Lighted 4wd indicator 1999 chevy tahoe

I'm helping my dad plan his next car purchase. He currently has a 2005 Chevy Trailblazer that has served him well for nearly two decades, but is ready to move on from it.
Here are his considerations:

• 3 rows for when his kids and grandkids visit
• Not a super large SUV like the Suburban, etc. Smaller is better.
• Off-road trim to get some slightly higher ground clearance for forest roads, light off road trails, sharp rocks
• ~5,000 lbs towing capacity (will be towing ~2,000 pounds)
• AWD or 4WD (needed for occasionally pulling his boat up some muddy and slippery boat ramps, plus some light off road and snowy exploration)
• Comfortable for tall driver and passengers (dad is 6', some passengers will be 6'2") on long mountain drives (4+ hour trips)
• Adaptive cruise control and other driver assist tech is a plus

Since he's been driving the same car for nearly 20 years, he's very excited at some newer tech in cars, so bonus points for interiors that feel a bit more "future-y".
He's been considering these four:

• 2024 Traverse Z71
• 2024 Telluride EX-Line
• 2025 Honda Pilot Trailsport
• 2024 Hyundai Santa Fe XRT

Any thoughts on how these four would work for his needs? Any other options he should consider?
Thanks!

EDIT: I have dropped off my Bolt at the Chevy dealer I bought it from. They are going to keep it a few days and run some tests. They are not able to service EVs besides scantool stuff and changing the 12 volt battery, brakes, etc. But if they find an issue they can’t fix they will transport it to a dealer that can. Here’s hoping. If they find that it’s some major issue like Canbus wiring or something that would warrant a buyback/MSRP swap, there are no new Bolts near me, so I’d have to spend extra on something like a Blazer EV (that I can’t afford and have heard bad things about) or an EV from another brand. Or get something used/gas powered. I’m really hoping they can just fix the car. I like it and enjoy saving money. I already have another gas car for trips and emergencies.
EDIT 2: Local dealer called me back. Their scantool showed nothing. They said they cannot fix it as there’s nothing to fix. Even if I take pictures, it has to have the error in front of them before they can do anything. I don’t know what to say or who to call or what to do.
END EDITS.
I’ve only had the car for four months. About twice a month something breaks. It’s something electrical, and sometimes it fixes itself and others I have to get the dealer to reset/replace something or clear it with a scantool.
First time, the car just threw a service indicator light (car with a !) and OnStar said it was a charging system error and to tow the car. I couldn’t pay for a two at the time but the dealer was close by so I just drove it there. They plugged it in to their charger and it cleared the error. Gave it back.
Second time, I got Conditions Not Correct for Shift. OnStar told me how to dance the Fandango and walk half a mile away with the key to reset key detection and try it again. That worked.
Third time, I got Service Parking Brake. Even restarts and walking away didn’t fix it. But eventually it just randomly started working like four days later.
Fourth time, I got another service indicator with OnStar saying it was an electric propulsion system error. Performance reduced.
I know this car absolutely friggin hates to have a low 12 volt battery, but that’s been replaced by the dealer. I also keep it plugged in limited to 85% when not in use. It should stay topped up.
I’m probably complaining for no reason but golly gee to have this brand new car just error out some random thing for no reason is ANNOYING.
Any recourse? I have extended warranty through GM. Should I try to get something checked out and replaced? Should I see if I can invoke lemon law? Or should I just deal with it until it gets so bad I can’t drive the car?

So about a week ago I was sitting in the car, 1999 Toyota Sienna Le, after getting home, as I do. Had the Ac on and the radio, then all of a sudden the music stops I see the battery indicator on the dash and give it some gas and it goes away.
I had to give it a jump but after a quick 5 minute drive to the store it starts up no problem. I haven’t had an issue where I needed to jump it again but I have had my battery light come up when at a red light and I just put it in park and give her a little gas and it keeps me going.
I really don’t want ti believe it’s the alternator cause it’s only about 10 months old from July of 2023 and the battery is from 10/23, is there anything else I could check before I start pulling things out to replace em

So my 4WD indicator light stays on when transfer case lever is in 2H.
It does not appear to be stuck in 4WD because a tight turn doesn't cause any issues, while 4WD clearly makes things jump around.
How do I get that light to behave?

A thread for new collectors to ask basic questions of the community.
Frequently Asked Questions below!
A longer version of the subreddit rules is here.
For questions specifically concerning bootlegs or vendor legitimacy, please ask in the Bootleg Megathread.
NSFW & Spoiler Guidelines

• For Self Posts: include a bolded NSFW note next to links in that post.
• For Links to sites/images: If the figure is NSFW, or the website has any NSFW content (including ads) be sure to tag your post NSFW and use the appropriate link flair.

Bootlegs
Any collection posts containing bootlegs, comments advocating buying bootlegs, or links to sites selling bootlegs, recasts, or unlicensed merchandise will be removed.
People often ask about the legitimacy and/or safety of a number of websites which sell large resin statues. The more commonly-asked of those deal primarily in resins from studios which do not have a license from the Japanese IP holders to produce merchandise. Therefore links to those sites are not permitted here. Another sign is if MyFigureCollection doesn't list the either the statue, its manufacturer, or the shop it's being sold on.
MyFigureCollection
My Figure Collection is like MyAnimeList... but for figures! Their database includes thousands of items which been produced during the last couple of decades, along with reviews of shops and other helpful articles. One can also list their own collection and post gallery photos.
Shops

Retailers:
AmiAmi HobbySearch Mandarake (sells rare figures) Good Smile Company Online Shop (often has exclusives) Good Smile Company US shop Crunchyroll Store Hobby Link Japan (aka HLJ) Solaris Japan (MFC partner) BigBadToyStore (MFC partner, US retailer) Big in Japan (also has proxy service) Tokyo Otaku Mode FigureHaven Archonia (EU) Yorokonde (EU) Figuya (EU) Gamersheek (UK) Jungle
List of retailers on MFC
/AnimeFigures' List of Retailers
Community Guide to Shopping in Japan

Blogs/News:

Nekomagic (News/Previews) NyaaFigurines (Reviews/Releases) Kahotan's Blog (News/Reviews) Figma Blog (JP)

Buying & Shipping

1. What’s the best place to buy my anime figures from?
That’s going to depend a lot on what works for you, but most people around here buy them from Amiami, Big in Japan, Hobby Search, HobbyLink Japan, or Tokyo Otaku Mode. If none of those work for you for whatever reason, there’s a list of reputable retailers in the sidebar that you can check out at any time. Be extra careful when ordering figures from websites like Amazon or ebay, as there are a lot of bootlegs on those sites. Don’t be afraid to ask in our Bootleg Megathread if you’re unsure.
2. What differences are there between the shipping options I get from most Japanese shops?
Below is a rundown of the main shipping choices you’ll get at most retailers. Keep in mind that if an order is large enough you will be forced to use one of the more expensive options, as SAL shipments have lower size and weight restrictions.

• Unregistered SAL: Sometimes referred to as uSAL, is usually the cheapest method. It does not come with any tracking or insurance. Usually takes up 2-4 weeks for delivery.
• Registered SAL: Sometimes referred to as rSAL, is insured for the declared value up to 6,000 yen. It comes with a tracking number and usually takes 2-4 weeks for delivery.
• EMS: This method of shipping is much faster than either SAL options, usually arriving within a week of shipment. EMS shipments are insured for the declared value up to 2,000,000 yen.
• Airmail
• E-packet
• Surface: Shops don't offer this very often. It's an actual cargo ship and slow as a result.
  
• DHL: Becoming more available as an alternative to EMS on AmiAmi and other sites. Can be less expensive than EMS and of comparable speed, but may be more reliant on the specific geographical area being shipped to. The price is also determined by the size of the box. Offers their own tracking.
  

3. I placed two+ orders for figures at different times. Will my items be shipped together, or will I have to pay shipping twice?
Most shops will ask you to pay shipping on a per-order basis, but here are some that will allow combined shipping:

• Amiami: You can combine orders here, as long as the orders ship in the same month. It doesn’t matter if the item is new or preowned. Any preorders that are set for that month can also be combined with other orders for that month. However, be aware that if the preorder gets delayed, Amiami will remove that item from that month’s shipment and place it on a new order. To combine orders on Amiami, use the “Combine Orders” feature under “My Account”.
  
• Hobby Search: Hobby Search will let you combine orders that release in the same month, but you cannot combine in stock items with preorders. If you want to combine multiple preorders, or multiple in stock items, you can do so using the “Order Recombination” feature on your account page.
  
• HobbyLink Japan: At HLJ, you have the option to send paid orders to their “Private Warehouse”, where you can store them for up to 2 months. When you’re ready to ship the items, you simply select which items to ship and HLJ will combine them into one shipment for you. To use this, just select the “Private Warehouse” option as shipping when you order.
  

If you’re unsure about whether or not a shop we haven’t listed will combine your orders, please refer to their individual FAQs.
4. When will I get charged for my preorder?
Most Japanese shops charge you once the item is in stock and ready for shipment. When that happens, they will send you an email asking for payment. Some shops (mostly overseas ones), will allow you to pay for the item up front though, if you’d like. A few with that option are:

• Big in Japan (Japanese store)
• Tokyo Otaku Mode
• Anime Island
• Crunchyroll

Keep in mind that overseas stores will likely get the figure a few months after Japanese ones, so pay attention to the release date stated on the website you are buying from so as to avoid that confusion.
5. Should I expect to pay customs fees when importing figures?
That depends on where you live. Here’s a quick rundown:

• Australia: 10% GST is now assessed up front.
• Canada: Minimum declared value for charges is around CAD$20 for regular shipments, and CAD$60 for gifts (gifting something only seems to lower the declared value by about CAD$40, not deplete it completely). When using Amiami, try their Small Air Packet option. It comes with tracking, gets there in about the same time as EMS, and is better at avoiding customs.
• European Union: As of 1st July 2021, VAT has to be paid on all goods imported from outside of the EU. Retailers are supposed charge VAT for purchases under €150, however many Japanese retailers currently do not, so VAT will be charged when your order arrives in the EU. Orders that are >€150, VAT and duty will be charged by your local customs.
• UK: As of 1st January 2021, VAT is to be charged by retailers for orders <£135. However, customs isn't currently charging VAT on parcels valued at <£135, even if the VAT hasn't been paid. Goods >£135 will have their VAT and duty calculated and charged by customs.
• Mexico: Minimum declared value for customs fees is USD$300 for shipments by post, and USD$50 for shipments by courier.
• United States: A shipment has to have a declared value of USD$2,000 before customs starts hitting you with fees, so you most likely won’t have to worry about them at all.

6. The figure I want is an exclusive, how do I go about ordering one outside of Japan?
You have three options for this:
A. Big in Japan is known to stock exclusive figures and ship to other countries. Usually the price is higher because they build in their proxy fees, but it’s easier than worrying about using a forwarder or proxy service. If you live in the US, Crunchyroll, Right Stuf, and Tokyo Otaku Mode also get exclusives sometimes, but out of the states the shipping can get expensive.
B. Forwarding Services: A forwarder is someone who you ship an exclusive item to so that they can forward the package on to you, usually for a flat fee + shipping. When using a forwarder you still make the purchase yourself, and enter their address into the shipping field. When the box arrives at the forwarder they will then stick your address onto the package and send it on its way.
Some popular forwarders are:

• Big in Japan
• Tenso

Be sure to read each sites instructions on forwarding carefully!
C. Proxy Services: With a proxy, you tell them what the item you’re looking for is and they will purchase it in your stead. This is handy for when a company doesn’t accept foreign credit cards, or you’re having trouble navigating a Japanese website.
Some popular proxies are:

• Big in Japan (Won’t proxy for Yahoo Auctions)
• From Japan

Again, be sure you thoroughly read through each sites proxy instructions.
7. I see a bunch of really cheap figures that ship from China on ebay. Are those okay to buy?
Generally, no. They’re most likely bootlegs. If you want a second opinion on that, feel free to ask in the Bootleg Megathread that’s always stickied at the top of the sub.
8. What’s a bootleg, and how can I avoid buying them?
A bootleg is a counterfeit figure often made using rejected molds of the official product. They are usually priced significantly lower than the genuine article, and in order to make their profit, bootleggers use lower quality materials and have less attention to detail- resulting in a substandard figure.
The Bootleg Megathread that I mentioned in question 7 is a great tool to avoid buying any bootlegs. It has a few tips and tricks to avoiding them to begin with, and a few more on how to spot them if you’re worried you might already own one.
9. Does anyone know when figure X is going to be released? How do I know if it was delayed?
My Figure Collection (sometimes referred to as MFC) does an excellent job of staying on top of information like release dates and delays. If you’re curious about an upcoming figures release date, check there first. This information can be found directly under the “Releases” section on a figure’s entry. If you only see a month and a year in that section, it means the release date has not yet been announced by the manufacturer, and there is still a chance the figure could be delayed.
If you make an account on MFC you can also subscribe to comments, changes, and pictures via a checkbox on the right hand side of a figure’s listing. Subscribing to any of these things will allow MFC to send you an email anytime the subscription in question updates. Subscribing to “changes” is a great way to keep up with release dates and delays, among other things.
10. The figure I want is long sold out at normal retailers! What’s the best place to pick it up in the aftermarket?
A list of reputable retailers can be found under the “Shops” section of the /AnimeFigures sidebar. They all sell legitimate products, and many of them also sell figures second hand. However, the most frequently suggested second hand sites are Mandarake and Amiami- who has a preowned section that they update every night save Sundays and Japanese holidays around 1PM JST and again around 6PM JST.
AmiAmi grades their pre-owned items on a letter scale. The general consensus from buyers is that their ratings are conservative, so unless the item and/or packaging is specifically indicated as having significant flaws, pre-owned items from them are usually in at least as good a condition as their rating suggests.
Note: When you search Mandarake, you’ll get the best results by using the Japanese characters for whatever you are searching. If you don’t know them, you can find them on MFC by clicking on any of the “details” in that figure’s listing.
11. Amiami has a figure I’m interested in labeled as “For sale in Japan only”. Does this mean I can’t order it without a proxy or forwarder?
No, you can still order it. Amiami’s English site has that warning on many items, and it’s mostly meant to inform you that this product was made for a Japanese market, and as such, will have Japanese speaking/writing in it- so don’t expect any instructions to be in English. If Amiami doesn’t want foreigners buying a certain product, they won’t even list it on their English site.

Displaying Your Figures

12. What display cases do you recommend?
If you live near an Ikea try out one of these:

• Klingsbo
• Billy (Often used with Morliden doors (now the HÖGBO and glass shelves.)
• Detolf: Formerly the go-to choice for inexpensive display cabinetry, the Detolf was first made flimsier around 2020 and then essentially phased out of the name, to become the BLÅLIDEN. Knockoff versions of widely-varying quality are commonly found on other shopping sites these days, though.

*If you decided on a Detolf, you might find that there is a lot of wasted space. Here are a few tutorials on raising the shelves or and adding extra ones in.

• Using metal clips
• Using acrylic supports and PVC pipe

If you don’t live near an Ikea, Amazon has a few display options, though they are more expensive. Also keep an eye on your local Craigslist (or your country’s equivalent) and stores near you that are closing up.
13. What lighting do you guys recommend?
Ikea’s Dioder LED strips were discontinued after a long run. A current version is the Vattensten, if you're inclined to buy your case and lights at the same time.
LED strips have become very commonly available in recent years; most hardware and home furnishing stores carry a selection now. Just make sure that the lights don’t get too hot!
14. What are those clear plastic boxes that I see under everyone’s figures in their collection posts, and where can I get them?
Those are called risers. Most of us use standard acrylic risers like these. Some other, easy to find things that have been suggested are:

• Plastic picture cubes
• Card Deck Boxes
• If you’re feeling adventurous, try making your own!

Check your local hobby store for the first 2 options, or your local hardware store if you want to make your own.
Another common suggestion is to visit The Container Store if you have one near you. They have a lot of things to choose from that can suit a variety of needs. Be sure to check out their standard acrylic risers, their Amac boxes, and the various display cases they sell (baseball cases, mini car cases. hockey puck cases, etc).
15. Should I keep my figures sealed?
That is, of course, up to you really, but here are a few things to keep in mind when debating this question:

• Keeping it sealed can actually damage your figure. PVC figures usually have something called plasticizer in them, and that plasticizer needs to be able to breath. If a PVC figure isn’t exposed to oxygen, after a period of time the plasticizer starts to break down and form a sticky substance on the surface of the figure. Simply opening your figures and taking them out of the box prevents this from happening. If you happen to find plasticizer goo on one of your figures, Kahotan has a handy guide for dealing with it.
• Unlike some other figure markets, keeping an anime figure sealed won’t raise its value by a whole lot. In fact, because of the plasticizer problem mentioned above, your figure could actually be in better condition if you open it versus keeping it sealed.

Finding the Right Figure(s) for You

16. What are "scales" and "prizes"? What is the difference between them?
Those are classifications for figures based on a few factors.

• "Prizes" are generally more simply produced figures which are intended to be given as prizes for playing arcade games. They are inexpensive and lack the detail of scale figures, though some prize figure lines have standouts which may approach lower-end scales in quality. That is uncommon and often depends on the individual figure.
• "Scales" are called such because they are nominally designed to be proportional to the dimensions of the character which they are based on. They are generally of much better manufacture and materials than prize figures, allowing for more detail in painting, accessories, or complex poses.
• "Trading" figures appear in gashapon machines or as blind boxes on shop counters, often as sets which include multiple characters. As suggested by the class name, the randomness encourages trading. They are usually very inexpensively-produced, though as with prizes, some series are better than others.
• "Non-scale" encompasses a variety of other categories. It is often used to describe poseable figure lines such as figma and Nendoroids.

In recent years producers such as Good Smile Company attempted to further bridge the gap between prize quality and scales by introducing figure lines which are intended to be moderately-priced while retaining a higher level of detail than the typical prize figure, to varying levels of success.
17. There are so many figure companies! Who makes good figures?!
Obviously this is a very subjective question, but as a general starting point, here are a few well renowned figure companies:

• Alter
• Max Factory
• Good Smile Company
• Kotobukiya (usually hit or miss for people. Use your best judgement based off of the prototype)
• Flare
• Stronger

18. I really love “series X / character X”- how can I check if any figures were ever made for it?
My Figure Collection can be your best friend here. Simply do a search on the name of the series or character using the search bar located at the top right of the screen, and all associated figures pop up!
Alternatively, if you’re looking at a figure’s MFC entry, most of the text under the “Details” section can be clicked on and used to run a search.
19. How can I commission a custom figure?
None of the major figure companies (Alter, Kotobukiya, Good Smile Company, etc.) will take a commission for a single figure. This thread has a few websites in it that you can check out, or you can look into garage kits. Some kit painters would be willing to resculpt, frankenstein together, or otherwise modify kits for the right price.
If you're looking for help completing a garage kit, /brushforhire may be useful.

Keeping Up with New Announcements

20. How can I keep up with figure news (announcements, updates, etc.)?
Most people use a MFC combined with any or all of the following news sites:

• Neko Magic
• Alter’s Blog (In Japanese)
• Kahotan’s Blog (Only GSC and their sister companies)

Many figure companies are active on Twitter, so following them there is recommended for quicker news.
To use MFC for this I’ll quote question #9.

If you make an account on MFC you can also subscribe to comments, changes, and pictures via a checkbox on the right hand side of a figure’s listing. Subscribing to any of these things will allow MFC to send you an email anytime the subscription in question updates. Subscribing to “changes” is a great way to keep up with release dates and delays, among other things.

Most companies have one or more Twitter accounts. Some examples: Good Smile Company sales, Good Smile's USA branch, Max Factory, AmiAmi Hobby News.
21. Everyone’s excited about something called Wonfes….. what the heck is that?!
WonFes (short for Wonder Festival) is a biannual figure expo where many figure producers (both large and small) show off new sculpts and updates to figures already under way. Most companies save their most exciting announcements for WonFes, so we all look forward to the expo whenever it rolls around! Winter Wonder Festival is usually held in February, while Summer Wonder Festival is usually in July. The event has also spread to Shanghai, in the late spring.
22. One or two (or 15) figures were announced at WonFes that I’m really excited about! How can I keep track of their progress once the event is over?
MFC is always really quick about getting new WonFes announcements (or any others throughout the year, for that matter) listed in their database, so we suggest using that. To find a figure from the event you can search any number of things, including the name of the character or the name of the show. You can also use the tag search to search “WonderFestival 20xx_[season]” to see all items announced at that event.

I picked up a Tahoe back in January for 2500$. Fully loaded, only missing heated seats and air ride (which im grateful for).
It’s in excellent mechanical condition aside from the fact that the 4X4 system seems to only want to work when it wants to. And as of recent it appears to be fully broken.
I had it in Auto 4WD for a few days as it was quite rainy here. I got the “SERVICE 4WD” in the message center of the cluster and when i tried to take it out of Auto 4WD and drop it down into 2HI it was stuck in 4HI. Would not budge at all.
Lights on the range selector dim themselves sometimes or sometimes straight up don’t work at all. I got it home, drove my other car for a few days and now im trying to fix it. When i try to select 2HI or 4LO (just to get it out of 4hi, maybe free it up) it makes 2 buzzing noises as if it’s trying to engage the transfer case but then fails.
Codes are B2725 and C0324. Any help? Should i pick up a new encoder motor?

Barred From Each Other: Why Normative Husbands Remain Married to Incarcerated Wives—An Exploratory Study – page 2
You’ve got to understand, what we’re talking about here is great love. That’s the whole story. The idea of leaving her never came up. It was never mentioned or discussed. Our romantic life could never be dismantled just because one of us did something wrong. Separation is totally irrelevant. [After exposing her crime] I never felt as if I don’t love her or want her less. It’s all a matter of pure commitment—built on pure love—and this is something you do not abandon. (A., 53)
I decided to stay with her for two reasons: great love and great commitment. I swear that [after her incarceration] it never crossed my mind to leave her. I’m with her until the end. Our love is priceless. I don’t care for other women; I’m just waiting for her. I always knew from the second I met her that we will be together until death. I will not desert her regardless of the situation. She is the best thing that ever happened to me. (D., 34)
I told myself, you’re not going to leave her no matter what happens. We’ve been together since we’re 17, we love each other a lot and we’re committed to each other. Let it be clear—I decided to stay with her just because of us, and not because of the kids and the house. I love her very much. She is the love of my life and my best friend and I’m staying with her no matter what happens. (S., a 53-year-old Jewish husband, married to an inmate sentenced to a period of 27 months in prison, continues in the same vein.
Interestingly, in addition to the decisive description of all research participants of their marriage in terms of love and devotion, six participants related to these relations and their spouses in adorable and admirable ways. These participants perceive their women partners as being unique and exceptional, each a veritable femme fatale, and describe the relations with them in various flattering and admirable ways.
She is everything to me. When I look to the right—I see her. When I look to the left—I see
her. I see her and no one else but her. I admire her. She is pure gold. There is no one like her
in the world and that’s why our love is so strong. (Y., a 60-year-old Jewish husband, married
to a first-timer sentenced to 4 years)
And this sentiment is echoed in two other statements:
I admire my wife. She is bigger than life itself. I can only thank God that she’s mine/that I have her. (S., 53)
She is a very special woman and a friend. She is special, not like any other woman. (A., 53)
While these quotations illustrate the high appreciation and admiration of the women spouses, the next ones portray the specific personal characteristics that make the women so admirable:
She is the most clever, intelligent, and lovely woman in the world. She is energetic, active, and dominant. An amazing woman. (T., 52
She is a good soul. She is warm and emphatic, [mentally] stronger than any man I know, very reliable. She has so many virtues: understandable, intelligent, supportive, funny, and very ethical. (D., 34)
She is [mentally] a very strong woman. She is remarkable . . . outstanding. She knows everything—regardless of the fact that she’s in prison. (Z., 55)
She is a good human-being: She takes care of everyone . . . pays attention to everyone . . . she loves to help people. (A., 53
All the participants love and admire their partners and perceive them as an attached and inherent part of their past, present, and future married lives. These statements clearly demonstrate that love is perceived as an essential component for the preservation of good marital relations—in general and in times of crisis. Moreover, regardless of female-spouses’ criminal conduct and imprisonment, most partners describe them as ideal and wonderful women, using words of admiration. As such, continuation of the marriage to them may be perceived as an obvious and rational act.
Perception of Wife’s Criminal Conduct
Numerous studies have argued that most female inmates are abandoned by their male counterparts, be it because of the forced disengagement and/or the shame in their “betrayal” of the law, their families, and their “traditional gender roles” (McGowan & Blumenthal, 1978; Stanton, 1980). Evidently, such desertion is solely dependent on men’s discretion, irrespective of the female inmates’ desires (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001; Pelka-Slugocka & Slugocki, 1980).
Somewhat in contrast to these studies, our findings indicate that although all participants acknowledge that their spouses committed various criminal offenses and morally reject it, they do not perceive them and their criminal conduct as shameful and disgraceful. Specifically, the participants (deliberately or unintentionally) describe their spouses’ criminal behaviors in a forgiving manner, explaining it as a “sad tale” (i.e., an outcome of harsh and complicated life-story; Scott & Lyman, 1968). By doing so, they invalidate the female inmates’ moral and criminal responsibilities, detach their criminal conduct from their character, and defend their dignity and importance:
My wife did not do all these things. She meant to do no bad. I know that she doesn’t act out of evilness . . . she is a good person . . . a victim of herself. She didn’t really want to kill me . . . It is not her fault . . . her friends are bad . . . they pushed her to act this way. I can’t believe and I don’t believe that she did what she did independently. (A., 53)
They [the police] found some financial inconsistencies in the bank and instead of exposing the truth and framing her brother, she took responsibility. I knew she did everything in order to save her brother. She is a good soul and her family members abused her. All she did was done in order to protect her family and not because she’s bad. She is a good soul . . . a queen who made a mistake in order to save her brother. (S., 53)
She did not take it [the money] for herself . . . She gave it to her family. She has a big family and someone had to take care of them. Looking back, I think she had no choice. (I., 47)
Six participants use neutralization techniques (Sykes & Matza, 1957) to support their contention of their partners’ morality. The men resort to “denial of injury” and “denial of responsibility.” In their simplest form, the former technique suggests that this was a no-victim crime and the latter proposes that the criminal actions were caused by forces beyond the perpetrator’s control (Enticott, 2011).
After all, what did she do? What crime had she committed? It’s not that she enjoyed the money. It’s not that she is walking around wearing lots of jewelry. She’s a modest individual and all in all she did not take big sums of money. Maybe they [justice system] can define her as an offender, but for me she is P., my beloved wife, and that’s that. (C., 37)
n fact, what did she do? She got involved with the gray market, something that could happen to anyone, and they forced her to do what she did. It could happen to me, to you, to anyone. She made a mistake but she is only human. But it’s not a crime and she’s not a criminal. (Z., 55)
No! My wife is not a criminal. She didn’t break the law. In my opinion, all she did was make a single mistake. The fact that she’s in prison does not make her a criminal. (I., 47)
Difficulties in Marital Relationships With Incarcerated Wife
Numerous studies have repeatedly argued that three factors underlie most crises in marital relationships: diminished (or extinguished) love, reduced (or lack of) intimacy, and weakened (or nonexistent) commitment (Mace, 1982; Sabatelli & Cecil-Pigo, 1985; Sharlin, 1996; Sokolski & Hendrick, 1999; Surra et al., 1988). Our findings deviate somewhat and indicate that regardless of lengths of imprisonment and/or marriage, the major difficulty experienced by most (n = 7) participants relates to lack of physical intimacy. All other inconveniences and difficulties characterizing marital relationships in crisis (Huston, Caughlin, Houts, Smith, & George, 2001) appear to be irrelevant to the interviewees:
During the last six months [time of spouse’s incarceration] everything has obviously changed, because of her physical absence. We meet once a month [conjugal visits] and it is not enough. I miss the physical intimacy, the physical togetherness. I miss it. It is difficult. I currently and practically live with no romantic relationships. I miss her body and her smell.
(I., 47)
I miss her smell. She has amazing smells, nothing I experienced with other women. I miss having sex with her. I miss being hugged by her, feeling her head on my shoulder. (D., 34)
[You can’t believe] how much I miss her. I miss her hugs, I miss the physical contact with her, I miss going to sleep with her. (T., 52)
An additional difficulty, raised by six (75%) participants, relates to lack of support by family members, friends, and acquaintances. In some cases, participants report that people totally ignored or terminated relationships after the incarceration. The participants view this kind of behavior as an outcome of shame and/or disappointment:
It wasn’t easy with my family [because] they wanted me to divorce her. They didn’t understand how she could do that and didn’t accept her. They were really furious. They decided to break off relations with her. My reaction, by the way, was to completely break off my relations with my family. (Z., 55)
Some family members and all my neighbors told me that I should be ashamed of my wife. In school, my children suffered daily harassments from other children, from the teachers, and even from the headmaster. All of them wanted us to forget her as if she were dead. They think she should be “dead” . . . deleted! (S., 53)
Two very close friends of ours were informed [by us] about the trial and the offense. It was very embarrassing. Yet, their reaction was even more embarrassing and made us want to bury ourselves deep in the ground: In the most difficult moment of our life, they deserted us. They had a very dramatic discussion with my wife on the phone with lots of shouting and yelling and then, decided to stop talking to us. These people are not human-beings. You cannot call them friends. (Y., 60)
None of her friends called or asked us how we feel. None of our friends came to visit her in prison. Is this friendship? This is disgusting. It’s very difficult to live with the notion that suddenly, when you are in trouble, everyone disappears. Suddenly, no-one wishes to be your friend. (A., 53)
Preconditions for the Continuation of Marital Relationships Between Normative Men and Incarcerated Wives
All research participants have pointed out two central factors that could have had a negative effect on the marriage, perhaps even leading to their termination of this relationship: (a) length of prison sentence and (b) length of marriage prior to the imprisonment.
Length of prison sentence. Most (n = 7) participants assert that because their spouses were sentenced to relatively short terms of imprisonment, they did not consider leaving them. However, they also state that if the sentence had been longer, they may have considered terminating the marriage and finding a new relationship:
I don’t know what would have happened to our romantic relationships if she’d been imprisoned for, let’s say, 20 years. I believe I would have separated from her. It’s like disappearing from someone’s life for a very long time. Time is definitely a significant factor.
(I., 47)
On the day of the verdict, when the judge said “4 years,” I felt as if my hands were freezing. If it were 10 or 15 years, then I’d probably acted differently. I doubt if I would have stayed with her . . . with all due respect to love. (Z., 55)
These findings strengthen previous findings (Holt & Miller, 1972; Walker, 1983) revealing a decline in visiting patterns among wives of long-term prisoners compared with wives of short-termers, as well as deterioration of marriages over long periods of incarceration.
I had a very dramatic discussion with my wife on the phone with lots of shouting and yelling and then, decided to stop talking to us. These people are not human-beings. You cannot call them friends. (Y., 60)
None of her friends called or asked us how we feel. None of our friends came to visit her in
prison. Is this friendship? This is disgusting. It’s very difficult to live with the notion that
suddenly, when you are in trouble, everyone disappears. Suddenly, no-one wishes to be your
friend. (A., 53)
Preconditions for the Continuation of Marital Relationships Between Normative Men and Incarcerated Wives
All research participants have pointed out two central factors that could have had a negative effect on the marriage, perhaps even leading to their termination of this relationship: (a) length of prison sentence and (b) length of marriage prior to the imprisonment.
Length of prison sentence. Most (n = 7) participants assert that because their spouses were sentenced to relatively short terms of imprisonment, they did not consider leaving them. However, they also state that if the sentence had been longer, they may have considered terminating the marriage and finding a new relationship: I
I don’t know what would have happened to our romantic relationships if she’d been imprisoned for, let’s say, 20 years. I believe I would have separated from her. It’s like disappearing from someone’s life for a very long time. Time is definitely a significant factor.
(I., 47)
On the day of the verdict, when the judge said “4 years,” I felt as if my hands were freezing. If it were 10 or 15 years, then I’d probably acted differently. I doubt if I would have stayed with her . . . with all due respect to love. (Z., 55)
These findings strengthen previous findings (Holt & Miller, 1972; Walker, 1983) revealing a decline in visiting patterns among wives of long-term prisoners compared with wives of short-termers, as well as deterioration of marriages over long periods of incarceration.
Length of marriage prior to incarceration.
The men’s decision to remain married was determined, to a significant degree, to the duration of the relationship prior to the woman’s incarceration. Our findings show that all participants perceive the total length of the relationship prior to spouses’ incarceration to be positively correlated to their decision to remain married:
If we’d been married for a year and then she’d begun committing crimes, I would have separated from her. But now, after so many years of marriage, there is no way I would leave her. The length of our romantic relationships is a critical factor. That’s why I couldn’t see any option of leaving her. (I., 47)
Please don’t forget that I didn’t meet her yesterday, we’ve been together for almost 10 years. We went through many things together. It’s a lot of time and obviously, I won’t leave her. (D., 34
Ways of Preserving the Marital Relationships With Incarcerated Wives
All participants (N = 8) report that to deal with their pain of separation and maintain marital relationships, they use two tactics—frequent phone calls and making all visits
that the prison allows.
The men receive four or five phone calls a day from their imprisoned partners. Both partners await these phone calls and cherish them, as the frequent and continuous delivery and receipt of information create a semblance of the exchange of information that occurs when living under the same roof. Symbolically, the ongoing communication, and hearing the partner’s voice, signifies a continuation of everyday [dyadic and nondyadic] normal life:
We constantly maintain telephone contact. I’m like a child, again and again waiting for her phone calls. It doesn’t matter whether I am with friends, at work, or at a restaurant, I wait for her to call me all the time. She calls me three times a day, in the morning, noon, and in the evening hours. (T., 52)
We talk on the phone all day and every day. We actually do everything through the phone: We talk about her feelings, what happened to her in prison during the day, what happened to me at work, and how we miss each other. That’s basically it. (D., 34)
I love it when she calls me. I look forward to her phone calls. That’s how I really know what is going on with her in prison. (S., 53)
The second tactic is routinely coming for the bi-weekly 30-min visits to which all prisoners are entitled, whether or not they are also allowed home furloughs (IPS, 2012). The visits take place on Saturdays and Sundays, and all families gather in a relatively small, closed, and sealed space. There are open visits in which the inmate can be in physical touch with the visitors and closed visits, conducted through an armored-glass division. All participants welcome the visits, perceive them as the best temporary way of realizing their marriage, and look forward to them:
I visit her every two weeks. Up to now, I haven’t missed a single visit. We were limited to 30 minute in-person visits every two weeks during her first year. After that they let us have a 12 hour conjugal visit each month. Now she can come home [on furlough] for 24 hours every month. That time of being together in the home refreshes our love. In addition, we talk on the phone four times a day. I wait for these calls because I love talking to her. We talk about her day, about my day, about things that happened to both of us at work, about intimate thoughts. (A., 53)
I visit her every two weeks, sometimes with her parents and sometimes alone. We sit together, talk, laugh, and try to make use of our [joint] time. (Y., 60)
I come to visit her every two weeks. I never missed a single visit. Occasionally, I bring our son with me. We wake up at 5 in the morning and drive 4 hours just to see her for 30 minutes. And then we have to drive 4 hours back. But I wouldn’t have missed it for the world. (C., 37)
Discussion
Incarceration affects all aspects of family life, including the health and well-being of inmates’ spouses and children, and the maintenance of family attachments. It can also lead to marital dissolution (Comfort, 2007; Goffman, 2009; Lopoo & Western, 2005; Western & Wildeman, 2009). Most studies concerning the impact of imprisonment on inmates’ marriages have focused on the effects of men’s incarceration (Chui, 2010; Wildeman, Schnittker, & Turney, 2012), whereas only scarce attention directed at the effects of women’s incarceration on their families. This appears to be quiet odd [and disturbing] in light of research findings showing that most incarcerations of men rarely result in marital breakup (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001; Travis et al., 2003), whereas most women sentenced to prison are abandoned by their partners and their pre-incarceration romantic relations are terminated (Hairston & Addams, 2001; Sergin & Flora, 2005).
The current study provides important information about the characteristics, motivation, and justifications of men to preserve marital relationships with their imprisoned spouses. Out of 180 prisoners incarcerated in the single Israeli female incarceration facility, Neve Tirza Prison, only nine (of whom eight took part in the study) maintain stable marital relationships longer than 3 years. All these inmates except one, who was sentenced to 264 months, had no criminal records prior to current imprisonment, and were only sentenced to a relatively short time of incarceration (M = 21.8 months). Interestingly, all spouses (but one) have no prior criminal record and therefore can be considered normative (i.e., law-abiding).
The interviews yielded five overarching themes: (a) perceptions of marital relations with incarcerated spouse, (b) perceptions of wife’s criminal conduct, (c) difficulties in marital relationships with incarcerated spouse, (d) preconditions for the continuation of marital relationships between normative men and incarcerated wives, (e) and ways of preserving the marital relationships with incarcerated partners
The discovery that the wife had committed a crime, the following arrest, initial stages of incarceration, and mainly the concealment of the crime from family and community members are experienced as stressful crises. Yet, participants describe incarceration as a challenge that brought the couple even closer, enhancing mutual responsibility and commitment.
This study elucidates the shock and devastation that comes with the discovery that one’s wife had committed a crime, and then with the following arrest and the initial stages of incarceration. The psychosocial effects of finding out about the crime linger well beyond the time of initial shock. Thus, although four (50%) of the participants were interviewed 2 years or more after they had first learned of their wives’ criminal actions, they still referred to the great difficulty of discovery and its long-lasting negative impact. Specifically, all participants testified that the incarceration of their female partners raised frustrations, tension, and lack of trust that led them to reconsider their motivation to preserve their marriages. They clearly described the disruption the revelation caused and the resulting strain on their marital relationship.
Although the romantic relationship was undoubtedly stressed by the discovery of the crime, the arrest, and the incarceration, all participants seemed to have had the resources to meet this challenge or found appropriate support to do so. Our findings indicate that the incarceration led the husbands to recognize their obligation to their partners and to their relationship. Similarly, clinical experience and several empirical studies suggest that some couples facing hospitalization, critical illness, or serious injuries perceive their marital relationship to be improved since the medical episode (e. g., Dorval et al., 2005). The trauma often creates a powerful intensified family bond and feeling of mutual empathy (Eggenberger & Nelms, 2007) and intensifies the desire to protect each other (Burr, 1998). Whether this kind of interaction may stabilize and strengthen a relationship after arrest is to be determined in future research.

The herd past and present:
1984 BMW 535iGone 1970 Buick GS 455 ConvertibleGone 1957 Chevy NomadGone 1963 Chevy Corvair Monza ConvertibleGone 1977 Chevy ImpalaGone 1995 Chevy Corvette ConvertibleCurrent 1996 Chevy Impala SSGone 1999 Chevy Suburban LTGone 2001 Chevy Suburban LTGone 2004 Chevy Silverado LSCurrent 1985 Ford Escort LGone 1988 Ford Tempo GLGone 1898 Ford Taurus GLGone 1992 Ford Taurus LXGone 2019 GMC Yukon Xl DenaliCurrent 1974 Jeep CJ5Gone 1996 Jeep Grand CherokeeGone 2014 Jeep CherokeeGone 1974 Mercedes-Benz 450 SLGone 1979 Mercedes-Benz 280 SLGone 1981 Mercedes-Benz 300 SDGone 1986 Mercedes_Benz 300 SDLGone 1967 Pontiac GTO ConvertibleGone 2010 Range Rover Sport SuperchargedGone 1992 Subaru Legacy L Wagon AWDGone 1993 Subaru Legacy L Sedan AWDGone 2000 Subaru OutbackGone 2021 Toyota Tacoma TRD Sport 4WDCurrent 1996 Volvo 960Gone 2002 Volvo V70 XC AWDCurrent 2004 Volvo S60Current 2006 Volvo S80 TurboCurrent

I have a 2016 Chevy Equinox LTZ
I need help narrowing down my issue. I recently had a failed thermostat(engine was overheating) so I replaced it and that fixed it. I was careless and I didn’t get the radiator hose clamped on fully to the thermostat housing and it leaked all my coolant after about a week. No big deal, I fixed that and filled it back up.
Now I’m overheating again, but with no loss of coolant. It will idle just fine forever and show a temp at about a quarter of the gage. But as soon as I get over about 30 mph or so the temperature gage drops to zero and the AC blows hot air. The check engine light says P0128 coolant temperature below regulating temperature.
To me that indicates my thermostat might be bad again, but I just replaced it. Could it be a water pump issue? Would it keep up at idle and not with a load on the engine? I don’t want to change the thermostat again and have that not be the issue.

I have a 2016 Chevy Equinox LTZ
I need help narrowing down my issue. I recently had a failed thermostat(engine was overheating) so I replaced it and that fixed it. I was careless and I didn’t get the radiator hose clamped on fully to the thermostat housing and it leaked all my coolant after about a week. No big deal, I fixed that and filled it back up.
Now I’m overheating again, but with no loss of coolant. It will idle just fine forever and show a temp at about a quarter of the gage. But as soon as I get over about 30 mph or so the temperature gage drops to zero and the AC blows hot air. The check engine light says P0128 coolant temperature below regulating temperature.
To me that indicates my thermostat might be bad again, but I just replaced it. Could it be a water pump issue? Would it keep up at idle and not with a load on the engine? I don’t want to change the thermostat again and have that not be the issue.

United States Patent and Trademark Office​ 0462795 – July 16, 1891 – Method Of Producing Rain-Fall
💥803180 – October 31, 1905 – Means for Producing High Potential Electrical Discharges
💥1103490 – August 6, 1913 – Rain-Maker
1225521 – September 4, 1915 – Protecting From Poisonous Gas In Warfare
💥1279823 – September 24, 1918 – Process and Apparatus for Causing Precipitation by Coalescence of Aqueous Particles Contained in the Atmosphere
💥1284982 – November 19, 1918 – Process and Apparatus for Procuring and Stimulating Rainfall
💥1338343 – April 27, 1920 – Process And Apparatus For The Production of Intense Artificial Clouds, Fogs, or Mists
💥1358084 – November 9, 1920 – Method of Producing Fog-Screens
💥1619183 – March 1, 1927 – Process of Producing Smoke Clouds From Moving Aircraft
💥1665267 – April 10, 1928 – Process of Producing Artificial Fogs
💥1892132 – December 27, 1932 – Atomizing Attachment For Airplane Engine Exhausts
💥1895765 – January 31, 1933 – Artificial Production of Fog
💥1928963 – October 3, 1933 – Electrical System And Method
💥1957075 – May 1, 1934 – Airplane Spray Equipment
💥1993316 – March 5, 1935 – Apparatus for and Method of Producing Oil Fog
💥2052626 – September 1, 1936 – Method of Dispelling Fog
💥2097581 – November 2, 1937 – Electric Stream Generator – Referenced in 3990987
💥2173756 – September 19, 1939 – Process of Producing Fog or Mist by Partial and Flameless Combustion
💥2352677 – July 4, 1944 – Artificial Fog Production
💥2476171 – July 18, 1945 – Smoke Screen Generator
💥2409201 – October 15, 1946 – Smoke Producing Mixture
💥2480967 – September 6, 1949 – Aerial Discharge Device
💥2527230 – October 24, 1950 – Method of Crystal Formation and Precipitation
💥💥2527231 – October 24, 1950 – Method of Generating Silver Iodide Smoke
💥💥2550324 – April 24, 1951 – Process For Controlling Weather
💥2582678 – June 15, 1952 – Material Disseminating Apparatus For Airplanes
💥2611992 – September 30, 1952 – Engine Exhaust Operated Fluent Material Distributor
💥2614083 – October 14, 1952 – Metal Chloride Screening Smoke Mixture
💥2633455 – March 31, 1953 – Smoke Generator
💥2688069 – August 31, 1954 – Steam Generator – Referenced in 3990987
💥2721495 – October 25, 1955 – Method And Apparatus For Detecting Minute Crystal Forming Particles Suspended in a Gaseous Atmosphere
💥2730402 – January 10, 1956 – Controllable Dispersal Device
💥2903188 – April 2, 1956 – Control of Tropical Cyclone Formation
💥💥2756097 – July 24, 1956 – Process for Weather Control
💥2801322 – July 30, 1957 – Decomposition Chamber for Monopropellant Fuel – Referenced in 3990987
💥2835530 – May 20, 1958 – Process for the Condensation of Atmospheric Humidity and Dissolution of Fog
💥2871344 – January 27, 1959 – Long Distance Communication System
💥2881335 – April 7, 1959 – Generation of Electrical Fields
💥2908442 – October 13, 1959 – Method For Dispersing Natural Atmospheric Fogs And Clouds
💥2962450 – November 29, 1960 – Fog Dispelling Composition
💥💥2963975 – December 13, 1960 – Cloud Seeding Carbon Dioxide Bullet
💥3019989 – February 6, 1962 – Atmospheric Space Charge Modification
💥2986360 – May 30, 1962 – Aerial Insecticide Dusting Device
💥3046168 – July 24, 1962 – Chemically Produced Colored Smokes
💥💥3056556 – October 2, 1962 – Method of Artificially Influencing the Weather
💥💥3126155 – March 24, 1964 – Silver Iodide Cloud Seeding Generator
💥3127107 – March 31, 1964 – Generation of Ice-Nucleating Crystals
💥3131131 – April 28, 1964 – Electrostatic Mixing in Microbial Conversions
💥💥3140207 – July 7, 1964 – Pyrotechnic Composition
💥3174150 – March 16, 1965 – Self-Focusing Antenna System
💥3234357 – February 8, 1966 – Electrically Heated Smoke Producing Device
💥3274035 – September 20, 1966 – Metallic Composition For Production of Hydroscopic Smoke
💥💥3284005 – November 8,1966 – Weather Control by Artificial Means
💥3300721 – January 24, 1967 – Means For Communication Through a Layer of Ionized Gases
💥3313487 – April 11, 1967 – Cloud Seeding Apparatus
💥3338476 – August 29, 1967 – Heating Device For Use With Aerosol Containers
💥💥3375148 – March 26, 1968 – Pyrotechnics Comprising Silver Iodate, Ammonium Nitrate, Nitrocellulose and Nitrate Esters
💥3378201 – April 16, 1968 – Method for Precipitating Atmospheric Water Masses
💥3410489 – November 12, 1968 – Automatically Adjustable Airfoil Spray System With Pump
💥3418184 – December 24, 1968 – Smoke Producing Propellant
💥3429507 – February 25, 1969 – Rainmaker
💥3432208 – November 7, 1967 – Fluidized Particle Dispenser
💥💥3441214 – April 29, 1969 – Method And Apparatus For Seeding Clouds
💥3445844 – May 20, 1969 – Trapped Electromagnetic Radiation Communications System
💥💥3456880 – July 22, 1969 – Method Of Producing Precipitation From The Atmosphere
💥3518670 – June 30, 1970 – Artificial Ion Cloud
💥3517512 – June 30, 1970 – Apparatus for Suppressing Contrails
💥3534906 – October 20, 1970 – Control of Atmospheric Particles
💥💥3545677 – December 8, 1970 – Method of Cloud Seeding
💥3564253 – February 16, 1971 – System And Method For Irradiation Of Planet Surface Areas
💥3587966 – June 28, 1971 – Freezing Nucleation
💥3595477 – July 27, 1971 – Fog Dispersing Method and Compositions
💥💥3601312 – August 24, 1971 – Methods of Increasing The Likelihood oF Precipitation By The Artificial Introduction Of Sea Water Vapor Into The Atmosphere Winward Of An Air Lift Region
💥💥3608810 – September 28, 1971 – Methods of Treating Atmospheric Conditions
💥💥3608820– September 20, 1971 – Treatment of Atmospheric Conditions by Intermittent Dispensing of Materials Therein
💥💥3613992 – October 19, 1971 – Weather Modification Method
💥💥3630950 – December 28, 1971 – Combustible Compositions For Generating Aerosols, Particularly Suitable For Cloud Modification And Weather Control And Aerosolization Process
💥💥USRE29142 – May 22, 1973 – Combustible compositions for generating aerosols, particularly suitable for cloud modification and weather control and aerosolization process
💥💥3659785 – December 8, 1971 – Weather Modification Utilizing Microencapsulated Material
💥💥3666176 – March 3, 1972 – Solar Temperature Inversion Device
💥💥3677840 – July 18, 1972 – Pyrotechnics Comprising Oxide of Silver For Weather Modification Use
💥3690552 – September 12, 1972 – Fog Dispersal
💥3722183 – March 27, 1973 – Device For Clearing Impurities From The Atmosphere
💥3748278 – July 24, 1973 – Process and Agents Having an Influence on the Weather
💥3751913 – August 14, 1973 – Barium Release System
💥💥3769107 – October 30, 1973 – Pyrotechnic Composition For Generating Lead Based Smoke
💥3784099 – January 8, 1974 – Air Pollution Control Method
💥💥3785557 – January 15, 1974 – Cloud Seeding System
💥💥3788543 – January 29, 1974 – Uniform Size Particle Generator
💥💥3795626 – March 5, 1974 – Weather Modification Process
💥💥3802971 – April 9, 1974 – Pyrotechnic Formulations for Weather Modification Comprising a Mixture of Iodates
💥3808595 – April 30, 1974 – Chaff Dispensing System
💥3813875 – June 4, 1974 – Rocket Having Barium Release System to Create Ion Clouds In The Upper Atmosphere
💥💥3835059 – September 10, 1974 – Methods of Generating Ice Nuclei Smoke Particles For Weather Modification And Apparatus Therefore
💥3835293 – September 10, 1974 – Electrical Heating Apparatus For Generating Super Heated Vapors
💥💥3858805 – January 7, 1975 – Ice Nucleation by Micas
💥💥3877642 – April 15, 1975 – Freezing Nucleant
💥3882393 – May 6, 1975 – Communications System Utilizing Modulation of The Characteristic Polarization of The Ionosphere
💥3887580 – June 3, 1975 – Method of Crystallization of Water in Supercooled Clouds and Fogs and Reagent Useful in Said Method
💥3896993 – July 29, 1975 – Process For Local Modification of Fog And Clouds For Triggering Their Precipitation And For Hindering The Development of Hail Producing Clouds
💥💥3899129 – August 12, 1975 – Apparatus for generating ice nuclei smoke particles for weather modification
💥💥3899144 – August 12, 1975 – Powder contrail generation
💥💥3915379 – October 28, 1975 – Method of Controlling Weather
💥3940059 – February 24, 1976 – Method For Fog Dispersion
💥3940060 – February 24, 1976 – Vortex Ring Generator
💥3990987 – November 9, 1976 – Smoke generator
💥3992628 – November 16, 1976 – Countermeasure system for laser radiation
💥💥3994437 – November 30, 1976 – Broadcast dissemination of trace quantities of biologically active chemicals
💥💥4042196 – August 16, 1977 – Method and apparatus for triggering a substantial change in earth characteristics and measuring earth changes
💥💥RE29,142 – February 22, 1977 – Combustible compositions for generating aerosols, particularly suitable for cloud modification and weather control and aerosolization process
💥4009828 – March 1 1977 – Organic Nucleating Agent for both Warm and Cold Clouds
💥4035726 – July 12, 1977 – Method of controlling and/or improving high-latitude and other communications or radio wave surveillance systems by partial control of radio wave et al💥
💥💥4096005 – June 20, 1978 – Pyrotechnic Cloud Seeding Composition
💥4129252 – December 12, 1978 – Method and apparatus for production of seeding materials
💥💥4141274 – February 27, 1979 – Weather modification automatic cartridge dispenser
💥4167008 – September 4, 1979 – Fluid bed chaff dispenser
💥💥4347284 – August 31, 1982 – White cover sheet material capable of reflecting ultraviolet rays
💥💥4362271 – December 7, 1982 – Procedure for the artificial modification of atmospheric precipitation as well as compounds with a dimethyl sulfoxide base for use in carrying out said procedure
💥4373391 – February 15, 1983 – Relative Humidity Sensitive Material
💥4396152 – August 2, 1983 – Aerosol Dispenser System
💥💥4402480 – September 6, 1983 – Atmosphere modification satellite
💥💥4412654 – November 1, 1983 – Laminar microjet atomizer and method of aerial spraying of liquids
💥💥4415265 – November 15, 1983 – Method and apparatus for aerosol particle absorption spectroscopy
💥💥4470544 – September 11, 1984 – Method of and Means for weather modification
💥4475927 – October 9, 1984 – Bipolar Fog Abatement System
💥💥4600147 – July 15, 1986 – Liquid propane generator for cloud seeding apparatus
💥💥4633714 – January 6, 1987 – Aerosol particle charge and size analyzer
💥💥4643355 – February 17, 1987 – Method and apparatus for modification of climatic conditions
💥💥4653690 – March 31, 1987 – Method of producing cumulus clouds
💥4684063 – August 4, 1987 – Particulates generation and removal
🔥💥🔥💥🔥4686605 – August 11, 1987 – HAARP Patent / EASTLUND PATENT – Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere🔥💥🔥💥🔥
💥4704942 – November 10, 1987 – Charged Aerosol
💥4712155 – December 8, 1987 – Method and apparatus for creating an artificial electron cyclotron heating region of plasma
💥💥4742958 – May 10, 1988 – Method for Making Artificial Snow
💥💥4744919 – May 17, 1988 – Method of dispersing particulate aerosol tracer
💥4766725 – August 30, 1988 – Method of suppressing formation of contrails and solution therefor
💥4829838 – May 16, 1989 – Method and apparatus for the measurement of the size of particles entrained in a gas
💥4836086 – June 6, 1989 – Apparatus and method for the mixing and diffusion of warm and cold air for dissolving fog
💥💥4873928 – October 17, 1989 – Nuclear-sized explosions without radiation
💥4948257 – August 14, 1990 – Laser optical measuring device and method for stabilizing fringe pattern spacing
💥💥1338343– August 14, 1990 – Process and Apparatus for the production of intense artificial Fog
💥💥4999637 – March 12, 1991 – Creation of artificial ionization clouds above the earth
💥💥5003186 – March 26, 1991 – Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming
💥5005355 – April 9, 1991 – Method of suppressing formation of contrails and solution therefor
💥💥5038664 – August 13, 1991 – Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earths surface
💥5041760 – August 20, 1991 – Method and apparatus for generating and utilizing a compound plasma configuration
💥💥5041834 – August 20, 1991 – Artificial ionospheric mirror composed of a plasma layer which can be tilted
💥5056357 – October 15, 1991- Acoustic method for measuring properties of a mobile medium
💥5059909 – October 22, 1991 – Determination of particle size and electrical charge
💥💥5104069 – April 14, 1992 – Apparatus and method for ejecting matter from an aircraft
💥5110502 – May 5, 1992 – Method of suppressing formation of contrails and solution therefor
💥5156802 – October 20, 1992 – Inspection of fuel particles with acoustics
💥💥5174498 – December 29, 1992 – Cloud Seeding
💥💥5148173 – September 15, 1992 – Millimeter wave screening cloud and method
💥5242820 – September 7, 1993 – Army Mycoplasma Patent Patent
💥💥5245290 – September 14, 1993 – Device for determining the size and charge of colloidal particles by measuring electroacoustic effect
💥💥5286979 – February 15, 1994 – Process for absorbing ultraviolet radiation using dispersed melanin
💥5296910 – March 22, 1994 – Method and apparatus for particle analysis
💥5327222 – July 5, 1994 – Displacement information detecting apparatus
💥💥5357865 – October 25, 1994 – Method of cloud seeding
💥💥5360162 – November 1, 1994 – Method and composition for precipitation of atmospheric water
💥5383024 – January 17, 1995 – Optical wet steam monitor
💥5425413 – June 20, 1995 – Method to hinder the formation and to break-up overhead atmospheric inversions, enhance ground level air circulation and improve urban air quality
💥5434667 – July 18, 1995 – Characterization of particles by modulated dynamic light scattering
💥💥5436039 – July 25, 1995 – Artificial Snow in an Aggregate Form of Snow Granules
💥5441200 – August 15, 1995 – Tropical cyclone disruption
💥💥5492274 – February 20, 1996 – Method of and Means for Weather Modification
💥💥5546183 – August, 13, 1996 – LIDAR Droplet Size Monitor for In-Flight Measurement of Aircraft Engine Exhaust Contrails, Droplets and Aerosols
💥💥5556029 – September 17, 1996 – Method of hydrometeor dissipation (clouds)
💥💥5628455 – May 13, 1997 – Method and apparatus for modification of supercooled fog
💥5631414 – May 20, 1997 – Method and device for remote diagnostics of ocean-atmosphere system state
💥5639441 – June 17, 1997 – Methods for fine particle formation
💥💥5762298 – June 9, 1998 – Use of artificial satellites in earth orbits adaptively to modify the effect that solar radiation would otherwise have on earth’s weather
💥5800481 – September 1, 1998 – Thermal excitation of sensory resonances
💥5912396 – June 15, 1999 – System and method for remediation of selected atmospheric conditions
💥5922976 – July 13, 1999 – Method of measuring aerosol particles using automated mobility-classified aerosol detector
💥5949001 – September 7, 1999 – Method for aerodynamic particle size analysis
💥💥5984239 – November 16, 1999 – Weather modification by artificial satellites
💥6025402 – February 15, 2000 – Chemical composition for effectuating a reduction of visibility obscuration, and a detoxifixation of fumes and chemical fogs in spaces of fire origin
💥💥6030506 – February 29, 2000 – Preparation of independently generated highly reactive chemical species
💥💥6034073 – March 7, 2000 – Solvent detergent emulsions having antiviral activity💥💥
💥6045089 – April 4, 2000 – Solar-powered airplane
💥💥6056203 – May 2, 2000 – Method and apparatus for modifying supercooled clouds
💥💥6315213B1 – June 21, 2000 – Method of modifying weather
💥6110590 – August 29, 2000 – Synthetically spun silk nanofibers and a process for making the same
💥6263744 – July 24, 2001 – Automated mobility-classified-aerosol detector
💥6281972 – August 28, 2001 – Method and apparatus for measuring particle-size distribution
💥💥20030085296 – November 2, 2001 – Hurricane and tornado control device💥💥
💥💥6315213 – November 13, 2001 – Method of modifying weather
💥💥2002009338 – January 24, 2002 – Influencing Weather Patterns by way of Altering Surface or Subsurface Ocean Water Temperatures
💥💥20020008155 – January 24, 2002 – Method and System for Hurricane Control💥💥
💥6382526 – May 7, 2002 – Process and apparatus for the production of nanofibers
💥6408704 – June 25, 2002 – Aerodynamic particle size analysis method and apparatus
💥6412416 – July 2, 2002 – Propellant-based aerosol generation devices and method
💥6520425 – February 18, 2003 – Process and apparatus for the production of nanofibers
💥6539812 – April 1, 2003 – System for measuring the flow-rate of a gas by means of ultrasound
💥6553849 – April 29, 2003 – Electrodynamic particle size analyzer
💥6569393 – May 27, 2003 – Method And Device For Cleaning The Atmosphere
💥💥20040060994 – April 1, 2004 – Method for Influencing Atmospheric Formations💥💥
💥💥20040074980 – April 22, 2004 – Method and Device for Generating a Liquid Mist
💥💥0056705 A1 – March 17, 2005 – Weather Modification by Royal Rainmaking Technology
💥6890497 – May 10, 2005 – Method For Extracting And Sequestering Carbon Dioxide
💥💥2446250 – January 4, 2007 – A dust or particle-based solar shield to counteract global warming💥💥
💥20070056436 – March 15, 2007 – Challenger to Natural Twisters, Technology
💥💥💥2007033448 – March 29, 2007 – Production of Localized Artificial Rains in Polar Stratospheric Clouds, to Promote a Rain Wash in the CIO Gas, Reduce the Destruction of the Ozone Layer and a Replacement Process in situ of the Stratospheric Ozone💥💥💥
💥💥20070114298 – May 24, 2007 – Hurricane Abatement Method and System
💥💥20070158449 – July 12, 2007- Tropical Hurricane Control System💥💥
💥💥20070215946 – September 20, 2007 – Broadband Communications System via Reflection from Artificial Ionized Plasma Patterns in the Atmosphere
💥7965488 – November 9, 2007 – Methods Of Removing Aerosols From The Atmosphere
💥8048309 – August 28, 2008 – Seawater-Based Carbon Dioxide Disposal
💥💥20080203328 – August 28, 2008 – Outer Space Sun Screen for Reducing Global Warming💥💥
💥💥20100072297 – September 24, 2008 – Method for controlling hurricanes💥💥
💥7434524 – October 14, 2008 – Machine to Get Rid of Hurricanes
💥💥8012453 – October 27, 2008 – Carbon Sequestration And Production Of Hydrogen And Hydride
💥20090008468 – January 8, 2009 – How to Tame Hurricanes and Typhoons with Available Technology
💥7520237 – April 21, 2009 – Hurricane Prevention System and Method
💥20090255999 – October 15, 2009 – Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Elements
💥20090290761 – November 26, 2009 – Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Wind Direction, Speed, and Turbidity Monitoring using Digital Imaging and Motion Tracking
💥💥7645326 – January 12, 2010 – RFID environmental manipulation💥💥
💥7655193 – February 2, 2010 – Apparatus For Extracting And Sequestering Carbon Dioxide
💥💥20100074390 – March 25, 2010 – Method for Weather Modification and Vapor Generator for Weather Modification💥💥
💥💥20100127224 – May 27, 2010 – Atmospheric Injection of Reflective Aerosol for Mitigating Global Warming💥
💥7748662 – July 6, 2010 – Aerial Delivery System
💥💥20100170958 – July 8, 2010 – Hurricane Mitigation by Combined Seeding with Condensation and Freezing Nuclei
💥💥20100252648 – October 7, 2010 – Climate Processor💥💥
💥💥20100264230 – October 21, 2010 – Severe Storm / Hurricane Modification Method and Apparatus
💥20100282914 – November 11, 2010 – Enhanced Aerial Delivery System
💥💥20110005422 – January 13, 2011 – Method and Apparatus for Cooling a Planet💥💥
💥20110049257 – March 3, 2011 – Method and Apparatus for Local Modification of Atmosphere💥
💥20110101124 – May 5, 2011- Hurricane Abatement System and Method
💥2011073650 – June 23, 2011 – Atmospheric Delivery System
💥20110168797 – July 14, 2011 – Method of Weakening a Hurricane
💥💥20110174892 – July 21, 2011 – Apparatus and Related Methods for Weather Modification by Electrical Processes in the Atmosphere💥💥
💥20110198407 – August 18, 2011 – Method and Apparatus to Break Up or Annihilate Typhoons, Tornadoes, Cyclones or Hurricanes
💥💥20110204159 – August 25, 2011 – Weather Management Using Space-Based Power System
💥💥20110284649 – November 24, 2011 – Apparatus and Method for the Mitigation of Rotating Wind Storms
💥8079545 – December 20, 2011 – Ground based Manipulation and Control of Aerial Vehicle during nonflying operations
💥💥20120024971 – February 2, 2012 – Methods for Environmental Modification with Climate Control Materials and Coverings💥💥
💥8262314 – September 11, 2012 – Method for Decreasing the Intensity and Frequency of Tropical Storms or Hurricanes
🔥💥🔥0117003 – October 5, 2012 – Geoengineering Method Of Business Using Carbon Counterbalance Credits🔥💥🔥
💥20120267444 – October 25, 2012- Artificial Freezing Apparatus and Freezing Method Therefor
💥💥20120286096 – November 15, 2012 – Aerial Delivery Devices, Systems and Methods
💥20130008365 – January 10, 2013 – System and Method for Decreasing the Intensity and Frequency of Tropical Storms or Hurricanes
💥💥20130015260 – January 17, 2013 – Concept and Model for Utilizing High-Frequency or Radar or Microwave Producing or Emitting Devices to Produce, Effect, Create or Induce Lightning or Lightspeed or Visible to Naked Eye Electromagnetic Pulse or Pulses, Acoustic or Ultrasonic Shockwaves or Booms in the Air, Space, Enclosed, or Upon any Object or Mass, to be Used Solely or as Part of a System, Platform or Device Including Weaponry and Weather Modification💥💥
💥💥8373962 – February 12, 2013 – Charged seed cloud as a method for increasing particle collisions and for scavenging airborne biological agents and other contaminants💥💥
💥20130038063 – February 14, 2013 – Apparatus and Method for Inhibiting the Formation of Tropical Cyclones
💥201300043322 – February 21, 2013 – Processes and Apparatus for Reducing the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
💥8402736 – March 26, 2013 – Method and Apparatus for Suppressing Aeroengine Contrails
💥💥8439278 – May 14, 2013 – Apparatus for Producing a Mass of Water Vapor, Apparatus for Producing, Moving, and Climbing a Mass of Water Vapor, and Method of Causing Artificial Stimulation of Rain
💥💥20130175352 – July 11, 2013 – Method to Influence the Direction of Travel of Hurricanes💥💥
💥20130186127 – July 25, 2013 – Ice Floater for Facilitating Ice-Freezing on Water Surface
💥20130206912 – August 15, 2013 – Moisture Dispersion
💥💥20140055876 – February 27, 2014 – Method for Controlling Land Surface Temperature using Stratospheric Airships and Reflector💥💥
💥💥💥20140131471 – May 15, 2014 – Apparatus to Channel Large Air Masses for Climate Modification
💥💥💥20140145002 – May 29, 2014 – System for Facilitating Cloud Formation and Cloud Precipitation
💥💥20140224894 – August 14, 2014 – Technique to Mitigate Storms using Arrays of Wind Turbines
💥8825241 – September 2, 2014 – Autonomous Wave-Powered substance Distribution Vessels for Fertilizing Plankton, Feeding Fish, and Sequestering Carbon from the Atmosphere
💥💥8944363 – February 3, 2015 – Production or Distribution of Radiative Forcing Agents
💥20150077737 – March 19 2015 – System and Methods for Monitoring an Environment
💥💥9002660 – April 7, 2015 – Device and Method for Determining and Indicating Climate-Relevant Effects of a Contrail Produced by an Airplane💥💥
💥💥20150230415 – August 20, 2015 – Methods for Decreasing Local Temperature using High Albedo Materials💥💥
💥💥20150337224 – November 26, 2015 – Microwave Acceleration of Carbon Gasification Reactions
💥9311539 – April 12, 2016 – Aircraft Contrail Detection
💥💥9429348 – August 30, 2016 – Method and Device for Producing Snow💥💥
💥💥9491911 – November 15, 2016 – Method for Modifying Environmental Conditions with Ring Comprised of Magnetic Material💥💥
💥💥9589473 – March 7, 2017 – Method and System for Automatically Displaying Flight Path, Seeding Path, and Weather Data💥💥
💥💥9715039 – July 25, 2017 – Apparatus and System for Smart Seeding within Cloud Formations
💥💥20170217587 – August 3, 2017 – Vehicles and Systems for Weather Modification
💥20170303479 – October 26, 2017 – Warm Cloud Catalyst, Preparation Method Therefor and Application Thereof
💥20180006422 – January 4, 2018 – Methods for Disrupting Hurricane Activity
💥20180006421 – January 4, 2018 – Methods for Disrupting Tornadic Activity
💥💥9924640 – March 27, 2018 – Modifying Sunlight Scatter in the Upper Atmosphere💥💥
💥20180217119 – August 2, 2018 – Process and Method for the Enhancement of Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon through Ocean Iron Fertilization, and Method for Calculating net Carbon Capture from said Process and Method
💥💥10189753 – January 29, 2019 – Fog-Generating Device Comprising a Reagent and Ignition Means
💥2019203461 – June 6, 2019 – Airships for Weather Manipulation
💥💥10314249 – June 11, 2019 – Systems and Methods of Inducing Rainfall💥💥
💥💥10375900 – August 13, 2019 – Rain Induced by Supercontinuum Laser Beams💥💥
💥💥10433408 – October 1, 2019 – Methods for Affecting Spinning Atmospheric Phenomena💥💥
💥💥10435165 – October 8, 2019 – Aircraft Electrically-Assisted Propulsion Control System
💥💥20190364748 – December 5, 2019 – Method and System for Expressing Airborne Cloud Seeding Line Considering Cloud Water
💥💥20200187430 – June 18, 2020 – Helical Artificial Generator of Tornado, Hurricane, Yellow Dust, and Typhoon💥💥
💥💥20200196539 – June 25, 2020 – Device for Seeding a Cloud Cell💥💥
💥💥10701871 – July 7, 2020 – Systems for Maintaining and/or Decreasing Water Temperature using High Albedo Materials💥💥
💥💥20200233115 – July 23, 2020 – Method and System for Determining Cloud Seeding Potential💥💥
💥💥💥WO2020148644A1 – July 23, 2020 – 3d Reduced Graphene Oxide/Sio 2 Composite for Ice Nucleation💥💥💥
💥💥20200261939 – August 20, 2020 – Apparatus for Generating and Optically Characterizing an Aerosol
💥💥💥2020101897 – September 9, 2020 – Artificial Rainmaking by High Power Laser Initiation Endothermic Reactions through Drone Aircraft Remote Control System💥💥💥
💥💥20200288650 – September 17, 2020 – Technology and Technique to Prevent, Diminish or Interfere with the Formation of Hurricanes on Earth from one or more Platforms in Space
💥💥20200288651 – September 17, 2020 – Methods for Cooling Water Temperature using High Albedo Materials💥💥
💥💥20200315104 – October 8, 2020 – Propagating Sound Through Bodies of Water, to Generate and Direct Wind, for the Purpose of Moderating and Affecting Weather Patterns💥💥
💥💥20200386970 – December 10, 2020 – Aerostatically Stabilized Atmospheric Reflector to Reduce Solar Irradiance💥💥
💥💥10888051 – January 12, 2021 – Intelligent Systems for Weather Modification Programs💥💥
💥💥20210037719 – February 11, 2021 – Planetary Weather Modification System💥💥
💥💥10941705 – March 9, 2021 – Hanson-Haber Aircraft Engine for the Production of Stratospheric Compounds and for the Creation of Atmospheric Reflectivity of Solar Radiation in the 555nm Range and to Increase Jet Engine Thrust and Fuel Economy through the Combustion of Ammonia and Ammonia By-Products💥💥
💥💥2021063943 – April 8, 2021 – Bacterial Preparations for Ice Nucleation💥💥
💥20210153442 – May 27, 2021 – Systems and Methods for Rain Cloud Initiation💥
💥20210163157 – June 3, 2021 – Artificial Ring, Solenoid System to Terraform💥
💥💥20210235638 – August 5, 2021 – Weather Management of Cyclonic Events💥💥
💥💥2021152336 – August 8, 2021 – Method of Cloud Seeding using Natural Ice Nucleating Agents
💥20210285851 – September 16, 2021- System for Sampling and Analyzing Contrails Generated by an Aircraft
💥💥20210289720 – September 23, 2021 – Systems and Methods for Producing Rain Clouds
💥2021105881 – October 21, 2021 – Process for Generating Marine Clouds and Ocean Microbubbles
💥20210329922 – October 28, 2021 – Compositions and Methods for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Storage
💥20210329852 – October 28, 2021 – Method for Preventing a Formation of, and/or for Dispersing, a Tropical Cyclone, and Arrangement Therefor
💥💥20210352856 – November 18, 2021 – Aerial Electrostatic System for Weather Modification💥💥
💥2021107294 – December 9, 2021 – Wind Turbines for Marine Cloud Brightening Dispersion💥
💥2022003028 – January 6, 2022 – Apparatus for Precipitation of Atmospheric Water💥
💥23220065599 – March 3, 2022 – Rocket for Artificial Rainfall using Ejection Hygroscopic Flare💥
💥💥11274534 – March 15, 2022 – Artificial rain to support water flooding in remote oil fields💥💥
💥💥20220113450 – April 14, 2022 – Calculation Method of Total Artificial Precipitation in Seeding Area Compared to Non-Seeding Area💥💥
💥💥2022094269 – May 5, 2022 – Reflective Hollow SRM Material and Methods
💥💥3994976 – May 11, 2022 – Apparatus for Electro-Spray Cloud Seeding💥💥
💥💥11330768 – May 17, 2022 – Systems and Methods for Producing Rain Clouds💥💥
💥💥20220268505 – August 25, 2022 – Method and Apparatus for Making Falling Snow💥💥
💥💥2022186970 – September 9, 2022 – Method of Geoengineering to Reduce Solar Radiation💥💥
💥💥20220355925 – November 10, 2022 – Aeronautical Car and Associated Features💥💥
💥💥20220357482 – November 10, 2022 – Method and System of Analyzing Ingredients of Artificial Rainfall for Verification of Cloud Seeding Effect💥💥
💥💥20230050373 – February 16, 2023 – Electromagnetic System to Modify Weather💥💥
💥💥20230075132 – March 9, 2023 – System for Moderating Energy Absorption at the Earth’s Surface with a Programmable Forcing Network of Climate Control Panels💥💥
💥💥20230117390 – April 20, 2023 – System and Method for Proactive and Reversible Mitigation of Storm/Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone💥💥
💥💥20230126982 – April 27, 2023 – Method for Analyzing Effect of Hygroscopic Seeding Material Sprayed on Ground Aerosol Concentration Through Airborne Cloud Seeding Experiment💥💥
💥💥💥20230141493 – May 11, 2023 – Device for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Deploy a Rainfall Catalytic Bomb💥💥💥
💥💥💥20230149876 – May 18, 2023 – Coated Chloride Salt Particles and Methods of Making and Using the Same💥💥💥
Patent list compiled by GEOENGINEERING WATCH
Copied from Nicole Cook

TRIGGER WARNING : Graphic testimony about the autopsy & toxicology reports. Some people may be sensitive to this
Trial Day 5. Week 2
Jackson family did not attend the court.
Toxicologist Dan Anderson Testimony
Jackson direct
Jackson attorney Koskoff is doing the direct examination. Anderson starts testifying about his experience, credentials
Jurors are shown the pictures of three prescription pill bottles found in MJ's bedroom:

• Lorazepam
• Diazepam
• Flomax.
• They are also shown a photo of four bottles of 20ml of Propofol

Anderson is then asked about a chart which shows the medications, how many doses were issued and how many remained at the time of Michael's death. Another series of charts show the Propofol and other medications that were found in the home
Most of the drugs, he testified, were prescribed by Murray
Toxicologist Anderson tells jury it's highly unusual to find injectable lorazepam and propofol in a home setting.
Anderson said investigators found injectable lorazepam at MJ's home, a form of the drug "typically found in a hospital setting."

Jackson lawyer Koskoff: "After you heard from investigators that propofol was found in the home, what did you think?"
Anderson: "Propofol collected as evidence, it's highly unusual. It raises a red flag in my eyes as a toxicologist...It's very problematic if it's found outside the hospital setting."

The discovery of the propofol bottles outside a medical setting also was "highly unusual" and "kind of raises a red flag", Anderson said
Anderson also explains where coroner's staff take samples from within a body, and also how certain drugs are metabolized. The toxicologist then explains to jurors what tests he ordered on Michael Jackson's body
Anderson said blood samples were taken from every corner of Jackson's body:

"his heart, femoral artery, liver and behind his eyes"

​

Dan Anderson : "This particular case, we were looking for everything and anything"

Anderson testified that tests of Jackson's blood, urine and internal organs showed traces of:

• the anesthetic propofol
• the anti-anxiety drugs Valium and lorazepam
• the short-term anesthetic midazolam
• lidocaine (a numbing cream that paramedics sometimes use in resuscitation efforts)

Toxicology tests detected six drugs in Jackson's system other than propofol (according to Anderson):

• Lidocaine
• Diazepam
• Nordiazepam (a metabolite of Valium)
• Lorazepam (Ativan)
• Midazolam (Versed)
• Ephedrine

Anderson walks jurors through a chart he prepared of the drugs found in Jackson's system. Propofol and lidocaine found everywhere. By everywhere, Anderson means blood taken from the heart, femoral artery, liver, urine and in fluid behind eye
Anderson said propofol and other drugs were found during toxicology tests, noting that propofol was of most concern.

Anderson: "It raises a red flag in my eyes...It's very problematic to find it outside the hospital setting"

After morning break, toxicologist Anderson tells jury level of propofol in MJ's body is consistent with general surgery. Anderson said that the amount of propofol found in his system was what you'd expect in a patient who had just undergone major surgery

Anderson: "Michael Jackson's body was riddled with the powerful anesthetic propofol when he died. The level was "consistent with major surgery anesthesia," said Anderson, noting that a level of 3.2 milligrams per milliliter of blood was found in Jackson's body

Jackson lawyer Koskoff asks Anderson about other cases LA coroner has handled where propofol was involved. Anderson tells jury about preparing a chart of all LA County deaths where propofol was found, after Michael's death. Coroner's office continued to update the chart after Jackson's death, Anderson tells the jury. It now has 31 cases. The first LA County death case where propofol was found dates back to 1999, Anderson says. It's updated as of a couple weeks ago. To put the 31 propofol cases in context, Anderson says coroner handles about 8,000 deaths a year. Roughly 5,000 involve toxicology screens.
Koskoff also asked Anderson about Demerol. Toxicologist says none was found in Jackson' s system. Anderson told jury Demerol typically dissipates from a person's system with 12-16 hours.
Summary of Negative Toxicological Findings:

• No Alcohol, Barbiturates, Demerol, Zoloft, Xanax, Cocaine, Marijuana, Amphetamine, Codeine

Direct questioning of Anderson ends with him telling jury he didn't find any recreational drugs in Jackson's system
AEG Cross
Cahan is the attorney handling cross-examination for AEG.
Anderson remembers when he heard Michael Jackson had died. It was a Thursday, his day off, and his son told him MJ had died.
He tells the jury he suggested tests that were conducted. Anderson tells that he observed part of the autopsy the day after the death.
Much of Anderson's cross examination is him explaining charts he prepared in greater detail.
Cahan notes that one chart shows 10 medications, with three doctors issuing them: Conrad Murray, Allan Metzger and Arnold Klein. She notes that the doctors were all prescribing certain medications that were supposed to be taken at bedtime. She asks if this is important. Anderson says his staff doesn't take into account directions for taking meds, but how they're found in toxicology screens.

Cahan: "Would you agree with me there are three different physicians prescribing medication for Mr. Jackson to take at bedtime (in the months before his death)?"
Anderson : "I would agree"

Anderson also explains that there were two visits to Jackson's home where medications were collected. On July 9th, a Jackson family member brought in additional medications they had found and thought investigators should have.
Anderson testifies by mid-July he knew the amount of propofol found in Jackson's body was cause of death
Cahan asked Anderson about signing his portion of the toxicology test on July 15th. She asked if the level of Propofal was fatal. Anderson responded with:

"yes...the level was fatal"

Anderson testifies that he found out propofol had been collected from Jackson's home after he found it in drug screens.
Jackson Redirect
Anderson was also asked about 31 death cases in LA where propofol was found. He makes clear, propofol was not cause of death in all those cases. Jackson's lawyer Koskoff highlighted seven cases where propofol was a cause of death; five cases were in residences. Six of the seven cases where a propofol overdose was a cause of death were deemed suicides, toxicologist Anderson testified. According to Anderson, Jackson's case was the only one involving someone outside the medical field who overdosed on propofol in a home.
Anderson testified that Michael Jackson is the only person in Los Angeles County not in the medical field to die of propofol intoxication in their home in the last 14 years. The other six people who died at their homes were doctors or nurses who had access to the tightly controlled anesthetic
Christopher Rogers is the deputy medical examiner who performed MJ's autopsy. He walks through his credentials and experience.
Rogers said he learned about MJ's death while at a conference:

"Somebody passed me a note that Michael Jackson had died", Rogers said.

Rogers, who determined that Jackson's death was a homicide, told the jurors he gave added consideration to detail when determining the cause and manner of the MJ's death because of his stature

Rogers: "Because Michael Jackson was such a prominent individual, there was likely to be a great deal of press attention as well as from members of the public"

A black-and-white photo taken of Jackson's body before autopsy is shown to the jury. It's left on the screen for less than a minute. Rogers said the photo accurately depicted Michael's condition at the time
Rogers testified that the 5-foot, 9-inch MJ weighed 136 pounds at the time of his death and that X-rays showed he suffered from arthritis in his lower spine and fingers
Rogers walks jury through a diagram of puncture wounds and scars on Jackson's body. Punctures consistent w/ lifesaving efforts, he says. The origin of some of the scars couldn't be determined.
Rogers also detailed how Jackson had his lips tattooed pink, his eyebrows and scalp inked with black. There were 3/4-inch scars behind both ears, suggesting he had at least one face lift, according to Rogers
Rogers also testifies about MJ's Vitiligo. Rogers testified that MJ suffered from Vitiligo a disease more common in African Americans, in which some areas of the skin are light and others are dark

"It can be very disfiguring," Rogers said

Rogers said Jackson's post-mortem exam revealed no heart disease or Lupus, the autoimmune disease that some, Dr. Arnold Klein, have attributed to Michael
Rogers said the MJ was in good health before his untimely 2009 death at the hands of Dr. Conrad Murray

"If not for his death by propofol, Jackson's health appeared good enough for him to live a normal lifespan", Rogers testified.
"There was no indication from the autopsy that there was anything anatomically wrong with him that would lead to premature death," Rogers said

Koskoff asks Rogers about condition of MJ's body. Koskoff asked whether Jackson's body had any characteristics of a street drug addict. (Disease, track marks, liver damage.) Rogers says "No". Rogers also testifies about the condition of Jackson's organs. All were in good shape, other than some lung issues.
Rogers explained why he concluded that Jackson died from a propofol overdose. Koskoff asked Rogers whether his conclusions regarding Jackson's death have changed, "No" he responded.

Koskoff: "Would a fit, competent doctor administer propofol for insomnia?"
Rogers: "I would not expect that, no"

Rogers also shot down suggestions that Jackson self-administered his lethal dose of propofol, a cornerstone theory of Murray's defense.

"One possibility that we considered is that he might have given an overdose of propofol to himself. However based on the history that was available, I don't believe that that happened", Rogers said

Partial Court Transcript

Reno NV, 1200 square foot 2 story 2006'ish built Tract house (unknown quality of construction/air sealing), 5,000ft for altitude, 100 degrees summer, 10 degrees winter. Unknown make/model of existing NG furnance and air conditioner (Gibson? My neighbor swapped his entire system out because no local techs knew how to work on these systems or challenging to get parts). Unknown make/model of NG water heater.
Just this morning, my NG furnance clicks on (something rev's up) but blower does not kick on so that got me thinking of repair...or being 20 years old, time to look at upgrading to something more efficient in today's world as compared to 20 years ago.
I like to "portray" myself as a DIY dude. But I do not mess with natural gas. Being a wood worker, I converted my 2 car garage to a wood working shop. Got one of those 60k BTU NG Reznor heaters I installed but had local contractor do all the NG lines, hookup, and testing.
I did purchase a Comfortbilt HP22-N pellet stove. But not yet installed due to a lengthy process of getting a permit (ANYTHING dealing with fire / smoke here in the Lake Tahoe region is heavily enforced due to fire dangers, for a good reason). Still have to do the pipe/venting and hearth. Should be good to go for this coming 2024 fall/winter.
I also LOVE using evaporative cooling in the summer time. When it's 100 degrees out with 10% humidity, my house stays around 72-75 degrees. So much cheaper than the A/C unit and it does remind me of a Carribean cool breeze on the beach at night :) When it rains and the humidity rises, it's 50/50 if the evap cooler actually cools but by that time, the outdoor temp drops anyways.
That's the back story. Existing NG furnance might be on it's last leg. With a pellet stove and evaporative cooler. I understand that the world is trying to get away from NG. I am thinking of the future. I plan on being in this house for the next 10-40 years. Getting too old to keep moving about :)
And yes...one day, will slap up solar panels. But one thing at a time. Mortgage and new car payment (2023 Ford Maverick hybrid) eats up the paycheck.
So here is my question:
I have a pellet stove heat, for backup purposes, not as primary. I have evaporative cooler for primary cooling. Is it worth investing into a dual-fuel system? I still have to calculate per hour for gas/electric. I did it once about 10 years ago but forgot the numbers.
*hour later update*
I love tinkering and learning. It is a Gibson KG6RC Series
High Efficiency / Direct Vent
or Non Direct Vent
Condensing Upflow/Horizontal Gas Furnace
I power on the unit. Thermostat calls for heat. Draft inducer motor turns on. And that is it. No glow from the ignitor. What is ... odd, I get no LED lights on the control board (status does not blink at all). I would imagine, if the draft inducer motor turns on, the control board is operating. Maybe just LED is bad. But I guess doesn't hurt to investigate pressure sensor and ignitor itself.
*2 hour later update*
problem solved! tested the ohms on the ignitor and that came to 74'ish, so that was operational.
tested the pressure switch and it was closed while draft inducer fan was running.
traced wires, reseated them, wiggled them. kapoow...operational!
found out....control board LED is actually busted. That is why it was not giving any indicator status.
Now that I am in no rush to replace, I can deeply research pro's/con's of hybrid new furnace. I still want to go that route as I know everything in this house is nearly 20 years old (gas water heater, furnance, a/c, etc). I believe, the 20 year mark is when folks start looking to upgrade.

My tahoe is stuck in 4hi, before I change the whole transfer case, I figured I'd ask the wise community of reddit for help. The only way it will drive is when the 4hi button is lit, it will also run in auto 4wd, but you can tell it's still just riding In 4hi by the way it handles ( its very obvious. ) when I hit 2wd it will switch the light, but it just makes a funny sound (kind of like a buzzing sound or something) and will just roll like it's in neutral. When you go to switch it back to 4hi, it makes some clunky sounds but then switches back to 4hi then no problem again. The transfer case motor has been replaced, but that's about it. Hoping maybe it could be an actuator or something but he'll I'm not very familiar with 4wds at all!! Any help guys or gals?! Thank you in advance

My tahoe is stuck in 4hi, before I change the whole transfer case, I figured I'd ask the wise community of reddit for help. The only way it will drive is when the 4hi button is lit, it will also run in auto 4wd, but you can tell it's still just riding In 4hi by the way it handles ( its very obvious. ) when I hit 2wd it will switch the light, but it just makes a funny sound (kind of like a buzzing sound or something) and will just roll like it's in neutral. When you go to switch it back to 4hi, it makes some clunky sounds but then switches back to 4hi then no problem again. The transfer case motor has been replaced, but that's about it. Hoping maybe it could be an actuator or something but he'll I'm not very familiar with 4wds at all!! Any help guys or gals?! Thank you in advance

I have a 2000 Tahoe limited with pretty much every light being an led. Front turn signals have switchback 2357s and rear has 3157s. I bought a led relay to stop hyper flash. Everything was fine for a day then when the parking/running lights were on the right turn signals and indicator were trying to blink but were mostly solid color. With the relay that came with the truck the right turn signals and indicator were completely solid. Not sure what to do any advice is appreciated.

Sorry for the long post and details, but this seems like a good place to ask. The TLDR is I have a major antifreeze leak and I suspect it’s the intake manifold gasket, but looking for feedback from others before I jump into this bear of a job. Not a mechanic, but capable and not afraid of tackling big jobs.
2000 s10 LS 4.3 V6 4WD This truck belonged to my grandfather who is in his mid 90’s now and I just started driving it back in December. I know the biggest issue is the last 5-10 years the truck hasn’t been driven enough. It started out fine with no issues and things started popping up just a few weeks after I drove it a couple of hundred miles to my home and started driving it more often.
I’ve had some coolant leak issues pop up and I believe there is a small crack near the upper radiator hose. There are definitely signs of coolant leaking there where I can see it sprayed onto the air filter box. I’ve been refilling antifreeze as needed until I can get around to replacing the radiator. Then yesterday I was driving and when I stopped I had a lot of steam from the driver side near the back of the engine. I was also met with the unmistakable smell of antifreeze. The truck already has a small oil leak so I’ve had a large cardboard box sitting under it. When I pulled back into my garage I looked under and coolant was pouring out onto the cardboard from the back of the engine.
Maybe I shouldn’t have, but I had the 50/50 dex cool/distilled water mix on hand so I filled the radiator back up for a quick trip to the grocery store that’s just a couple of miles down the road. Once parked I had a light amount of steam. Was at the store for maybe 10 mins, came back out and checked and no coolant had leaked. Drove back home back to my parking spot in the garage, more steam and the coolant started pouring out again on the cardboard. So I think it only happens after the engine has fully warmed up. Other important notes are that the engine temp sensor seems to be accurate and has not indicated that the engine has overheated. Also I do not have a service engine light on currently.
I’ve been googling and YouTubeing a ton and it seems the intake manifold gasket is a common spot for coolant leaks. I guess my real question though is could it be that big of a leak with the steam coming up on the drivers side? The steam is coming from the back of the engine like the coolant is pouring from near the top and down the back. After watching videos, I’m certain the intake manifold gasket is compromised and I do see signs of a leak in front of/below the throttle body area. But is there any other potential causes for the leak/steam in this location that I should also be checking for? My concern is that I have not read or heard in the videos discussing the repair that it could leak this much. I suspect it has been leaking from this location for a while, but I didn’t pick up on it because I was focused on the leak I knew was already present on the radiator. I don’t think it’s the head gasket because I don’t have the signs of smoke from the tailpipe that I have read you will see with that.
I know this is a very long post with a lot of detail, so if you made it this far, thank you! Any feedback/advice is appreciated!