about ‘money matters’ and that to clear things up, answered that every cheque given to him was signed by Hilary and gifted from time to time to ‘help him’. These, William claimed, were gifts and done entirely of his own volition.

The coroner queried that, having no job, did he have a private income? William replied no, but that he had wanted to start up a business in Woking beforehand, but it subsequently failed. William added that Hilary paid no fixed rent amount whilst staying with him but did indeed give him money to pay off his debts. It later transpired that many of the cheques were written in William’s hand but signed by Hilary. When asked as to why, he stated that the deceased had said ‘Just write it out and I’ll sign it’.

Under further questioning, it was discovered that at some point Hilary had induced William to buy him some laudanum for his dog’s claws, but when asked where he had obtained it from, he could not say where. Curiously, a search of all chemists in Woking and Horsham, places Lerwill visited, discovered no chemist who had sold the bottle to him; all pharmacies by this time had to enter logs into their poison sale records, for laudanum and other dangerous substances.

Lerwill, now technically separated from his wife, when pressed on the strangeness of his taking all but £79 of Rougier’s money before he died, responded ‘No, there was nothing extraordinary in it’. The inquiry was adjourned and the coroner, in summing up, stated that several anonymous letters had been received by himself and by the jury and that these should be ignored.

As a crowd of ladies in 'summer dresses' waited outside the court, Mrs Lerwill remained inside whilst in the courtyard, Mr. Lerwill smoked cigarettes as he ‘joked’ with his counsel.

The verdict came back ‘Morphine poisoning…not self-administered’. Judgement made, all inside were free to leave as no perpetrator could be pointed out. Mr. Lerwill on leaving, spoke sharply to Superintendent Boshier before exiting as a free man with his wife, the woman he had allegedly not spoken to throughout the trial.

It seemed that the mystery would remain just that, unknowable and unsolved. As the newspapers held their breathe, for weeks, then months, the public clamoured for more information until one day, news came: a new trial. But it was not the follow-up to the inquest, no, but an altogether different beast.

The Lerwills, suspected poisoning perpetrators, were taking the ‘News of the World’ to court for libel. It transpired, that the paper on 3rd June 1928 had run with the headline ‘ Who poisoned Hilary?’ beside a picture of the Lerwills. This had, allegedly, caused untold grief to them and that they had ‘mental anguish’ as a result of it. In addition, they had received hate mail and drawings of nooses. Rather than face trial, the paper gave them a ‘substantial sum’ and it was settled outside of court.

Over the years there were tantalising mentions of the case, from Boshier being recalled off holiday in September 1928 to do more work on the case, work which did not see the light of day, right up until his retirement in 1930. Further mentions in the 1930s refer to it as an ‘unsolved case’. There’s even a death of a ‘Charles Joseph Rougier’ in 1931, which the rumour mill tried to link to Hilary but with no luck. Indeed, the trail went utterly cold and it would seem no further information would come to light. Until a final startling twist in March 1934.

William Knight Lerwill, after the inquest, gallivanted around the UK and Canada frittering away the £5,000 sum given to him by the news of the world and another paper. In and out of work, setting up businesses which inevitably collapsed, Lerwill slipped back into his former state of penury: unemployed and homeless.

He visited his uncle in Kentisbury, Walter Lerwill, whom he hadn’t seen for 12 years. William’s visit rather than being one of sentimental purpose, was a pragmatic one: he needed money. His uncle, understandably taken aback, gave him ten shillings and some silver and William departed for Combe Martin in Devon. He stayed at the Deck of Cards hotel and registered under a false name, W. Knight, and brought no luggage. He spent five nights there, going out some evenings or else playing shove ha’penny in the saloon bar. During this time, he had asked the proprietor’s wife if he could borrow money, she demurred, and so he asked her son. The father, owner of the hotel, overheard and eventually agreed to lend him one pound.

Lerwill, claiming the previous name (knight) was a false one, gave him instead a new one which was equally fallacious. He claimed he was selling a property in Combe Martin and that he would pay him back from the sale of it; this too was a lie, a lie the proprietor suspected.

His final morning at the hotel, Lerwill saw a picture of a man being arrested in the newspaper and, according to the proprietor, became ‘terribly agitated ‘and left without settling his bill. The proprietor some days before had remarked on the strange behaviour of his guest and phoned up The Queen’s Head in Ilfracombe, a place Lerwill said he’d formerly stayed at, and they confirmed he had been there…but didn’t pay for his lodging.

Concerned, the proprietor spoke to PC Yelland and the officer agreed it was odd behaviour and agreed to speak to the suspect. That morning, Lerwill walked about town for some time before the officer, Yelland, spotted him. They walked and talked, despite Lerwill’s agitation, and then out of nowhere William said “I want to talk it over with you….where’s the nearest police station?”

Yelland took him to the station but upon getting near, his charge changed his mind, walked ahead and behind a car, took out a small whisky flask and drank: he collapsed dead straightaway. He had consumed half an ounce of prussic acid (cyanide) enough to kill the man and many more besides. Questioned later, Yelland had no idea what the ‘it’ was that Lerwill wished to talk about and had not even mentioned the unpaid hotel fees in the course of their conversation. An inquest into his death found the cause, predictably, to be suicide and he was buried at the family tomb, in a private ceremony at Combe Martin.

The murder was never solved.

submitted by BuffHistory1 to UnresolvedMysteries [link] [comments]

2020.01.15 06:10 masmasi2907 Varenicline to Stop Smoking: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions

Varenicline (trade name Chantix and Champix) is a prescription medication used to treat nicotine addiction. It reduces both craving for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products.
It is a high-affinity partial agonist for the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype (nACh) that leads to the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens when activated, and therefore, has the capacity to reduce the feelings of craving and withdrawal caused by smoking cessation.[1] In this respect it is similar to cytisine and different from the nicotinic antagonist bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) like nicotine patches and nicotine gum.
Varenicline to Stop Smoking: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions
Varenicline helps you stop smoking. To increase your chance of success, use this medication with a stop-smoking program that includes education, support, and counseling. Quitting smoking lowers your risk of heart and lung disease, as well as cancer. Varenicline works by blocking nicotine’s effects in the brain that make you want to smoke.
Discuss the risks and benefits of this medication, as well as other ways to quit smoking (such as nicotine replacement treatment), with your doctor.
Varenicline is not recommended for use by children 16 years or younger because it does not help this age group stop smoking.

How to use Varenicline Tablet

Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start taking varenicline and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
There are different ways to use varenicline. One way is to set a date to quit smoking before beginning treatment with this drug. Begin taking varenicline as directed by your doctor, 1 to 2 weeks before the quit date. Take one 0.5-milligram tablet once a day for 3 days, then increase to one 0.5-milligram tablet twice a day for 4 days. The dose is slowly increased to lessen the chance of side effects (such as nausea, unusual dreams). It is okay to smoke during this time. Stop smoking on the quit date. Take the dose prescribed by your doctor twice a day for the rest of the treatment period (usually 12 weeks).
Another way to use varenicline is to start taking the drug before you choose a date to quit smoking. Start with the 0.5-milligram tablets and increase the dose as directed by your doctor. Pick a date to quit smoking that is between days 8 and 35 of treatment. Stop smoking on the date you have chosen. Take the dose prescribed by your doctor for the rest of the treatment period.
If you are not able to pick a quit date, your doctor may direct you to start taking this medication and gradually reduce smoking with a goal to quit by the end of your treatment. Follow your doctor’s directions carefully and reduce smoking as directed.
If this medication comes in a dosing package, carefully follow the directions on the dosing package. There are two types of dosing packs: a starting pack and a continuing pack, each containing different strengths of this medication. If this medication comes in a bottle, carefully follow your doctor’s directions on the prescription label. If you have any questions about how to take this medication, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.
Take this medication by mouth after eating food and with a full glass of water.
The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.
Do not increase your dose or take this medication more often than prescribed. Your condition will not improve any faster, and your risk of side effects will increase. Do not take more than 1 milligram twice a day.
Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time(s) each day.
Tell your doctor if you continue to smoke after a few weeks of treatment. If you are not able to quit smoking after 12 weeks of treatment, talk to your doctor.
If you are successful and cigarette-free after 12 weeks of treatment, your doctor may recommend another 12 weeks of treatment with varenicline.

Side Effects

See also Precautions section.
Nausea, headache, vomiting, drowsiness, gas, constipation, trouble sleeping, unusual dreams, or changes in taste may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: burning feeling in feet/toes, unusual pain in the legs when walking.
Stop taking varenicline and get medical help right away if you have any very serious side effects, including: seizure, symptoms of a heart attack (such as chest/jaw/left arm pain, shortness of breath, unusual sweating), signs of a stroke (such as weakness on one side of the body, trouble speaking, sudden vision changes, confusion), harmful behavior to self/others/property.
Rarely, varenicline may cause serious mental/mood changes, even after stopping the medication. Drinking alcohol while taking this medication may increase the risk for mental/mood changes. Quitting smoking itself may also cause mental/mood changes. Stop taking varenicline and tell your doctor or pharmacist right away if you have symptoms such as depression/suicidal thoughts, agitation, aggression, or other unusual thoughts or behavior.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

Precautions

Before taking varenicline, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: kidney disease, mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression), heart/blood vessel disease (such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke), seizure.
This drug may make you dizzy, drowsy, lose consciousness, or make it difficult to concentrate. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can worsen these effects. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness until you can do it safely. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).
This drug may also make you more sensitive to alcohol (including increased drunkenness, unusual behavior, and limited or no memory of things that happened). Limit alcoholic beverages. Be aware of how alcohol affects you while taking this medication.
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
It is unknown if this medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.
Smoking can affect the way your body removes certain drugs such as insulin, theophylline, warfarin, among others. When you stop smoking, your doses of these drugs may need to be adjusted by your doctor. Tell all your doctors and pharmacists that you are quitting smoking and of all the products you take.

Missed Dose

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Storage

Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.Information last revised June 2019. Copyright(c) 2019 First Databank, Inc.
Important Facts About Nicotine
Nicotine is a colorless alkaloid chemical that is most commonly sourced from the tobacco plant, which is in the nightshade family of plants. Nicotine is also present in small amounts in tomato, potato, green pepper, eggplant, and coca plants.
Most commonly known as the addictive ingredient in tobacco products, nicotine is often mistakenly thought to be a harmless chemical otherwise.
While research is ongoing regarding nicotine and how it affects the human body, a number of facts about the hazards of nicotine are available today, some of which might surprise you.

How Nicotine Affects Body Chemistry

When inhaled, nicotine travels to the brain quickly (within 10 seconds) and attaches to receptors where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine would normally dock. This starts a chain of chemical reactions that influence numerous bodily functions.
Nicotine is a stimulant, but depending on the smoker’s mental and physical state, it can be perceived as energizing or relaxing.
Most smokers are familiar with the feeling of a racing heart and/or shallow breathing when they smoke. Adrenaline, the ‘fight or flight’ hormone is responsible for this. When nicotine reaches the brain, adrenaline is released, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and restricting blood flow to the heart.
Adrenaline also tells the body to move excess glucose into the bloodstream. At the same time, nicotine hinders the release of insulin from the pancreas, which would remove excess sugar from the blood. The result is that smokers are often in a state of hyperglycemia, meaning they have more sugar in their blood than is normal. High blood sugar dampens hunger, and this is a contributing factor to the appetite-suppressant effects of nicotine.
Dopamine is another neurotransmitter that is activated when nicotine reaches the brain. Dopamine causes feelings of euphoria and is thought to play a significant role in addiction.

Nicotine Is Poisonous

Nicotine is extremely poisonous. While no exact figure has been established for a lethal dose, a recent study estimated a lower limit of 0.5–1 g.3 That said, tobacco products do not contain enough nicotine to cause a fatal overdose when used as directed. For example, a typically manufactured cigarette contains about 10 mg of nicotine, but most of it goes up in smoke, with approximately one milligram of nicotine being inhaled by the smoker.
Nicotine can be lethal to children in doses as small as 10 milligrams.
Plants produce nicotine to protect themselves from predators, and people use nicotine in pesticides for the same reason.
Nicotine can be absorbed through the skin, which is the delivery method with the nicotine patch. A spill of electronic cigarette nicotine solution (known as e-juice) can be hazardous for this reason.
Researchers have discovered that the nicotine in secondhand smoke can be absorbed through bare skin that is exposed to the smoke. It can also be absorbed into the skin from clothing that has been contaminated by nicotine.

Risks of Nicotine Exposure for Children and the Unborn Child

Nicotine is present in the residue left behind by cigarette smoke in a closed environment, also known as third-hand smoke. This presents a danger to small children who may ingest nicotine on toys and small hands that find their way to a child’s mouth.
Young children are also at risk of nicotine poisoning from chewing on full cigarettes/cigarette butts, or NRT products like nicotine gum or nicotine patches. Please keep these items out of the reach of children.
Nicotine may decrease the ability of sperm to fertilize eggs by as much as 75%.7 Nicotine docks with receptor sites on sperm cells and impedes their viability in men who are heavy smokers.
Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict. In pregnant mothers, this translates to less oxygen and nutrients delivered to the fetus.
Nicotine easily crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in both fetal circulation and amniotic fluid. At this time, it is not known how much nicotine in vitro would be considered fatal for the fetus.
Nicotine accumulates in breast milk, is passed on to nursing infants, and appears to affect their sleep patterns.

How Nicotine Can Hurt Your Health

Research has uncovered a link between nicotine and vascular smooth muscle cell damage, contributing to the formation of plaques that lead to heart disease.
Nicotine slows the production of bone-producing cells called osteoblasts. This prolongs healing when bones are broken.
Nicotine inhibits apoptosis, a process that removes unwanted cells in the body (programmed cell death). Since some of the cells targeted by apoptosis are mutations that may become cancerous in the future, inhibiting this important function may contribute to life-threatening diseases.
Smoking is a known risk factor for degenerative disc disease.12 Nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke hinder spinal disc cells from absorbing vital nutrients in blood, which in turn leads to premature dehydration and degeneration of spinal discs.
Nicotine is among the most toxic of all poisons and is highly addictive.
It is a mistake to think that using nicotine in a form that doesn’t involve cigarettes is harmless. Products like smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes may be considered less harmful when compared to cigarette smoking, but they carry considerable health hazards as well. And don’t forget, while nicotine addiction is actively engaged, ex-smokers are at a heightened risk for a full-fledged smoking relapse.
Don’t settle for less than you deserve. Recovery from nicotine addiction takes some work, but it is doable and so rewarding.
Life works better on every level when we free ourselves from the self-imposed prison addiction puts us into.
Source: http://www.hiwamag.com/health/varenicline-stop-smoking/

submitted by masmasi2907 to english_articles [link] [comments]

2019.05.05 19:49 vApe_Escape Hot Seat Sunday with AMA vApe_Escape.

Hot Seat Sunday

Edit: I've got this guy to autoreload every 5 minutes. I will also have to step out a bit later on but I will do my best to answer evereyone's questions as time allows. Thanks for your patience.
So, this is an idea for a weekly thread… Basically it's a AMA thread with a twist – the 'victim' gets to name who is next up in the rotation. It was started by u/juthinc in this thread here and it was continued by u/isuamadog in here, and continued here by u/humanpuck , followed up by u/eyemakepizza, and finally by u/ID-10T here.
There are some rules:

try picking someone who hasn't gone yet
it has to be someone who actively posts here
no dead people (ie: notcharlesmanson isn't eligible)
preferably a name that people recognize, 'regular poster' means someone who is a) alive and b) has posted in the last three months
Complete the FAQ before posting
If you do the hot seat, you can add up to three names to the list of people who are potential victims. Now, in the interest of saving some likely to be asked questions from coming up multiple times, I've included a FAQ below. With that said (and remembering to not repeat questions from the FAQ) fire away. Oh, and next time, it's someone's turn and you will be pm'ed regarding your participation. (possibly concreteriver Coop34 chemicalburnvictim AlfredPudding Foment_Life u/Apexified u/mlNikon ).

Already Done: u/juthinc, u/isuamadog , u/humanpuck , u/eyemakepizza , u/ID10-T
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. How'd you get your handle? I got a free CE4 and ego with 10ml of generic vanilla juice. I had been 1-1.5 PAD smoke for about 10 years with no intention of quitting but I thought damn, this is pretty decent. I think I like it better. While researching everything I ended up finding and joining Reddit. I wanted a username that was vape related and I loved the game Ape Escape so vApe_Escape was born. Why is the v lowercase? Its actually silent.
2. How long have you been mixing for? 2015...ish. Arbitrary dates and I don't go well together I couldn't tell you the month I stopped smoking and some have it to the minute but a fair amount of time.
3. MTL or DTL? Both. MTL for my work/yardwork mech because its got a single battery, my NETs taste better in MTL(most of the time), and really a MTL RDA works great with a tiny beater REO Grand.
4. Current flavor or profile obsession? Tobaccos, always tobaccos, but not always just tobaccos. I like making hybrid mixes as well. I'd love to do a good black walnut but AFAIK there is a single BW flavor on the market and its not good.
5. Most/Least disappointing flavors that was/not as expected? Secret Weapon? Most was trying every pineapple on the market and finding out that every single one gives me a headache with a single hit. Secret weapon: 50/50 combo INW DNB & one of the INW Absolutes (whichever suites the flavor)
6. Mixing Milestone? I think its one we all share, that first time that you make a mix and its just right. Not just good enough to vape but the kind where you hit it, take a moment staring at your vape, and are like, "Damn, I did that?"
7. Recipes you admire/love? Wouldn't be a post if I didn't mention my love for xGRANITEx's (fucking callback to Myspace days with those x's huh?) astoundingly versatile Buttermilk Pie. Awesome as a standalone but, man, the possibilities with this recipe are endless. I've probably tried a dozen variations and all were great.
8. What the hell is a NET, why do you make them instead of buying synths, and how do you make them? NET stands for Naturally Extracted Tobacco. It is a flavoring agent made from filtered tobacco. It is not to be confused with Tobacco Absolutes or WTA(Whole Tobacco Alkaloids which are all about the feel while NETs are all about the flavors. Yes they are more gunky but it depends on the method of extraction and level of filtration. For example, Hangsen's tobaccos are NETs but they use a very complex process to get it so clean. As a general rule of thumb the more you filter the less nuance and flavor. It is worth nothing that I have only worked with hot and cold maceration of ethanol and PG and variants there of and not steam distillation. I do still use synths oftentimes in combos with NETS. As for making them I would recommend reading through these threads: https://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forums/liquid-extraction-from-tobacco.489/ If you want to try NETs but not spend the time making them or the money on buying extracts trubacco has a sample pack for a couple of bucks.
9. White Whale? I want to nail the perfect NET process for home use. I've found and am pretty confident that immersion circulators are the way to go for your initial process. Nailing down the exact temperature, how long, storage before/afteor before and after filtration and how long are still up in the air. Its going to be a long process.
10. What is your experience with vaping in the medical field? I graduated yesterday, in that time I have worked with pulmonologists and discussed vaping for a number of doctors. In that time I had to do a 3 month project. I chose a 3 month trial on the effects of vaping and nicotine on blood pressure and cardiovascular health with in never smokers, former smokers, former smoker current vapers, never smoker current vapers, and current smokers. I'm happy to say it was good news with vaping only moderately spiking blood pressure for a very short interval. The results will be published in Nature magazine. (Please don't dox me.) I have to stop and thank Evolv here because we used their chips in all the devices and that researcher tab really came in handy. Feel free to ask away about the above but please don't ask me to diagnose anything.
11. How would you describe your mixing style? Wew, it can really be anything from shit I'm out of juice so lets bust some out real quick to spending months and months on a single flavor trying to get it just right. It all depends on what I have time for. I try to eschew any preconceived notions when mixing. I grew up on a farm and my brother runs an Avant Garde restaurant so that has helped open my eyes a lot to the possibilities out there and taking each flavor on its own rather than going by descriptions or doing some creative pairings.
12. Advice for new mixers? Everyone says read, read, read and while I agree its a bit too 1984 for me. Be your own mixer. Mix for yourself. Do the research, test the flavors, do some trial runs. You eat everyday. You know what tastes good to you. Take that and say this tastes good and I bet it would go well with this. Take examples from real life but don't limit yourself to them. We aren't cooking. We have a lot more options for experimentation because of it. Ask anyone who has been mixing for any length of time and they will tell you they have bought shit flavors or made horrible juice. Its going to happen. Don't worry about it when it does. This isn't like vaping where you can just fill a pod and go. You get out exactly what you put in.

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2019.03.13 21:47 ratz1819 The Setup

My dear smoker Redditor,
If you've reached this post then you probably have a nicotine addiction problem that you've been struggling with for some time. Luckily you've come to the right place and your new life as a nonsmoker will begin shortly. Make sure to get comfortable while we prepare the setup and give some important information around your addiction. The aim is to get you correctly informed about the true risks of smoking and put you in the correct state of mind to start your new life as a non-smoker!
Please take your time to read all chapters in both posts - The Setup and The Execution.
You'll need about 60 minutes. During this period if you feel and urge to smoke, please do so without any restraints.

I. Correctly identifying the enemy.
Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally. In the United States about 500.000! deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases. More than 15% of the world's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Two in three long time smokers will die from a smoke-related disease. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. Do i have your attention? There's more. Tobacco smoke is a complex toxic cocktail of over 5,000 identified chemicals, of which more than 70 are known to cause cancer. The most important chemicals causing cancer are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer (Acrolein, Formaldehyde, Acrylonitrile and Ethylene oxide to name but few).
People who use tobacco (in any shape whether it's cigarettes, cigars, pipes, shisha, snus, chewing tobacco etc) are addicted to nicotine. About 5 percent (by weight) of the tobacco plant is nicotine (C10H14N2), a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid. Cigarettes typically contain about 10 milligrams to 20 milligrams of nicotine, depending on the brand. When you smoke a cigarette, about 1 to 2 milligrams get absorbed by your body. nicotine is an extremely addictive chemical; just 7 seconds after a cigarette smoker inhales the smoke from lighting up the tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the skin and the mucosal linings in the nose, mouth and lungs, and travels through the bloodstream to the brain. It stimulates adrenal glands to produce epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter you also know as adrenaline. This increases heart rate and blood pressure while constricting blood vessels; it also stimulates the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that controls the brain's pleasure center. Inhaling nicotine gives the most immediate effects because your lungs are lined with millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli provide an enormous surface area (more than 40 times the surface area of your skin) making it the most efficient way to get nicotine into the bloodstream. nicotine only stays in the human body for a few hours, it has a half-life of about an hour or two, meaning that six hours after smoking a cigarette, only about 0.031 milligram of the 1 milligram (~3%) of the nicotine you inhaled remains in your body. Our enemy is nicotine and the only "good part" about nicotine's fast absorption into the body is that it also leaves the body quite rapidly. We're going to use this to our advantage and can safely say that 2 days after you've put out your last cigarette, your body is nicotine free. These 2 days are crucial for kicking the nicotine addiction.
This is key to stopping smoking so i'll repeat it throughout our journey: Nicotine is the enemy! Throughout my quitting attempts (and i have been trying for more than 15 years) almost nobody clearly articulated this, doctors, psychologists and any other health professional that you might think of would just suggest other methods of getting nicotine into the body.
Nicotine is the enemy!

II. Health and lifestyle impact
a. Health
By far the biggest health risk of smoking is developing cancer. Between the moment you've been diagnosed with cancer and the time of your death a number of long painful years may pass. During this time your life and the lives of your loved ones will be turned upside down.
Aside from giving you cancer, smoking affects all our bodily functions and systems. Let's take a look at a few:
a. Circulation - The tar that you introduce into the lungs while smoking will: make your blood thicker and increase chances of clot formation, increase your blood pressure and heart rate, making your heart work harder than normal and narrow your arteries, reducing the amount of oxygen rich blood circulating to your organs.
b. Heart - Smoking doubles your risk of having a heart attack, and if you smoke you have twice the risk of dying from coronary heart disease than lifetime non-smokers.
c. Stomach - Smokers have an increased chance of getting stomach ulcers. Smoking can weaken the muscle that controls the lower end of your gullet (oesophagus) and allow acid from the stomach to travel in the wrong direction back up your gullet, a process known as re-flux.
d. Skin - Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that gets to your skin. This means that if you smoke, your skin ages more quickly and looks grey and dull. The toxins in your body also cause cellulite. You're three times more likely to get facial wrinkling, particularly around the eyes and mouth than a nonsmoker. Smoking even gives you a sallow, yellow-grey complexion and hollow cheeks, which can cause you to look gaunt.
e. Bones - Smoking can cause your bones to become weak and brittle.
f. Brain - If you smoke, you are more likely to have a stroke than someone who doesn't smoke. In fact, smoking increases your risk of having a stroke by at least 50%, which can cause brain damage and death. And, by smoking, you double your risk of dying from a stroke.
g. Lungs - Coughs, colds, wheezing and asthma are the symptoms you develop when starting smoking. Smoking can cause fatal diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema and lung cancer. Smoking causes 84% of deaths from lung cancer and 83% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Whilst the early signs of COPD can often be dismissed as a ‘smoker’s cough’, if people continue smoking and the condition worsens, it can greatly impact on their quality of life. You can slow down the progression of the disease and stopping smoking is the most effective way to do this.
h. Mouth and throat - Smoking causes unattractive problems such as bad breath and stained teeth, and will also cause gum disease and seriously damage your sense of taste (that's why smokers prefer either very sweet or very salty food). The most serious damage smoking causes in your mouth and throat is an increased risk of cancer in your lips, tongue, throat, voice box and gullet (oesophagus). More than 93% of oropharyngeal cancers (cancer in part of the throat) are caused by smoking. nicotine is the enemy.
i. Reproduction and fertility - Smoking can cause male impotence, as it damages the blood vessels that supply blood to the penis. It can also damage sperm, reduce sperm count and cause testicular cancer.
While on this topic i'll need you to accept that when it comes to the risks of smoking you're purposely minimizing them. You're currently sitting comfortably at a 1 (one) and for this to work i'll need you at a 4 (four).
Knowledge about smoking risks:

You've heard that smoking increases health risks.
You're aware that specific diseases are caused by smoking.
You can accurately appreciate the meaning, severity, and probabilities of developing tobacco related diseases.
You're personally accepting that the risks inherent in levels 1–3 apply to one’s own risk of contracting such diseases.

Nicotine is the enemy!
b. Lifestyle
There's no nice way to say this but smokers are gross. When you're smoking your breath is bad, your teeth are bad, your clothes stink, your hair stinks, and if you smoke indoors - that place stinks as well. You don't have much sense of taste or smell and when/if you do a little effort you'll sweat like a horse you reek so badly nobody will want to be close to you. You're irritable and nervous if you didn't have your nicotine fix and always have to take breaks in the most inappropriate moments. You always look like you haven't slept for 3 days and you fingers are yellow. Yuck.
Let's have a look at the routine of a smoker:
a. Morning: One of the first things on your mind (even if unconsciously) once you wake up is your nicotine fix before the workday. You wake up coughing and know this will go on until you smoke your first cigarette of the day. While commuting to work you'll smoke at least one more cigarette.
b. Work day: After the first hour, you start to feel on edge. By the end of the second hour, nobody should talk to you, you are beyond irritable. Your next smoke is at the forefront of your mind. Your live your life in a time-boxed manner in one or two hours frames between smokes.
c. Evenings: You're running out of cigarettes now, so you stop off for a pack. You have to stand in line, and then you find out the price has gone up again. You can't believe how much a pack of cigarettes costs now. How do they expect people on a regular income to be able to afford to smoke? Thinking about how unfair it makes you so angry you chain smoke three cigarettes. Before going to bed you'll light up another one so you can sleep smooth.
A couple of situations that put you on the edge:
Movies: When going out to the movies you'll have to sit through 1.5 - 2 hours of movie. The movie is not quite over and what's the only thing on your mind? Nicotine is the enemy.
Flying: Think of the times you've had flights longer than two hours and neither your departure or arrival airports had smoking lounges. You're considering lighting up in the airplane and you're fully prepared to pay for doing so.
Any activity that prevents you from smoking for more than 2 hours: you're being bossed around by a plant.
Out of cigars?: You'll basically do anything to get them no matter the risk or effort.

III. Debunking popular myths and bad methods to quitting and discussing conspiracy theories.
a. There's lots of myths around smoking and kicking this nasty habit. Let's try and debunk some of those:

"Tobacco is the enemy." False! While the chemical ingredients in tobacco do cause the most damage to ones health, smokers use tobacco to extract the nicotine. If nicotine would be found in potatoes, nicotine addicts would find ways to extract it from potatoes. Nicotine is the enemy!
"Smoking is relaxing and it distresses me." False! You're just mistaking the withdrawal symptoms from the low nicotine level in your body with being stressed. Once you administer nicotine the withdrawal symptoms start fading immediately. You're relaxed because you're feeding your addiction. As soon as you don't feed it you'll be stressed again. It's a vicious circle.
"Smoking keeps me skinny – I will gain weight as soon as I quit". False! Nicotine may affect your sense of taste and while some people do gain weight when they quit, smoking cannot be linked to a healthy, trim body. It is true that nicotine is an appetite suppressant and that quitting might make you more susceptible to weight gain, but it doesn’t have to happen. Nicotine also doesn’t add anything to your overall fitness as it cuts down the amount of oxygen available to your body and forces your heart to work harder.
"My smoking harms no one else." False! Several studies have shown that second-hand smoking (when others inhale the smoke of a primary smoker) can also have dire effects on one’s health.
"If i quit smoking i'll get depressed." False! Some people believe that short-term mood swings will lead to long-term depression. But in reality, depression over quitting smoking is most commonly an issue if depression is already a problem.
"I know smokers who lived into very old age." This is so stupid it almost didn't make it here but i keep hearing it too often. Five out of six participants in a round of deadly Russian roulette will claim that putting a loaded gun to their head and pulling the trigger caused no harm. Same thing with "smokers living to 110 years of age".
"Smoking is pleasurable." False! Most studies show that >90% of all smokers regret ever picking it up. 'I enjoy smoking' is the biggest lie you've ever told yourself.
"Filters on cigarettes remove most of the nasty stuff from cigarettes." False! There a plenty of videos on YouTube that show how much tar passes through filtered cigarettes.

b. Bad methods for quitting smoking:
When people decide to stop smoking they usually try one of the following methods and fail. Let's understand why.

Nicotine patches and gum. Wrong! These things still keep you addicted. If you run out of gum or patches you'll go buy a pack of cigarettes. Nicotine is the enemy!
Quit smoking by cutting down. Wrong! You're just going to have the worse of both worlds. While still addicted to nicotine you'll count the time left till your next cigarette. The point is not to self flagellate here, but to kick a bad addiction.
You need willpower to stop smoking. Wrong! While some level of determination is necessary to quit smoking this is nearly not enough. Smoking is not just a “bad habit”, it’s a complex addiction that has physical, mental and social components. When quitting smoking we're addressing both the mental and physical addiction.
Hypnotherapy/Pills/Lasers/Herbs and whatnot. Wrong and expensive! It's like doing acupuncture to cure cancer. These methods simply don't work.

As long as you remember who's our enemy, you can still smoke if you so wish. :) I'll let you know when the time for your last cigarette is.
c. Conspiracy theories
Although i'm really not a big fan of conspiracies, when it comes to the tobacco industry I start being paranoid. Although smoking is now mostly frowned upon a lot of movies, TV series and music videos still portray smoking as either cool, masculine, sexy, rebellious etc. There are 5 major tobacco corporations and i believe they can buy "smoking time" in new media be it movies or music. These guys make billions out of selling paper cylinders filled with a dried plant. They'll probably do anything to protect their business model.
With regards to the tobacco industry there are 3 aspects that should worry us:

Scientific subversion: proof of the manipulation of scientific evidence and buying out of scientists to maintain controversy over the health issues related to smoking, but even more so today, related to environmental tobacco smoke.
Ideological subversion: whether it be through clever and disguised product placements on screen or TV, creating its own biased health messages, implementing subtle and ingenious marketing tactics or using political lobbying maneuvers, the tobacco industry has gone to unbelievable extents to do what it says it never will.
Economic strategies: to develop as fast as possible, to infiltrate closed-market countries, to better reach the young and the poor, smuggling is one of the ways the industry has chosen to organize its international growth.

Nicotine is the enemy!
Once you've let smoking behind, try and look at smokers with pity and understanding, with empathy and compassion. There was a time when you were like them. Go tell them: Nicotine is the enemy!
Congratulations for making it this far!
Onto the next post - The Execution!

submitted by ratz1819 to LAMquitsmoking [link] [comments]

2018.09.05 17:00 neovngr If throat-hit-harshness is not a factor for me (~5mL nico rate in my juice), are there still reasons to consider Nicotine-Salts?

Thanks for any info, I've been watching youtubes and the only thing I can discern as a benefit is in the context of getting a higher nico//e-juice ratio w/o harshness, but I'm quite happy with the throat-hit of my ~5mg mixes with Nude's generic/basic "nicotine concentrate"....I'm about out of nico so gotta place an order soon and am unsure if I should get my standard 100mg/mL max VG 'nico concentrate' or if I should try the salts....any&all thoughts/advice, or links to info, would be greatly appreciated!
Upon hearing of them I initially got VERY excited as I mistakenly thought someone had figured-out how to do something I've wanted to see for a while (gah if I only had the $ to invest in this!), which is a nico that's "full spectrum" tobacco extract, because raw nicotine is good but cigarettes' tobacco has other active ingredients which aren't too effective on their own but act as MAOI's which, when taken alongside nicotine (or most/all basic amines), makes the "nicotine rush" far better. Getting those MAOI's that're in tobacco into a e-juice is a great idea if it's possible to do so (don't have the scientific know-how to discern the weight the extra alkaloids would add and whether it'd work in-practice, but expect it would and am genuinely surprised it hasn't been introduced, I mean if nothing else it'd be more addictive so you'd think it'd be on the market by now!)

submitted by neovngr to DIY_eJuice [link] [comments]

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