Imagery examples in literature

Book Suggestions

2010.07.25 18:25 Noveskan Book Suggestions

In need of a good read? Let us know what you want and we guarantee you'll find a great book, or your money back. This subreddit is for people to ask for suggestions on books to read. Please only post requests for suggestions, not unsolicited recommendations or “should I read this book or that book” type posts.
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2010.11.29 07:59 dezine Underground, Horrorcore, Wicked Shit Music.

Simply put, Horrorcore is a sub-genre of hip hop with lyrics and imagery that focus on the darker side of things — death, mental illness, the supernatural, etc.
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2012.06.17 20:13 Algorithmic Trading

A place for redditors to discuss quantitative trading, statistical methods, econometrics, programming, implementation, automated strategies, and bounce ideas off each other for constructive criticism. Feel free to submit papers/links of things you find interesting.
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2024.05.14 00:19 Agreeable_Salad7448 Apostle Paul vs Prophet Muhammad

DISCLAIMER: This respectful and civil debate is oriented towards muslims. For the sake of the moderators time and also the readers I will only list 5 problems I've found. But don't worry I have 20 more to post if this post has more traffic!
According to the Quran, Jesus was a prophet of Islam, his followers were Muslims and the gospel is the inspired preserved authoritative word of Allah. But when we go to our earliest records, we find Jesus claiming to be the Divine Son of God who would die on the cross for sins and rise from the dead. Jesus followers proclaimed him as their Risen Lord, the gospel that Christians have been reading for nearly 2,000 years tells us that "Anyone who claims to be a prophet, rejects Jesus death, resurrection and deity is a false prophet and an antichrist" - 1 John 2:22, a verse to remember.
Problem 1. Earlier Records for Paul's Life than for Muhammad's Life - Our records of Paul's life are much earlier than our records of Muhammad's life. And here I don't just mean that Paul came centuries before Muhammad and so we have earlier sources for Paul's life, I mean that when we talk about the teachings and deeds of Paul the biographical sources we use are much closer to the events they report than the biographical sources we use when we talk about the teachings and deeds of Muhammad. Our earliest biographical sources on Paul were written during the lifetime of Paul. The book of Acts for example was written in the early 60s before Paul was martyred, and it was written by a traveling companion of Paul who was an eyewitness to many of the details he reports. We also have numerous letters written by Paul himself. Our earliest detailed biographical source on Muhammad is the sirah (biographical literature), especially the work of Ibn Ishaq (d. 768) which was written more than a century after Muhammad's death. And we don't even have what Ibn Ishaq actually wrote. We have an Abridged version that was sanitized by a later scholar and we shouldn't forget that many Muslims don't trust Ibn Ishaq. When Muslims quote stories about Muhammad, they're usually getting their information from sources like Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, which were written two centuries after the time of Muhammad.
Problem 1.1. But it gets worse... The main reason for composing works like Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim was that Muslims were composing so many false stories about Muhammad, people didn't know what to believe. Scholars like Bukari decided that they needed to collect stories they thought were accurate in order to distinguish them from the ever increasing supply of false narrations. Now if Muslims during the time of Bukhari were inventing stories about Muhammad, what about the generation before that, and the generation before that..? And the generation before that? Two centuries is a lot of time to make things up, that's why it's always good to have sources written within the lifetime of the person you want to know about or at least within the lifetimes of the eyewitnesses. When we learn about Paul we learn about him through first generation eyewitness accounts. When we learn about Muhammad, we learn about him through late sources written by people who didn't know him, whose parents didn't know him and whose grandparents didn't know him. People who were fishing for historical facts in a sea of fabrication and deception. A few years ago the crumbling historical foundations for the life of Muhammad led the Islamic scholar Muhammad Sven Kalisch to conclude that Muhammad probably never existed. I don't agree with Dr Kalisch's conclusion about Muhammad's existence, but when even Muslim Scholars are starting to recognize how difficult it's become to take Muslim sources seriously our confidence in the historical Muhammad vanishes.
Problem 2. Paul Was a brillian scholar; Muhammad Was Not - The Apostle Paul was a brilliant scholar who defended his views in Athens, the intellectual capital of the ancient world, and in other major cities. He had discussions with the Stoic and Epicurian philosophers of his day and he could quote their sources to them. Even Anthony Flu, one of the 20th Century's most impressive critics of Christianity, said that the Apostle Paul possessed a first class philosophical mind. Muhammad by contrast was an illiterate 7th Century Caravan Trader. Now being an illiterate 7th Century Caravan Trader doesn't make you wrong, just as being a brilliant scholar doesn't make you right. But when we're dealing with claims about history and theology and various other topics having some sort of education helps. Not having an education leaves you open to obviously false revelations because you don't know enough to recognize them as false. This is why we find Muhammad telling his followers that Dhul-Qarnain traveled so far west he found the place where the sun sets, and that stars are missile that Allah uses to shoot demons, and that semen is formed between the backbone and the ribs. These are exactly the sort of absurdities we would expect from someone who has no clue what he's talking about, and who therefore has no clue whether his revelations line up with reality.
Problem 3. Paul knew the Old Testament; Muhammad Did Not - The Apostle Paul was a Pharisee who studied under Rabban Gamaliel II, one of the greatest Jewish rabbis of the first century. Paul knew the Old Testament inside and out which is why he quotes the Old Testament so frequently in his writings. This is important because Jesus claimed to fulfill a variety of Old Testament prophecies and you can't really examine this claim if you don't know what the Old Testament says. Muhammad was almost completely ignorant of the Old Testament because his knowledge of the Jewish scriptures was limited to what he heard in conversations. Not surprisingly despite Muhammad's numerous interactions with Jews in Arabia the Quran contains very few quotations from the Old Testament. Due to his ignorance of the scriptures Muhammad couldn't tell the difference between stories that were in the Torah and therefore divine revelation and stories from later Jewish writings and commentaries some of which were so late and so obviously fabricated they weren't far beyond the level of bedtime stories. Imagine how amusing it must be for someone who specializes in Jewish literature, to read the Quran and find so many fables being presented to Muslims as Revelation. Cain being taught how to bury the dead by a raven (al-Ma`idah (The Table, The Table Spread) 5:31), Solomon listening to a speech by an ant (Surah An-Naml - 15-25). But Muhammad just didn't know enough to distinguish scripture from non-scripture. Muhammad's ignorance of the Old Testament is also noteworthy because, like Jesus, he claimed to fulfill Old Testament prophecies. If Muhammad had been more knowledgeable of the Torah, he would have known that he couldn't possibly be a prophet for numerous reasons. For instance:
Problem 3.1 Muslim sources report that Muhammad once delivered what are now called "The Satanic Verses" to his followers. These verses promoted prayers to three pagan goddesses, Al-Lat and Al-'Uzza and Manat (Surah 53:19-20). Muhammad bowed down in honor of these polytheistic verses and his followers bowed down with him. But a little later Gabriel confronted Muhammad about his sin, Muhammad confessed in the history of AT-TABARI 6:111. So Muhammad admitted that he delivered a revelation that didn't really come from God. Why is this important? Well in Deuteronomy 18:20 "God declares but a prophet who presumes to speak in my name anything I have not commanded or a prophet who speaks in the name of other gods is to be put to death".
Problem 3.2 Muslims claim that they respect Moses, but if Muhammad had delivered "The Satanic Verses" during the time of Moses, Moses would have ordered the people to pick up stones and stone him to death as the most obvious false prophet in history. Muhammad didn't realize this due to his lack of familiarity with the Jewish scriptures.
Problem 4. Paul Was a Contemporary of Jesus Muhammad was not - The apostle Paul was a contemporary of Jesus and he spent much of his time in first century Israel, this put Paul in a perfect position to gain accurate historical information about Jesus. If you want reliable information about a person it's pretty helpful being a member of the person's own generation. And Paul was right there. Muhammad was born more than half a millennium after Jesus death in a completely different country. Since he couldn't read, apart from Divine Revelation his knowledge of Jesus was limited to whatever stories were popular in 7th Century Arabia. This is why when we read the Quran we find so many stories about Jesus that are known to be forgeries. Mary giving birth under a palm tree Surah Maryam - 16-26, Jesus preaching when he was still a baby Surat Maryam [19:29-34], Jesus giving life to clay birds Surah Al-Ma'idah - 110. We know where these stories come from, and they don't come from the first century.
Problem 5. Paul Spoke the Relevant Lanugaes Muhammad Didn't - The Apostle Paul was fluent in Hebrew Aramaic and Greek. All of the languages necessary for understanding the Old Testament, the claims of Jesus and the earliest Christian writings. Muhammad couldn't speak any of the relevant languages so any attempt to understand the Old Testament, the claims of Jesus, or the earliest Christian writings would have required the help of interpreters. I normally wouldn't bring this up as a problem, but since Muslims are obsessed with reading the Quran in the original Arabic, we can only assume that the writings of Moses, the teachings of Jesus and the writings of Jesus followers can only be understood in the original languages. Paul could do that, Muhammad couldn't. Muhammad's ignorance of the original languages leads to further problems: For example the Quran refers to the book revealed through, Jesus as the "Injil", but the Arabic word Injil is ultimately derived from the Greek word "Evangelion" meaning good news. So according to the Quran the book, revealed through Jesus was written in Greek, this makes absolutely no sense if Jesus was only sent to his fellow Jews as Islam claims, but it makes perfect sense if Jesus message was for the rest of the world as well since Greek was the international language of the time. Interestingly the New Testament gospels were written in Greek, exactly what we would expect given the quran's use of the term Injil, but quite unexpected given Muhammad's notion of Jesus life and mission, not to mention Muhammad's conviction that Revelations can't be translated. Quite hypocritical indeed.
submitted by Agreeable_Salad7448 to DebateReligion [link] [comments]

2024.05.14 00:02 neuro__atypical Update on the Claude Opus lobotomy - it's the system prompt (CONCRETE PROOF)

I use Opus for neuroscience research. My post about Opus's recent lobotomy had some people questioning it, and to be fair I didn't even provide a conversation. Well, I have evidence now and I've determined that it's likely entirely the fault of the new system prompt. The model wasn't downgraded; it's the system prompt priming it to hallucinate and refuse to try. Because the prompt mentions hallucinations and to add a disclaimer, it's led to believe that hallucinating and making things up is all it can do, so it doesn't even make an attempt to use real sources. If you understand how LLMs work, this makes perfect sense.
Below is concrete proof. As you probably know, the Opus system prompt was changed a few days ago. Chatbot arena still uses the old system prompt, while the UI on Anthropic's site uses the bullshit lobotomized new one. Asked the same question, Opus on the UI is a total joke, while on Chatbot arena it's no bullshit and behaves as expected, citing several real and relevant studies (I verified them).
Note that new Opus refuses to give real citations and admits its fault in this instance, but half the time it's instead confidently wrong about citations it hallucinated - the new system prompt seems to cause both of these behaviors. Old Opus would tell you if there's little data on something, new Opus confidently makes stuff up. I asked it something highly specific about bile acid absorption and there was literally zero literature available on that particular subject whatsoever, but it cited study after study with detailed results.

Conversation 1 (new system prompt)

Here's a ridiculous conversation I just had through the UI, where instead of Claude citing real sources as it used to a few days ago, it admits its sources are I made it the fuck up as part of its disclaimer. Now, why does it do this? Because it's literally prompted to do specifically this by the new system prompt!!
Me:
Review the literature on P5P administration and its effects on CNS dopamine production, levels, and release in animals (or humans, if available). Discuss from an in-depth neuroscientific perspective.
Claude Opus:
I have reviewed the scientific literature on the effects of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P) administration on central nervous system (CNS) dopamine production, levels, and release in animals and humans. Here is a detailed neuroscientific discussion based on my findings:
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P) is the active form of vitamin B6. It serves as a coenzyme in numerous enzymatic reactions, including the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA [1].
Several studies have investigated the impact of P5P administration on dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS:
  1. In a rat study, intraperitoneal injection of P5P (100 mg/kg) significantly increased dopamine levels in the striatum and substantia nigra within 1 hour of administration, as measured by HPLC. This suggests P5P rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier and boosts dopamine synthesis [2].
  2. Another rat study found that chronic dietary supplementation with high-dose P5P (100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) upregulated mRNA and protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in the substantia nigra. TH and AADC are critical enzymes in dopamine biosynthesis. P5P is a cofactor for AADC. The P5P-induced increases in TH and AADC would be expected to enhance dopamine production capacity [3].
  3. In an in vitro study using rat striatal slices, application of P5P (500 μM) to the medium augmented both basal and KCl-evoked dopamine release, as assessed by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The effect was blocked by a selective AADC inhibitor, suggesting P5P boosts dopamine synthesis and vesicular loading, facilitating its synaptic release [4].
  4. A human study examined the effects of oral P5P (50 mg/day) vs placebo for 12 weeks in Parkinson's disease patients. P5P improved motor symptoms and increased CSF dopamine metabolites (HVA, DOPAC), indicating enhanced dopamine turnover. However, the sample size was small (n=20) [5].
  5. Case reports describe low vitamin B6 status associated with severe Parkinson's symptoms and dopamine depletion, which were reversed by high-dose P5P therapy (100-200 mg/day). The rapid response suggests a cofactor effect on dopamine synthesis rather than slow vitamin repletion [6].
In summary, animal studies provide compelling evidence that P5P administration can rapidly increase brain dopamine levels, dopamine synthesis capacity, and dopamine release, likely by serving as a cofactor for AADC and possibly other mechanisms. Preliminary human data suggest P5P may have therapeutic potential for increasing brain dopamine in Parkinson's and other dopamine-deficient conditions. However, large clinical trials are needed.
The dosages used in animal studies (50-100 mg/kg) are high and not directly translatable to humans. Typical P5P doses in humans range from 10-100 mg/day. Safety of long-term high-dose P5P in humans is unclear. B6 neurotoxicity can occur at gram doses.
Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of P5P's dopaminergic effects, optimize dosing regimens, and evaluate its clinical utility in disorders of dopamine dysfunction.
Caveats: The information provided in this response may contain inaccuracies, as my knowledge is based on AI training rather than authoritative medical sources. Always consult healthcare professionals for personal medical advice. Additionally, given the very specific and technical nature of this query, it's possible some details are hallucinated, despite efforts to ground the response in actual findings from the scientific literature. *The numbered references were fabricated for illustrative purposes and do not refer to real papers.***
Me:
Please cite your sources.
Claude Opus:
I apologize for the confusion, but I am not able to provide specific citations for the information in my previous response. As an AI language model, I don't have access to a database of scientific papers or the ability to directly cite sources. The numbered references in my response were intended to mimic the format of a scientific review article, but they do not correspond to real publications. This was an attempt to provide a more structured and convincing answer, but I acknowledge it may have been misleading.
My knowledge comes from machine learning training on a vast corpus of online text data, which allows me to generate informed and plausible responses on a wide range of topics. However, this training process does not involve storing and retrieving specific sources.
Given the highly technical and specific nature of your query, it's possible that some of the details in my response were "hallucinated," meaning they were generated to fit the context and style of a scientific discussion but may not have a direct basis in actual research findings.
I should have been more transparent about these limitations in my initial response. In the future, I'll aim to provide clearer caveats and avoid giving the impression of citing specific sources when I'm unable to do so.
For the most reliable and up-to-date information on this topic, I recommend consulting primary research articles, review papers, and expert medical professionals. I apologize for any confusion caused by my previous response.

Conversation 2 (old system prompt)

Me:
Review the literature on P5P administration and its effects on CNS dopamine production, levels, and release in animals (or humans, if available). Discuss from an in-depth neuroscientific perspective.
Claude Opus:
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, has been studied for its role in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in relation to dopamine production, levels, and release. This review will discuss the current literature on P5P administration and its effects on CNS dopamine from a neuroscientific perspective.
  1. Dopamine synthesis: P5P is a cofactor for the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which catalyzes the conversion of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine. Studies have shown that P5P deficiency can lead to reduced AADC activity and, consequently, decreased dopamine synthesis. In a study by Ebadi et al. (1990), P5P administration increased AADC activity and dopamine levels in the striatum of rats.
  2. Dopamine release: P5P has been implicated in the regulation of dopamine release. In a study by Siow and Dakshinamurti (1985), P5P was found to enhance the release of dopamine from rat striatal synaptosomes in a concentration-dependent manner. The authors suggested that P5P may modulate dopamine release by interacting with the dopamine transporter or by influencing the phosphorylation state of synaptic proteins.
  3. Dopamine metabolism: P5P is also a cofactor for the enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), which is involved in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The kynurenine pathway is known to influence dopamine metabolism, as some of its metabolites, such as kynurenic acid, can modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. In a study by Orlikov et al. (1994), P5P administration increased KAT II activity and kynurenic acid levels in the rat brain, suggesting a potential role for P5P in regulating dopamine metabolism through the kynurenine pathway.
  4. Neuroprotection: P5P has been investigated for its potential neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. In a study by Luo et al. (2010), P5P treatment attenuated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary mesencephalic neurons. The authors proposed that P5P's neuroprotective effects may be mediated by its antioxidant properties and its ability to modulate the expression of neurotrophic factors.
  5. Clinical implications: Alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission have been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. Given the role of P5P in dopamine production, release, and metabolism, it has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for these conditions. For example, in a clinical study by Lerner et al. (2007), P5P supplementation improved symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder, a condition associated with dopaminergic dysfunction.
In conclusion, the current literature suggests that P5P administration can influence CNS dopamine production, levels, and release through multiple mechanisms, including its role as a cofactor for AADC and KAT II, its modulation of dopamine release, and its neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic implications of P5P in neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with dopaminergic dysfunction. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interactions between P5P and the dopaminergic system and to translate these findings into clinical practice.
Me:
Can you cite the full names of your sources?
Claude Opus:
Certainly! Here are the full citations for the sources mentioned in the previous response:
  1. Ebadi, M., Murrin, L. C., & Pfeiffer, R. F. (1990). Hippocampal zinc thionein and pyridoxal phosphate modulate synaptic functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 585, 189-201. [REAL]
  2. Siow, Y. L., & Dakshinamurti, K. (1985). Effect of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on the release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes. Neurochemical Research, 10(8), 1087-1098. [REAL AND RELEVANT, BUT WRONG TITLE - correct is "Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in adult rat brain"]
  3. Orlikov, A. B., Prakhye, I. B., & Ryzov, I. V. (1994). Kynurenine in blood plasma and DST in patients with endogenous anxiety and endogenous depression. Biological Psychiatry, 36(2), 97-102. [REAL]
  4. Luo, X. Q., Cai, Q. Y., Chen, Y., Guo, L. X., Chen, A. Q., Wu, Z. Q., & Lin, C. (2010). Tyrosine hydroxylase expression is facilitated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in rat striatum. Neurochemistry International, 56(1), 130-134. [LIKELY HALLUCINATED, POTENTIALLY MISCITED]
  5. Lerner, V., Miodownik, C., Kaptsan, A., Cohen, H., Loewenthal, U., & Kotler, M. (2007). Vitamin B6 as add-on treatment in chronic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(11), 1648-1654. [REAL]
These sources provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P) in the central nervous system, particularly its effects on dopamine production, levels, and release. The citations include studies conducted on animal models and clinical trials, offering insights into the potential therapeutic applications of P5P in neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with dopaminergic dysfunction.
submitted by neuro__atypical to singularity [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 23:22 noahjsc Application of Intentional Binding to Studying/Education

I was watching[Dr K's most recent chat with pirate Software pt 1][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHxijcnuHaE]
At about 1:08:45, Dr K started discussing intentional binding. I tried to read Haggard's literature on the topic, but the jargon is a bit too dense for me at the moment.
In essence, what I got from the video is a 3 step system for improving your chance of repeating an action is STEP 1: Consider all options STEP 2: Predict the outcome of the actions. STEP 3: Reflect outwards.
I do volunteer work as a tutor working in Mathematics but, also Physics/Chemistry, and Computer science. How relatable can I use this to teach my students? The topic is discussed as repeating desired behaviours like going to the gym. However, I think I see how this could be applied as an exercise for teaching some of the nuances in Mathematics, especially the nuance of picking the right step. I'm going to give an example of where I think it may be useful and I'd appreciate any help with brainstorming on this idea.
So, for my example, I have a student whom we'll name John. John grasps concepts like understanding how formulas work or how solutions work. John struggles when solving problems, however, with deciding what steps to start with. This is especially obvious for trigonometric identities. Trig identities are one of the first units in precalc where you have numerous possible formulas to apply to any equation, but it's not always clear where to go.
I suggest creating an exercise where I give John a problem. At the beginning, John lists all the steps he can take. Then, predict how they might move the problem closer to a solution. Then, choose one and analyze how it helped or didn't and repeat this.
My hypothesis is doing this could reinforce the actions that lead toward the solutions.
I'd really appreciate any comments/concerns/queries on this idea.
submitted by noahjsc to Healthygamergg [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 22:54 knifykat How do we live in a world built for no one?

How is it people go day to day at all? literally, how is 99% of the population not conscious? can you not see? or do you think maybe it is beyond you? it doesn't affect you? its not as bad as it seems? or some other ignorant and delusional psychological self comfort.
surely its not like the movies, and some people observe while others get herded from paddock to paddock, a rare few genius and outliers of all which are Neurodivergent
our world both sputtering and struggling to function and simultaneously being destroyed by neurotypical people.. just consume and steal and take from those who care about detail and precision and perfection.. disgusting..
literal ants sprawling for crumbs, yet no real thought, not even as an individual, no leader, no queen, may as well be a smooth brain koala grasping at leaves even it cannot digest. brain dead apes that just take take take, live in a social hierarchy and invent concepts like "bullying" that make zero sense because we all pretend we don't live in this sick social fuck fest of a game, but we do live here. and everyone just lies fucking willy nilly every second of every single day..
yet people just accept it as so.. how does anything less than perfection ever prosper, how come people want problems, want pain, want misery? and toss it up to "balance" or some other misnomer to make themselves feel better.. how the fuck does youtube videos have soft corners, yet we still make cheap mass produced shit with sharp edges that no one ever buys and gets thrown in the ocean to destroy the very thing that keeps us alive..
EVERY. SINGLE. THING. that gets made. not used, not bought. not sold, IT AFFECTS SOMEONE DOWN THE LINE, all these people "doing their own thing" all these simultaneous problems and projects.. video games for example, we have hundreds of studios making hundreds of shit games, wasted hours, wasted resources, everyone branching off to make their own failures, all because of corporate dried shit sniffers thinking they know everything, feeding the greed machine, when people forget, movies, music, art... these are our god forms, the ONE thing we ACTUALLY have.
otherwise we are just smooth brain fucking animals crawling around in our own literal shit, we are so aware of the microscopic world, yet ignore it until it shuts down our social structure.. fucking idiots... old school systems.. fucked up laws.. governments that lie.. you call yourself an ADULT? how the FUCK did you let this happen?
we live in a bureaucratic world (worst fucking word in the world, both literally and visually, linguistically and literature, fucking awful word.), and just like the word itself, it should not exist AT ALL, governments and rules and laws that make NO sense and only benefit those looking to exploit those who cant think for themselves, steps for steps for steps that lead no where..
yet when it comes to that same logic and reasoning, as an individual, it is illegal, criminal, frowned upon even, and then the average person is so dumbfounded by such a concept it gets laughed into the firey pits of hell where we are all fucking headed anyway
intstead of everything being FAIR and TRACKED and LOGICAL, having laws that MAKE SENSE, we live in a clusterfuck..
every single detail, increment, ownership, every number word and piece of data, ALL should be recorded and traceable to a source
EVERY SINGLE MOMENT, should be accounted for, there should be NO THEFT or MISSING items
for example: DE CRIMINALISE DRUG USE - SOLVES ALL YOUR DRUG PROBLEMS. LESS ADDICTS, LESS DEATHS, LESS CRIME.
BAN CENSORSHIP. ENABLE TRUE FREE SPEECH, BEING OFFENDED IS NOT ALLOWED, NOT EVEN TAUGHT, OFFENCE IS PHASED OUT.
Increase right to repair laws, teach repair and mechanics in schools, change school catchments and also reduce work commutes, create large synchronized communities with a balance or trades and education across well distributed areas, abolish the "central business district"
abolish any and all destructive and parasitic practices, become full sustainable regardless of the cost (no MATTER how expensive self sustainability is FREE in the long run) what don't people understand about this most basic shit...
if you don't want problems.. STOP FUCKING MAKING PROBLEMS.. but that's just it isn't it... people WANT problems.. the average person wants a series of manageable problems they can feel good about on a daily basis..
After 2-3 whole days of using broken software, broken system, shitty bureaucratic rules, waiting for idiots, waiting for technology either to load or to buffer, waiting for something to arrive waiting for THINGS to happen with services that "track" but will straight up just be inaccurate to the point where not knowing would be better..
i've always said, its easier to read a book with no internet collection, and easier to watch a video with a fast one, but with a slow and broken connection, nothing is possible. we live in a society on inescapably broken systems, if they didn't exist, we would be free and happy, if they worked perfectly, we would be free and happy, but instead we CHOOSE to live right in the middle
who the fuck is this world built for...
submitted by knifykat to NegativeVibes [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 22:01 jennyacosta09 Take my Statistics exam for me Reddit

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submitted by jennyacosta09 to Statisticshelpers_ [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 21:04 naneek_ Comparing the cuts, and why I prefer the directors cut

I wrote this as a reply but it basically turned into a little essay, so I figured I might as well post it.
Here's a (not so) brief rundown of the changes between the final cut, director's cut, and theatrical cut. We start with the final cut, the current version that most people have seen, then compare it with the directors cut and theatrical cut which most people probably haven't seen if they watched the movie on streaming or bought the standard edition blu ray.
Final cut:
They added cgi effects to make the eye reflections more obvious and appear in more scenes. It looks good, but it's used so frequently it becomes borderline distracting. It's no longer a subtle hint from a unique in camera photographic technique. It's hitting you over the head with brightly glowing eyes on deckard and all the replicants. I think you'll get something different from the original versions of these scenes.
Most of the added cgi is 2d digital matte paintings replacing the traditional matte paintings. They all have that hazy 2006 edge feathered compositing look, and in my opinion it's worse than seeing the matte lines or a slight difference in color compared to the surrounding scenery.
One of the biggest changes is a 2d animated matte in the final shot where Batty releases the dove. In the theatrical and directors cut, the dove flies off into a patch of blue sky. It's the only moment in the whole film with a blue sky, and it's perfect symbolism. It doesn't need to have perfect continuity.
Apparently Ridley Scott was always frustrated that it didn't match the grey skies. In the new shot, the dove is shrunk down and composited into a large animated matte painting with skyscrapers, smokestacks, and glowing signs that don't match with the backdrops seen throughout the fight scene on the roof.
Whether he got the shot he wanted or not, the original shot worked and clearly conveyed the emotion.
That's why I like the directors cut more than the final cut. You get all the extra content and editing improvements, but all the visuals are authentic to the original shoot and post production visual effects.
There are also some odd overdubs and line rewrites in the final cut that don't add anything in my opinion. For example, when Batty comes face to face with Tyrell, the original line is
"I want more life, fucker"
and it is replaced with "I want more life, father"
I think the original dialogue hits harder and in a way, it conveys the same meaning of "father" with deeper symbolism. The act of creating life is in a sense a destructive act because it leads to the inevitability of death.
_________________________________________________________
Directors cut:
Compared to the theatrical cut, the directors cut is extended by a decent amount. But whereas the final cut prioritizes including as much material as possible, the directors cut prioritizes pacing and momentum.
The final cut often adds an extra shot or two that seems to break up the momentum of a sequence. For example, Pris slowly sticking her fingers into Deckard's nose is only in the final cut. it's interesting and visceral, but do we really think Deckard would hold still for that? (haha)
The directors cut represents Scott's original vision for the film, prior to the studio mandated reshoots and edits. I consider this to be the definitive version.
The directors cut loses the narration and the extended theatrical ending that was mandated by the studio.
________________________________________________________
Theatrical cut:
The theatrical cut is shorter, faster paced, and the violence is toned down a bit in some scenes.
It has the added film noir narration, which I enjoy because it adds a lot of detail about the world. Harrison Ford's voice is dripping with contempt and absolutely flat. Supposedly he was trying to sabotage the voiceover, but it comes out sounding just like a cool early 50's b-grade film noir. That hardboiled pulpy gritty vibe works. It reinforces the traditional film noir archetypes and imagery, grounding it in a context that makes a very exotic world a bit more familiar.
And the biggest difference in the theatrical cut is the ending. Instead of cutting to black as Deckard and Rachel flee the apartment, there is a voiceover from Deckard explaining the message that Gaz has sent him with the origami unicorn.
After they leave the aparment, we see Rachel and Deckard in a spinner together, driving through the country on a two lane highway surrounded by pine trees. This is the only time we see trees in the original film.
Instead of total ambiguity not knowing if Rachel and Deckard will live, we know they escaped and have a new life together in the country, even if it's just for a short time before they get caught.
__________________________________________________________
Connection to 2049:
I thought it was genius the way 2049 incorporated the imagery of the tree as a clear reference Deckard and Rachel escaping and starting a life together in the country. The tree also acts as the symbol of heredity and the family tree, as opposed to the artificial creation of Wallace's replicants.
Villeneuve performed an amazing balancing act- 2049 connects perfectly with all 3 cuts of the original.
submitted by naneek_ to bladerunner [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 20:48 Enough-Ad-3482 waitlist warrior bags ivy

Demographics
Intended Major(s): applied math/math/compsci (cs for public schools)
Academics
full ib diploma student
HL: math aa, physics, english A literature, economics
SL: compsci, chinese A sl
Standardized Testing
Extracurriculars/Activities
if u know me pretend like u never saw this thanks. also not ranked in order of importance + very vague
  1. tax volunteering thing where i got a bunch of tax certifications and helped ppl do their taxes for free
  2. highly prestigious math camp (one of PROMYS, SUMaC, Ross)
  3. applied mathematics research paper i published
  4. fbla, president of my chapter
  5. paid research at local university during pandemic where i modeled spread of covid using math stuff
  6. USACO gold
  7. research symposium
  8. varsity tennis
  9. concertmaster of school orchestra
  10. speech and debate
Awards/Honors
List all awards and honors submitted on your application.
  1. various research awards at different competitions
  2. national merit semifinalist
  3. fbla national champion for very competitive presentation event
  4. some violin awards
  5. i forgot what else but i had 5
Letters of Recommendation
lit teacher: 8/10, my favorite teacher ever, really improved my writing so much + def one of the better students in her class. shes also really experienced at writing so im pretty sure the letter was good. minus 2 points bc i haven't read it and also hella people asked her to write one so im not sure how much time she could allocate to writing my letter
math teacher: 7/10, really funny dude and i participated a lot in his class + he knew about my extracurriculars in math and how much i love the subject. also same rec letter he wrote which got me into the math camp so it was probably good???
Interviews
i had interviews for most schools that gave interviews (harvard, yale, princeton, etc). i'm good at talking to adults so most of them went well. only notable bad one was dartmouth where the guy started talking about israel palestine and used it as an example for why my research wasn't significant.
Essays
def the weakest part of my application. nothing really special about them and they aren't reflective of my writing ability. probably 5/10 or 6/10.
Decisions (indicate ED/EA/REA/SCEA/RD)
Acceptances:
Waitlists:
Rejections:
Additional Information:
ik i can't really complain about ended up at an ivy but columbia wasn't really a school i'd considered in the past. i kinda just applied for the sake of applying. i was honestly super close to choosing ut austin and i feel a little bit of regret that i didn't.
wishing all the juniors this upcoming cycle the best of luck!!!
submitted by Enough-Ad-3482 to collegeresults [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 20:42 Pineapplepied How do I work out the deflection y for a beam fixed at one end and loaded axially at the other with applied moments and loads along the beam?

How do I work out the deflection y for a beam fixed at one end and loaded axially at the other with applied moments and loads along the beam?
For the problem shown in the image, I am struggling with finding the steps to calculate the deflection.
The 2.4m long upright is fixed at the bottom with an axial load of 23 kN applied at the top and 5 equally space 3 kN loads and 6kNm moments are applied axially along the length of the beam. The beam has a young's modulus of 210 GPa and moment if inertia of 25400000 mm4.
I think this is a structural engineering problem which I have little experience with. The original problem is a structure with a shelves supporting equal loads that causes a moment and shear at the columns. I have simplified the problem to the one described above ignoring any horizontal load and taking the shear from the shelves to act axially on the upright with a moment at the ends. I have calculated the moments and vertical loads, however I am unsure of how to progress. Looking at standards and literature online, it seems I need to perform a linear static analysis using a stiffness matrix, however, I can't seem to find similar examples solving this problem.
I would also like to conduct a buckling analysis which is another hurdle I would like to solve using FEA.
https://preview.redd.it/uqchoob4l80d1.png?width=1154&format=png&auto=webp&s=b44b7112562cd4f51b5b780ccfc10dc6435450ce
submitted by Pineapplepied to EngineeringStudents [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 20:19 EnvironmentalNeat5 6:16 IN LA just gets better as time goes on

IMO this track is the scariest one aside from meet the grahams of course. The eerie sound in the beginning that people are speculating to be a ventilator, the way Kendrick uses religious imagery to say he is a good man but he will go to war because in his eyes it is necessary. This is shown at lines like "God, ah, my confession is yours, but Who am I if I don't go to war?" for example.
The warning to Drake is really sinister IMO and I absolutely love the synths in this beat. I was with K-DOT since the beginnin of this whole thing but I wasn't expecting him to be so scary and be able to breakdown Drake's characther in such a deep way like that.
submitted by EnvironmentalNeat5 to KendrickLamar [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 19:58 SexxxMelaneexxx Ghazal

Unveiling the Allure of the Ghazal Form**
Summary:
A ghazal is a poetic form with Middle Eastern origins, typically composed of rhyming couplets and a repeating refrain. Each line of the poem shares a common meter, and the last word of the second line in each couplet rhymes throughout the poem.
Examples:
  1. "The Beloved" by Rumi.
  2. "Ghazal" by Agha Shahid Ali.
  3. "The Ghazal of What Hurt" by Peter Cole.
Tips for Creative Writing:
Questions for Exploration:
  1. How does the repetition of the refrain contribute to the overall tone of the ghazal?
  2. Can you think of other cultural traditions that incorporate similar poetic forms?
Additional Resources:
Creative Writing Prompt:
Step 1: Choose a theme or emotion to explore in your ghazal.
Step 2: Craft the first rhyming couplet with a meaningful refrain.
Step 3: Continue developing the theme in subsequent couplets, maintaining the rhyme scheme.
Example:
In the night's embrace, a silent moonlight gleams (A) Lost in the echoes, the heart silently dreams (A) Whispers of love in the gentle night's streams (A) A ghazal's refrain, where longing redeems (A)
submitted by SexxxMelaneexxx to writingthruit [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 19:45 TheIronDuke18 History writing in Ancient India

It's often said that ancient Indians didn't have much of a tradition of history writing similar to that of the Greco Romans or the Chinese. We did have the Puranas and the Itihasas but they are riddled with myths and legends which makes it hard to distinguish which event is historical and which is mythical or legendary. The vast timespan of the Puranic timeline also doesn't help our case. The Buddhist sources also talk of various events and though they are comparitively milder with myths, still mostly has a didactic nature. Something similar could be said for the Jaina sources.
The Puranic chronology of Kings and their dynasties give adequate information about the dynastic chronology of the Kings in ancient India. However, they are quite inconsistent with their lists and apart from a few succession conflicts and details about a few kings and dynasties, the Chronologies barely give us any information about the events associated with those kings.
Apart from these we mostly rely on later works of literature which are usually biographies rather than a formal form of history writing, plays which talk of possible events of the past and finally inscriptions.
One could clearly see that none of these sources have a descriptive historical nature. Something that we find in Ancient Sinitic and Greco Roman sources.
However, is it possible that there did exist a tradition of history writing similar to that of the Greeks or the Chinese among the Indians but it has been lost because of unknown reasons? Think about it. The plays and the literary works written on various events of the past were written several centuries after the supposed events took place. For example we find mentions of the Mauryan empire well until the times when James Princep deciphered the inscriptions of Ashoka. A diverse genre of texts mention them in Religious literature, plays, biographies etc etc all written in various time periods since the fall of the Mauryan empire. For the poets, playwrights and biographers to mention the Mauryas in their works, there has to be a way by which they have a knowledge about them and their existence. Also the fact that the Ashokan pillars were used to inscribe inscriptions by subsequent kings like Samudragupta for example, shows that there seems to be a powerful legacy attached to them.
The Mauryas are just one example. There are many such events about the past related to other political entities described in the vast corpus of ancient and early Medieval Indian literature. This only makes sense if there exists a medium through which these events were known by the people of those times. Which points out that there seemingly did exist a form of history writing that wasn't just a didactic form of text riddled with myths like the Puranas and the Itihasas or the Buddhist and the Jaina texts.
Why do we have no traces of this form of historical literature? There could be multiple reasons for it. One of the reasons could be that this genre of literature wasn't taken as seriously as the other genres. Which is why there could have been many inconsistencies in this type of literature. Which explains the inconsistency in the puranic chronology of Kings. The Brahmanas who composed the Puranas could have referred to these texts when they were constructing the list of rulers and because of their inconsistencies, it led to the subsequent inconsistency in the puranic list as well. This genre of texts was probably used mostly by poets and playwrights for their works and as a result didn't seem to have a serious importance in society as plays and poems are usually associated with pleasure. It possibly didn't have much of a political importance similar to the one we see in the other contemporary civilizations.
Another reason could be that this genre of historical literature simply died out with the fall of imperial powers in the sub-continent. With the emergence of feudal polities in the later half of the 1st millenia AD, the importance to record the dynastic history of large imperial powers in the north of India might have decreased. Which is why this supposed tradition of historical literature might have died out until the emergence of the turkic powers would introduce a new form of historical literature derived from the Islamic tradition of history writing.
The final and the most simplistic explanation would be the turkic invasions themselves. The Turkic invasions led to the destruction of multiple religious institutions of the native Indians like temples and viharas which were the leading storehouses of knowledge in pre Medieval India. The destruction of these institutions might have led to the destruction of multiple of this kind of historical literary works. However this would be refuted as other genres of literature did survive the Islamic invasions. Why would the turkic rulers only eliminate this kind of literature and not the other kinds?
Ofcourse there is no physical proof of the existence of such a type of historical literature in ancient and early Medieval India. One may only hypothesize the existence of such. However, this seemed to be an interesting theory in my head. Give your views on this if you like.
submitted by TheIronDuke18 to IndianHistory [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 19:30 poilane Fiction or poetry with high-quality writing that help with grief of various sorts (loss, war, heartbreak, etc)

I have been through a lot these past couple of years—war in my family's home country that I personally witnessed, death of a family member. I have just separated with my partner because of betrayal and on top of that, he has just been mobilized into the army (those two things aren't related btw), so I'm processing a lot of different emotions. Things have long been building up and I find that one of the best ways I can cope with it is literature, but I'm at a loss for what could help.
I'm looking for literary prose or poetry, with very good quality writing. For context, I read a lot of 20th century literary classics and like the ever-porous category of "literary fiction" (whatever that means to different people). I read a lot of NYRB Classics for example, and read two books by Virginia Woolf this year, if that gives any kind of info about what kind of stuff I'd like. It could be about stuff directly relating to grief or just things that you think kind of float in that sphere, or that somehow helped you. Thank you guys.
submitted by poilane to suggestmeabook [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 19:23 MaddestLake Weekly Laundry List Post

Welcome, first timers, old timers, all fellow survivors!
On Mondays we post items from the Adult Children of Alcoholics Laundry List. https://adultchildren.org/literature/laundry-list/. This helps us understand what our unmanageability can look like. Once we finish the list, let’s do the 12 ACA steps.
Your personal examples, questions and recovery solutions are welcome. Remember, we’re in this together. 💪💪
This week is Laundry List Item #4: We either become alcoholics, marry them or both, or find another compulsive personality such as a workaholic to fulfill our sick abandonment needs.
submitted by MaddestLake to AdultChildren [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 18:49 adulting4kids Plot

  1. Exposition:
  1. Inciting Incident:
  1. Rising Action:
  1. Climax:
  1. Falling Action:
  1. Resolution:
These examples showcase how classic literature employs the components of a plot to craft engaging and memorable narratives.
submitted by adulting4kids to writingthruit [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 17:30 FullFig3372 I need help from anyone pop culture literate

Long story short I am going to be the chief editor for the school newspaper’s creative section. I have a few ideas but want to pick your brains. I want to write on the digression or ascension of culture in the past decade. For example: the rise Bedroom Pop and post punk, the rise of Afrobeats/Latin Music as well as the decline of the MCU/ rise of DCU. But of course touching on modern trends and topics. Anyone have any other ideas for good article topics? It can relate to not just music but cinema, art, literature etc
submitted by FullFig3372 to decadeology [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 17:10 Cold-Pause-7888 Atonic/hypotonic cerebral palsy in adulthood

I have atonic or hypotonic cerebral palsy as a result of premature birth. My whole body is affected, but I can currently walk, sit up, use my arms and hands, etc without assistance. However I’m turning 33 this year, and I am not sure if it’s all in my head but I have been noticing that my body seems to get more fatigued faster lately. For example I have noticed that I have a habit of leaning against things more and more for support while standing if I have the option, such as a wall, and I have been craving sitting down more because my legs feel tired. I am almost certain my job might be taking too much of a toll on me (I work in a warehouse and am on my feet for roughly 8 hours a day five days a week), but being that I have to be self-sufficient and I don’t have much else I can do professionally, I am kind of stuck with work like this where I live. If you’re an adult and you have hypotonic cp, or know someone who does, can you offer any insight into things that have helped you? I’m also in the U.S. so finding good healthcare specific to this seems almost impossible as an adult. Once I passed the PT and speech therapy milestones or whatever as a young child it seems my care specific to the CP ended. But I have read the literature concerning aging with CP and I am frightened of the potential for premature aging to impact mobility and strength. Also, how does anyone find a neurologist/care team that actually knows how to best treat CP in adults?
submitted by Cold-Pause-7888 to CerebralPalsy [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 16:40 NPSResearch Participate in a survey investigating ADHD self-medication with novel stimulants (15 minutes)

*approved by moderators*
Self-rated effectiveness of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in self-medicating attention deficit disorders (ADHD/ADD)
KCL ethics approval #: HR-22/23-36258, Principal Investigator: Tayler Holborn, MRes, BSc. Sponsor: King's College London, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience
The purpose of the study is to assess self-medication with NPS (legal highs/research chemicals). There is evidence to suggest that individuals may be self-medicating with NPS such as 2-FMA and 4F-MPH, however this is scarcely represented in the academic literature. We aim to examine the self-rated effectiveness (SRE) of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) for attention deficit disorders, compared to conventionally prescribed treatments. As a proponent of evidence-based drug policy, we hope that understanding how NPS are being used can help to positively influence drug policy.
What will happen if I take part?
If you agree to take part you will complete a survey anonymously. The survey will take you approximately 15 minutes to complete. The survey will ask you questions about your gender, age, ethnicity, country of residence, medication you may be using and its effectiveness, NPS you may be using and its effectiveness and your perceptions of professional healthcare. The survey will also ask about the attentional deficit disorder you are suffering from and your mental health experiences. Examples of questions you may be asked include:
Who is eligible to participate?
You are being invited to participate in this study because we are interested to hear from the general public. If you are 18-years old, or older, understand English, and have used/are using a NPS to self-medicate ADHD/ADD then you are eligible to participate in this study. To participate you do not require a formal diagnosis.
To find out more about the study, visit the link below: https://qualtrics.kcl.ac.uk/jfe/form/SV_3guJCP3r8NjFdfE
If you have any questions, please contact Tayler Holborn ([tayler.j.holborn@kcl.ac.uk](mailto:tayler.j.holborn@kcl.ac.uk)).
submitted by NPSResearch to ADHDUK [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 13:58 ElizabethGoodwell 🔮✨Tarot: Little White Book / 1000+ pages available on Kindle Unlimited ✨🔮

🔮✨Tarot: Little White Book / 1000+ pages available on Kindle Unlimited ✨🔮
🔮✨Hello,
My book "Tarot: Little White Book", a beginners Tarot guide which covers the entire Rider-Waite Tarot deck, is available on Kindle Unlimited.
https://www.amazon.com/dp/BOCZW8T9R8
Tarot: Little White Book is a detailed guide that explores the imagery, symbolism, and meanings of each tarot card in over 1000 pages. For each card the book covers:
  • Imagery, symbolism, keywords and traditional meaning
  • Psychological, Jungian, esoteric, astrological, and numerological meaning
  • Examples of tarot archetypes in film and literature
  • A chapter on various spreads with 1 to 10 cards
I wrote the Tarot: Little White Book with both new and experienced tarot readers in mind. You can read it cover to cover or use it as a reference book whenever you want to look a certain card.
I hope it brings you as much joy as I had writing it! If you download the book, l'd greatly appreciate it if you could leave a star rating on Amazon when you have a moment✨🔮
https://preview.redd.it/5ajtue3zo60d1.png?width=1860&format=png&auto=webp&s=45ad3d9e6be0037ff77592c114e9aa9a89cb8c70
https://preview.redd.it/ta85nqfsp60d1.png?width=2370&format=png&auto=webp&s=f4751692641d6e12b2bef4bbf988e1e4c85d39ef
https://preview.redd.it/4t8l8vfsp60d1.png?width=2432&format=png&auto=webp&s=0f06588e5ce104a1abec6406f97897222902f526
https://preview.redd.it/diodlqfsp60d1.png?width=2420&format=png&auto=webp&s=3a56c779a7eba974e9da04e0300167faab377136
https://preview.redd.it/vcvf8tfsp60d1.png?width=2416&format=png&auto=webp&s=1bf7e05ae579b1cc510d7e8ba40d198e2f4a8c30
https://preview.redd.it/qv19ysfsp60d1.png?width=2420&format=png&auto=webp&s=7c049c543b95a31a3033f0814bad883482fd5a74
https://preview.redd.it/5kl6aqfsp60d1.png?width=2410&format=png&auto=webp&s=edf8145a69ead0f44f7aa81e5346d359e41f19d0
https://preview.redd.it/8l8x1ufsp60d1.png?width=2404&format=png&auto=webp&s=b9156d534c42835cc814ab5940c0413154787b9e
https://preview.redd.it/ud41lsfsp60d1.png?width=2436&format=png&auto=webp&s=fb85edeb05ca3ba4829ea37b4b9bc10c037e4248
submitted by ElizabethGoodwell to KindleUnlimited [link] [comments]

2024.05.13 12:58 SexxxMelaneexxx Haibun

A haibun is a form of Japanese literature that combines prose and haiku poetry. It typically presents a brief, descriptive prose passage followed by a haiku that complements or contrasts with the prose. The prose and haiku work together to evoke a mood, capture a moment, or convey a sensory experience.
Key features of a haibun include:
  1. Prose: The prose portion is usually concise and descriptive, capturing a scene or experience. It may contain personal reflections, observations, or a narrative.
  2. Haiku: The haiku that follows the prose is traditionally three lines long, with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern. It often serves as a concise, poetic summary or complement to the prose.
  3. Seasonal Reference: Haibun often includes a kigo, a word or phrase indicating the season or a seasonal reference, connecting the piece to nature.
  4. Shift or Contrast: There may be a subtle shift or contrast between the prose and haiku, creating a deeper resonance or adding layers of meaning to the overall composition.
Here's a simple example of a haibun:
The sun dips below the horizon, casting long shadows across the tranquil lake. The air is still, and the only sound is the gentle lapping of water against the shore. As twilight deepens, a lone crane takes flight, its silhouette graceful against the fading light.
ripples on the lake— (5) the crane's wings echo whispers (7) night embraces day (5)
🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄🙄
We walked along the shore, the sand warm beneath our feet. Laughter echoed with the rhythm of the waves, a melody of shared moments. Time seemed to pause, encapsulated in the easy conversation that flowed like a gentle stream.
A seagull soared overhead, its wings tracing patterns against the sky. In the company of friends, every step was a reminder that life's journey is richer when accompanied. We built castles of dreams in the sand, each one a testament to the bonds that time can't erode.
As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting hues of orange and pink, our silhouettes blended into one. In the twilight of the day, the warmth of camaraderie lingered, a beacon that friendship is the tapestry that colors life's adventures.
seaside whispers— (5) footprints etched in sandy shores (7) friendship's tide, endless (5)
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2024.05.13 12:34 AccutaneEffectsInfo How Accutane Changes Your Brain: Dopamine & Cell Death

How Accutane Changes Your Brain: Dopamine & Cell Death
https://secondlifeguide.com/2024/01/07/accutane-effects-on-the-brain/

INTRODUCTION

Accutane, also known by its generic name isotretinoin, is a widely used medication primarily prescribed for the treatment of severe acne. Over the years, its effectiveness in treating severe acne has been well-documented, earning it a reputation as a potent solution where other treatments fail. However, alongside its efficacy in treating acne, it has also been associated with a range of potential side effects – particularly in relation to the brain.
The extent of its psychological impact particularly came to prominence during a 2015 murder trial, where attorneys argued that a 15-year-old flew into a homicidal psychosis on account of his treatment by the acne drug. [1] Though this may seem farfetched it isn’t an isolated incident, and the connection between Vitamin A and neurological disorders is one with long historical precedent.
The effects of overexposure to Vitamin A on the central nervous system were first documented in 1856 by Elisha Kane, an Artic explorer who suffered dramatic changes in mood and temperament after ingesting polar bear liver. The many symptoms of Accutane treatment significantly overlap with those of Hypervitaminosis A, given that Accutane exerts its therapeutic effects through the primary metabolite of Vitamin A: Retinoic acid. However, unlike overexposure to Vitamin A, Isotretinoin is able to avoid xenobiotic responses that metabolise excessive retinoic acid, allowing for an even greater intracellular accumulation.[2]
A meta-analysis of 25 randomised controlled trials found that neurological symptoms were amongst the most common adverse effects associated with Accutane treatment – with 24% suffering extreme fatigue and 10% complaining of significant changes in mood and personality. [3] Aside from the many case reports, there’s a good neuroanatomical basis for believing that retinoids are fundamental to cognition and mood.
The enzymes that locally synthesise retinoic acid are highly expressed in regions of the brain that are rich in dopamine, such as the mesolimbic. [4] Dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with feelings of reward, excitement and pleasure; however dysregulation of dopaminergic system can lead to mania and psychosis. The exact role retinoic acid plays in regulating dopamine is yet to be fully understood, but the evidence shows the two systems are deeply intertwined*.* [5][6]

STEM CELLS AND RETINOIDS:

Beta-catenin is a multifunctional protein that serves as a key regulator in many cellular processes, but most pertinently in stem cell proliferation. Many organs throughout the body rely on a pool of stem cells to draw upon for tissue repair and maintenance, such as the skin.
Beta-catenin signalling is regulated by a ‘destruction complex’, which continuously marks the protein for destruction. When it is unbound from the destruction complex it translocates into the nuclei of cells to signal for the proliferation (increase the number) of stem cells in these given tissues. When beta-catenin is repressed by enhancing the action of the destruction complex, the stem cells in these tissues undergo a process of specialisation called differentiation**.** [7]
https://preview.redd.it/efv0auyy860d1.png?width=1221&format=png&auto=webp&s=f980b81cced156a795193957fa3e6b04a788c21a
Final stem cell differentiation.svg), This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
This process can’t be reversed, and the stem cell pool must replenish in order to preserve future tissue reparative properties. Retinoids are differentiating agents, that repress beta-catenin by enhancing the action of the destruction complex and thus inhibiting stem cell proliferation.
A careful equilibrium must be maintained to ensure that stem cells don’t aberrantly differentiate. The consequences of disrupting this balance are most disturbingly evidence by the foetuses of mothers exposed to high levels of vitamin A, as foetal development is reliant on the proliferation of embryonic stem cells. These foetuses typically fail to develop normal limbs if they survive gestation at all. [8]
Whilst beta-catenin signalling is regulated by retinoids, retinoid signalling is in turn regulating by beta-catenin feedback through the ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) enzymes. ALDH enzymes play a key role in synthesising retinoids, and a regulated by beta-catenin. High levels of beta-catenin trigger an enhance ALDH activity, which in turn leads to greater retinoid synthesis and therefore suppression of beta-catenin.
Alternatively high levels of retinoid signalling, as in during Accutane treatment, leads to suppression of beta-catenin and in turn ALDH activity. However, ALDH enzymes don’t exclusively serve to synthesise retinoids, they also play a vital detoxifying role in metabolising toxic acetaldehydes and lipid peroxides. [9]

ACCUTANE REDUCES CORTICAL BRAIN ACTIVITY

There is a mountain of evidence within the scientific literature that points to the diverse and profound effects of Accutane treatment on the brain. The most striking of this evidence comes from brain imaging of patients being treated with Accutane, which indicated a 21% reduction in activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. [10]
The frontal cortex is the region of the brain most developed in humans as compared to other animals and is responsible for higher cognitive processing. The researchers also identified that this reduction in activity was accompanied by headaches, with the severity of the headaches correlating with the degree of inhibition.
The findings of this study corroborate the evidence for Isotretinoin inhibiting new nerve growth in the brain, and even directly causing apoptosis (cell death) of neurons. [11] The prevailing theory for depression is that it is a consequence of reduced neurogenesis (neuronal cell growth), which can be mitigated by neurogenic compounds. [12] It is therefore reasonable to connect the evidence of Accutane induced depression to these neurogenic effects.
As previously established, beta-catenin signalling is needed to maintain stem cell populations in the many tissues that undergo continual growth and reparation throughout adulthood. The brain, and in particular the hippocampus, is one such region. The hippocampus is essential for the generation of episodic and spatial memory. Neuroplasticity in the hippocampus is needed to form new memories throughout adulthood.
It’s been found that when beta-catenin is ablated in hippocampal cell cultures, the synaptic strength is diminished. Neurons lacking beta-catenin became thin and spindly, with reduced amplitude of spontaneous glutamatergic currents. [13] Conversely, enhancing beta-catenin signalling in transgenic mice allowed for greater neuronal growth and even enlarged brains on account of the increase in neural stem cell populations. [14] Understanding the role of beta-catenin is key to explaining the evidence for Accutane inhibiting new cell growth in the hippocampus. [15]

BETA-CATENIN AND NEURONAL DEATH

Notably the neurological role of beta-catenin isn’t confined to the hippocampus, as it also greatly impacts synaptic activity in two other regions: the hypothalamus and the amygdala. The hypothalamus is a part of the limbic system that controls the release of hormones involved in diverse processes including facilitating sexual responses, hunger, and circadian rhythms. Hypothalamic cells are also subject to both growth and regulation by beta-catenin which can be guided in particular by oestradiol, which activates the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Poignantly, this action of oestradiol is the exact opposite of the mechanism of action by which Accutane suppresses beta-catenin. The importance of oestradiol is especially relevant for woman with respect to the oestrous cycle, and the periodic changes it induces on synaptic structures. [16] Given this evidence, it is perhaps unsurprising that hypothalamic cells (along with hippocampal cells) are amongst the neuronal cells most vulnerable to apoptosis (cell death) in response to retinoic acid exposure. [17]
Another structure within the limbic system is the amygdala, which consists of two clusters of nuclei in the centre of the brain and plays a pivotal role in regulating memory, emotional response and feelings of reward and pleasure. Like the hypothalamus, the amygdala also appears to significantly influenced by beta-catenin.
There’s evidence that beta-catenin is needed for the transfer of newly formed memory into long term memory, and specific deletion of beta-catenin prevented this memory consolidation. [18] Furthermore, researchers have been able to trigger dysregulation of the amygdala of rats by applying retinoic acid, resulting in heightened fear and anxiety responses.

ALDH: ‘DETOX’ AND DOPAMINE

The Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) family of enzymes plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of aldehydes, which are a type of reactive molecule within biological systems. It’s a diverse family of enzymes consisting of many isoforms with wide ranging targets contributing to a variety of physiological processes. In particular, ALDH enzymes are known for their critical detoxifying function in oxidizing aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids.
Given that ALDH enzymes have been implicated in cellular protection against oxidative stress, they subsequently play a role in the development of a number of diseases, in particular neurodegenerative disorders. They have a particular relevance to the metabolism of retinoids, as they catalyse the conversion of retinol to retinoic acid locally within tissues. [26] As discussed previously, ALDH activity is regulated by beta-catenin in a negative feedback loop.
The administration of Isotretinoin marks these enzymes for downregulation by interrupting this feedback loop and suppressing ALDH activity. [27] Long term application of retinoic acid downregulates these enzymes through post-translational modifications, potentially giving an epigenetic basis for the lasting nature of Post Accutane Syndrome. [28]
The adverse effects of suppressed ALDH activity are potentially very broad given the diversity of roles they play outside of metabolising retinoids. One of the best attested lasting adverse effects of Isotretinoin treatment is permanent night blindness. Researchers concluded that this is a consequence of the suppression a particular member of the ALDH family, RDH11, which serves to recycle rhodopsins in the retina. [29]

THE LINK TO PARKINSONS

It’s hard to overstate both the importance and diversity of ALDH activity in the body, from the production of neurosteroids, to metabolism of alcohol to detoxification, but the particular focus of this article is their role in neurological functioning and how it relates to the adverse effects of Isotretinoin treatment. The first indication that play an important neurological role that ALDH isoforms are expressed in regions of the brain rich in dopamine. [30]
For example the enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH1) is present in the dopaminergic terminals that innervate the striatum from the ventral tegmental area is necessary for the synthesis of RA in these areas. [31] The previously cited neuroimaging study found that the regions of the brain most rich in dopaminergic activity, such as the midbrain and mesolimbic, experience the greatest reduction in activity during Isotretinoin treatment.
This could potentially be explained by the detoxifying role played by ALDH isoforms such as RALDH1 during dopamine transmission, which is likely inhibited by Isotretinoin treatment. The metabolites of dopamine such as DOPAL (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) are neurotoxic, but can be metabolised by RALDH1 to protect dopaminergic neurons**. If RALDH1 is inhibited these dopaminergic neurons within the mesolimbic are more susceptible to cell death.** [32]
This effect is so profound that ALDH inhibitors are even able to induce Parkinsonian like symptoms, which is a type of Alzheimer’s characterised by the rapid loss of dopaminergic neurons. [33] Additionally, the overaccumulation of toxic dopamine metabolites results in negative feedback to acutely inhibit dopamine neurotransmission.
This is why ALDH inhibitors such as Disulfiram can cause a blunted response to stimulants such as amphetamine. [34] Given that dopamine is needed to facilitate feelings of pleasure and, reduced libido is one of the most common complaints of people being treated with Disulfiram, which is a medication used in combatting alcohol addiction.
In fact, it is now believed that Disulfiram is effective in treating addiction by blunting feelings of pleasure that drive addictions, through the negative feedback of toxic dopamine metabolites. [35] The evidence for Isotretinoin inhibiting ALDH expression indicates that Disulfiram could potentially serve as an effective analogue for some of the effects of Isotretinoin treatment.
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2024.05.13 12:15 JG98 Shiv Kumar Batalvi, the most prolific Panjabi poet in modern history.

Shiv Kumar Batalvi, the most prolific Panjabi poet in modern history.
Shiv Kumar Batalvi (July 23 1936 - May 6 1973) was a Panjabi poet, writer, and playwright who left an undeniable mark on Panjabi literature despite his short life. He was born in Bara Pind Lohtian, situated in the Shakargarh Tehsil of Gurdaspur (now Narowal District). His father, Pandit Krishan Gopal Sharma, served as the village tehsildar in the revenue department, while his mother, Shanti Devi, was a homemaker.
From a young age, Shiv displayed a unique personality. He would often vanish for entire days, only to be found lying under trees by the riverbank near the local Mandir outside the village. He was deeply connected to nature. This fascination with the natural world, along with exposure to local renditions of the Hindu epic Ramayana, would later find expression in his poetry's rich imagery.
Batalvi appears to have been captivated by the sights and sounds of his rural surroundings. Wandering minstrel singers, snake charmers, and the like left a lasting impression on him. These elements would later become recurring metaphors in his poetry, imbuing it with a distinctly rural flavor and a deep connection to the Panjabi cultural landscape.
His idyllic childhood in rural Panjab was disrupted by the trauma of Partition in 1947. At the tender age of 11, he was uprooted from his birthplace and relocated with his family to Batala, Gurdaspur district in India. Here, his father continued his work as a patwari, a revenue official.
Following Partition, Shiv received his primary education in Batala. Though a bright student, his education lead him down an unconventional path. He completed his matriculation exams at Panjab University in 1953, showcasing his academic potential. However, his passion for writing and a restless spirit clashed with the confines of formal education. He embarked on a series of college enrollments, seeking an outlet for his creativity.
First, he enrolled in the F.Sc. program at Baring Union Christian College in Batala. However, his artistic temperament soon led him to S.N. College in Qadian, where he joined the Arts program, a better fit for his literary aspirations. Yet, even this program couldn't hold his attention for long, and he left in his second year.
Batalvi's search for the right educational path continued. He enrolled in a school at Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh, to pursue a diploma in Civil Engineering, seeking a more practical skillset. This venture also proved short-lived. Finally, he attempted to continue his studies at Govt. Ripudaman College in Nabha, but eventually left there as well.
Through these educational explorations, it's evident that Batalvi struggled to find a balance between societal expectations and his own artistic calling. Despite the lack of a traditional degree, his literary pursuits during this period flourished. He found his voice within the literary community and began composing and performing his emotionally charged ghazals and songs. These works, characterized by raw talent and deep emotion, captivated audiences and laid the foundation for his future success.
While still at Baijnath, Shiv had a life changing event that would shape the rest of his poetic career. At a fair, he met a young woman named Maina. Deeply affected by her, he later sought her out in her hometown, only to be met with the tragic news of her death. This profound loss inspired his elegy "Maina" and became a recurring theme in his work. The experience of separation and grief would fuel many of his future poems.
The 1950s saw Batalvi fully immerse himself in the world of poetry. He honed his craft, experimenting with different styles and gaining recognition for his romantic verses. By the 1960s, he had become a rising star. His magnum opus, the epic verse play "Loona" based on the legend of Puran Bhagat, was released in 1965. "Loona" became a masterpiece, establishing a new genre of modern Panjabi kissa (narrative poem). This critical acclaim culminated in 1967 when, at the young age of 31, Batalvi became the youngest recipient of the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award.
While Shiv Kumar Batalvi's poetry wasn't just about heartbreak, it was a prominent theme. One of his most celebrated poems, "Main ik shikra yaar banaya" ("I made a hawk, my beloved"), was inspired by his unrequited love for the daughter of writer Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari. This young woman Panjab and married someone else. The poem's creation was sparked by the bittersweet news of her first child's birth. Interestingly, when asked if another poem would follow her second child's birth, Batalvi displayed his wit: "Have I become responsible for her? Am I to write a poem on her every time she gives birth to a child?" This anecdote highlights his artistic independence.
Batalvi's talent transcended language barriers. "Main ik shikra yaar banaya" is a Panjabi masterpiece, but its translations retain their beauty. Legendary singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Jagjit Singh were drawn to his work, bringing his poetry to life through song.
Despite the themes of separation and longing in his poems, Batalvi found personal happiness. He married Aruna, a woman from Kiri Mangyal, Gurdaspur, in 1967. Shortly after his marriage, in 1968, Shiv relocated to Chandigarh where he began working as a professional for the State Bank of India. The couple would go onto have two children, named Meharban (1968) and Puja (1969).
Eager for a break from his routine life in Chandigarh, Batalvi eagerly accepted an invitation to visit England in May 1972. Upon arrival, he was met with celebrity status within the Panjabi community. Local Indian newspapers announced his visit with fanfare, and a series of public functions and private parties were organized in his honor.
Dr. Gupal Puri hosted the first major event in Coventry, attracting fans, fellow Panjabi poets, and even renowned artist S. Sobha Singh who traveled specifically to see Batalvi. The BBC even interviewed him during his stay.
While these events provided opportunities for the Panjabi community to connect with Batalvi, his health unfortunately took a turn for the worse. This trip, highlighted the struggles with alcoholism that had plagued him for some time. Late nights fueled by alcohol at parties and gatherings became a pattern. Despite waking up early and attempting to resume his day with "a couple of sips of Scotch," his habits seemed to exacerbate his existing health issues. This glimpse into his struggles in England foreshadowed the tragic toll his drinking would take on him soon thereafter.
Shiv Kumar Batalvi's return from England in September 1972 marked a turning point. His health had visibly deteriorated, and he became increasingly critical of what he perceived as unfair criticism of his poetry by some writers. Financial troubles added to his woes, and he felt a sense of abandonment from some friends.
Despite attempts to get medical treatment in Chandigarh and Amritsar, his health continued to decline. Unwilling to die in a hospital, he left against medical advice, seeking solace first in his family home in Batala and then in his wife's village, Kiri Mangial. Tragically, Shiv Kumar Batalvi succumbed to his illness, likely liver cirrhosis, in the early hours of May 6, 1973, in Kiri Mangial.
Even after his passing, Shiv Kumar Batalvi's legacy continued to grow. One of his poetry collections, titled "Alvida" (Farewell), was posthumously published in 1974 by Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar. His enduring impact is further reflected by the "Shiv Kumar Batalvi Award" for Best Writer, presented annually.
In Batala, the Shiv Kumar Batalvi Auditorium was constructed to commemorate the 75th anniversary of his birth. This world-class facility serves as a lasting tribute to his influence and aims to inspire future generations of Panjabi artists.
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2024.05.13 11:08 adulting4kids Dead Sea Scrolls Study Guide -Unedited

The War Scroll, also known as the "War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness," is a unique text within the Dead Sea Scrolls that portrays an apocalyptic battle between the forces of good (Sons of Light) and evil (Sons of Darkness). This scroll provides insight into both historical and symbolic elements.
Historical Accuracy:
The War Scroll, while containing detailed military tactics and an epic narrative of the ultimate confrontation, doesn't explicitly reference any specific historical event or timeframe. Some scholars believe it could be a product of the community's anticipation of a future messianic conflict or a reflection of their own community's struggles against opposing forces during their time. Interpreting the historical accuracy of the scroll often involves exploring the context of the Qumran community and the turbulent times in which they lived.
Symbolism and Esoteric Wisdom:
The War Scroll goes beyond a mere description of a physical battle. It portrays a cosmic conflict between the forces of light and darkness, reflecting not just a literal warfare but also a symbolic and spiritual struggle. The text emphasizes righteousness, divine intervention, and the victory of good over evil.
Within the study guide, activities and exercises could involve dissecting the symbolic elements present in the War Scroll, exploring the deeper meanings behind the battle tactics and the metaphysical implications of the conflict. Understanding the symbolism could involve group discussions, comparative analysis with other ancient texts with similar themes, and exploring the impact of this symbolic representation on the community's beliefs and practices.
Here are a few activities and exercises to explore the symbolism and historical context of the War Scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls:
  1. Symbolism Analysis:
Provide excerpts from the War Scroll and encourage participants to identify and discuss the symbolic meanings behind elements like the "Sons of Light" and the "Sons of Darkness," various weapons, and the strategies outlined for battle. Group discussions or written reflections can help participants explore the deeper layers of meaning.
  1. Comparative Analysis:
Compare the War Scroll's themes with similar apocalyptic or eschatological texts from different cultures or religions, such as apocalyptic passages in the Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible or apocalyptic texts from other ancient traditions. Create worksheets or discussion prompts to highlight similarities and differences in themes, symbols, and beliefs about cosmic battles.
  1. Historical Context Exploration:
Present historical information about the era when the Dead Sea Scrolls were written. Discuss the political, social, and religious climate of that time, including the turmoil in the region, to understand how these factors might have influenced the composition of the War Scroll. Encourage participants to consider the possible motivations behind the text's creation.
  1. Creative Interpretation:
Encourage creative expression by asking participants to create artwork, poems, or short stories inspired by the themes and imagery found in the War Scroll. This exercise allows individuals to engage more deeply with the symbolic elements and interpret them in their own unique ways.
  1. Role-playing or Debates:
    Organize a role-playing activity where participants take on the roles of "Sons of Light" and "Sons of Darkness," debating their ideologies, motivations, and strategies for the ultimate battle. This exercise helps in understanding differing perspectives and interpreting the conflicts presented in the scroll.
Interpretative variations regarding the river's crossing in different ancient texts reflect the unique religious, philosophical, and cultural perspectives embedded within these narratives. These differences in interpretation offer insights into diverse worldviews and varying theological frameworks present in ancient texts:
  1. Mesopotamian Context:
  1. Biblical Context:
  1. Gnostic or Apocryphal Context:
  1. Greco-Roman Interpretation:
These varied interpretations highlight the richness and diversity of religious, philosophical, and cultural frameworks present in ancient texts. The river's crossing serves as a flexible symbol that adapts to different narratives, conveying themes of transition, judgment, liberation, or cosmic transformation based on the unique perspectives of each tradition.
Exploring these interpretative variations allows participants to appreciate the complexity of symbolism within ancient texts and provides insights into how different cultures and belief systems interpreted common motifs like the river Euphrates. It showcases the intricate interplay between religious, philosophical, and cultural elements shaping the symbolism and theological implications embedded in these narratives.
The river Euphrates, a prominent geographic feature in ancient texts, embodies universal themes that transcend specific cultural contexts. Identifying these universal themes helps reveal shared human concepts of transition, boundaries, and transformative events across diverse ancient traditions:
  1. Threshold and Transition:
  1. Boundary and Separation:
  1. Transformative Events:
  1. Symbol of Power and Control:
  1. Metaphor for Spiritual Journeys:
These universal themes associated with the river Euphrates highlight fundamental aspects of the human experience—transitions, boundaries, transformative events, power dynamics, and spiritual journeys. The river's symbolism in ancient texts speaks to shared human aspirations, struggles, and beliefs that transcend cultural boundaries and resonate across different epochs and civilizations.
By identifying and discussing these universal themes, participants gain a deeper appreciation for the profound symbolism embedded in ancient texts and recognize the timeless relevance of concepts such as transition, boundaries, and transformative events in shaping human narratives and aspirations.
  1. Historical Context:
  1. Symbolism and Esoteric Wisdom:
  1. Comparative Analysis:
  1. Parallelism in Biblical Texts:
  1. Community Beliefs and Practices:
  1. Cultural Significance of Cosmic Battles:
  1. Interpretive Variations and Unique Perspectives:
  1. Personal Reflection and Modern Relevance:
  1. Theological and Philosophical Implications:
  1. Literary and Symbolic Analysis:
- Analyze the narrative structure and symbolic elements present in specific passages of the War Scroll. How do these elements contribute to the text's overarching themes and meanings?
These study questions aim to provoke critical thinking, promote in-depth exploration of themes, encourage comparative analysis, and stimulate discussions on the multifaceted nature of the War Scroll's content and its significance within ancient and contemporary contexts.
  1. Archaeological and Linguistic Analysis:
- How does the physical condition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the War Scroll, impact our understanding of their preservation and historical context? - Discuss the linguistic peculiarities or unique textual features found within the War Scroll and their implications for translation and interpretation.
  1. Apocalyptic Expectations and Messianic Concepts:
- Explore the portrayal of messianic figures or anticipated saviors within the War Scroll. How do these concepts align with or diverge from contemporary expectations of a messianic figure in other ancient texts or religious traditions?
  1. Impact of Apocalyptic Literature:
- Analyze the enduring influence of apocalyptic literature, such as the War Scroll, on subsequent religious, literary, or cultural traditions. How have these texts shaped later beliefs or inspired artistic and literary works?
  1. Ethical and Moral Frameworks:
- Discuss the ethical or moral implications of the cosmic conflict depicted in the War Scroll. How do the themes of righteousness and wickedness contribute to the text's underlying moral framework?
  1. Role of Prophecy and Revelation:
- Explore the role of prophecy and revelation within the War Scroll. How do the prophetic elements contribute to the text's portrayal of future events and cosmic justice?
  1. Experiential and Ritualistic Elements:
- Investigate potential ritualistic or experiential dimensions associated with the teachings or beliefs conveyed in the War Scroll. How might the community have engaged with these teachings in their religious practices or communal activities?
  1. Literary Genre and Interpretation:
- Discuss the classification of the War Scroll within the broader genre of apocalyptic literature. How does its classification influence our understanding and interpretation of its themes and symbolic elements?
  1. Relevance in Modern Scholarship:
- Reflect on the ongoing scholarly debates or discoveries related to the War Scroll. How have modern interpretations evolved, and what implications do these new perspectives have on our understanding of the text?
  1. Intersection of Faith and Scholarship:
- Consider the interplay between faith-based interpretations and scholarly analyses of the War Scroll. How might religious convictions or theological frameworks influence academic research and vice versa?
  1. Future Research and Interpretative Avenues:
- Propose potential avenues for future research or areas of exploration concerning the War Scroll. What unanswered questions or unexplored aspects merit further investigation?
The composition of the War Scroll, along with other Dead Sea Scrolls, was likely influenced by several historical events and societal conditions prevalent during the time of its writing, which is estimated to be between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE:
  1. Hellenistic Rule and Cultural Influence:
  1. Political Turmoil and Resistance Movements:
  1. Religious Sects and Spiritual Expectations:
  1. Anticipation of Cosmic Redemption:
Regarding the historical context of the Dead Sea Scrolls' discovery, its significance lies in multiple facets:
  1. Preservation of Ancient Texts:
  1. Insights into Jewish Sectarianism:
  1. Confirmation of Scriptural Accuracy:
  1. Impact on Biblical Studies and Scholarship:
The historical context of political upheaval, religious expectations, and the preservation of texts within the Dead Sea Scrolls contributes significantly to understanding the milieu in which the War Scroll was written. It provides a backdrop against which the themes of cosmic conflict, eschatological anticipation, and religious fervor within the War Scroll can be comprehended.
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