Our home was built in 2016, we purchased it in 2020. I wasn’t told that we had to transfer the warranties, so we do not have any kind of warranty on the units (not sure if we would still be under the warranty even if we did transfer them). We have three heating and air units. The outside AC units are Trane XR the furnaces are Trane XV95 high efficiency units.
We live in the south and our furnace units are in the attic. Two of the last three years, temperatures have gotten cold enough that our outside condensate line has frozen over a couple of times and stopped our units from running (not sure if that has anything to do with them going bad).
We get our units inspected twice a year spring/summer and fall/winter. For the last couple of years, they have noted that the compressor is going bad on one of our 2 ton units. It makes loud noises. In addition to that, they had to put 5 lbs of refrigerant in a couple of weeks ago when they were inspecting our systems. They found a leak in the evaporator coil.
My office is at the end of the line past our master bedroom. It has 12’ ceilings and is the hottest/coldest room in the house. It doesn’t really heat or cool, very well. If we end up replacing the ductwork on that side of the house, would it be worth looking into a separate zone for only the office. I would only heat or cool the office during the day. Our bedroom is only cooled in the evening and night.
I guess, I am just curious if the estimates below look reasonable. I am planning on getting a couple of more estimates. When calling them, how much information do I share below. Do I mention the master side reducing ductwork or see if they notice that on their own?
Thanks! We will probably be in our house for another 3-10 years.
Estimates for replacing the systems: 2 ton - $8,917 4 ton - $17,597 Ductwork (make return 16” and main trunk line reducing (16/14----10”) - $7,864 Total - $34,378
Issues:
4 ton evap coil leak (refrigerant – 5 lbs replaced at appointment 2 weeks ago) ---not sure how long will last * * one of the returns for the 4 ton system is located on master bedroom side hallway which is not heated and cooled area for the 4 ton---no proposed resolutions at this time
2 ton compressor valves are making loud noise and failing 2 ton ductwork return is to small and main trunk-line does not reduce causing low air flow in bedroom and especially the office *load calculation for master side calculated at 2.5 ton (1/2 ton larger then existing)
Options:
Compressor only (2ton)--$3343+tax---1year warranty on compr
Ductwork 2 ton system--$7864+tax (currently 14” entire run, wants to make return 16” and main trunk line reducing (16/14----10”)
AC and evap coil –keeping the existing furnace because its rated as 3 ton---$8917.00 +tax---10 year parts and compr (3 yr labor)
4 ton coil only---$3879 + tax
4 ton AC & coil--$11,883+tax
If looking to replace the complete system on 4ton---we could look at Lennox brand---$17,594.00+ tax---15.3 seer 2 with variable speed 95% furnace----if you decide to replace entire system, I would like to relook at ductwork on 4 ton system just double checking some things!
*If your planning on moving in approximately 3 years, I would consider the following:

Replace the evap coil(indoor cooling)only on 4 ton replace and repair ductwork on master bedroom side along with either the compressor only or the AC and coil 2.5 ton upsize—(make return 16” and main trunk line reducing (16/14----10”)

VinFast $VFS has reduced the lease prices for its 2024 VF 8 model this May, making it the most affordable VF 8 lease to date. The lease now costs $389 per month for 36 months with $1,084 due at signing, resulting in an effective monthly cost of $419. This makes the VF 8 a strong contender against its main rival, the Tesla Model Y, which currently offers a lease at an effective cost of $513 per month. However, while the VF 8 is competitively priced compared to the Tesla, it does not fare as well against the Hyundai IONIQ 5. The IONIQ 5 can be leased for $229 per month over 24 months with an effective monthly cost of $375, and it offers a longer driving range of 303 miles compared to 264 for the VF 8 Eco. The deals for VinFast and Tesla are available nationwide, whereas the Hyundai deal is specific to the Los Angeles area.
https://www.carsdirect.com/deals-articles/2024-vinfast-vf-8-lease-price-cut-to-389-mo

Just started last week. I was given “Dash Now” after a day or so. Wondering if I need to complete 200 deliveries in this first month to keep Dash Now? Or can I keep it with only 100 deliveries this month. I’m on an e-bike and currently only able to schedule 12-4am in my area. I would like to keep Dash Now

Moving can be a stressful time for everyone, including our feline friends. Imagine being whisked away from the comfort of your familiar surroundings to a new and unfamiliar place. As you plan your relocation, it’s essential to consider the needs of your beloved cat to ensure a smooth transition for both of you. That’s why we will give you the best tips for moving with your cat.
Moving with a cat requires careful planning and consideration to ensure their safety and well-being throughout the process. Here are some expert tips for moving with your cat:

Create a Safe Haven:

Before the moving day arrives, set up a safe and comfortable space for your cat in your current home. This area should include their bed, litter box, food, water, and familiar toys to help them feel secure amidst the chaos of packing.

Gradual Introductions:

If possible, introduce your cat to their carrier well in advance of the move. Leave it open with familiar bedding inside, along with treats and toys, to encourage positive associations. Gradually increase the amount of time your cat spends in the carrier to help reduce anxiety on moving day.

Familiar Scents:

When packing your belongings, be sure to leave out familiar items that carry your cat’s scent, such as bedding or blankets. These familiar scents can provide comfort to your cat in their new environment and help them adjust more quickly.

Stick to Routine:

Amidst the chaos of moving, try to maintain your cat’s regular feeding and playtime schedule as much as possible. Consistency can help reduce stress and anxiety for your cat during this transitional period.

Secure Transportation:

On moving day, ensure your cat is safely secured in their carrier before transporting them to your new home. Consider using a pheromone spray or calming collar to help keep them relaxed during the journey.

Comfort in the New Home:

Once you’ve arrived at your new home, create a designated space for your cat with familiar items from their old environment. Allow them to explore their new surroundings at their own pace, and provide plenty of reassurance and attention to help them feel safe and secure.

Patience and Understanding:

Moving can be a challenging experience for cats, and they may exhibit signs of stress or anxiety during the transition period. Be patient and understanding with your furry friend, and give them the time and space they need to adjust to their new home.
Important tips: Hiring movers or DIY?

Conclusion:

Moving with a cat can be challenging, but with careful planning and good tips for moving with your cat, you can help alleviate stress for both you and your furry friend. By creating a safe and comfortable environment, maintaining routines, and providing reassurance throughout the process, you can ensure a smooth transition to your new home. At Premium Q Moving and Storage, we understand the importance of your pet’s well-being during a move. Contact us today for expert moving services tailored to your needs, because at Premium Q Moving and Storage, We Move Lives, Not Things.
Contact Your Favorite Local Movers
Experience a seamless moving experience with Premium Q Moving and Storage as your favorite local movers. Get your personalized quote:

• For Tampa: at (813)-733-4481, visit www.premiumqmoving.com/tampa-moving or contact us at [tampa@premiumqmoving.com](mailto:Tampa@premiumqmoving.com). Follow us on instagram u/tampamoving.
• For Boston: at (781)-549-8789, visit www.premiumqmoving.com or contact us at [sales@premiumqmoving.com](mailto:sales@premiumqmoving.com). Follow us on instagram @premiumqmoving.

Unlock a seamless journey to your new home with our unparalleled moving services. From meticulous packing to expert transportation, trust us to elevate your move to new heights. Say hello to stress-free moving and goodbye to hassle with our top-tier solutions.

Listen/Watch Life Beyond Boxes Podcast Episodes Below

Catch the latest episode of the Life Beyond Boxes podcast now! Tune in for captivating conversations and eye-opening insights:

• Listen on Apple Podcasts: Life Beyond Boxes Podcast
• Listen on Amazon Music: Life Beyond Boxes Podcast
• Listen on Spotify: Life Beyond Boxes Podcast
• Listen on Boomplay: Life Beyond Boxes Podcast
• Watch on YouTube: Life Beyond Boxes Podcast

Don’t just exist – thrive! Listen to Life Beyond Boxes podcast now on your favorite podcast platform and embark on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment.
Subscribe now for a smoother, stress-free move and a brighter new chapter in your life. Let’s go beyond boxes together!

https://commonwealthbeacon.org/transportation/tibbits-nutt-seems-more-like-her-old-self-in-chamber-talk/
Here's the paragraph in question:

She was quick with an answer when asked if there are other states or cities that are doing transportation right. She said California is the best in the world at electrifying trains. She hailed Quebec for its hydrogen-powered trains (“that’s something we’re looking at,” she said). She said the Pacific northwest is the best at funding transportation, Chicago is tops in expanding services, and Austin, Texas, is the best at building new subway lines. She said Washington State’s free bus service is the best in the US and London and Paris are leaders in keeping the cost of service reasonable.

Fact check:

• California is not running any electric trains yet as of writing, though EMUs are scheduled to begin service on Caltrain this fall. Caltrain electrification is also known for high costs due to hiring of consultants.
• Austin does not have a subway or any rapid transit as of writing. A light rail through downtown is being planned, but while the plan initially called for a downtown subway in 2020, the tunnel was removed and replaced with surface light rail later.
• In case it has to be said, hydrogen-powered trains are currently seen as a much less proven and possibly less reliable technology than traditional catenary electric trains. This point was echoed by StreetBlogCal, from the same state that Tibbits-Nutt praised for "electrifying" trains.
• While Chicago is indeed pursuing its Red Line Extension, even if we ignore other US cities that are expanding their rapid transit system at faster rates (LA, Seattle, etc), this directly contradicts her earlier statement in October 2023 that "In the United States, especially places that have these legacy systems, they don't do these [expansions of the system] projects anymore".

What is the area like? It seems close to walk to town for work everyday, and close to Clifton and Bedminster which I like.
I would be living more on the main road very close to Cumberland Basin.
I currently live near Ashley Down but fancied moving by the harbour. Hotwells seems safer, I am just scared I’d feel more isolated. Are there a lot of young people there, things to do etc?
I don’t drive but parking seems a nightmare, will family have to pay congestion charge when wanting to see me?
Would love to hear experiences of people who live there.

Function
Integrated circuits (ICs) specifically designed for memory function store data in binary format. This data can include programs, data, settings, and more. Memory ICs can be classified into two main types:

• Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM stores data that can be read, written, and erased. Data in RAM is lost when the power is turned off. RAM is used to store data that is currently being used by the computer, such as running programs and data that is being edited.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM stores data that can only be read, not written or erased. Data in ROM is written into the chip during manufacturing and cannot be changed afterward. ROM is used to store the computer's boot program, BIOS, and other data necessary for system operation.

Components
Memory Cell
The memory cell is the basic unit of memory in integrated circuits, responsible for storing information in the form of bits (0 or 1). Each memory cell is composed of the following main components:

• Transistor: Transistors are semiconductor components that play a key role in storing and reading data. Two common types of transistors used in memory cells are MOSFETs and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).
• Storage Structure: The storage structure is where the bit value (0 or 1) is stored. The most common storage structure is the bistable structure, which uses two stable states of the transistor to represent the two bit values.
• Access Circuit: The access circuit provides the ability to read and write data to the memory cell. The access circuit includes transistors and logic circuits to decode addresses, select the memory cell, and control data read/write operations.

Operation of Memory Cells
The operation of a memory cell depends on the type of storage structure used. Here is a description of how a bistable memory cell using MOSFETs operates:
Storing Data:

• To store a 1 bit, a voltage is applied to the gate of the first MOSFET transistor, causing it to conduct and create a current flow through the transistor. This current changes the voltage on the capacitor, creating a stable state that stores the 1 bit.
• To store a 0 bit, no voltage is applied to the gate of the first MOSFET transistor, causing it not to conduct and no current to flow through the transistor. The voltage on the capacitor maintains the current state, storing the 0 bit.

Reading Data:

• To read data, a voltage is applied to the gate of the second MOSFET transistor. This transistor conducts and allows current to flow, depending on the voltage on the capacitor.
  • If the capacitor is charged (storing a 1 bit), the current will flow through the second MOSFET transistor, generating a voltage at the output that represents a 1 bit.
  • If the capacitor is not charged (storing a 0 bit), no current flows through the second MOSFET transistor, and the voltage at the output represents a 0 bit.

Writing Data:

• To write data, a voltage is applied to both gates of the MOSFET transistors. This voltage changes the voltage on the capacitor, overwriting the new bit value into the memory cell.

Significance and Purpose of Memory Cells
Memory cells play a crucial role in integrated circuits, enabling the storage of information essential for circuit operation. Common types of memory that utilize memory cells include:

• Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM stores temporary data that can be read and written multiple times. RAM is used to store data that is currently being processed by the CPU or other parts of the computer.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM stores fixed data that can only be read. ROM is used to store the computer's boot program, BIOS, and other data that does not need to be changed.
• Flash Memory: Flash memory is a non-volatile type of memory that can be read, written, and erased multiple times. Flash memory is used in flash drives, memory cards, and other portable storage devices.

In addition, memory cells are also used in applications such as:

• Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): DSPs use memory cells to store data and filters required for signal processing.
• Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers use memory cells to store programs and data necessary for controlling peripheral devices.

In summary, memory cells are essential components of integrated circuits, playing a vital role in storing information and supporting the operation of various electronic devices.
Address Decoder Circuit
Function
An address decoder circuit is a crucial component in integrated circuits (ICs) responsible for converting binary code into control signals to activate the corresponding functional blocks within the IC. With the help of an address decoder circuit, ICs can perform complex functions such as accessing memory, performing calculations, communicating with peripheral devices, and much more.
Components and Operation of Each Component

1. Comparator Array:

• Consists of logic comparators that compare each bit of the input binary code with the address values stored pre-programmed inside the IC.
• Each comparator has two inputs:
  • Data input: Receives the corresponding bit from the input binary code.
  • Address input: Receives the corresponding address value stored pre-programmed in the IC.
• The comparator output is high if the two input values match and low if they do not match.

1. Logic Circuit:

• Combines the comparison results from the comparators to generate control signals for the functional blocks.
• Utilizes logic gates like AND, OR, NOT to process the comparison results and generate the appropriate control signals.
  • For example, if the input binary code indicates a specific memory location, the logic circuit generates a control signal to activate the transistors that access that memory location.

1. Buffer:

• Amplifies and stabilizes the control signals before sending them to the functional blocks.
• Ensures that the functional blocks receive clear and accurate signals for precise operation.
• Minimizes noise and ensures system reliability.

Overall Operation

1. The address decoder circuit receives an input binary code.
2. Each bit of the input binary code is compared to the corresponding address value in the comparator array.
3. The comparison results from the comparators are fed into the logic circuit for processing.
4. The logic circuit combines the comparison results and generates the appropriate control signals for the functional blocks.
5. The buffer amplifies and stabilizes the control signals before sending them to the functional blocks.
6. The functional blocks receive the control signals and perform their corresponding functions.

Significance and Purpose
Address decoder circuits play a critical role in controlling the operation of integrated circuits. Because of them, ICs can perform numerous complex functions accurately and efficiently. Some specific applications of address decoder circuits include:

• Memory: Selecting a specific memory location for access.
• Processor: Selecting the instruction code to execute.
• Peripheral Controller: Selecting the peripheral device to communicate with.
• Decoder Circuit: Converting binary code into analog signals.

How it works:
An address decoder circuit works by receiving an input binary code and converting it into control signals for the corresponding functional blocks within the IC. The input binary code can represent a memory address, a register location, or any other information needed to identify the functional block that needs to be activated.
Significance and Purpose:
Address decoder circuits play a vital role in controlling the operation of integrated circuits. With the help of address decoder circuits, ICs can perform complex functions like memory access, calculations, peripheral device communication, and much more.
Buffers in Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Concept
A buffer is an electronic circuit that amplifies an input signal without altering its waveform or amplitude. In other words, a buffer strengthens a weak signal so that it can be used by other circuits, while also isolating the signal from noise and loads.
Structure
Buffers are typically constructed using transistors arranged in a voltage or current amplification configuration. These transistors are connected together in a specific structure to create the function of amplifying the input signal.
Operation
Buffers operate based on the principle of amplifying the input signal. The input signal is applied to a first transistor, and then amplified through subsequent transistors until it reaches the desired voltage or current level. This amplification process occurs without changing the waveform or amplitude of the input signal.
Classification
Based on their primary function, buffers are classified into two types:

• Voltage Buffer: Amplifies the voltage of the input signal.
• Current Buffer: Amplifies the current of the input signal.

Applications
Buffers are widely used in electronic circuits, especially in integrated circuits (ICs). Some common applications include:

• Signal Isolation: Helps protect signals from noise and loads.
• Signal Strengthening: Enables weak signals to be used by other circuits.
• Impedance Conversion: Matches the impedance of the signal to the impedance of the other circuit.
• Interconnecting Different Circuits: Connects circuits with different voltage or current levels.

Examples

• Operational Amplifier (Op-amp): A common type of buffer, amplifies voltage signals, inverts signals, compares voltages, and performs basic mathematical operations.
• Bus Buffer: Amplifies signals on the data bus, ensuring accurate, undistorted signal transmission.
• Output Buffer: Amplifies the output signal of an IC, providing enough current to drive the load.

Advantages

• Increases signal strength.
• Isolates signals from noise and loads.
• Converts impedance.
• Connects different circuits.
• Protects signals.

Disadvantages

• Introduces signal delay.
• Increases power consumption.
• May alter signal distortion.

Read/Write Control Circuit in Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Detailed Structure

1. Address Decoder:

• Decoder Type:
  • Combined Address Decoder (CCD): Utilizes logic gates to decode the binary address into control signals for rows and columns in memory or registers. Advantages: simple, saves chip area. Disadvantages: slower decoding speed.
  • Hierarchical Address Decoder: Employs multiple small decoders arranged in a hierarchical manner to decode the binary address. Advantages: faster decoding speed. Disadvantages: more complex, consumes more chip area.
• Decoder Size: Depends on the memory capacity or the number of registers to be accessed. For instance, a 256-byte memory requires an 8-bit address decoder, while a 64KB memory needs a 16-bit address decoder.

1. Chip Select:

• Logic Gates: Uses AND and OR gates to combine control signals from the CPU, DMA, interrupts, and other sources.
• Control Signals:
  • Chip Select (CS): Enables or disables internal IC circuits upon receiving a high signal.
  • Read Enable (RDEN): Allows data reading from the IC.
  • Write Enable (WREN): Allows data writing to the IC.

1. Read/Write Controller:

• Logic Circuit: Employs flip-flops, logic gates, and a finite state machine to generate read (RD) and write (WR) control signals.
• Access Mode:
  • Synchronous: Data is transferred into or out of the IC along with the clock pulse.
  • Asynchronous: Data is transferred into or out of the IC without a clock pulse.
  • Single Cycle: Data access completes within one clock cycle.
  • Multi-Cycle: Data access requires multiple clock cycles to finish.

1. Data Buffer:

• Type:
  • Register: Stores data as voltage signals on transistors.
  • Flip-Flop: Stores data as the state of a latch.
• Capacity: Depends on the data bus size and the number of bytes to be temporarily stored.

Detailed Operation

1. Access Request:

• The CPU or external device sends an access address and control signals to the system bus.
• The access address identifies the specific location in memory or a register to be accessed.
• The control signals indicate the access type (read or write) and access timing.

1. Address Decoding:

• The address decoder receives the access address and decodes it into row and column signals to determine the specific location in memory or a register.

1. Chip Select:

• The chip select checks the control signals to determine if the access request is intended for the IC or an external device.
• If the request is valid, the "chip select" signal is asserted to activate the internal IC circuits.

1. Access Validation:

• Other control signals (like RDEN and WREN) are checked to ensure access is allowed.

1. Read/Write Control:

• The read/write controller generates RD and WR signals to control data read or write operations.
• It determines the timing and method of data access based on the memory or register access protocol.

1. Data Access:

• Data is read from or written to the memory or register at the location identified by the address decoder.

1. Data Buffer:

• The data buffer temporarily stores data during access to reduce noise and ensure data integrity.

1. Data Transfer:

• Data is transferred from the data buffer to the system data bus for the CPU or external device to read or write.

Advanced Example of Read/Write Control Circuit Operation in an IC

1. Reading Data from Memory:

• The CPU sends memory address 0x1234 and a read signal (RD) to the system bus.
• The address decoder of the memory IC decodes address 0x1234 into row select 4 and column select 12.
• The chip select checks the "chip select" signal and other control signals to ensure valid access.
• The read/write controller generates an RD signal to activate the read operation.
• Data from the memory cell identified by address 0x1234 is read and stored in the data buffer.
• Data is transferred from the data buffer to the system data bus.
• The CPU receives the data from the data bus.

2. Writing Data to a Register:
· The microcontroller sends register address 0xABC and a write signal (WR) along with data 0x5F to the system bus.
· The address decoder of the microcontroller IC decodes address 0xABC into the specific register select signal.
· The chip select checks the "chip select" signal and other control signals to ensure valid access.
· The read/write controller generates a WR signal and transmits data 0x5F to the selected register.
Many Sources

Digital ICs, also known as logic ICs, are designed to process signals in binary form, utilizing only two states, 0 and 1, to represent information. This binary signal processing approach offers several advantages, including simplicity, ease of performing logical operations, and reduced chip area.
Operating Principle:
The fundamental structure of a digital IC consists of logic gates interconnected according to a specific design. Each logic gate performs a basic logical function such as AND, OR, NOT, etc. When binary signals (0, 1) are applied to the logic gates, they are processed and generate new binary signals at the output.
Classification of Digital ICs:
Digital ICs are categorized into various types based on their function and structure, including:

1. Logic Gates

Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. They perform basic logical operations on binary data, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and more. These operations are essential for manipulating information and implementing various computational tasks in electronic systems.
Key Characteristics:
· Binary Inputs and Outputs: Logic gates operate on binary data, represented by two distinct states, typically 0 and 1. They take one or more binary inputs and produce a single binary output based on the specified logical operation.
· Truth Tables: Truth tables define the behavior of logic gates by listing all possible input combinations and the corresponding output values. These tables provide a clear representation of the gate's functionality.
· Hardware Implementation: Logic gates can be physically implemented using various electronic components, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors. The specific implementation depends on the desired logic family and performance characteristics.
Common Logic Gate Types:
1. AND Gate: Performs the logical AND operation, producing a 1 output only if all inputs are 1. It represents the "and" condition, requiring all inputs to be true for the output to be true.
2. OR Gate: Performs the logical OR operation, producing a 1 output if any or all inputs are 1. It represents the "or" condition, indicating that the output is true if at least one input is true.
3. NOT Gate: Performs the logical NOT operation, inverting the input. It produces a 1 output if the input is 0 and a 0 output if the input is 1. It represents the "not" condition, negating the input value.
4. XOR Gate: Performs the logical exclusive OR operation, producing a 1 output only if the inputs are different (0 and 1 or 1 and 0). It represents the "exclusive or" condition, indicating that the output is true only if the inputs have opposite values.
Applications of Logic Gates:
Logic gates are the foundation of digital circuits, enabling the construction of various electronic components and systems:
· Digital Arithmetic Circuits: Logic gates are used to build arithmetic circuits that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations on binary numbers.
· Boolean Expression Simplification: Logic gates can be combined to represent and simplify Boolean expressions, reducing the complexity of digital circuits.
· Data Encoding and Decoding: Logic gates are employed in data encoding and decoding schemes, such as binary to gray code conversion and error detection and correction codes.
· Control Logic and Sequential Circuits: Logic gates are essential for designing control logic in sequential circuits, such as flip-flops, counters, and registers, enabling state storage and timing control.
Logic Gate Families:
Several logic gate families have been developed, each with its own advantages and disadvantages:
· RTL (Resistor-Transistor Logic): A simple and early logic family, but with high power consumption and slow speed.
· DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic): An improvement over RTL, offering better speed and lower power consumption.
· TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic): A widely used family known for its balance of speed, power consumption, and noise immunity.
· CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor): A modern family with extremely low power consumption, high speed, and high integration density.
· ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic): A high-speed family used in high-performance applications, but with higher power consumption and complexity.
The choice of logic family depends on factors such as speed, power consumption, noise immunity, and cost. CMOS has become the dominant logic family due to its superior performance and integration capabilities.
Significance of Logic Gates:
Logic gates play a crucial role in the realm of digital electronics, forming the bedrock of modern computers and digital devices:
· Digital Computation: Logic gates enable the execution of complex computations and data manipulation, driving the processing power of digital systems.
· Logic Design and Circuitry: They provide the fundamental building blocks for designing and constructing various digital circuits, from simple logic functions to sophisticated microprocessors.
· Fundamental Building Blocks: Logic gates serve as the essential components that underpin the vast array of digital technologies that shape our modern world.
The development of logic gates has revolutionized the way we process information and interact with technology, enabling the creation of increasingly powerful and versatile electronic devices.

2. Memory

Memory is an essential component of any digital system, responsible for storing data and instructions that enable the system to function. It serves as the repository of information that the system processes and manipulates.
Key Components:
1. Memory Cells: The fundamental units of memory, each capable of storing one bit of data (0 or 1). Memory cells are typically based on transistors or other electronic components that can maintain a stable state.
2. Address Decoder: Responsible for translating memory addresses into specific memory cells. It receives an address from the CPU or other accessing device and identifies the corresponding memory cell where the data resides.
3. Read/Write Control Circuit: Manages the data transfer process between the CPU or other accessing device and the memory cells. It controls the reading of data from memory cells during read operations and the writing of data into memory cells during write operations.
4. Buffer: A temporary storage area that holds data during memory access operations. It acts as a bridge between the faster CPU or accessing device and the slower memory, reducing overall system latency.
Operating Principle:
Memory stores data by altering the state of memory cells. Each cell can represent one bit of data, either a 0 or a 1. The memory address serves as a unique identifier for each cell, enabling the system to locate the specific cell where data resides.
When the CPU or another device needs to access data from memory, it issues a memory request that includes the desired address. The address decoder translates this address into the corresponding memory cell. The read/write control circuit then activates the appropriate cell, either retrieving the stored data (read operation) or updating the cell's state with new data (write operation).
The buffer plays a crucial role in optimizing memory access by temporarily holding data during the transfer process. This reduces the overall delay experienced by the CPU or other accessing device, improving system performance.
Types of Memory:
Memory can be broadly classified into two main categories based on its data retention characteristics:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile memory that stores data that can be changed or modified. Data in RAM is lost when the power is turned off. RAM is typically used for storing temporary data, such as program instructions, operating system data, and currently active applications.
2. Read-Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores fixed data that cannot be altered. Data in ROM remains intact even when the power is turned off. ROM is typically used for storing permanent data, such as firmware, boot code, and system configuration information.
Additional Memory Types:
· Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM): A type of ROM that can be programmed once by the user, typically using a high-voltage device.
· Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM): A type of PROM that can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using ultraviolet light.
· Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): A type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed electronically, without the need for external light sources.
· Flash Memory: A type of EEPROM that offers fast erase and write operations, making it suitable for use in portable devices and solid-state drives.
Significance of Memory:
Memory plays a fundamental role in modern digital systems:
· Data Storage: It provides the storage medium for essential data, including program instructions, operating system files, user data, and multimedia content.
· System Operation: Memory enables the continuous operation of the system by retaining critical information, such as system state, application data, and intermediate results of calculations.
· Performance Enhancement: Memory plays a crucial role in optimizing system performance by providing fast access to frequently used data and instructions.
The development of memory technologies has been a driving force in the advancement of computing, enabling the creation of increasingly powerful and versatile electronic devices.
3. Clock Circuit
Significance of Clock Circuits
Clock circuits play a crucial role in the operation of digital electronic devices. They provide the essential timing signal that synchronizes the operation of various components within the system, ensuring coordinated and efficient data processing. The frequency of the clock signal directly impacts the speed of the circuit, enabling faster and more powerful electronic devices.
Advancements in clock circuit technology have led to the development of higher-frequency, more stable, and lower-power clock circuits, contributing to the continuous improvement of electronic devices in terms of performance, efficiency, and reliability..
Components of a Clock Circuit
The basic components of a clock circuit include:
1. Oscillator: Generates the fundamental clock signal. Oscillators can utilize various elements, such as quartz crystals, ceramic resonators, or RC (resistor-capacitor) networks, to produce a stable and accurate clock signal.
2. Frequency Divider: Divides the clock signal from the oscillator down to the desired frequency. This is necessary because the oscillator may generate a much higher frequency than required by the circuit.
3. Counter: Counts the clock pulses from the frequency divider. The count value can be used for various purposes, such as generating timing signals or keeping track of time.
4. Decoder: Decodes the count value from the counter into specific time signals, such as seconds, minutes, or hours. This is particularly useful for applications that require real-time clock functionality.
Operating Principle:
A clock circuit operates by generating a clock signal with a stable frequency. This clock signal is used to synchronize the operation of other ICs in the system. The oscillator generates the basic clock signal, which is then divided by the frequency divider and counted by the counter. The decoder decodes the count value into time signals.
Types of Clock Circuits
Clock circuits can be categorized into two main types:
1. Internal Clock Circuit: Integrated within the IC itself. This type of clock circuit is commonly found in microcontrollers and other integrated circuits that require a clock signal for their internal operation.
2. External Clock Circuit: Provides a clock signal for multiple ICs. This type of clock circuit is often used in larger digital systems where multiple ICs need to be synchronized.
Common Clock Circuit Types
Several types of clock circuits are commonly used in electronic devices:
1. RC Oscillator Circuit: A simple and inexpensive oscillator circuit that utilizes resistors and capacitors to generate a clock signal.
2. LC Oscillator Circuit: A more stable and accurate oscillator circuit that employs an inductor and capacitor to produce the clock signal.
3. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Circuit: A sophisticated oscillator circuit that locks its frequency to a reference signal, ensuring high stability and precision.

4. Communication Circuits

Communication Circuits

Communication circuits enable integrated circuits (ICs) to exchange information with external devices, facilitating data transfer, device interaction, and system control. These circuits play a crucial role in modern electronic systems, enabling them to function as interconnected components within a larger network.
Key Components:
1. Physical Interface: Establishes a physical connection between the IC and the external device. This can be realized through pins, connectors, or wireless transmission mediums.
2. Data Transmission Circuit: Handles the encoding and decoding of data for transmission and reception. It ensures that data is converted into a suitable format for transmission over the physical interface and accurately interpreted upon reception.
3. Communication Control Circuit: Orchestrates the data transfer process, ensuring proper timing, synchronization, error detection, and error correction. It manages the exchange of data between the IC and the external device in a controlled and reliable manner.
Operating Principle:
Communication circuits operate by establishing a physical link between the IC and the external device, enabling the exchange of electrical signals. The data transmission circuit then encodes the data from the IC into a format suitable for transmission over the physical interface. This may involve converting the data into a serial bit stream, modulating it onto a carrier signal, or encapsulating it in a communication protocol frame.
Once transmitted, the data is received by the external device and passed to its communication circuit. The data transmission circuit then decodes the received data, converting it back into a format that the IC can understand. This may involve demodulating the signal, extracting the data from the protocol frame, or converting the serial bit stream into parallel data.
The communication control circuit oversees the entire data transfer process, ensuring that the data is transmitted and received in a synchronized and error-free manner. It may employ techniques such as clock synchronization, error detection codes, and retransmission mechanisms to guarantee data integrity.
Types of Communication Circuits:
Communication circuits encompass a wide range of technologies tailored for specific communication protocols and applications:
1. Data Bus: Enables multiple ICs to communicate with each other over a shared data path. Data buses are commonly used in microprocessors and other digital systems to transfer data between various components.
2. Serial Communication Port: Facilitates sequential data transmission between ICs, one bit at a time. Serial communication is often employed in applications where bandwidth is limited or long-distance communication is required.
3. Parallel Communication Port: Allows for simultaneous transmission of multiple bits of data between ICs, providing faster data transfer rates compared to serial communication. Parallel communication is commonly used in high-speed data transfer applications.
4. Wireless Communication: Enables ICs to communicate with other devices without the need for physical cables. Wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern electronic devices.
Significance of Communication Circuits:
Communication circuits are indispensable components in modern electronic devices, enabling them to:
· Exchange data with other devices, such as sensors, actuators, and peripherals.
· Interact with user inputs, such as keyboards, buttons, and touchscreens.
· Respond to network requests and commands.
· Participate in distributed systems and control networks.
The advancement of communication circuit technology has led to the development of higher-speed, more reliable, and more energy-efficient communication interfaces, enabling the creation of more sophisticated and interconnected electronic devices that can seamlessly interact with the surrounding environment and with each other.

5. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The central processing unit (CPU) serves as the "brain" of a computer system, orchestrating the execution of instructions and processing data to drive various operations. It is the heart of a computer, responsible for carrying out calculations, manipulating data, and managing the overall flow of information within the system.
Key Components:
1. Processing Unit: The core of the CPU, responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data. It comprises components like arithmetic logic units (ALUs), floating-point units (FPUs), and registers that handle data manipulation and computations.
2. Control Unit: The maestro of the CPU, directing the overall operation and execution of instructions. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them into understandable commands, and coordinates the activities of other CPU components to ensure proper instruction execution.
3. Cache Memory: A high-speed storage area that temporarily holds frequently accessed data and instructions, reducing the need for slower memory access. Cache memory acts as a buffer, improving overall system performance by providing faster access to essential data.
4. Data Bus: The communication highway that transports data between the CPU and other system components, such as memory and input/output devices. It serves as the data transfer channel, enabling the exchange of information between the CPU and various parts of the system.
5. Address Bus: The address decoder that identifies the specific location of data or instructions stored in memory. It acts as a pointer, pinpointing the exact memory address where data or instructions reside.
6. Control Bus: The traffic controller that manages the operation of the data bus and address bus, ensuring synchronized data transfers and maintaining overall system coordination. It regulates the flow of data and addresses between the CPU and other components.
Operating Principle:
The CPU functions by executing instructions stored in memory. These instructions dictate the operations to be performed and the data to be processed. The control unit plays a pivotal role in this process, fetching instructions from memory, deciphering their meaning, and directing other CPU units to carry out the specified tasks.
1. Instruction Fetch: The control unit retrieves instructions from memory, typically from the main memory or cache memory.
2. Instruction Decode: The control unit interprets the fetched instructions, breaking them down into their constituent parts and understanding the operations they represent.
3. Instruction Execution: The control unit directs the appropriate CPU units, such as the ALU or FPU, to execute the decoded instructions. These units perform the specified calculations or data manipulations.
4. Result Storage: The outcomes of the executed instructions, such as calculated values or processed data, are stored in registers or memory locations, making them available for further use.
The CPU continuously cycles through this fetch-decode-execute-store process, tirelessly processing instructions and manipulating data to drive the computer system's operations.
Significance of the CPU:
The CPU is the cornerstone of a computer system, enabling it to perform its fundamental tasks:
· Execute programs and applications: The CPU interprets and carries out the instructions that make up software programs, allowing users to run various applications.
· Process data: The CPU performs calculations, manipulates data, and transforms information, enabling the computer to handle complex computations and data analysis.
· Control system operations: The CPU manages the overall flow of information and coordinates the activities of other system components, ensuring smooth and efficient system operation.
The performance and capabilities of the CPU significantly impact the overall responsiveness, speed, and processing power of a computer system. Advancements in CPU technology have led to the development of faster, more efficient, and more powerful CPUs, enabling the creation of increasingly sophisticated and capable computers.
Many Sources

1. Resistors:

Function: Limits current, divides current, creates voltage drops, adjusts voltage.
Variable Parameter: Resistance (R) - measured in Ohms (Ω).
Significance: The higher the resistance value, the lower the current through it, and vice versa.
Construction: A resistive core (carbon, metal, ceramic, etc.) coated with an insulating layer.
Operating Principle: Based on the collision of electrons with atoms in the resistive core, reducing the energy of the electrons and converting it into heat energy.
Applications: Widely used in electronic circuits, from simple to complex circuits. For example: limiting current through LEDs, dividing current in amplifier circuits, creating voltage drops for voltage regulator circuits, adjusting voltage in filter circuits...

2. Capacitors:

Function: Stores electrical energy, filters signals, blocks AC current, passes DC current.
Variable Parameter: Capacitance (C) - measured in Farads (F).
Significance: The higher the capacitance value, the greater the ability to store electrical energy, and vice versa.
Construction: Two parallel metal plates separated by an insulating dielectric (paper, ceramic, mica...).
Operating Principle: When a voltage is applied, an electric field is created between the capacitor plates, charging the capacitor plates. When the power is turned off, the electric field remains and keeps the capacitor plates charged.
Applications: Very diverse in electronic circuits, from power supply filtering to oscillator circuits. For example: filtering power for electronic circuits, generating pulses for oscillator circuits, blocking noise signals...

3. Inductors:

Function: Stores electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field, resists sudden changes in current, creates time delays.
Variable Parameter: Inductance (L) - measured in Henrys (H).
Significance: The higher the inductance value, the greater the resistance to sudden changes in current, and vice versa.
Construction: A coil of conductive wire wrapped around a core (plastic, iron...).
Operating Principle: When current flows through the inductor, a magnetic field is created around it. When the current changes, the magnetic field also changes, generating an induced voltage in the opposite direction of the current, counteracting the sudden change in current.
Applications: Common in power supply filtering, resonant circuits, transformer circuits... For example: filtering power for electronic circuits, generating pulses for oscillator circuits, converting voltage...

4. Diodes:

Function: Allows current to flow in one direction, blocks current in the opposite direction.
Variable Parameter: Threshold voltage (Uf) - measured in Volts (V).
Significance: The higher the threshold voltage, the higher the voltage required for the diode to conduct.
Construction: Two semiconductor layers joined together to form a P-N junction.
Operating Principle: Based on the principle of electron and hole diffusion. When there is a forward voltage, current flows through the diode. When there is a reverse voltage, the current is blocked.
Applications: Widely used in electronic circuits, from rectification circuits to protection circuits. For example: rectifying AC power to DC power, protecting electronic circuits from reverse voltage...

5. Transistors:

Function: Amplifies electrical signals, controls current, switches on and off electrical circuits.
Variable Parameter: Hfe (β) - current gain.
Construction: Three semiconductor layers joined together to form N-P-N or P-N-P.
Operating Principle: Based on the control of current through one semiconductor layer (base) by current in another semiconductor layer (emitter, collector).
Applications: Very diverse in electronic circuits, from audio amplifier circuits to microprocessor circuits...

Integrated Circuits (ICs): Operating Principle

Integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are assemblies of electronic components interconnected on a small semiconductor substrate. These components can include transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes, and many other types. ICs are used to perform a wide range of electronic functions, from simple to complex.
The basic operating principle of ICs is to utilize the properties of semiconductor materials to create transistors and other electronic components. These transistors are then interconnected according to pre-designed circuit diagrams to perform the desired functions.
There are two main types of ICs:
Digital ICs: This type of IC uses electronic signals at two voltage levels (usually 0V and 5V) to represent data. Digital ICs are used in electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and many other devices.
Analog ICs: This type of IC uses electronic signals that can change continuously to represent data. Analog ICs are used in electronic devices such as audio amplifiers, filters, and other devices.

Essential Circuit Blocks in Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, are the cornerstone of modern electronics. These tiny marvels of engineering pack millions of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components onto a single semiconductor substrate, enabling them to perform a vast array of functions. Understanding the fundamental circuit blocks that make up ICs is crucial for comprehending their operation and appreciating their versatility.
1. Amplifier Circuits:
o Function: Amplify electronic signals (voltage or current) to enhance their strength.
o Structure: Comprises transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components connected in amplifier configurations like BJT amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.
o Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of controlling current through a transistor to modify the voltage or current at the output.
o Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like radios, televisions, computers, etc.
2. Logic Circuits:
o Function: Perform logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) on electronic signals.
o Structure: Consists of logic gates constructed from transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components.
o Operating Principle: Employs the principle of switching voltage states (0 or 1) to represent the outcome of a logical operation.
o Applications: Employed to build central processing units (CPUs), control circuitry in electronic devices, etc.
3. Oscillator Circuits:
o Function: Generate electronic signals with a periodic oscillating waveform of specific frequency and amplitude.
o Structure: Comprises transistors, capacitors, resistors, and other components connected in oscillator configurations like LC oscillators, RC oscillators, etc.
o Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of charging and discharging a capacitor coupled with transistor amplification to produce an oscillating signal.
o Applications: Utilized in electronic devices like clocks, radio transmitters, etc.
4. Memory Circuits:
o Function: Store data in the form of electronic signals.
o Structure: Consists of memory cells like flip-flops, SRAM, DRAM, etc.
o Operating Principle: Employs the principle of altering the state of memory cells to retain data.
o Applications: Employed in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.

5. Pulse Generator Circuits:

· Function: Generate electrical pulses with square, triangular, or other waveform shapes at specific frequencies and amplitudes.
· Structure: Comprises multivibrators, 555 timer ICs, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of charging and discharging a capacitor coupled with transistor amplification to produce electrical pulses.
· Applications: Employed in electronic devices like clocks, computers, etc.

6. Filter Circuits:

· Function: Eliminate unwanted components from electronic signals, such as noise, harmonic signals, etc.
· Structure: Consists of inductors, capacitors, resistors, and other components connected in filter configurations like RC filters, LC filters, etc.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of blocking or attenuating components with frequencies different from the desired frequency.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like radios, televisions, computers, etc.

7. Comparator Circuits:

· Function: Compare two electronic signals and generate an output signal indicating which signal is greater, smaller, or equal.
· Structure: Comprises voltage comparators or current comparators constructed from transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Employs the principle of comparing the voltage or current of two input signals to produce an appropriate output signal.
· Applications: Utilized in electronic devices like control circuits, timing circuits, etc.

8. Signal Conversion Circuits:

· Function: Convert electronic signals from one form to another, such as converting analog signals to digital signals and vice versa.
· Structure: Consists of A/D converters, D/A converters, comparators, filters, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of sampling analog signals, encoding them into digital signals, or decoding digital signals into analog signals.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.

9. Control Circuits:

· Function: Control the operation of other circuits within an IC or an electronic system.
· Structure: Comprises logic gates, flip-flops, counters, decoders, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Employs the principle of processing logic signals to control the state of other circuits.
· Applications: Utilized in most electronic devices.

10. Communication Circuits:

· Function: Enable ICs to communicate with other devices in an electronic system or with users.
· Structure: Consists of communication buses, buffers, communication controllers, and other components.
· Operating Principle: Relies on the principle of transmitting and receiving data between devices.
· Applications: Employed in most electronic devices.

11. Voltage Regulator Circuits:

· Function: Provide a stable voltage supply to other circuits within an IC or an electronic system.
· Structure: Comprises transistors, Zener diodes, resistors, and other components connected in voltage regulator configurations like linear regulators, switching regulators, etc.
· Operating Principle: Utilizes the principle of adjusting the output voltage by modifying the resistance or current through the transistor or Zener diode.
· Applications: Widely used in electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, etc.
These essential circuit blocks form the foundation of ICs, empowering them to perform a vast array of functions that underpin modern electronics. From amplifying signals to processing data and enabling communication, ICs have revolutionized technology and continue to drive innovation across various industries.
Many sources

Tl;dr: I am in need of a new computer and I’m looking at the Mac Studio, specifically the M2 Max with 1TB storage and 64GB memory. Is this going to be enough to keep up with the demands of Logic Pro 11 and all the new plug-ins for the next +/-decade?
Full story: about six years ago, I purchased a refurbished 2014 MacBook Pro. At the time, I wasn’t doing a whole lot of production - I just needed an all-around machine to carry me through my various workflows. Since that time, my home studio has taken off and I’ve been working with a lot more clients. It was on my radar to purchase a nicer desktop that would help me future proof a little better, because LPX (and a few other pieces of my workflow) had begun to start seriously chugging.
Then I met with a client last week, and my nightmare occurred: they spilled water on my MacBook Pro. It’s so old that it’s basically beyond repair, and because of this, I don’t think the client is going to compensate me for the full value of replacing the broken device with one that will do everything I need to. They have agreed to chip in some, but I don’t think it’s going to be a whole lot. With that in mind, my timeline for getting a new device has moved up. I haven’t had the chance to sit down and do a bunch of research on it, so I’m hoping you guys can weigh in.
I’ve been looking at several different options and evaluating my needs, and I think the best-case scenario (albeit one of the more expensive ones) for me in the long run is to switch over from a MacBook to a Mac Studio, and then snag one of the new iPads so I can stay mobile. I wouldn’t have a fully portable workhorse of a computer, but since the majority of my work takes place in the studio, I think this is probably fine, especially if I supplement it with an iPad for the rare instances of offsite recording (it does happen from time to time)z
I have a few questions about this, though; if you guys have answers for any of them, please feel free to share!

1. Mac Studios currently available have the M2 Pro and M2 Ultra available, whereas the MacBook Pros available now have a base-level M3. It seems that the maxed out M2 might have a higher ceiling than the base model M3? But I’m having a hard time discerning a clear answer. Can anyone speak to the efficiency differences?
   
2. I think it’s reasonable to expect about a decade’s worth of use out of a computer? So I’m aiming to purchase a machine that will be somewhat future-proof until the next major advancement. Given the age of the M2 chip, is there any reason to expect that it will date itself more quickly than a device with an M3? Is that something I need to be concerned about?
   
3. I’m still undecided on how much unified memory I want, but given my hopes of running many complex projects for multiple clients at once, combined with the other workflows I have for my personal life and my other job, I’ve been looking at picking up 64GB of memory, rather than the 32GN that the Studio has on its base level. Is this a fair amount? I don’t want to overkill, but I want to be set up to have this machine last a long time with (hopefully) little to no issues.
   
4. Storage is always a factor to consider. I make it a habit to purchase external drives pretty regularly and back up my projects often, but it’s always nice to be able to operate without having to shuffle files around too much. If I’m honest, I think the 512GB of storage that comes with the base model of the Mac Studio is probably fine, but as my business continues to grow, I don’t want to have as much worry about storing things as much as I do right now. I’ve also read that the 1TB SSD split its file storage between four quadrants of the SSD, whereas the 512GB can only split it between two. It seems that splitting it four ways would help make certain workflows operate a bit more efficiently and that only having two might have the inverse effect. I’ve read a few articles on this, but this isn’t my area of expertise. Does anyone have any experience here?
   
5. Finally, the age-old tech question: if I purchase this computer now, well, I regret it in a few months if the new model drops? It seems that Apple’s desktops are due for an upgrade, especially with the M4 chip dropping with the new iPad while the Mac Studio continues to run on M2s. Obviously, nothing has been confirmed about a new generation of Macs being slated for release, but can’t help but wonder if a release is right around the corner. I know it’s a longshot and it might not even change my scenario because I need a device quickly, but I’m curious if anyone has heard any information on this.
   

If you made it this far, thank you so much for reading, I know I ask a lot of questions and might be overthinking this, but I want to make a wise decision about how I spend my money, especially with how much these new devices will cost. TIA for your input!

Hi,
I had the opportunity to replace the 34" ultrawide QD-Oled I recently bought from MSI, the MAG 341CQP, with the brand new 32" WOLED LG 32GS95UE, for only few bucks (Euros actually because I live in Spain).
This is how it was basically the deal for me:

• The MSI costed me 985€ and I returned it to get a complete refund.
• The LG costed me 1260€ (after 10% promotion discount).
• A limited promotion made the LG to come also with the LG 27GR75Q as gift (it was actually perfect because I had also the need to replace a second monitor from my wife). This second monitor is currently priced at 220€ in most of the stores.
• I sold the old second monitor from my wife for another 140€.

So at the end the 2 monitors replacement only costed me 1260-985-140 = 135€, and it is actually fair to say that 80€ come from my wife's monitor replacement (220-140) and the remaining 55€ to replace the MSI.
The main reason for me to change from the 34" QD-Led ultrawide is that I was coming from a 38" IPS 3840x1600 (the amazing LG 38GN950-B) and despite the much better image quality of the OLED I was not fully convinced with the downgrade of size and resolution. I hope that the bigger area, resolution, and refresh (despite of not caring at all about the 1080p-480Mhz mode) of the LG that has yet to arrive, compared to the MSI makes me forget the ultrawide format that I've been loving for so much time. It's still my favourite format for gaming, but a bigger UHD screen is also optimal to work, and better for media streaming consumption (youtube and twitch).
What do you think guys, did I make a good move?

Long story so please bear with me.
I was with my first love for 3 and a bit years, we met in late 2010 before we broke up 10 years ago in early 2014. We were young and in our early 20s back then, things just fizzled out.
I've always thought about her but eventually we went our separate ways, she got in to a relationship with another guy after me for a few years but eventually he ended up cheating on her, this was around 2017.
After her breakup in 2017 I confessed my feelings for her but we didn't go anywhere with it as she was still healing so I told her I need to cut her off at the point because I told her I was struggling to be just friends with her, to which she said that she was heartbroken that's it come to us parting ways. But we wished each other well and went our separate ways. I was really at my lowest at that point but have come a really long way since in terms of having a successful career and have improved a lot financially and mentally.
At the start of 2019, she did add me on social media but she didn't say anything to me so a few days later I ended up deleting her because I realised I still wasn't over her, I regretted deleting her afterwards.
At the end of 2019 I heard that she was engaged, she ended up getting married but then I heard she got divorced around a year and a half ago. A few monthds ago I found out that the reason for her divorce was because her husband cheated on her and was abusive towards her. They got divorced around early 2022.
As for me I did get in to another relationship with someone else but I was also cheated on so I have been single for a few years now, I have been evolving in my career and proud of how far I've come and have recently started a new chapter in my career. I considered getting in touch with her a few months ago but I noticed that she had cut off a lot of people from her social media so I wasnt too sure how she'd react to me adding her, I thought she'd reject me seen as she's cutting off a lot of people.
So around 3 months ago I took the plunge seen as I had nothing to lose and sent her a request on instagram, and she has accepted and also followed me back. She's been viewing my stories and a month ago I posted a life quote on my story which she liked, I haven't spoke to her yet. I posted a few pictures of myself which she hasn't liked but A few weeks ago I posted a quote on my story that said 'be the reason for someone's pain to turn into a smile', she liked that quote and also another one that I posted last week. It was my birthday a few days ago and she liked a birthday story that I posted on instagram. I'm limiting the amount of posts that I like of hers because I don't want to seem too forward.
I'm assuming she is single but not entirely sure. I added her 3 months ago but she deleted me, I was confused because she only liked one of my stories few days prior. I would have liked to see if there was future for us but don't think she's interested now, i have messaged her saying 'Hi, hope your well. I probably should have said something a long time ago but I didn't, my fault. I've been praying for you, today I realise I've been deleted anyways I hope your keeping happy and healthy'. She replied saying 'Hey I'm good thanks hope you are too, that is kind of you, I didn't expect this kind of message'.
I didn't really know what to say back to her, I still don't understand why she deleted me even though days before she was showing an interest in my stories before and now she's deleted me. I have just replied saying 'that's good. Sorry for catching you off guard with it, I wanted to reach out to you earlier. I'm glad your doing well though' and now she has replied back saying 'can I ask why?' I replied back saying 'It's been on my mind for a while to get back in touch with you, I didn't add you for no reason. But we don't need to if it's not something your comfortable with'. She has now sent a long message as follows: 'You don’t make me feel uncomfortable. I have thought about you over the years and wished you well.
I removed you because you have my ex and his family on your instagram and I removed everyone who has any contact with them. You will have heard that I was married there for a short period of time but it was hell and now I’m out of it I don’t want them knowing anything about my life, so I removed everyone who has any link with them. I didn’t realise till that day that you did. It was nothing to do with you personally.' .
Im not actually friends with her ex husband as he is just someone that lives nearby to me and we have never spoken so I have now replied with this: 'I'm sorry that you had to go through that, I hope your okay and I pray god brings you ease. I wouldn't exactly say I have anything to do with them personally though, only thing I know about them is that they're from my area too. It makes sense now and it's understandable why you did that.'
She has replied back again saying 'I'm great, God is the best of planners and it was the best thing for me. Even so, I removed everyone who had us both so sorry about that' and to which I have replied 'That's fair enough, I'm glad to hear your doing well though and that your at peace now. That's what matters most'. She had now asked 'how have you been, what's new with you?' I have just replied saying 'I'm not too bad thanks, life's changed a lot since we last spoke so there's quite a lot that's new lol'. after that we were speaking generally about the holiday that I'm currently on and what to do as she has been here before too and she also asked how long I'm there for and she asked who ive gone with and how long im on holiday for, it was in general a short and civilised conversation.
Towards the end of the conversation she said 'well i hope you have a lovely time 😊' and i replied with thank you and asked her when she was on holiday here, she replied saying that she went last November and the year before so then i replied saying 'oh nice, its good to go often. Need to make it a yearly thing' She ended the conversation 8 nights ago by liking that last message i sent, I don't know if she plans to message me again, What are the chances that she'll message me even if we don't follow each other on instagram anymore. I am slightly anxious that she won't message me after this due to her deleting me because her ex is on my Instagram. Was thinking of just giving her space for a few more days, then deleting her ex and requesting her back in around in a few days bear in mind she deleted me 2 weeks ago and we havent spoken in 8 days. Should I give her some space for a few days then add her back and remove her ex? Detailed answer

Hello, looking for some more experienced people's thoughts on my well drilling situation. I am currently planning a new house build and am getting a well drilled. The current drill location is located between two swamps one being 200 ft to the north and the other is 500 ft to the south. There is also a large spring 300 ft or so to the east. So I know there is lots of water in the area and the water table is high atleast where the spring is. Most wells in this area are only 40-60 ft down. The well driller has been working for about a week now, they messaged me this morning saying they haven't hit any water yet and are 80 ft down and don't think they are going to hit any for a bit. Wells are something I don't have much experience in but I have alot of experience with other steps of construction and things. When I dug the test holes at this location for the septic system. Once I got below 8 ft the test holes around the well location started filling with water pretty rapidly. Within half an hour there was atleast 2 feet of water in them.
Knowing this I just don't understand how they have not hit water yet. Just looking for thoughts from more experienced people.
Thanks

So for reference I have gotten my levels checked 4 times in the last few months, originally I had them check at a urologists' while doing a different procedure and the results came back low but doctor was not concerned and felt insulted when I asked him about it, not sure why it was just a question, in the last two years I have felt tired, less libido, brain fog, anxious and even some depression but I know that these could be related but can also be completely unrelated. so for reference I have included the numbers of the previous results any/thoughts is appreciated.
11/10/23- Total T 328 LH- 1.91
3/1/24- Total T 249 Free T 8.0
3/5/24- Total T 206 LH- 7.1 FSH 4.6
Latest
5/13/24 9:00am collection time
Total T 387
SHBG 17
E2 12
DHEA 143
FSH 3.9
LH 2.6
Cortisol 13.1
Technically all this markers are in the normal range for this test.
On 3/5 doctor recommended TRT however, she also said that perhaps optimizing other areas might help bring those numbers up, sleep, diet, exercise, managing stress. I have been hitting the gym for about a year now, doing cardio and weight training. I try to get as much sleep as I can although sleep can be difficult at times. I am currently 39yrs old , 5'7 190lbs, can loosing weight really change things? Per a body index evaluation I did my body fat percentage is 25. I guess I'm stuck between starting TRT or trying to get my weight down. Anyways attached are my latest numbers and I'm trying to get any thoughts on the matter, anything is appreciated.

This is a huge can of worms.
First and foremost, originally when my husband's x wife vanished from the face of the earth for four months, as well as moving 60 miles away (he said that was against the parenting plan) he filed against her in court, and the judge threw it out saying that she's allowed to move counties. This was 7-8 years ago. Currently, (and since our daughter's 1st grade year, she's in freshman year of high school now), His wife is supposed to take our daughter Monday, Tuesday, Friday and every other weekend, but she only takes her a random weekend a month (if that). She also does not have a job (we don't know if she has welfare or not) and lives with a girlfriend and some roommates.
Next, my husband was worried if we got a lawyer, it would cost us more to pay for the lawyer then we would get back in child support, but is there a silver lining? Like can we ask to change the parenting plan instead of trying to force this woman to take her more? We are worried it'll mess with her schoolwork if she's over there more. Daughter has diagnosed ADD and her mother as well, and the last few times she was over there she got super behind on the schoolwork (she's online home schooled now so we can keep a better eye on her assignments, as her learning coaches).
Lastly, she is supposed to pay 40 percent of above and beyond medical and dental costs. IE, we pay the dental and health insurance, and 60 percent of said bills.
And one other thing, we moved counties too recently because of the cost of living going up massively (rent prices) and being able to afford a house in this area.
If we take legal action, do we have to get a lawyer, or can we file something with the court to see if the judge can help us?
We live in Mason County, WA but moved from Thurston so I would assume we file with the Thurston County court (where they got married and divorced)?

Read this whole post before submitting! Posting your ideas here DOES NOT count as a submission.

Time flies, it's already time for rate selection again! Please be advised of the following:

1. The winner of the Payola poll a few weeks ago is Commercial Male Hip Hop! If any of your ideas fall under the umbrella of Main Rap Boys, then make sure to mention it on the submission form so your idea can be voted on.
2. We also have another meta rate approaching, so in total there will be six rates selected through the normal process.

How to Construct a Rate Idea

• Generally, your idea should consist of 40-60 songs that are bound together by common concepts. These can be shared audience (e.g. depressed British), sound (e.g. psychedelic rock), a specific time period (e.g. 1970s), general popularity (e.g. bubbling under mainstays), or anything else you can think of. The more overlap that your rate has between its songs in these aspects, the stronger the idea is. You can be as creative as you'd like with your combinations, but you need to be able to make the case as to why the songs belong together in a rate.
• The easiest way to find commonalities among songs is by putting 3 or 4 albums together in an idea. However, you can also construct rates with loose songs if you have a strong concept tying them together (this is called a "grab bag" rate.)
• You can also include a "bonus rate" in your idea which are generally leftover tracks that are related to the overarching concept but do not fit in the main rate for whatever reason (e.g. loose singles in between album eras.) Bonus rates are optional to complete at the time of rating and should not be included in an idea without strong justification for it.
• Be mindful of the length of your idea; do not include more songs for the sake of it. The average rate should be less than 3 hours long with the bonus rate included, and rates over 4 hours long are very unlikely to be picked unless they consist of very popular songs. To check how long your rate is, I recommend putting all of the songs in a playlist on your streaming service of choice.
• Albums released in 2024 (including unreleased albums) or MOST albums that have already been rated are ineligible for inclusion in your ideas. The albums from previous rates that ARE eligible are those from the first three years of rates (i.e. covered by the first three All Stars rates) that did NOT ever spawn a rate winning song. For clarity, HERE is a pastebin of all of the albums eligible for a rerate. HOWEVER, you cannot submit an idea with JUST rerated albums.
• Rate ideas can include songs that have been previously rated but should not focus on them, so as to not feel like an All Stars rate.

How to Submit Your Rate Idea

• All submissions will be handled through this Google form. Please do not direct message me your ideas.
• You are required to fill out the four following fields in order for your submission to be counted:
• Title: The name of your rate. It should summarize the overarching concept, but feel free to come up with something catchy and fun as well.
• Albums/songs included: A list of the albums or songs included in the rate. You can simply list the albums if applicable (e.g. Artist - Title vs. Artist - Title vs. Artist - Title), but if you are submitting a grab bag rate you must include a Pastebin/Pastee/etc link to the songs included.
• Description: Describe what ties the albums/songs together if you weren't able to fit it into the title, and list relevant information like number of songs and length of rate (e.g. 1 hour 56 minutes.) Keep this as brief as possible: if you go over ~100 words I will shorten it myself to the most relevant information.
• Host needed? If you would like to host the rate by yourself, select "No." If you are uninterested in hosting altogether, select "Yes." If you want a cohost, select "Cohost wanted." If you want a specific other person to host your rate, they should submit the idea themselves.
• You are limited to two ideas submitted per cycle. However, please do not submit low effort ideas just for the sake of filling up both of your spots.
• If you submit an identical idea as somebody else, I will arbitrarily decide which description is better and include that one in the voting, but I will encourage you to cohost the rate together if it is selected. If there is ANY difference between two ideas, they will be put up for voting separately.

How We Pick the Rates

• In the next stage, you'll see that we are measuring two metrics of popularity: "approval" and "favorites." Approval will be based on a simple thumbs up/thumbs down/neutral vote for each rate. Favorites will be based on polling each person's five favorite ideas per cycle.
• Generally, the six most popular rate ideas across both metrics will be picked. However, we will also consider how the selected rates play off of each other, in an effort to ensure a maximum level of diversity in genre and audience.
• Rate ideas from active rate participants who are enthusiastic about hosting are more likely to be picked. Likewise, rate ideas from negative presences in the community are less likely to be picked.

Please use the comment section below for the following purposes:

• Posting your ideas for feedback and/or promotion
• Asking for advice on what artists/albums/songs to include in your earthshattering rate idea
• Discussing what sorts of rates you'd like to see picked in general
• Finding someone who would like to cohost your rate with you

Also, be sure to check out the following rates which are currently accepting submissions:

• Main Pop Girls Gone Bad [Due May 17, Reveal May 24-26]
• 90s R&B Princesses [Due May 24, Reveal May 31-June 2]
• Rate Olympics [Due May 31, Reveal June 8-9]
• 2023 K-Pop [Due June 15, Reveal June 21-23]
• 20th Century Piano Men [Due June 22, Reveal June 28-30]

These submissions will close on Wednesday, May 22nd at 4PM Eastern time. HERE is the link to submit in case you missed it earlier.

I (not a Mormon) have a friend currently on his mission in Brazil, supposedly the Rio de Janeiro area. He hasn't reached out in over two weeks. I know they are having a climate catastrophe in Rio Grande and I saw on the news that the church is providing aid and shelters.
Would they pull missionaries from other areas to help or should I assume that he's just tired and not emailing? If you feel comfortable posting here if you've heard from people you know I'd really appreciate it...They say the flooding will only get worse and almost nobody has Internet there. It could be weeks before the water is gone and I'm worried.

For context... hitting 40 this year, with 10 years experience working in industry accounting roles (staff, senior, treasury), but no PA experience, no CPA, and didn't go to a prestigious undergrad/grad school. Current role in industry job is way underpaid ($70k + $10k bonus in an expensive area in a technically MCOL - Pennsylvania).
Is it even worth bothering with accounting anymore? I'm seeing staff roles that say CPA preferred, and if I see another $50k range in salary ($53k-$105k is my favorite), I'm going to scream. Even talking to recruiters, the companies they're working with have unicorn expectations (5-7 years of experience, CPA preferred, PA preferred, specific software I've never heard of preferred).
It's very deflating seeing how many roles are out there and how the vast majority are either unobtainable, ridiculous as far as job expectations (senior roles that run close, publish financials, do work papers, and supervise a team), or pay peanuts.
On top of that, I'm not really seeing any "entry level" PA roles to gain said experience. Everything is a senior X or an internship.

I realize my price range might be a little low for what's on the market, but I'd like to understand what I should be looking for here. Located in NC if that's helpful.
Currently a 1-car house hold with a small car. Looking to get a second car that's an EV. We would install a charger at our house if we bought one, so I wouldn't be relying on solely public charging. As long as has more inside storage than a Mini-Cooper, I'll be happy. I would need to drive this car 200+ miles every 2 weeks or so for some work travel.
I'm seeing some used Teslas for $20k-$24k depending on the year, then a ton of used Chevy Bolts for <$20k in my area.
Ideally I'd like to get something of a range close to 300 miles if possible. Beyond range, what should I be looking for? Are there certain milage points where certain models start to fall apart?
Total newbie to EVs, so any pointers are helpful. Thanks!

Please delete if not allowed- We're currently looking to cast for our newest project. We're in search of successful, young singles or couples in or around the LA area who are frustrated with their home because it doesn't reflect them or their lifestyles. If you or anyone you know is interested, here is a link to our casting page. Also, we're really trying to get the word out, so if you have any other recommendations on how best to connect with young professionals in the LA area I would really appreciate it!

We're currently with AT&T. Spectrum gave us a really good deal, $40 monthly for 1 Gb internet and a phone line. We have 4 phones. Our phones (3 iPhone 15s and 1 15+) were all bought from AT&T last September.
Here are my questions
1: How's the coverage in Dallas Fort Worth, Texas, especially in the Arlington/Kennedale/Mansfield areas? Should I expect better than what I get with AT&T?
2: I'm not sure what to expect . I haven't called anyone yet or anything and my parents manage everything. They wanted me to look into this for them. Would we be able to port our numbers and keep our phones? If so, for how much monthly should I expect that to be?
3: How is customer service? When setting up internet at our business with Spectrum a few months ago it was really easy. Everyone was clearly understandable, it doesn't seem like they outsource their call centers. AT&T is really bad about this.
4: Is there anything else I should be asking that I haven't asked?
Thanks for the help.