Albanian poezi te shkurta dashurie

Least genocidal Instagram Serb.

2024.05.10 18:49 Lucky_Loukas Least genocidal Instagram Serb.

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2024.05.10 03:04 VORTEXXNS Non Qualifiers Apreciation Post

Hello everyone!Now that the semifinals had took place we shoud apreciate the NQ countries that sadly did not make it in the final.The order I will talk about the NQ countries will be in alphabetical order.The things I'm about to say are strictly my opinions,please don't judge me in the comments.I will not talk too much about mistakes because this is a post about apreciation.I hope we will hear a lot from this artists in the future.Much love from đŸ‡·đŸ‡ŽRomaniađŸ‡·đŸ‡Ž(yes another NQ country😅)
đŸ‡ŠđŸ‡±AlbaniađŸ‡ŠđŸ‡± Besa Kokedhima,if you ever see this post,you did great.You have an amazing voice,you are very talented and very beautiful ,you had a very nice outfit and you had amazing effects .Even though I believe that you should've kept the song in albanian and it was one of the underapreciated songs this year,it was after all an amazing song,full of passion when you sang it.I love you so much and I'm gonna look forward to your career as a singer because I know you'll do amazing on future.Greetings to all albanians people from here and all Albania,because you always give us something that shows us your cultuređŸ‡ŠđŸ‡±.ShumĂ« dashuri nga Rumania!đŸ€—
🇩đŸ‡șAustralia🇩đŸ‡ș Zaachariaha Fielding and Michael Ross,if somehow this post gets seen by you two,I want you to know that you we're awesome.I loved that your song contained some of Yankunytjatjara and I loved your staging,for two reasons,it was full of color and very flamboyant and it contained some aboriginal instruments,which really showed us this part of Australia that now I'm really eager to know more about.I'm gonna look at you future projects with pleasure.Greetings to all australians people from here and all Australia,because you give us memorable songs and you always qualify.Sadly this was not your year,but maybe next time🇩đŸ‡șLots of love from Romania!đŸ€—
🇩🇿Azerbaijan🇩🇿 Fakhri Ismayilov aka Fahree and Ilkin Dovlatov, if you two ever see this post,you had an amazing concert.I always listen to you song Ozunla Apar very first in the morning.I still can't believe that it did not qualify.I just love this song so much and I think it will always be my favorite from Azerbaijan,next to Always,Mata Hari and Cleopatra and The Hour Of Wolf.I love that you included azeri in it,it was only a little bit but it still counts, because we hadn't that in a song from Azerbaijan since Efendi with Mata Hari and I just love when countries come with a song in their national language.It shows us a depth in their culture through their language.The staging was full o symbolism and I love that.Fahree and Ilkin...you two have amazing voices and charisma,you two are very handsome and you had great outfits.I'm looking forward to your future projects as artists.Greetings to all azerbaijanis people from here and all Azerbaijan because somehow you always give us something unexpected🇩🇿Rumıniyadan böyĂŒk sevgi!đŸ€—
🇧đŸ‡ȘBelgium🇧đŸ‡Ș Thomas Mustin aka Mustii,if you ever see this post,you were truly amazing.I honestly did not expect from Belgium to not quality,but now we can't turn back in time.The song was amazing,I always listen to it when I fell down because it empowers me with energy.Honestly I think that the many microphones we're not necesary(just my opinion),however, Mustii you are an amazing singer and created an amazing song.I love that through the lyrics I can feel your passion and the dedication when you wrote it.I'm looking forward to your new projects as an artist .Greetings to all belgians people from here and all Belgium!🇧đŸ‡ȘVeel liefs uit RoemeniĂ«!đŸ€—Beaucoup d'amour de la Roumanie!đŸ€—Alles Liebe aus RumĂ€nien!đŸ€—
🇹🇿Czechia🇹🇿 Alena Shirmanova-Kostebelova aka Aiko,if you ever see this post,you we're truly aikonik(iconic)😅😉.I always listen to your song whenever I want to have a good vibe.I love the message from it,and it is true...we should put ourselves on a pedestal,before anyone else,not in an extreme way like pride and arrogance,but in order to be able to love someone and take care of someone,you should love yourself first.You we're truly amazing,you are a beautiful girl which have ana amazing vibe and an amazing singer and I'm looking forward to your new songs .Greetings to all czechs people from here and all of Czechia🇹🇿.Hodně lĂĄsky z Rumunska!đŸ€—
đŸ‡©đŸ‡°DenmarkđŸ‡©đŸ‡° Anna Saba Lykke OehlenschlĂŠger aka SABA,if you ever see this post,you we're truly sensational.The emotion,the voice, the staging full of smoke and sand, the message,everything was perfectly executed.Truly surprising that this underrated gem did not qualify.Saba,you are truly an amazing woman which will have a blosoming career and will make amazing songs.I'm looking forward to listen to them.Greetings to all danish people from here and all DenmarkđŸ‡©đŸ‡°.Meget kĂŠrlighed fra RumĂŠnien!đŸ€—
🇼🇾Iceland🇼🇾 Hera Björk ÞórhallsdĂłttir,if you ever see this post,you we're truly exceptional.Even though I'm only 21,I still remember when you participated in 2010 with your song Je Ne Se Quoi.You we're sensational that year,and you were sensational this year too.I love that you always never gave up at Iceland National and tried for 5 times and 2 we're succesful.On the topic of 2024,Scared Of Heighs is a great song and is perfect when is sang by an amazing singer like you with an angelic voice.You wanted to have fun at Malmo and you wanted that everyone has fun and you did a phenomenal job.I really enjoyed your song.See you soon at Iceland 2025😉. Greetings to all icelandic people and all of Iceland!🇼🇾 Mikil ĂĄst frĂĄ RĂșmenĂ­u!đŸ€—
đŸ‡ČđŸ‡čMaltađŸ‡ČđŸ‡č Sarah Bonnici,if you ever see this post,you were phenomenal.Your whole concert was imaculate.Glad that Malta let Eurovision at their concert😉😅.I'm truly shocked that it did not qualify,but again,life is not fair.Catchy song?Checked.Choreography?Checked.Good vocals?Checked.I don't understand how this gem did not qualify.It was truly one of Malta's best songs that they ever sent.History repets itself, because last year we had The Busker with Dance Our Own Party and it was a really nice song,just like Loop.You did everything exceptional Sarah.I'm looking forward to your new future songs.Greetings to all maltese people from here and all of Malta. đŸ‡ČđŸ‡č ÄŠafna mħabba mir-Rumanija!đŸ€—
đŸ‡ČđŸ‡©MoldovađŸ‡ČđŸ‡© Natalia Barbu,this comment will be a little personal because I'm romanian,but if you somehow see this post,you truly showed them what it really means to be romanian/moldovan.We're proud of you Natalia!Even though Romania did not participate,somehow through Moldova you also represent us.Our values,our morals,our countries through your angelic performance and voice.You we're truly exceptional and we wish you all the best of the best.You are an amazing woman with a soul made of gold.We hope to hear more about you in the future(only good things)❀.Salutare tuturor fraților romĂąni și moldoveni de peste Prut!đŸ‡ČđŸ‡©Multă iubire din RomĂąnia!đŸ€—
đŸ‡”đŸ‡±PolandđŸ‡”đŸ‡± Aleksandra Katarzyna "Ola" Wielgomas aka LUNA,if somehow this post gets seen by you,you we're truly the one who build the tower.The tower of our hearts and souls.You we're exceptional and sensational.You had emotions,I could see it in your gestures,but hey..who doesn't get nervous,Am I right?.I love the theme of chess and I love the song.I always listen to it whenever I want to feel more confident.Just like you say:"I'm the one who build the tower,I'm the one who holds the power"It was truly amazing.Eager to see you next songs😉. Greetings to all polish people from here and all of PolandđŸ‡”đŸ‡±.DuĆŒo miƂoƛci z Rumunii!đŸ€—
🇾đŸ‡ČSan Marino🇾đŸ‡Č Megara,if somehow this post gets seen by any of you all,you rocked the performance and the song.Your song means a lot to me.It gives me strenght whenever I listen to it.Your staging was phenomenal,maybe you had technical issues,but you we're amazing.I feel like I should't say this,but I will say it because it is not fair what happened,but hey,life is not everyday fair(with the risk of getting some hate)but I feel like you should've been the ones to represent Spain.Even if that wasn't the case I love your determination.You got rejected by Spain but you got up,whiped off your" loss tears"and went straight to San Marino.I guess glam rock and punk rock is not for everyone.Keep doing what you do.Being awesome and rocking on!I feel like we will hear about you in the future and I'm confident that we'll see you someday representing Spain.We're proud of you! Greetings to all spanish and san marinos people from here and all of Spain and San Marino!🇾đŸ‡ČđŸ‡Ș🇩.Mucho amor desde Rumania!đŸ€—Tanto amore dalla Romania!đŸ€—
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2024.05.09 15:33 Fickle-Message-6143 Ć ta je ovo i je li uopĆĄte istina?

Ć ta je ovo i je li uopĆĄte istina? submitted by Fickle-Message-6143 to serbia [link] [comments]


2024.05.09 15:02 DerBanane How does we feel about this serbs and Albanians?

How does we feel about this serbs and Albanians? submitted by DerBanane to AskBalkans [link] [comments]


2024.05.07 10:28 CuriousComparison831 Do you think we need a new standard of Albanian Language with greater inclusion of Gheg dialect A mendoni qe duhet nje Standarte e re me perfshirje me te madhe te Gegnishtes -

I know this has been discussed many times, and I don't mean drastic changes, but I believe Gheg vowels should definitely be added after the cultural unification with the Albanians from Kosovo. The mainstream music is totally Gheg-dominated, but except that Tirana, the city capital, is, I believe, the best result of the admixture between the current standard and the local Gheg dialect, the new generation of Tirana citizens, no matter if they are from the south or north, are more influenced by this admixture of standard and local dialect than their home dialect. Just my thoughts.
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2024.05.04 22:08 Mundane_North_3220 Applying to university in Germany. Should I remove something to fit one page?

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2024.05.04 16:51 uwu_01101000 OUR KING MADE A POST â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„

OUR KING MADE A POST â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„â€ïžâ€đŸ”„ submitted by uwu_01101000 to LoveYouFlaviphone [link] [comments]


2024.05.04 14:28 Flaviphone This community isđŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„( balkans_irl meme )

This community isđŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„đŸ”„( balkans_irl meme ) submitted by Flaviphone to balkans_irl [link] [comments]


2024.05.04 09:54 SignificantLadder91 Albanian Passport with Stamps and Visas from France, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Belgium and Albania

Albanian Passport with Stamps and Visas from France, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Belgium and Albania submitted by SignificantLadder91 to PassportPorn [link] [comments]


2024.04.30 02:38 IanPowers26 How easy is it to make friend with locals in Albania?

Hej hej!!
In 2 weeks I am going to visit for the first time Albania (everything is still really unknown for me).
I was wondering how easy is it to make friends with locals?? I am going to be in a hostal but I would like to talk with locals about culture, history, food, social things. I feel like the best way to know a country is to talk to people.
Do you think I can just ask a random Albanian person: "Mund te flas Shqip me ty''?? Or is approaching a stranger in a park, bar, etc... strange (like it might be the case in Scandinavian/Western countries).
Thanks for any advice.
Also, I am from Belgium. If anyone here is from Tirana and wants to grab a beer or explore the city together, please let me know!!
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2024.04.25 18:11 MightEmotional Mashallah, fear not Albanianism is real.

Mashallah, fear not Albanianism is real. submitted by MightEmotional to AskBalkans [link] [comments]


2024.04.25 16:53 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide written in Albanian cfvww.org

CF Vests Worldwide written in Albanian cfvww.org submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.04.25 16:53 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide written in Albanian cfvww.org

CF Vests Worldwide written in Albanian cfvww.org submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to u/CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.04.25 15:47 MightEmotional Mashallah, fear not Albanianism is real.

Mashallah, fear not Albanianism is real. submitted by MightEmotional to balkans_irl [link] [comments]


2024.04.09 19:12 KatolikArberor Mësimet themelore të fesë

Gjashtë të vërtetat kryesore të fesë së krishterë

  1. ËshtĂ« vetĂ«m njĂ« Zot, e nĂ« tĂ« janĂ« tri veta hyjnore: Ati, Biri dhe Shpirti Shenjt.
  2. Zoti krijoi të gjitha sendet. Ai të gjitha i mban, i sundon dhe i drejton.
  3. Shpirti i njeriut është i pavdekshëm.
  4. Biri i Zotit u bë njeri dhe na shëlboi me vdekjen e vet në kryq.
  5. Hiri i Zotit është i domosdoshëm për shëlbim.
  6. Veprat e mira Zoti do t’i shpĂ«rblejĂ« me lumturinĂ« e amshuar, ndĂ«rsa veprat e kĂ«qija do t’i dĂ«nojĂ« me mundimin e amshuar.
MĂ«simet e fesĂ« i jep Kisha. Kisha katolike obligon pjesĂ«tarĂ«t e vet, tĂ« pagĂ«zuarit, qĂ« tĂ« besojnĂ« nĂ« kĂ«to gjashtĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rteta dhe nĂ« tĂ« gjitha mĂ«simet e tjera dogmatike dhe morale qĂ« sjell magjisteri. KishĂ«n e themeloi vetĂ« Jezu Krishti. Ajo ndjek traditĂ«n apostolike tĂ« mĂ«simit. Si bashkĂ«si e popullit nĂ« shtegtim kah amshimi pĂ«rpiqet tĂ« jetojĂ« nĂ« drejtĂ«si para Hyjit nĂ« luftim me mĂ«katin e trashĂ«guar. Kisha tashmĂ« Ă«shtĂ« edhe ngadhĂ«njyese, sepse ka nĂ« qiell engjĂ«jt dhe shenjtĂ«rit. KishĂ« jonĂ« Ă«shtĂ« njĂ« nĂ« bashkĂ«si me apostujt, VirgjĂ«rĂ«n Mari dhe Shpirtin Shenjt. ËshtĂ« e shenjtĂ« jo nĂ« saje tĂ« besimtarĂ«ve qĂ« nuk mund tĂ« mĂ«katojnĂ«, por nĂ« saje tĂ« detyrĂ«s qĂ« ia dha Krishti dhe drejtimit tĂ« Shpirtit Shenjt. ËshtĂ« katolike, sepse detyra e saj shtrihet nĂ« tĂ«rĂ« botĂ«n dhe Ungjilli Ă«shtĂ« i pĂ«rcaktuar pĂ«r tĂ« gjithĂ« njerĂ«zimin. Kisha Ă«shtĂ« apostolike, sepse e ka themelin nĂ« apostuj. Ata na e lanĂ« trashĂ«gim fenĂ« dhe sakramentet. Kisha Ă«shtĂ« misionare. Ka pĂ«r detyrĂ« ta shpallĂ« Ungjillin pĂ«r kthimin dhe besimin nĂ« Hyjin dhe tĂ« ndajĂ« sakramentet. Esenca e KishĂ«s Ă«shtĂ« shpallja e fjalĂ«s sĂ« Hyjit (martyria), kremtimi i sakramenteve (liturgjia), shĂ«rbimi nĂ« dashuri (diakonia). “Kisha Ă«shtĂ« familja e Hyjit nĂ« botĂ«â€œ (Papa Benedikti XVI, Deus Caritas Est, nr. 25).

Themelet e fesë së shenjtë

  1. Njënia e Trinia e Hyjit.
  2. Të mishëruarit, të munduarit, vdekja dhe të ngjallurit e Shëlbuesit tonë, Jezu Krishtit.
NjĂ«nia do tĂ« thotĂ« sĂ« Ă«shtĂ« njĂ« Zot i vetĂ«m. Trinia do tĂ« thotĂ« se nĂ« Hyjin janĂ« tri Veta hyjnore, qĂ« quhen: Ati, Biri e Shpirti Shenjt. TĂ« MishĂ«ruarit, tĂ« munduarit, vdekja e ngjallja e ShĂ«lbuesit tonĂ« do tĂ« thotĂ« se Veta e dytĂ« e sĂ« ShenjtĂ«rueshmes Trini, Jezu Krishti, Biri i Hyjit, u bĂ« njeri, u mundua, vdiq nĂ« kryq dhe u ngjall pĂ«r ne. FshehtĂ«sia thelbĂ«sore e fesĂ« dhe e jetĂ«s sĂ« krishterĂ« Ă«shtĂ« Trinia e shenjtĂ«. Hyji Ă«shtĂ« njĂ«kohĂ«sisht njĂ« Hyj, qĂ« iu shfaq popullit judeas. Ai Ă«shtĂ« njĂ« qenie nĂ« tri veta, tĂ« cilat janĂ« nĂ« tĂ« njĂ«jtĂ«n kohĂ« Hyj: e Atit, e Birit dhe e Shpirtit Shenjt. Biri, i njĂ«lindur nĂ« kohĂ«, jo i krijuar. Shpirti i ShenjtĂ« (“Shpirti i Hyjit”) rrjedh prej Atit dhe Birit. Me kĂ«tĂ« dogmĂ« tĂ« KishĂ«s u mor Koncili i parĂ« i NicesĂ« nĂ« vitin 325 nĂ«n drejtimin e mbretit Konstantin.

Urdhri i dyfishtë i dashurisë

  1. Duaje Zotin, Hyjin tënd, me gjithë shpirt, me gjithë zemër e me gjithë mendje tënde.
  2. Duaje të afërmin tënd si vetveten.
Shkrimi i ShenjtĂ« i BesĂ«lidhjes sĂ« VjetĂ«r njeh 248 urdhra dhe 365 ndalesa. Prej kĂ«tij katalogu tĂ« trashĂ«guar rrjedhin edhe shumĂ« tĂ« tjera tĂ« cilat u dhanĂ« nga mĂ«suesit e Ligjit. Jezusi, i pyetur njĂ« ditĂ« pĂ«r t’u sprovuar prej farisenjve, se cili Ă«shtĂ« urdhri mĂ« i madh i tĂ« gjitha urdhĂ«rimeve, u pĂ«rgjigj: “Duaje Zotin, Hyjin tĂ«nd, me gjithĂ« shpirt, me gjithĂ« zemĂ«r e me gjithĂ« mendje tĂ«nde dhe duaje tĂ« afĂ«rmin tĂ«nd si vetveten” (Mt 22, 37–40). Urdhri i dyfishtĂ« i dashurisĂ« Ă«shtĂ« veçori e krishterimit. “Krishterimi nĂ« kuptimin e plotĂ« nuk mund tĂ« jetĂ« pa dashurinĂ« ndaj Zotit dhe tĂ« afĂ«rmit”, thotĂ« njĂ« shpjegim i traditĂ«s sĂ« ekzegjezĂ«s ungjillore.

Rregulla e artë

Gjithçka, pritni prej të tjerëve, bëni edhe ju për ata.
Jezusi kishte qĂ«llim tĂ« thadrojĂ« dashurinĂ« dhe respektin nĂ« zemrat e njerĂ«zve ndaj njĂ«ri-tjetrit. Prandaj i mĂ«sonte dhe i qortonte njerĂ«zit: Mos gjykoni; mos e shikoni lĂ«mishten nĂ« sy tĂ« vĂ«llezĂ«r28 ve tuaj; mos e pĂ«rbuzni tĂ« shenjtĂ«n (krhs. Mt 7, 1–6). “Gjithçka dĂ«shironi t’ju bĂ«jnĂ« juve njerĂ«zit, bĂ«juani edhe ju atyre! Ja, vĂ«rtet Ligji e ProfetĂ«t!” (Mt 7, 12).

Lumturitë

Lum skamnorët në shpirt sepse e tyre është Mbretëria e qiejve!
Lum ata që qajnë sepse do të ngushëllohen!
Lum ata që janë të butë sepse do ta trashëgojnë tokën!
Lum ata që kanë uri e etje për drejtësi sepse do të ngihen!
Lum të mëshirshmit sepse do të gjejnë mëshirë!
Lum ata që janë të pastër në zemër sepse do ta shohin Hyjin.
Lum pajtuesit sepse do të quhen bijtë e Hyjit.
Lum ata që salvohen pse kryejnë çka Hyji kërkon sepse e tyre është Mbretëria e qiejve.
TĂ« lumĂ«t ju kur t’ju shajnĂ« e t’ju salvojnĂ« dhe kur, pĂ«r shkakun tim, t’i thonĂ« tĂ« gjitha tĂ« zezat kundĂ«r jush, por nĂ« rrenĂ«!
Gëzohuni e galdoni, sepse i madh do të jetë shpërblimi juaj në qiell!
I lumtur Ă«shtĂ« njeriu qĂ« ka fituar shĂ«lbimin, parakusht i tĂ« cilit Ă«shtĂ« besimi (krhs. Mt 16, 17; Lk 11, 28), qĂ«ndresa nĂ« fe (krhs. Jak 1, 12) dhe tĂ« qenĂ«t syhapĂ«t para ardhjes sĂ« ZotĂ«risĂ« (krhs. Lk 12, 37). LumturitĂ« janĂ« emĂ«rtim i njĂ« pjese tĂ« Predikimit nĂ« Mal tĂ« Jezusit. Ato janĂ« njĂ« radhitje prej 8 + 1 herĂ« ”Lum” me tĂ« cilat Jezusi hap nĂ« mĂ«nyrĂ« programore Predikimin nĂ« Mal. LumturitĂ« e Jezusit janĂ« rruga e vĂ«rtetĂ« kah lumturia. LumturitĂ« na bĂ«jnĂ« me dije se tĂ« gjithĂ« qĂ« nĂ« sytĂ« e botĂ«s shikohen si tĂ« pavlerĂ« dhe tĂ« pagĂ«zueshĂ«m janĂ« tĂ« lumtur nĂ« perspektivĂ«n e MbretĂ«risĂ« qiellore.

Urdhërimet e Hyjit

Hyji thotë:
  1. UnĂ« jam Hyji yt. TjetĂ«r Hyj mos tĂ« kesh e mos tĂ« adhurosh – pos meje!
  2. Mos e merr emrin e Hyjit nëpër gojë kot!
  3. Shenjtëroje ditën e diel e ditën e festës së urdhëruar!
  4. Nderoje prindin tënd në qoftë se dëshiron të jetosh shumë përmbi tokë!
  5. Mos vra!
  6. Mos kurvëro!
  7. Mos vidh!
  8. Mos bëj dëshmi të rreme!
  9. Mos lakmo njeriun e huaj për të keq!
  10. Mos lakmo asgjë të huajën!
DhjetĂ« UrdhĂ«rimet, ose Dekalogu, janĂ« pĂ«rmbledhje ligjesh tĂ« cilat u shfaqĂ«n qĂ« nga BesĂ«lidhja e VjetĂ«r si vullnet i Hyjit pĂ«r njerĂ«zit. Me to filloi shfaqja e Hyjit nĂ« malin Sinai (Dal 20, 1–17, krhs. edhe Lp 5, 6–21). KĂ«tĂ« renditje tĂ« Dekalogut tĂ« marrĂ« nga Bibla e bĂ«ri ShĂ«n Augustini. DhjetĂ« UrdhĂ«rimet janĂ« themel i moralit tĂ« krishterĂ«. Zoti kĂ«rkon prej nesh qĂ« tĂ« besojmĂ« se Ă«shtĂ« njĂ« Zot i vetĂ«m, atĂ« tĂ« vetmin duhet ta duam, sepse Ai Ă«shtĂ« Gurra dhe Caku ynĂ«. Ai kĂ«rkon prej nesh qĂ« tĂ« kemi frikĂ« nderimi ndaj Tij, ndaj fshehtĂ«sisĂ« sĂ« pafund tĂ« Hyjit, dhe kurdoherĂ« qĂ« marrim emrin e Tij nĂ«pĂ«r gojĂ« tĂ« flasim çka i pĂ«rket atij. Ai kĂ«rkon tĂ« marrim pjesĂ« me pushimin tonĂ« nĂ« pushimin e tij pas Krijimit dhe pĂ«rmes tĂ« kremteve tona ta falĂ«nderojmĂ« pĂ«r krijesat dhe hirin e shĂ«lbimit, ashtu siç na mĂ«son Kisha tĂ« bĂ«jmĂ« tĂ« dielave. Ai kĂ«rkon tĂ« jemi tĂ« ndĂ«rgjegjshĂ«m dhe tĂ« dĂ«gjueshĂ«m ndaj familjes, atdheut, shoqĂ«risĂ« dhe KishĂ«s. KĂ«rkon prej nesh ta duam jetĂ«n tonĂ« dhe jetĂ«n e tjetrit, sepse trupi dhe shpirti janĂ« dhurata hyjnore qĂ« na i besoi neve. KĂ«rkon qĂ« tĂ« jemi tĂ« dĂ«lirĂ« nĂ« gjini qĂ« i pĂ«rkasin dhe ta ruajmĂ« tĂ« dĂ«lirĂ« dashurinĂ« nĂ« jetĂ«n bashkĂ«shortore. KĂ«rkon ta respektojmĂ« pasurinĂ« dhe plĂ«ngun e tjetrit dhe tĂ« jemi tĂ« ndĂ«rgjegjshĂ«m me atĂ« tĂ« mirĂ« qĂ« na pĂ«rket neve dhe tjetrit pranĂ« nesh. Na detyron qĂ« tĂ« jemi tĂ« pĂ«rgjegjshĂ«m ndaj punĂ«s dhe tĂ« vetĂ«dijshĂ«m nĂ« pĂ«rdorimin e tĂ« mirave materiale KĂ«rkon qĂ« tĂ« zbatojmĂ« gjithmonĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rtetĂ«n dhe saktĂ«sinĂ« nĂ« tĂ« folur dhe nĂ« tĂ« vepruar, qĂ« ta ndĂ«rtojmĂ« jetĂ«n tonĂ« jo nĂ« rrena, shtiracakĂ«si dhe shpifje, por nĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rtetĂ«n, dhe tĂ« jetojmĂ« nĂ« paqe me tĂ« tjerĂ«t.

Urdhërimet e Kishës së shenjtë

  1. Merr pjesë në Meshë çdo të diel e çdo festë të urdhëruar!
  2. Agjëro të premteve dhe kohëve të caktuara sipas ligjit kishtar!
  3. Rrëfehu dhe kungohu së paku një herë në vit, sidomos për Pashkë!
  4. Mos bëj dasmë në kohë të ndaluara!
  5. Paguaje detyrimin ndaj Kishës sipas ligjit!
Kisha Katolike Ă«shtĂ« bashkĂ«sia e atyre qĂ« besojnĂ« nĂ« Krishtin. KishĂ«n e ka themeluar vetĂ« Jezu Krishti. “Edhe unĂ« po tĂ« them: Ti je PjetĂ«r‑ShkĂ«mb dhe mbi kĂ«tĂ« shkĂ«mb unĂ« do ta ndĂ«rtoj KishĂ«n time dhe dyert e ferrit s’do tĂ« ngadhĂ«njejnĂ« kundĂ«r saj!” (Mt 16, 18). Kisha e bazon mĂ«simin e vet nĂ« BibĂ«l dhe nĂ« traditĂ«n apostolike. Kisha Ă«shtĂ« institucion, i cili jetĂ«n e vet e mbĂ«shtet nĂ« sakramente, qĂ« janĂ« shenjĂ« tĂ« shenjta dhe gurrĂ« e shĂ«lbimit. Kisha e mbĂ«shtet gjallimin e vet edhe nĂ« autoritetin formal-juridik tĂ« PapĂ«s, qĂ« Ă«shtĂ« zĂ«vendĂ«si i ShĂ«n Pjetrit nĂ« tokĂ«. Kisha gjatĂ« shekujve gjithmonĂ« ka dhĂ«nĂ« rregulla dhe ligje pĂ«r anĂ«tarĂ«t e vet, tĂ« cilĂ«t i anĂ«tarĂ«son me anĂ« tĂ« pagĂ«zimit. PĂ«rpos Dekalogut Kisha ka edhe pesĂ« urdhra tĂ« veçanta. KĂ«rkon tĂ« shkojmĂ« rregullisht tĂ« dielave dhe ditĂ«ve tĂ« kremte nĂ« MeshĂ«, nĂ« tĂ« cilĂ«n pĂ«rkujtojmĂ« Ringjalljen e Krishtit dhe e takojmĂ« atĂ« nĂ« EukaristinĂ« e tejetshenjtĂ«. KĂ«rkon prej nesh tĂ« bĂ«jmĂ« ninesĂ« dhe tĂ« agjĂ«rojmĂ« pĂ«r tĂ« pĂ«rkujtuar tĂ«rĂ« veprĂ«n shĂ«lbimtare tĂ« Jezusit pĂ«r ne. Nga mosha 18-vjeçare e deri nĂ« moshĂ«n 60-vjeçare detyrohemi tĂ« mbajmĂ« dhe tĂ« agjĂ«rojmĂ« tĂ« MĂ«rkurĂ«n e tĂ« PĂ«rhimurit, tĂ« Premten e ShenjtĂ« dhe nĂ« tĂ«rĂ« kohĂ«n e KreshmĂ«ve. Po nĂ« kĂ«tĂ« kohĂ« na urdhĂ«ron tĂ« heqim dorĂ« nga ahengjet dhe dasmat. Porosit sakramentin e rrĂ«fimit, i cili na liron nga mĂ«kati dhe na fal rishtazi pafajĂ«sinĂ« pĂ«rmes zgjidhjes sĂ« mbarĂ«shtuesve tĂ« vet, meshtarĂ«ve, dhe forcon ndĂ«rgjegjen tonĂ«. MĂ« pastaj, duke e marrĂ« denjĂ«sisht kungimin, marrim vet Krishtin nĂ« trajtĂ«n e bukĂ«s dhe tĂ« verĂ«s. Kisha si familje e madhe shtegtare kah amshimi ka nevojĂ« pĂ«r tĂ« mirat materiale, tĂ« cilat i bashkon nga besimtarĂ«t.

Sakramentet

  1. Pagëzimi
  2. PĂ«rforcimi (krezmimi)
  3. Kungimi
  4. Rrëfimi
  5. Vajimi
  6. Urdhri i shenjtë
  7. Kurora e martesës
Sakramentet i ka themeluar Jezu Krishti sipas vullnetit tĂ« vet tĂ« lirĂ« dhe janĂ« shenja tĂ« shenjta tĂ« hirit, tĂ« cilat veprojnĂ« atĂ« qĂ« shĂ«nojnĂ«. Secilit sakrament i pĂ«rket sĂ« pari themelimi nga vetĂ« Jezu Krishti, sĂ« dyti shenja e jashtme dhe sĂ« treti veprimi i brendshĂ«m i hirit. Kisha numĂ«ron shtatĂ« sakramente, tĂ« cilat bartin nĂ« vete hirin e shenjtĂ«rimit dhe tĂ« ndihmĂ«s. Hiri qĂ« marrim nĂ« sakramente Ă«shtĂ« secila ajo dhuratĂ« mbinatyrore, tĂ« cilĂ«n na e dhuron Hyji qĂ« tĂ« mbĂ«rrijmĂ« jetĂ«n e pasosur. Pra, sakramentet, qĂ« tĂ« japin tĂ«rĂ« kĂ«tĂ« tĂ« mirĂ«, duhet t’i marrim shpesh. Sakramentet, pĂ«r tĂ« qenĂ« tĂ« vlefshme kur i marrim, duhet tĂ« kenĂ« materien (p.sh. nĂ« pagĂ«zim, ujin), sĂ« dyti formĂ«n (nĂ« pagĂ«zim, fjalĂ«t: “UnĂ« po tĂ« pagĂ«zoj nĂ« emĂ«r tĂ« Atit e tĂ« Birit dhe tĂ« Shpirtit Shenjt”) dhe ai qĂ« ndan sakramentin tĂ« ketĂ« qĂ«llimin tĂ« bĂ«jĂ« atĂ« qĂ« bĂ«n Kisha. Sakramentet i ndan vetĂ« Krishti pĂ«rmes dĂ«rgimit dhe autorizimit nĂ« shugurim qĂ« ua bĂ«n ipeshkvijve, meshtarĂ«ve dhe diakonĂ«ve. NĂ« rast nevoje pagĂ«zimin mund ta ndajĂ« çdo njĂ«ri qĂ« ka qĂ«llim sakramentin. Sakramentet mund t’i marrin vetĂ«m tĂ« gjallĂ«t dhe ata nĂ« fill tĂ« vdekjes, pĂ«r tĂ« cilĂ«t mendohet qĂ« ende nuk kanĂ« dhĂ«nĂ« shpirt. PĂ«rmes sakramenteve marrim dhuratat e Shpirtit Shenjt (nĂ« krezmim): urtinĂ«, kuptimin, kĂ«shillin, forcĂ«n, dijen, pĂ«rshpirtĂ«rinĂ«, druajtjen e Hyjit. Eukaristia e shenjtĂ« na mundĂ«son tĂ« marrim vetĂ« Jezu Krishtin nĂ«n trajtĂ«n e bukĂ«s dhe tĂ« verĂ«s si ushqim dhe pije shpirtĂ«rore – Korpin dhe Gjakun e tij, Shpirtin dhe HyjninĂ« e tij. KĂ«tĂ« sakrament e themeloi Krishti nĂ« DarkĂ«n e Mbrame me apostujt kur u tha: “BĂ«ni kĂ«tĂ« nĂ« pĂ«rkujtimin tim” dhe i porosit qĂ« ta kremtojnĂ« rregullisht nĂ« tĂ« ardhmen EukaristinĂ« (krhs. 1 Kor 11, 23–25). RrĂ«fimin e themeloi Krishti kur u tha apostujve: “Merrni Shpirtin Shenjt! Atyre qĂ« jua falni mĂ«katet, u falen, e atyre qĂ« nuk jua falni, nuk u falen” (Gjn 20, 22–23). Vajimi Ă«shtĂ« shenjĂ« e shpresĂ«s pĂ«r tĂ« sĂ«murĂ«t tanĂ«. Jezusi dinte pĂ«r vuajtjen dhe tĂ« qenĂ«t tĂ« sĂ«murĂ«. Ai i shĂ«roi tĂ« sĂ«murĂ«t. Ai na dha dhuratĂ« sakramentin e vajit tĂ« tĂ« sĂ«murĂ«ve. “ËshtĂ« ndokush ndĂ«r ju i sĂ«murĂ«? Le t’i thĂ«rrasĂ« udhĂ«heqĂ«sit e KishĂ«s! Ata le tĂ« luten mbi tĂ« duke e lyer me vaj nĂ« emĂ«r tĂ« Zotit dhe lutja e fesĂ« do ta shpĂ«tojĂ« tĂ« sĂ«murin dhe Zoti do ta ripĂ«rtĂ«rijĂ« e, nĂ« qoftĂ« se ka bĂ«rĂ« mĂ«kate, do t’i falen. RrĂ«fejani mĂ«katet njĂ«ri-tjetrit dhe lutuni pĂ«r njĂ«ri-tjetrin qĂ« tĂ« shĂ«roheni!” (Jk 5,14–15). Krishti nĂ« DarkĂ«n e Mbrame themeloi edhe sakramentin e meshtarisĂ«, qĂ« pasi tĂ« ketĂ« marrĂ« kĂ«tĂ« rend, kandidati i pĂ«rgatitur (i shkolluar dhe i sprovuar) do tĂ« ketĂ« tĂ« drejtĂ« t’i ndajĂ« sakramentet. Ky sakrament ka tri shkallĂ«: diakonatin, meshtarinĂ« dhe shugurimin ipeshkvor. Sakramenti i shtatĂ« Ă«shtĂ« kurora e martesĂ«s. Sakrament nĂ« tĂ« cilin njĂ« djalĂ« dhe njĂ« vajzĂ« betohen para Krishtit pĂ«r tĂ« jetuar deri nĂ« vdekje nĂ« dashuri dhe besnikĂ«ri, ashtu sikundĂ«r Krishti e do KishĂ«n dhe qĂ«ndron besnik ndaj saj. BashkĂ«shortĂ«t marrim detyrim qĂ« t’i edukojnĂ« dhe t’i rrisin fĂ«mijĂ«t nĂ« frymĂ«n e krishterimit. VetĂ« çifti bashkĂ«shortor qĂ« shkon nĂ« martesĂ« Ă«shtĂ« ndarĂ«s i kĂ«tij sakramenti. Meshtari pĂ«rfaqĂ«son KishĂ«n.

Shtatë dhuratat e Shpirtit Shenjt

  1. Urtia
  2. Kuptimi
  3. KĂ«shilla
  4. Forca
  5. Dija
  6. Përshpirtëria
  7. Druajtja e Hyjit
NĂ« BesĂ«lidhjen e VjetĂ«r Isaia profet i paralajmĂ«ron shtatĂ« dhuratat e Shpirtit Shenjt si dhurata tĂ« mbretĂ«risĂ« mesianike: “NjĂ« pinjoll do tĂ« dalĂ« nga trungu i Jeseut, njĂ« pip i zgjedhur do tĂ« piptojĂ« nga rrĂ«nja e tij. NĂ« tĂ« do tĂ« pushojĂ« shpirti i Zotit, shpirti i urtisĂ« e i dijes, shpirti i kĂ«shillave dhe i forcĂ«s, shpirti i kuptimit dhe i frikĂ«s sĂ« Zotit. (11, 1–2). Tradita e KishĂ«s numĂ«ron shtatĂ« dhurata tĂ« Shpirtit Shenjt tĂ« cilat i marrim nĂ« sakramentin e pagĂ«zimit dhe tĂ« krezmimit. VetĂ« himni Veni, creator spiritus (Eja, Shpirt Shenjt) nga shekulli IX pĂ«rmend shtatĂ«. Kemi shumĂ« nevojĂ« pĂ«r dhuratat e Shpirtit Shenjt: QĂ« tĂ« mund tĂ« dallojmĂ« tĂ« mirĂ«n dhe tĂ« keqen, na nevojitet urtia. Ne njerĂ«zit mund ta kĂ«rkojmĂ« dhe tĂ« gjejmĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rtetĂ«n, sepse kemi forcĂ«n e kuptimit. PĂ«rmes dhuratĂ«s sĂ« kĂ«shillit vĂ«rejmĂ« dhe dĂ«gjojmĂ« nĂ« zemrat tona çka Zoti na kĂ«shillon, qĂ« pasi tĂ« kemi kĂ«rkuar dhe gjetur tĂ« vĂ«rte35 tĂ«n, pasi tĂ« kemi vĂ«zhguar dhe nuhatur nĂ« zemrat tona vullnetin e Hyji, tĂ« kemi forcĂ«n edhe tĂ« njĂ«mendĂ«simit tĂ« saj. PĂ«rmes dijes njohim Hyjin nĂ« gjithçka dhe mbi gjithçka. PĂ«rshpirtĂ«ria bĂ«n qĂ« ne tĂ« rrimĂ« nĂ« komunikim me Hyjin dhe t’i mbĂ«shtetemi atij. Frika apo druajtja e Hyjit na bĂ«n me dije se ai Ă«shtĂ« i gjithĂ«pushtetshĂ«m dhe i gjithĂ«mĂ«shirshĂ«m. Ose: dija: na ndihmon tĂ« mos e humbim marrĂ«dhĂ«nien me Qiellin, qĂ« pĂ«rmes saj ta lajmĂ« dhe shpĂ«rlajmĂ« nĂ« pĂ«rsiatje krijimin. Kuptimi: Hyji na e besoi botĂ«n. Ai na fton tĂ« kĂ«rkojmĂ«, qĂ« tĂ« mund tĂ« gjejmĂ« dhe tĂ« mund tĂ« pyesim nga kemi ardhur dhe kah do tĂ« shkojmĂ«. KĂ«shilli: Sa vĂ«shtirĂ« Ă«shtĂ« tĂ« vendosim; vetĂ«m kĂ«shilli i mirĂ« na shpĂ«ton nĂ« shumĂ« situata. Urtia: Shkrimi i ShenjtĂ« flet pĂ«r urtinĂ« si pĂ«r motrĂ«n e Hyjit, e cila Ă«shtĂ« pĂ«rcjellĂ«se qĂ« udhĂ«heq kah jeta. Frika: Njeriu ka nevojĂ« tĂ« shtanget para MadhĂ«risĂ« sĂ« Hyjit. Forca: Njeriu nuk Ă«shtĂ« i parĂ«ndĂ«sishĂ«m dhe i zhdukshĂ«m nĂ« univers. Njeriu Ă«shtĂ« shĂ«mbĂ«lltyrĂ« e Hyjit tĂ« pafund, tĂ« gjithĂ«pushtetshĂ«m dhe tĂ« fortĂ«. Kemi nevojĂ« pĂ«r forcĂ«n e Hyjit qĂ« ta ripĂ«rtĂ«rimĂ« fytyrĂ«n e tokĂ«s. ShĂ«n Pali na shkruan: “Fryti i shpirtit Ă«shtĂ«: dashuria, hareja, paqja, duresa, dashamirĂ«sia, mirĂ«sia, besnikĂ«ria, butĂ«sia, pĂ«rkormĂ«ria” (Gal 5, 22).

Tri virtytet hyjnore

  1. Feja
  2. Shpresa
  3. Dashuria
Virtytet e krishtera ose virtytet hyjnore janĂ« mĂ«simi themelor i krishterimit pĂ«r lidhjen e njeriut me Hyjin. Pasja e tyre edhe rrit ndjesinĂ« e vĂ«llazĂ«risĂ« me njerĂ«zit e tjerĂ«. Kisha na mĂ«son se ato i marrim nĂ« pagĂ«zim. PĂ«r dallim nga DhjetĂ« UrdhĂ«rimet, ato nuk janĂ« ligje apo norma veprimesh, por qĂ«ndrime tĂ« kĂ«rkuara dhe rregulla etike. Ato i pĂ«rmend edhe vetĂ« ShĂ«n Pali: “Tani, veç, mbetet feja, shpresa e dashuria – kĂ«to tĂ« tria – porse mĂ« e madhja ndĂ«r to Ă«shtĂ« dashuria” (1 Kor 13,13; krhs. 1 Sel 1,3). Feja na e mban tĂ« gjallĂ« shpresĂ«n nĂ« raste fatkeqĂ«sie dhe dĂ«shpĂ«rimi, nĂ« raste fajesh dhe vetmie, nĂ« sĂ«mundje dhe para vdekjes. GĂ«zimin, tĂ« cilin e themelojmĂ« nĂ« shpresĂ«, nuk mund tĂ« na marrĂ« askush. PĂ«rmes kĂ«saj shprese vyen tĂ« rritemi pĂ«rmes durimit me vetveten dhe me tĂ« tjerĂ«t, pĂ«rmes tĂ« qenit tĂ« zgjuar, pĂ«rmes besnikĂ«risĂ« dhe durimit tĂ« vĂ«shtirĂ«sive. Shpresa na jep guxim qĂ« tĂ« kapĂ«rcejmĂ« edhe situatat e vĂ«shtira tĂ« jetĂ«s. Feja, shpresa dhe dashuria na forcojnĂ« dhe na shpirtĂ«zojnĂ« qĂ« ta duam jetĂ«n tonĂ« dhe jetĂ«n e tĂ« tjerĂ«ve, qĂ« tĂ« bashkĂ«punojmĂ« me tĂ« tjerĂ«t pĂ«r zhvillim dhe pĂ«r njĂ« shoqĂ«ri ku çmohet dhe respektohet dinjiteti i njeriut. Katekizmi i KishĂ«s thotĂ«: “Virtytet hyjnore janĂ« themeli, shpirti dhe shenja dalluese e veprimit moral tĂ« tĂ« krishterit”.

Katër virtytet kryesore

  1. Pjekuria (urtësia)
  2. Drejtësia
  3. Guximi
  4. PĂ«rmbajtja
Pjekuria Ă«shtĂ« dhuratĂ« pĂ«rmes sĂ« cilĂ«s ndajmĂ« tĂ« mirĂ«n nga e keqja, bĂ«hemi tĂ« vetĂ«dijshĂ«m pĂ«r pĂ«rgjegjĂ«sinĂ« qĂ« mbajmĂ«, dije pĂ«r marrĂ«dhĂ«niet konkrete tĂ« sendeve me njĂ«ra-tjetrĂ«n dhe me tĂ«rĂ«sinĂ«, aftĂ«si pĂ«r tĂ« udhĂ«hequr jetĂ«n, pĂ«r tĂ« gjetur gjykimin e duhur nĂ« situata tĂ« ndryshme, pĂ«r tĂ« dhĂ«nĂ« kĂ«shilla tĂ« mira dhe pĂ«r tĂ« marrĂ« vendimin e duhur. DrejtĂ«sia Ă«shtĂ« gatishmĂ«ri e qĂ«ndrueshme e vullnetit tonĂ« t’i japim dhe t’i lejojmĂ« secilit atĂ« qĂ« i pĂ«rket, qĂ« Ă«shtĂ« porosi e vetĂ« Jezusit: “Lum ata qĂ« kanĂ« uri e etje pĂ«r drejtĂ«si sepse do tĂ« ngihen!” (Mt 5, 6), kĂ«rkesĂ« natyrore e pranuar edhe nĂ« Shkrimin e ShenjtĂ« (Ur 5, 8), normĂ« themelore e jetĂ«s sĂ« pĂ«rbashkĂ«t. Guximi Ă«shtĂ« qĂ«ndresĂ« nĂ« vuajtje, kundĂ«rshtim i hidhĂ«rimeve, qĂ«ndresĂ« nĂ« frikĂ« para vdekjes, gatishmĂ«ri pĂ«r tĂ« dhĂ«nĂ« jetĂ«n, gatishmĂ«ri pĂ«r tĂ« marrĂ« mbi vete barrĂ«n e rrezikut pĂ«r vlera tĂ« mĂ«dha dhe flijim, gatishmĂ«ri e fortĂ« e njeriut qĂ« me synimin e vet tĂ« moralit tĂ« mirĂ« t’ia dalĂ« nĂ« krye kundĂ«r vĂ«shtirĂ«sive. PĂ«rmbajtja Ă«shtĂ« vetĂ«pĂ«rmbajtje nĂ« pije dhe ushqime, kontrollim i lakmive seksuale, pĂ«rdorim i kontrolluar i tĂ« mirave materiale, vetĂ«pĂ«rmbajtja nĂ« hidhĂ«rime, aftĂ«si pĂ«r tĂ« frenuar vetveten.

Veprat e mëshirshme të trupit

  1. Jepi bukë të uriturit
  2. Jepi ujë të eturit
  3. Vishe të zhveshurin
  4. Strehoje shtegtarin
  5. Vizitoje të sëmurin
  6. Vizitoje të burgosurin
  7. Varrose të vdekurin
MĂ«shira Ă«shtĂ« veti e karakterit njerĂ«zor. Njeriu i mĂ«shirshĂ«m hap zemrĂ«n e vet ndaj mjerimit tĂ« tjetrit. MĂ«shira Ă«shtĂ« dashuri ndaj tĂ« afĂ«rmit, humanitet. MĂ«shira Ă«shtĂ« pĂ«rkrahje: “Kur fqinjĂ«t e farefisi i saj dĂ«gjuan se Zoti e tregoi mirĂ«sinĂ« e vet tĂ« madhe ndaj saj, u gĂ«zuan me tĂ«â€ Lk 1,58). VetĂ« Jezusi pĂ«rmes shĂ«mbĂ«lltyrĂ«s sĂ« Samaritanit tĂ« mirĂ« kĂ«rkon tĂ« jemi tĂ« mĂ«shirshĂ«m (krhs. Lk 10,37), na mĂ«son tĂ« ndajmĂ« lĂ«moshĂ« (krhs. Mt 6, 1–4), na urdhĂ«ron t’i pĂ«rngjajmĂ« Atit, i cili Ă«shtĂ« Zoti i mirĂ« e i mĂ«shirshĂ«m, i ngadalshĂ«m nĂ« zemĂ«rim dhe shumĂ« i dashur (krhs. Ps 103, 8): “BĂ«huni edhe ju tĂ« mĂ«shirshĂ«m sikurse (edhe) Ati juaj Ă«shtĂ« i mĂ«shirshĂ«m” (Lk 6, 36). Shprehja mĂ« e njohur e mĂ«shirĂ«s pĂ«rshkruhet te Mateu 25, 34–36, me tĂ« cilĂ«n Jezusi na tregon se duhet tĂ« bĂ«jmĂ« mirĂ« pa pasĂ« pritur shpĂ«rblimin: “Ejani tĂ« bekuarit e Atit tim! Merrni nĂ« pronĂ« MbretĂ«rinĂ« qĂ« u bĂ« gati pĂ«r ju qĂ« prej fillimit tĂ« botĂ«s! Sepse pata uri e mĂ« dhatĂ« tĂ« ha, pata etje e mĂ« dhatĂ« tĂ« pi, isha shtegtar e mĂ« pĂ«rbujtĂ«t, isha i zhveshur e mĂ« veshĂ«t, i sĂ«murĂ« e erdhĂ«t tĂ« mĂ« shihni, isha nĂ« burg e erdhĂ«t tek unĂ«â€.

Veprat e mëshirshme të shpirtit

  1. Këshilloji ata që dyshojnë
  2. Mësoji të paditurit
  3. Qortoji mëkatarët
  4. Ngushëlloji ata që vuajnë
  5. Fali fyerjet
  6. Duroji ata që të mërzisin
  7. Lute Hyjin për të gjallët e të vdekurit
Sa shumĂ« kotĂ«si mĂ«simesh sillen vĂ«rdallĂ« nesh dhe kanosin ndĂ«rgjegjen tonĂ«, shtojnĂ« dyshimet nĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rtetat e Hyjit pĂ«rmes ofrimit tĂ« lakmive dhe kĂ«naqĂ«sive tĂ« kĂ«saj bote. ShumĂ« njerĂ«z jetojnĂ« nĂ« padijeni tĂ« ndryshme dhe kanĂ« nevojĂ« pĂ«r dijen e Ungjillit. Ata qĂ« veprojnĂ« keq nĂ« afĂ«rsinĂ« tonĂ« nuk duhet t’i shpirtĂ«zojmĂ«, por pĂ«rmes qortimeve tĂ« drejta t’i kthejmĂ« nĂ« rrugĂ«n e fesĂ«. Shkrimi i ShenjtĂ« pĂ«rmend dĂ«shpĂ«rimin e njerĂ«zve (Zan 37, 35) dhe aftĂ«sinĂ« njerĂ«zore pĂ«r tĂ« ngushĂ«lluar (Zan 24, 67). NgushĂ«llimi i vĂ«rtetĂ« Ă«shtĂ« feja. Ajo na nxeh nĂ« jetĂ«n e pĂ«rbashkĂ«t: “SĂ« bashku me ju dhe mes jush, edhe unĂ« tĂ« nxehem nĂ« fenĂ« qĂ« e kemi tĂ« pĂ«rbashkĂ«t, tuajĂ«n e timen (Rom 1, 12); “NĂ« mes tĂ« kĂ«tyre vĂ«shtirĂ«sive dhe provave qĂ« kemi, gjetĂ«m nĂ« ju ngushĂ«llim nĂ« saje tĂ« fesĂ« suaj (1 Sel 3, 7). Falja dhe durimi janĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ« e patjetĂ«rsueshme e Shkrimit tĂ« ShenjtĂ«. Falja e njĂ«rit-tjetrit parakusht qĂ« edhe Hyji tĂ« na falĂ« neve: “Na i fal mĂ«katet tona, sepse edhe ne i falim fajtorĂ«t tanĂ«â€ (Lk 11, 4). Lutja jonĂ« pĂ«r tĂ« gjallĂ«t e pĂ«r tĂ« vdekurit e shton hirin dhe, pĂ«rmes hirit shtohet numri i atyre qĂ« do tĂ« shĂ«lbohen nĂ« Krishtin.

Shtatë veset kryesore

  1. Mendjemadhësia
  2. Koprracia
  3. Fëlligështia
  4. Hidhërimi
  5. Grykësia
  6. Smira
  7. PĂ«rtacia
“MĂ«kati Ă«shtĂ« fjalĂ«, vepĂ«r ose dĂ«shirĂ« nĂ« kundĂ«rshtim me ligjin hyjnor” (ShĂ«n Augustini). MĂ«kati fyen Hyjin. MĂ«kati Ă«shtĂ« qĂ«ndrim qĂ« e kundĂ«rshton edhe arsyen. Duke mĂ«katuar lĂ«ndojmĂ« natyrĂ«n e njeriut dhe cenojmĂ« solidaritetin njerĂ«zor. MĂ«katet kryesore quhen ato mĂ«kate tĂ« cilat pĂ«rfshijnĂ« nĂ« vete edhe tĂ« gjitha mĂ«katet e tjera dhe prej tĂ« cilave rrjedhin edhe tĂ« tjerat. MĂ«katet kryesore nuk janĂ« mĂ«kate nĂ« kuptimin e vĂ«rtetĂ«, por vese (teka, trille, huqe) kryesore, nĂ« tĂ« vĂ«rtetĂ« rrĂ«njĂ«t e mĂ«kateve, zanafilla, tĂ« cilat krijojnĂ« parakushtet pĂ«r mĂ«kate tĂ« tjera. Katalogun e tyre sĂ« pari e bĂ«ri teologu grek Evagri i Pontit (346–400) pĂ«r ta vazhduar pastaj papa Gregori i Madh (540–604). PĂ«rsĂ«ritja e mĂ«kateve, edhe e mĂ«kateve tĂ« lehta, çon nĂ« vese. Kisha na mĂ«son se kush vendos qĂ«llimisht, domethĂ«nĂ«, me vetĂ«dije dhe dĂ«shirĂ«, pĂ«r diçka qĂ« e kundĂ«rshton ligjin hyjnor dhe cakun e fundit tĂ« njeriut, bĂ«n mĂ«kat mortar. Ky mĂ«kat e rrĂ«non nĂ« ne virtytin hyjnor tĂ« dashurisĂ«, pa tĂ« cilin nuk mund tĂ« kemi lumturi tĂ« amshuar. Hyji e tregon mĂ«shirĂ«n e vet kundrejt nesh dhe na i fal mĂ«katet. VetĂ« Jezusi erdhi nĂ« botĂ«n tonĂ« qĂ« ta çlirojĂ« popullin nga mĂ«katet (krhs. Mt 1, 21). Jezusi nĂ« MeshĂ« kurdoherĂ« na bĂ«n me dije: “Ky Ă«shtĂ« gjaku im – gjaku i BesĂ«lidhjes – qĂ« do tĂ« derdhet pĂ«r tĂ« gjithĂ« nĂ« shpĂ«rblim tĂ« mĂ«kateve” (Mt 26, 28). Mjerimi mĂ« i madh Ă«shtĂ« mĂ«kati, sepse ky mjerim godet shpirtin tonĂ«. VetĂ« Jezusi thotĂ«: “Ç’dobi do tĂ« kishte njeriu, nĂ«se fiton mbarĂ« botĂ«n, por humb vetveten ose e rrĂ«non?”(Lk 9, 25).

Shtatë virtytet dhe veset kryesore

  1. PĂ«rvujtĂ«ria – e kundĂ«rshton mendjemadhĂ«sinĂ«
  2. DorĂ«dhĂ«nia – e kundĂ«rshton koprracinĂ«
  3. PastĂ«rtia – e kundĂ«rshton fĂ«lligĂ«shtinĂ«
  4. Durimi – e kundĂ«rshton hidhĂ«rimin
  5. PĂ«rkormĂ«ria – e kundĂ«rshton grykĂ«sinĂ«
  6. Dashuria – e kundĂ«rshton smirĂ«n
  7. Zelli – e kundĂ«rshton pĂ«rtacinĂ«
Fjala virtyt nĂ«nkupton gjithĂ« forcĂ«n dhe qĂ«ndrimin e brendshĂ«m tĂ« njeriut qĂ« tĂ« anojĂ« kah e mira dhe tĂ« veprojĂ« mirĂ« me lehtĂ«si dhe gĂ«zim. PĂ«rgjithĂ«sisht fjala virtyt nĂ«nkupton pasjen e njĂ« vetie pozitive. Virtyti Ă«shtĂ« pjesĂ« e rritjes sonĂ« shpirtĂ«rore. Letra e DytĂ« e ShĂ«n Pjetrit 1, 5–8 na mĂ«son: “PĂ«r kĂ«tĂ« arsye pĂ«rqendroni tĂ« gjitha forcat tuaja qĂ« t’ia shtoni fesĂ« virtytin, virtytit dijen, dijes pĂ«rkormĂ«rinĂ«, pĂ«rkormĂ«risĂ« qĂ«ndresĂ«n, qĂ«ndresĂ«s pĂ«rshpirtĂ«rinĂ«, pĂ«rshpirtĂ«risĂ« dashurinĂ« vĂ«llazĂ«rore, dashurisĂ« vĂ«llazĂ«rore dashurinĂ« qĂ« pĂ«rfshin gjithkĂ«nd. Sepse kĂ«to cilĂ«si, nĂ«se i keni dhe nĂ«se pĂ«rparoni nĂ« to, nuk ju lĂ«nĂ« tĂ« papunĂ« as tĂ« pafrytĂ« nĂ« njohjen e Zotit tonĂ« Jezu Krishtit”.

Gjashtë mëkatet kundër Shpirtit Shenjt

  1. Dëshpërimi për shëlbim
  2. Shpresa e rreme se do të shëlbohemi pa merita
  3. Kundërshtimi i së vërtetës së njohur
  4. Smira për hire të të afërmit
  5. Ngurrimi ndër mëkate
  6. Mospendimi i fundit
MĂ«kati kundĂ«r Shpirtit Shenjt sipas pikĂ«pamjes sĂ« krishterĂ« Ă«shtĂ« ai mĂ«kat, me tĂ« cilin mohohet veprimi i Shpirtit Shenjt dhe lĂ«vdohet forca e tĂ« Keqit. Ky koncept shfaqet nĂ« BesĂ«lidhjen e Re. Shprehjen MĂ«kat kundĂ«r Shpirtit Shenjt e hasim nĂ« BesĂ«lidhjen e Re te Ungjilli i Mateut 12, 22–23. FarisenjtĂ« thoshin se Jezusi po dĂ«bonte shpirtrat e kĂ«qij pĂ«rmes forcĂ«s sĂ« Beelzebulit, prijĂ«sit tĂ« shpirtrave tĂ« kĂ«qij, dhe mohonin se kjo po ndodhte pĂ«rmes Shpirtit Shenjt. Prandaj Jezusi u thoshte: “Çdo faj e blasfemi do t’u falet njerĂ«zve, kurse blasfemia kundĂ«r Shpirtit Shenjt, nuk do tĂ« falet. E nĂ«se ndokush thotĂ« ndonjĂ« fjalĂ« kundĂ«r Birit tĂ« njeriut, mund t’i falet faji, por nĂ«se ndokush thotĂ« ndonjĂ« gjĂ«send kundĂ«r Shpirtit Shenjt, nuk do t’i falet as nĂ« kĂ«tĂ« botĂ« as nĂ« botĂ«n e ardhshme”. Sipas pikĂ«pamjes sĂ« KishĂ«s katolike pamundĂ«sia e faljes vlen vetĂ«m atĂ«herĂ« kur njeriu kĂ«mbĂ«ngul nĂ« mĂ«kat kundĂ«r Shpirtit Shenjt deri nĂ« vdekjen e vet.

Katër mëkatet që kërkojnë gjyq para Hyjit:

  1. Vrasja qëllimisht
  2. Mëkati i fëlligështisë kundër natyrës
  3. Shfrytëzimi i të varfërve
  4. Mashtrimi në pagën e punëtorit
Tradita e KishĂ«s me mĂ«simin e vet tĂ« katekizmit kujton edhe mĂ«katet qĂ« lĂ«shojnĂ« kushtrimin deri nĂ« qiell para Hyjit. Vrasja prej Gjakut tĂ« Abelit: ”ZĂ«ri i gjakut tĂ« vĂ«llait tĂ«nd bĂ«rtet tek unĂ« prej dheut” (Zan 4, 10). MĂ«kati kundĂ«r natyrĂ«s ose mĂ«kati i sodomasve: “Ankimi kundĂ«r SodomĂ«s e GomorrĂ«s Ă«shtĂ« i madh dhe mĂ«kati i tyre Ă«shtĂ« tepĂ«r i rĂ«ndĂ«. UnĂ« duhet tĂ« zbres e tĂ« shoh a po veprojnĂ« njĂ«mend ashtu si po arrin ankimi deri tek unĂ«. Do ta di a po a jo” (Zan 18, 20); “Bij e bija, tĂ« gjithĂ« tĂ« tutĂ«, qĂ« janĂ« nĂ« qytet, nxirri jashtĂ« kĂ«tij vendi. Do ta shkatĂ«rrojmĂ« kĂ«tĂ« vend, sepse Ă«shtĂ« i madh ankimi kundĂ«r tyre para Zotit, i cili na dĂ«rgoi ta shfarosim” (Zan 19, 13). ShfrytĂ«zimi i tĂ« varfĂ«rve ose ankimi i popullit tĂ« shtypur nĂ« skllavĂ«rinĂ« e Egjiptit: “E pashĂ« mjerimin e popullit tim nĂ« Egjipt dhe e dĂ«gjova klithjen e tij pĂ«r ndihmĂ« pĂ«r shkak tĂ« pashpirtĂ«sisĂ« sĂ« mbikĂ«qyrĂ«sve tĂ« tyre” (Dal 3, 7). Mashtrimi: PĂ«rgjithĂ«sisht pĂ«rfshin klithjen e tĂ« huajit (endacakut, tĂ« vejave dhe bonjakĂ«ve): “Mos ia moho shpĂ«rblimin nevojtarit e skamnorit qoftĂ« ai prej vĂ«llezĂ«rve tĂ« tu, qoftĂ« edhe prej tĂ« ardhurve qĂ« banojnĂ« me ty nĂ« tokĂ«n tĂ«nde brenda qyteteve tĂ« tua: po atĂ« ditĂ«, para se tĂ« perĂ«ndojĂ« dielli, jepja pagĂ«n e mundit tĂ« tij, sepse Ă«shtĂ« skamnor dhe ashtu i dĂ«shiron zemra e tij. Sepse pĂ«rndryshe ai do tĂ« bĂ«rtasĂ« drejt Zotit kundĂ«r teje: ky do tĂ« jetĂ« pĂ«r ty mĂ«kat” (Lp 24, 14–15); “Ja! Paga qĂ« u hĂ«ngrĂ«t punĂ«torĂ«ve qĂ« u korrĂ«n arat, bĂ«rtet dhe – ofshama e korrĂ«tarĂ«ve arriti nĂ« veshĂ«t e ZotĂ«risĂ« sĂ« Ushtrive!” (Jak 5, 4).

Gjërat e fundit të njeriut

  1. Vdekja
  2. Gjyqi
  3. Ferri
  4. Parajsa
Vdekja Ă«shtĂ« mbarimi i jetĂ«s tokĂ«sore. NjerĂ«zimi qĂ« nga zanafilla Ă«shtĂ« i vetĂ«dijshĂ«m pĂ«r vdekshmĂ«rinĂ« e vet dhe e pĂ«rjeton atĂ«. “Kujtoje Krijuesin tĂ«nd nĂ« ditĂ«t e rinisĂ« sate 
 para se tĂ« kĂ«putet litari i argjendtĂ« e tĂ« copĂ«tohet kandili i artĂ«, tĂ« thyhet katrova nĂ« krua, tĂ« copĂ«tohet qostra pĂ«rmbi cisternĂ« e tĂ« kthehet pluhuri nĂ« tokĂ«n e vet nga erdhi e shpirti tĂ« kthehet tek Hyji qĂ« e dha” (Ksh 12,1. 6–7). Sipas mĂ«simit tĂ« krishterĂ« nĂ« botĂ«n e njerĂ«zve vdekja erdhi bashkĂ« me mĂ«katin e Adamit. MirĂ«po, pĂ«rmes Krishtit vdekja mori njĂ« kuptim pozitiv. “PĂ«r mua Krishti Ă«shtĂ« jetĂ« dhe vdekja fitesĂ«â€ (Fil 1, 21), “E vĂ«rtetĂ« Ă«shtĂ« kjo fjalĂ«: NĂ«se ne vdiqĂ«m bashkĂ« me TĂ«, bashkĂ« me TĂ« edhe do tĂ« jetojmĂ«â€ (2 Tim 2, 11). Pas vdekjes secilin njeri e pret gjyqi personal, pĂ«r secilin veçmas; shpesh thirret edhe gjyq i veçantĂ«. Shkrimi i ShenjtĂ« na bĂ«n tĂ« ditur se njeriut i Ă«shtĂ« pĂ«rcaktuar vetĂ«m njĂ« herĂ« vdekja: “NjerĂ«zve u duhet njĂ« herĂ« tĂ« vdesin – e pastaj vjen gjyqi” (Heb 9, 27). ShĂ«n Gjoni i Kryqit thotĂ«: “NĂ« mbrĂ«mjen e jetĂ«s sonĂ« do tĂ« gjykohemi sipas dashurisĂ« sonĂ«â€. Purgatori Ă«shtĂ« gjendje pas vdekjes nĂ« tĂ« cilĂ«n vijnĂ« disa prej tĂ« cilĂ«ve qĂ« do ta mbĂ«rrijnĂ« shĂ«lbimin e amshuar nĂ« Qiell, por u duhet edhe njĂ« shndritje qĂ« tĂ« hyjnĂ« plotĂ«sisht nĂ« lumturinĂ« e amshuar. BesimtarĂ«t nĂ« tokĂ« mund tĂ« luten pĂ«r shpirtrat nĂ« purgator qĂ« tĂ« mund tĂ« pĂ«rshpejtohet pastrimi. Nevojitet pastrimi, sepse nĂ« Qiell s’mund tĂ« hyjĂ« asgjĂ« e papastĂ«r dhe tĂ« qĂ«ndrojĂ« si e tillĂ« para pranisĂ« sĂ« Hyjit (krhs. Zb 21, 27). Pos gjyqit personal njerĂ«zimin e pret edhe Gjyqi i fundit. Ferri Ă«shtĂ« ndarje e pĂ«rgjithmonshme prej Hyjit. MundĂ«sia e ferrit mund tĂ« kuptohet vetĂ«m nĂ« kontekstin e lirisĂ« sĂ« njeriut. Bibla na flet rishtazi pĂ«r mundĂ«sinĂ« e ferrit. Derisa Jezusi qortonte njerĂ«zit pĂ«r padrejtĂ«si pĂ«rmendi: “Shlliga e gjarpĂ«rinj gjarpĂ«rinjsh! Si do t’i shpĂ«toni dĂ«nimit pĂ«r ferr” (Mt 23, 33); “KĂ«ta do tĂ« shkojnĂ« nĂ« mundim tĂ« pĂ«rjetshĂ«m, kurse tĂ« drejtĂ«t nĂ« jetĂ«n e pasosur” (Mt 25, 46). ShĂ«n Pali flet pĂ«r ferrin si pĂ«r dĂ«nimin e pasosur larg nga fytyra e Zotit dhe nga lavdia e madhĂ«risĂ« sĂ« tij (krhs. 2 Sel 1, 9). Parajsa nuk Ă«shtĂ« vend (hapĂ«sirĂ«) i madhĂ«sisĂ« fizike, por madhĂ«si eskatologjike. Parajsa Ă«shtĂ« njĂ«mendĂ«sim personal: bashkĂ«si e pĂ«rhershme me Hyjin. Sipas mĂ«simit tĂ« KishĂ«s ata qĂ« vdesin nĂ« hirin dhe miqĂ«sinĂ« e Hyjit dhe qĂ« janĂ« krejtĂ«sisht tĂ« shndritur do tĂ« jetojnĂ« pĂ«rgjithmonĂ« me Krishtin dhe do ta shohin Hyjin ashtu siç Ă«shtĂ« (krhs. 1 Gjn 3, 2), do ta shohin faqe‑faqas (1 Kor 13, 12). TĂ« fitosh parajsĂ«n do tĂ« thotĂ« tĂ« jetosh bashkĂ« me Krishtin (krhs. Gjn 14, 3). VetĂ« Jezusi na flet pĂ«r parajsĂ«n, por duke e pĂ«rshkruar si “MbretĂ«ri tĂ« qiellit” dhe “MbretĂ«ri tĂ« Hyjit”: “Do tĂ« vijnĂ« nga lindja e nga perĂ«ndimi, nga veriu e nga jugu dhe do tĂ« ulen nĂ« tryezĂ« nĂ« MbretĂ«rinĂ« e Hyjit” (Lk 13, 29). Parajsa pĂ«rshkruhet nga Jezusi si bashkim i njerĂ«zve me Hyjin, si dasmĂ«, si tĂ«rĂ«si gĂ«zimi (krhs. Mt 22, 1–3; 25, 13; Zb19, 7–9). Parajsa Ă«shtĂ« “lavdi”, (Lk 24, 26), “lumturi” (Mt 5, 8) dhe “shikim i Hyjit” (Zb 22, 4).
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2024.04.08 01:00 AfterSwordfish6342 My heart, poem from a school book 1970s or 80s peoples republic of Albania

My heart, poem from a school book 1970s or 80s peoples republic of Albania
My heart
In my little heart, I have a mountain of love, For enver and the party, And for mother albania.
On the bottom right it says: Assignment: learn by heart the poem my heart
Tickbox for in class assignment
Tickbox for homework assignment
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2024.03.30 22:38 stlatos A Call for Investigation of Messapic

In historical times, Messapic was spoken in southern Italy. However, there was a tradition that speakers of Messapic came from Crete (Whalen, 2023a). If this was based on their tradition, or clear similarity to people from Crete observable at the time, this could be true. Currently, it is seen as close to Albanian. Though the only contact with Greek, under the Albanian theory, would be with Greek colonists in Italy, after an unknown period in which their only neighbors would be speakers of Italic and Etruscan, there are many, many obviously Greek words in Messapic, that are said to be loans, and very little Italic. G. ĂĄrguros ‘silver’, Ms. acc. argorian; Ms. (e)ipigrave ‘he wrote’, G. epigrĂĄphƍ; and all native names of gods are Greek. Why would this people who supposedly came from Illyrian territory to Italy have so many Greek loans, even replacing their entire pantheon? Greek Aphrodī́tē : Aprodita, ZeĂșs : Zis, Dēmᾗtēr : Damatura / Damatira, *Athānā > Thana. In hupo- : hipa-, there is *u > i, so ZeĂșs : Zis is also likely a loan.

Even their names were Greek:

G. HippikĂłs, HĂ­ppakos, Ms. Hipaka / Ipaka / Hopaka

G. streblós / strabós / strábƍn ‘bent / twisted / squinting’, Strábƍn, Ms. Staboos (tr vs. t also in Látrƍn, Phoc. Latƍnós; like str- > *tsr- > *dzR > NG zabós )

G. Plátƍn : Ms. Platoor / Platur / Prátur shows n / r, like *perk^-sk^-tlo- > U. persklu ‘public prayer’, Ms. pensklen ‘chapel’ (acc). This matches Cretan l / r and G. dia. l > n (eluth- > Att. eltheün, Dor. entheün; phíltatos / phíntatos ‘dearest’; L. merda, TB melte ‘dung’, G. mínthos ‘human ordure’ (also with e > i, d > th, as in Crete)

G. Andréās, gen. *Andréwāho > Andréou, Ms. gen. Andiraho

G. Mātréās / MētrĂąs, fem. Mētráč“, Ms. Marta

G. Makháƍn, Cretan Mágƍs, Ms. Mahehos

Plato and Strabo would not ignore such evidence. The analogical gen. -ho added to masc. a-stems is a feature of Greek, along with all others here. Nothing is like Albanian, except those features that Greek already is known to share with it. That *Andréwāho > Andiraho is true is seen in cognates:

G. teĂșktƍr ‘maker’, ĂĄnthrƍpos ‘man / human’, Ms. Taotor Andirabas ‘Maker of Man’ (*eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > ao in *k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi, Skt. ƛrĂłáčŁi ‘hear (impv)’)

The change of names in -ƍn > -ƍs is not a theory that just concerns Ms., but a fact seen in Crete, from where they came:

G. PĂșrƍn, Cr. PĂșrƍs / PĂșrƍos

G. TĂșrƍn, Cr. Turáč“s

G. BrĂłtƍn, Cr. Bráč“tƍs

G. Makháƍn, Cr. Mágƍs

*Látlƍn > Phoca. Látrƍn, Phoc. Latƍnós, Cr. Látƍs

G. fem. Tharsáč“, masc. ThrĂĄsƍn, Cr. ThĂĄrƍs < *ThĂĄrrƍs < *ThĂĄrsƍs

Since *-ƍn > -ƍs / -ƍos makes little sense, this shows that IE n-stems with nom. in *-o:n / *-o: remained in Greek. Just as some names alternated -ƍn / -ƍnos (G. TēlephĂŽn / TēlĂ©phƍnos, KĂłrƍn / KĂłrƍnos, LĂĄtrƍn ~ LatƍnĂłs, god SeilēnĂłs from *selwᾗn (*serwᾗm > Linear B se-re-mo-ka-ra-o-re ‘(decorated with) siren heads’), TÄ«thƍnĂłs from *tÄ«thƍn ‘cicada’), the older nom. *-ƍ added -s or -os by analogy with o-stems.

Understanding the basic sound changes allows less obvious names to be related by the same. Many seem related to Macedonian changes, such as kh > g:

*Megaklewe:s > G. MegaklĂȘs, *Mögaklöwö:s > Ms. Mooklioos (with rounding by P like *eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > ao in *k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi; for palatal *l^, see below)

G. oínē ‘vine / wine’, Ms. Vina, Vunia < *wuyna \ *wunya

G. Oinádēs, Ms. Vinnadeus (proving the equation above; *ny > nn as in Marchesini)

G. Kórinthos, Cr. Karaíthƍs, Ms. gen. Kortheihi (metathesis of *Koreith-, *i > ai as in Mac.)

G. EuphaĂ­netos, Ms. Vaanetos

For the long -aa- in Vaanetos, Macadeonian had *ai > a(:) in *H2aidhriyā > G. aithría ‘clear weather’, Mac. adraía. Though G. did not mark the length of letters like A, most languages with length distinctions change diphthongs into long vowels. This would show eu- was pronounced ev- in dialects early, as late, and *vf > v / f (also explaining loss of -u- in *davfnā > Greek dáphnē / daukhnā- ‘laurel’). This is found in Ms. Daxtassi Vaanetos ‘Vaanetos, son of Dazet’.

In Mooklioos, only an origin in a word of at least 4 syllables makes sense, and the match with Greek can’t be ignored. A sequence of -ioo- representing 3 successive V’s is unlikely (except maybe in Greek); if -li- represented *l^ (palatalized before *e, then *ew > *öw), it would make sense of another group:

A palatal *t becoming th is known in Ms. (*kWe > *k^e > *t^e > G. te, *t^i > Ms. ti / thi ‘and’); thus, Simona Marchesini (1995) derived Ms. Blatthes < *Blatyos, but also did not consider dissimilation of *y-y or *y > l. Ms. Blatthes, Cr. BĂ­aththos are cognate, and the missing link is provided by the presence of the name P Blattius Creticus (found on an offering in the Alps). Hitchman in “Some Personal Names from Western Crete” shows that Cr. BĂ­aththos and G. TalthĂșbios (from thalĂ©thƍ ‘bloom/thrive’ and *gWiH3wo- ‘alive’, with loss of *H in many compounds) were names alternately passed down to father and son, which made him question if G. bio- gave BĂ­aththos (such names are often related in one out of two elements). Indeed it did, with *y-y or *y > l (or *y > *l^ > l as in Arm. *yugo-m ‘yoke’ > luc; *ye(:)kWrt ‘liver’ > leard ):

*gWiH3oto- ‘life’ > G. bíotos / bíos, *biotios > Cr. Bíaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes / Blathes

*yaH2- > Skt. yā- ‘go’, H. ya- ‘go / march’; *yaH2won- > G. IĂ©Ćnes > ‘Ionians’

*yaH2wo- > H. lahha- ‘*march > campaign’, G. lāós ‘men / soldiers / people’

Seeing that both Ms. names and those from Crete that do not look immediately Greek are derived from sound changes in unknown or little known dialects of Greek helps in proving their connection. If each group shows the same changes, legend says they came from Crete, and these names are found in both places, etc., there is no reason to doubt this any more than any piece of evidence from stories.

It is not just names; all words are Greek, showing few differences from known dialects. PIE *wetes- > G. auto-etᾗs ‘in/of the same year’, Ms. atavetes with au > a, o > a. This auto- as ‘same’ is not normal in IE words with *wet(os)- of the same meaning, it’s unique to G. Changes like Ms. *o > a are seen in Macedonian, and I will give many more. PIE *bher- ‘carry’ > G. phĂ©rƍ, Ms. 3pl. subj. beran; G. phĂ­los ‘one’s own/friend/deaworthy’, Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, ‘son’, show ph > b like Mac. Changes of e > i like G. dia. (*kWetwor- ‘4’ > Hom. pĂ­sures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures ), and since *-yo > -i matches that seen in G. sĂ­lphion ‘silphium / laser(wort)’, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nēs ‘oak-grove’. Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. Aphrodī́tē : Ms. Aprodita, probably only when in different syllables (if regular).

How would *upo- become hipa- without Greek *u- > hu-, Greek *u > ĂŒ, and dialect Greek ĂŒ > i? None of this appears in Alb., and this is the simplest of all examples. Why *s > h in exactly the environments for G., not Alb.? Why would Messapia be ‘between the waters’ (known to be a word for ‘peninsula’, based on their location), from *medhyo- ‘middle’ when *dh > d in Alb.? This requires *dh > *th, *thy > ss, remaining *th > d. This is the sequence in Mac., not Alb., and there is no way to avoid this.

In G. theóphoros ‘possessed by a god / (divinely) inspired’, Ms. t(h)abara- ‘priest’, they come from PIE *dh(e)H1so-, so Alb. would have d-. Though Mac. changed *th > d later, when the V created by vocalization of *H1 formed, it was different from *e, maybe *H1 > *E or *ǝ (open or reduced V). Then, unstressed *ǝ > 0 (or all *ǝ > 0 unless it would create a monosyllable). Loss of *H1 by *s ( > *h ) might also be responsible. For *H becoming *ǝ that could be deleted, see *H1isH2ro- > *HihHro- = *HihHǝro- > *Hihǝro- > G. hierós \ hiarós \ iarós \ üros \ ros ‘mighty/supernatural’), with -a- expected in all, not -a- vs. -e- / -0-.

Even *n disappeared before *Ch, showing that it was a fricative, and a devoiced *d became t / th (just as G. dáptēs ‘eater / bloodsucker (of gnats)’, Cretan thápta ‘gnat’, more below), which only works if *d was *ð. The 3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti, the opt. 3rd pl. -ain is like G. -oint-, which is not an allowed cluster in any IE but Greek. All this points to a language very similar to Macedonian, in which almost every word was seen in Ionic G., only differing due to sound changes.

In Ms. kos kraapati argorian ‘whoever should steal the money’, kraap- would have a long V from a diphthong, *au or *ai. This obviously is from *kraup-, which matches G. kalĂșptƍ / krĂșptƍ ‘cover / hide / conceal’ (with meaning as in klĂ©ptƍ ‘steal / conceal’). It shows that r vs. l is part of a sound change, and other IE do not have kl- > kal- or obvious cognates of these forms. It is pointless to continue looking elsewhere when all matches are in Greek.

If ph > p in loans (Aprodita), why ph > v in (e)ipigrave? Ms. had native words with -p-. This suggests it was older, which makes no sense, or that phr > pr but VpV > VvV. This is impossible due to -p- in hipa-, etc. Only a stage with -ph- > -f- > -v- (like Arm.) would work, which prevents these from being loans. Words with VCi > ViCi like *-osyo > -aihi; Ms. (e)ipigrave, G. epigráphƍ; also might show an Arm.-type change. If ei- / i- is just spelling, the *sy > *hy > ih resembles G. *ny > in, and intermediate *-oiho is possible, too. Even deiva / diva ‘goddess’ is from *thewos < *theos < *thehos, G. theós, with new glide (as in *bhiliyos > G. phílios ‘friendly/beloved’, *biliwos >> Ms. biliva ‘beloved (fem)’), with dialect eo > io, among many examples of *e > i.

Early loans from Greek to Ms. to Latin are much more extensive than expected if Ms. merely contacted Greek at much the same time as the rest of Italy, and often show alternation of l / r or l / d, both seen in dialects on Crete (Cr. thápta ‘gnat’, Polyrrhenian látta ‘fly’), and other such changes. No historical Greeks who came to Italy are specifically known to speak a dialect with l > r.

G. OdusseĂșs / Olutteus / ƌlixēs, L. Ulixēs

G. PoludeĂșkēs, *PoluleĂșkēs ‘very bright’ >> L. Pollux (like Sanskrit PurĆ«rĂĄvas- ‘*very hot’)

G. nĂșmphē, L. lumpa ‘nymph, (spring) water’, Oscan *dĂŒmpa > diumpa- (with dissimilation of nasals n-m > l-m)

G. phál(l)aina ‘whale’, L. balaena

G. kārabĂ­s / kā́rabos ‘ horned beetle / crayfish’, sᾗrambos ‘kind of dung beetle’, L. scarabaeus

G. tháč“rāx, Ion. tháč“rēx ‘corslet / coat of mail’, L. lƍrÄ«ca ‘coat of mail / breastplate’

G. lógkhē ‘spear’, L. lancea

G. paráč“n ‘light ship’, L. parƍ

G. pálmē ‘light shield’, L. palma / parma ‘small round shield’

G. sílphion ‘silphium / laser(wort)’, *sirphi > Latin sirpe

G. elĂ©phās ‘elephant / ivory’, *erefƍs > *erebor > L. ebur ‘ivory’

G. mĆ«Ìrioi ‘great number / 10,000’, *mĆ«Ìlyi > L. mÄ«lle ‘thousand’, plural mÄ«lia

G. tĂ»kon / sĂ»kon, *thĂŒ:kos > L fÄ«cus ‘fig’

G. látron ‘payment’, *látlƍn > L. latrƍ ‘mercenary / bandit’

G. phĂĄskƍ ‘say/believe’, bĂĄskƍ; bĂĄskanos ‘invoking/imploring / casting a spell’; baskaĂ­nƍ >> L. fascÄ«nƍ ‘enchant/bewitch/envy’

G. atāburī́tēs ĂĄrtos ‘a kind of loaf’ >> L. Atābulus ‘burning wind blowing in Apulia / sirocco’

G. sᾗrambos ‘kind of dung beetle’ is the source of the name Cr. Sᾗrambos. Also kēraphĂ­s ‘kind of locust’. That G. broĂ»kos / breĂ»kos ‘grasshopper’ is also >> Cr. BreĂ»kos shows a tendency in naming. That a Cretan form like *ska:rabos existed and gave L. scarabaeus seems clear. Knowing that this path existed shows a clear connection among Crete, Greek words in Latin and Ms., and Ms. as from Crete. These words are likely << ‘horn’, *k^(e)rsro- > ON hjarsi ‘crown (of the head)’, G. kĂłrsē ‘head / temple’, showing these are native G. words. A similar path in TB karse ‘deer?’.

For tĂ»kon / sĂ»kon > *ÎžĂŒ:kos > L fÄ«cus (Italic change of *Ξ > f), palatal *t also becoming th is known in Ms. (*kWe > *t^i > ti / thi ‘and’; Blatthes, Blattius); *tu > *t^ĂŒ is needed in dia. with sĂ»kon, so putting these together leaves Ms as the only choice. This ĂŒ > i is needed for others (mĆ«Ìrioi > mÄ«lia). Why would Ms. have borrowed a supposedly foreign Greek word, changed it by its own standard in a few years, then been the source of another loan into Latin when Greeks presumably were plentiful in the area? The only idea that makes sense is that *thĂŒ:kos is a native Ms. word, that they loaned into Latin in the centuries before any (other) Greeks arrived.

For *látlƍn > L. latrƍ, compare the names *Látlƍn > Phoca. Látrƍn, Phoc. Latƍnós, Cr. Látƍs. Since Phoc. Látropos also exists, these are clearly related (Phoc. Greeks founded Phocaea; these rare names being seen there makes 2 separate derivatives very unlikely). If native L., it would have *l-l > l-r after *tl > kl (*lutlom > lucrum).

Why would phĂĄlaina > balaena? Standard theory says a Mac. form was responsible, but Italians weren’t in contact with Macedonians, but Messapians. Mac. *o > a in lĂłgkhē > lancea is equally unlikely, but Ms. had *o > a (not PIE *o > a, but G. *o > a ). ƌlixēs, L. Ulixēs shows ƍ > u like Ms. Platoor / Platur. If elĂ©phās > *erefƍs > *erebor > L. ebur, it would show a > o by P, like G. ablĂĄbeia : Cr. ablopia; likely also pháč“gƍ ‘roast/toast/parch’ < *be\a(H2)g- (OE bacan, E. bake, Slavic *bagati ‘ignite’, Ph. bekĂłs \ bĂ©kos ‘bread’, Arm. bokeƂ ‘kind of round soft bread’).

Why would Messapians name their winds with a foreign Greek name? G. atāburī́tēs is likely from *artā *burg- ‘bake bread’, G. phrĆ«Ìgƍ ‘roast/toast/parch’, Latin frÄ«g- ‘roast’, Skt. bhrajj-. Since the ultimate source of these words and the path it took to G. are unknown, the loss of -g- likely comes from *rug > *urg, with *rg > *r like *rd > r in Crete (G. krĂĄdē ‘fig-tree’, *kĂĄrda > Cr. kĂĄra; G. pĂ©rdix ‘partridge’, Cr. pᾗrix), since some g > d there (hagnĂłs, Cr. adnĂłs ‘holy’). Not all these need have passed through Ms. to L., but most certainly are not standard G., and no makeup of the G. colonists to Italy seems to explain it. Most of these have been seen as Ms. (intermediary) before. Almost all these required changes are seen in Crete. We have much less ability now to determine where the Messapians lived immediately before coming to Italy than they did then. Why attempt to get the better of the ancients when there is no way to prove that they did not come from Crete?

The many, many Cretan names in Task- and Dask-, like C. TĂĄskos, TĂĄskus, TĂĄskis, TaskĂĄdas, TaskĂșdas, TaskiĂĄdas, DasskĂĄdas, DaskĂĄdas, TaskainnĂĄdas, TaskannĂĄdas, TaskomĂ©nēs are matched by many, many names in Daz- for Messapic, like M. Dazimas / Dazomas, Dazos, Dazet, gen. dazohonnihi, dazinnihi, dastidda. These would likely be from G. Ktasadas, KtēsiĂĄdēs, etc. These are from ktᾗsios ‘belonging to (one’s) property/home’, ktĂĄomai ‘get / obtain’. Most attested names from G. dialects that changed *a: > *e:, but many named Ktasadas in Lycia (the sons of KtēsiklĂȘs, KallikrĂĄtēs, DiogĂ©nēs, etc., so certainly Greek).

In Cr., T- vs. D- must come from optional kt- / gd- (G. (k)tĂșpos / (g)doĂ»pos ‘crash / din /knocking / thud’), then KtēsiĂĄdēs : *Kta:siĂĄda:s > TaskiĂĄdas. Ms. would then show only the voiced variants, with *Dags- > *Dagz- > Daz-. Its nature as from *gz can be seen when loss of -V- puts it by -t-, with *-gzt- > *-kst- > *-xst- > -xt- in *Dagzet-s > Dazet, gen. *Dagzet-os > *Dagzt-os > Daxtas.

The Ms. letter X must have been pronounced like velar fricative /x/ (which is the simplest choice if a Greek dialect using Greek-based letters) but has been written Ơ by scholars with no evidence. It provides etymology for words with Ơ- really being X-, like Staboos Xonedonas ‘Xonedonas, son of Stabo’. Greek onínēmi ‘be of use / help / please / delight’ came from PIE *H3onH1-, so its derivative Onᾗtƍr would have been *Honᾗtƍr in the past. With *r > n, *Honᾗtƍr >> Xonedonas.

It is not unreasonable to think that some dialects retained PIE *H2- as x- or h- later than others. Compare *H- > h- in:
*H2aps- > G. hápsos ‘joint’, TA āpsā ‘(minor) limbs’, Skt. ápsas- ‘front side’, H. happeơơar- ‘limb / part of body’
*H1ek^wos > G. híppos, Ion. íkkos ‘horse’, L. equus

Related names (in both G. and Ms.) from the same root: *Hone:tis > *Hone:t^is > *Hone:t^s^is > G. ónēsis ‘use/profit/advantage/delight’, names Onēsís and many more in Onēs-, Ms. gen. Xonetthihi from Xonetthi-. As in other words, palatal *t^ and *t^s^ to Ms. t / th / tth (also Cr. thth ).

Sound changes in Ms. are seen in other G. dia., and there’s nothing unique to Alb., shown in:

*upo- > G. hupo-, Ms. hipa- with Greek *u- > hu-, Greek *u > ĂŒ, and dialect Greek ĂŒ > i

s > h in exactly the environments for G., not Alb.

e > i like G. dia. (*kWetwor- ‘4’ > Hom. pĂ­sures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures )

*-yo > -i
*-osyo > *-ohyö > *-ahie > -aihi
seen in G. sĂ­lphion ‘silphium / laser(wort)’, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nēs ‘oak-grove’

Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. Aphrodī́tē : Ms. Aprodita.

*-osyo > -aihi with VCi > ViCi

Ms. (e)ipigrave ‘he wrote’, G. epigráphƍ with VCi > ViCi

G. árguros ‘silver’, Ms. acc. argorian

Messapia ‘between the waters’ (maybe a word for ‘peninsula’) requires *dh > *th, *thy > ss, remaining *th > d. This is the sequence in Mac., not Alb.

*n disappeared before *Ch, showing that it was a fricative

devoiced *d became t / th (just as G. dáptēs ‘eater / bloodsucker (of gnats)’, Cretan thápta ‘gnat’), which only works if *d was *ð

3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti

opt. 3rd pl. -ain is like G. -oint-, which is not an allowed cluster in any IE but Greek

G. Plátƍn : Ms. Platoor / Platur shows n / r

*perk^-sk^-tlo- > U. persklu ‘public prayer’, Ms. pensklen ‘chapel’ (acc) shows n / r

Aphrodī́tē : Aprodita

ZeĂșs : Zis

Dēmᾗtēr : Damatura / Damatira, LA i-da-ma-te / da-ma-te

Theānáč“ : Thana < *Ξhānā < *ðǝhānā (*Athana > Thana is possible, but not all a- > 0- (Aprodita ), though there could be conditions)

Ms. diva ‘god’ < *the(w)os, G. theós

G. teĂșktƍr ‘maker’, ĂĄnthrƍpos ‘man / human’, Ms. Taotor Andirabas ‘Maker of Men’

G. theóphoros ‘possessed by a god / (divinely) inspired’, Ms. t(h)abara- ‘priest’

*bhiliyos > G. phílios ‘friendly/beloved’, *bilios > *biliwos >> Ms. biliva ‘beloved (fem)’

G. phílos ‘one’s own/friend/deaworthy’, Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, ‘son’, show ph > b like Mac.; *o > e

*bher- ‘carry’ > G. phĂ©rƍ, Ms. 3pl. subj. beran

*kWe > *k^e > *t^e > G. te, *t^i > Ms. ti / thi ‘and’

*gWiH3oto- ‘life’ > G. bíotos / bíos, *biotios > Cr. Bíaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes \ Blathes

*k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi, Skt. ƛrĂłáčŁi ‘hear (impv)’

*wetes- > G. auto-etᾗs ‘in/of the same year’, Ms. atavetes with au > a, o > a


*kWe > Ms. ti / thi
but
*penkWe > Ms. penke-, G. pénte

No regularity here, like G. dia. (*kWetwor- ‘4’ > G. Dor. tĂ©tores / Att. tĂ©ttares / Hom. pĂ­sures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures / etc.). Irregular outcomes of KW are a hallmark of G., and if Ms. was regular the G. changes by dissim. of *p/kW-kW>k, etc. would explain it (no K > K^ ) (as in *kWolpo- > OE hwealf ‘vault/arch’, G. kĂłlpos ‘bosom/lap / hollow space’; *pokWo- > G. ArtopĂłpos, artokĂłpos, LB a-to-po-qo ‘baker’; *hikWkWo-phorgWo- ‘horse-feeder / ostler’ > Ion. ikkophorbĂł-, hippophorbĂł-, LB i-po-po-qo-i-, i-qo-po-qo-i; *gWerH3-gWo- > *bhH3ergWo- > phĂ©rbƍ ‘feed / pasture / graze’).


PIE *westu- appears as G. ĂĄstu / wastu ‘town’; other IE don’t have the same meaning or -a-, yet Ms. basti has both (in daranthoa vasti ‘in the city of D’). This neuter -u > -i shows *ĂŒ > i, as in hupo- : hipa-. The dat. *wastewi > *wastĂ¶ĂŒ > *vastao > basta could match Taotor, klaohi, showing that it was an u-stem, or maybe some dia. u- > a-stem?


PIE *g^en(H1)os- > L. genus, G. gĂ©nos, pl. genéā, Cr. zenia, shows that Ms. zenaides does not prove non-G. origin. Cretan had many z for standard g, and it’s possible they all came from PIE *g^(h). For other ex., see woizeus and more in Viredaz (2003) and G. agathĂłs vs. Cypriot azathĂłs.


*kWoiw- > G. poi(w)Ă©Ć ‘make/cause/celebrate/put’, apo-poi(w)Ă©Ć ‘unmake / (mid) put away from onself / reject’, Ms. au-pave ‘put forth? / set up? / dedicated?’

This shows o > u between P_P (as *megWno- ‘naked’ > Arm. merk, *mogWno- > *mugno- > G. gumnós), then dissim. p-p > 0-p, oi > ai, ai > a (Mac. adraía, G. aithríā ‘clear weather’). All seen in G., not Alb.


Ms. would show irregular outcomes of *e: > i / e / a (if following Weiss), but in his “best” example:

*meH ‘don’t’ > G. mᾗ, El. mā́, Ms. ma

The same shift already is known from G. dia. If I’m right about many “hyper-Doric” words really showing rounding by P / KW (*me: > *mö: > *mĂ€: > *ma: ), this could also apply (Whalen, 2024e).


The Ms. cities daranthoa & deranthoa greatly resemble G. city names: TherĂĄpnē ‘a Lac. city’, therĂĄpnē ‘dwelling’, with ther- vs. thar- seen in related therĂĄpaina, Boe. tharĂĄpēna ‘handmaid’, tharapeĂșƍ / therapeĂșƍ ‘serve’. Since *dh > d : th is already known, this is far, far, too big a coincidence. These words are all only found in G., with ‘dwelling’ and its use for place names certainly secondary, tertiary, etc. Since -ph- > *-f- > -v-, the -o- here likely for -u- / -w-, with TherĂĄpnē : *Therapnā > *Derafnā > *Derawnā > daranthoa


Weiss says Ms. no appears in contexts where 1sng. would be expected, so *emesyo ‘my’ > G. emeĂźo, *mio > *ñyo > no. It is possible that G. -eĂźo is analogy, so *mino > *mno might fit as well. Only G. had *my > *ny > *yn (*somyo- > ksunĂłs \ koinĂłs ‘common/public’).


L. front(i)- ‘brow/forehead/front’, G. phrontĂ­s ‘thought / care’, Ms. acc. brĂ©ndon ‘deer’ (related to brĂ©ntion ‘stag’s head’, Th. Brentopara )

The meaning ‘forehead/front’ > ‘horn / antler’ likely. These show *o > e as in G. phĂ­los, Ms. biles. It is possible i-o > i-ö and o-i > ö-i. If *-osyo > -aihi shows *-yö > *-ye > -i, it would also resemble Theban LB changes of *yo > *yö / *yĂŒ > yo / yu, which together explain LA -u / -e for LB -o in otherwise identical names of odd shape (Whalen, 2024f).


*swiHp-, *swipt- > Ms. sĂ­pta, G. G. siƍpᾗ / siáč“pa ‘silence’, OHG gi-swiftĂłn

If *s- > h-, *sw- > v-, why s- here? Greek shows a similar oddity, why would Ms. and G. be irregular in exactly the same way?


G. teĂșktƍr ‘maker’, the god Ms. Taotor, Thƍtor, likely *Theotor based on name theotoridda thaotora-s

These show *eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > *Ă€ĂŒ / *ö: / etc., unlike Alb. *eu > e. ZeĂșs : Zis likely shows specific change after *y. Supposedly, *dy > dd in Ms. (-idda : -idíā ), but *dy- might be different, or already *dy > *dz in Greek, this -dd- from later *iV > *yV (as in G. dia.).


3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti, palatalization of *t^i can also merge with *k^e > *t^e, etc. Only G. turned both groups into *t^ at a time when they might merge (as in *ky / *ty > tt / ss ) :

*hupó-thē-si : hipa-de-s < *upo-dheH1-ti

hupo-kau- : hipa-ka-thi < *upo-kau-ti

G. hupó-thēma ‘stand/base’, *upo-dheH1-ti > Ms. hipa-de-s ‘he erected / he set up’

G. hupo-kaíƍ ‘burn by applying fire below / light sacrificial fires’, *upo-kau-ti > Ms. hipa-ka-thi ‘she made (this) sacrifice’


MLM 22 Cae
ana aprodita lahona theotoridda hipakathi theotoridda thaotoras keoĆĄorrihi biliva
O Lady Aphrodite: lahona theotoridda made (this) sacrifice for her beloved sister, theotoridda thaotora

*kmti- > G. kasígnētos ‘brother’

*swesor- > G. Ă©or ‘daughtecousin’ (*kmti- might be added for changing ‘female relative’ > ‘sister’, or specifying meaning after word shifted)

*kÔsi-hwehor- > *kosyeorh- > *koƥyeorr- > keoƥorrihi

hupo-kau- : hipa-ka-thi < *upo-kau-ti


Aphrodī́tē : Aprodita

If r was *R, it might turn ph > p as *ξh > *ξh / *th > th / t (G. theóphoros’, *ðǝho- > *ξha- > Ms. t(h)abara-); same in G. sílphion > Latin sirpe. It might also be part of dia. ph > p:

seen in G. sĂ­lphion ‘silphium / laser(wort)’, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nēs ‘oak-grove’

Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. Aphrodī́tē : Ms. Aprodita.

G. phƍnĂ©Ć \ pƍníƍ ‘produce a sound

*bhoro- > G. phóros ‘tribute/payment’, Skt. bhārá- ‘burden/load/weight’
*burdened > G. pƍrós ‘miserable’, talaí-pƍros ‘suffering’


Dēmᾗtēr : Damatura / Damatira, LA i-da-ma-te / da-ma-te

Since Ms. Platoor / Platur shows o: / u:, Damatura could come from *Dāmātƍr. Greek had -ēr > -ƍr in compounds ( apĂĄtƍr ‘fatherless’, a-krĂĄtƍr \ a-kratᾗs ‘powerless / invalid [in law]’ ) and IE does not use this to change the meaning, even when used of gods, like Gmc. *-fadƍr > ON Al-föðr ‘fathelord of all’. This is not seen in any attested G., and I highly doubt Ms. happened to get a loan of such an archaic nature when it is seen nowhere else, or anything like it.


*H1leng^h-? > OHG ant-lingen ‘answer’, H. likzi ‘swear’, G. elĂ©gkhƍ ‘disgrace/question/test’, *yelenx- > *lilix- > Ms. (ni)ligaves ‘he swore?’

l > n like n / r above, or l-l dissim.; e- > ye- like dia. o- > wo- (Cr. ophᾗlƍ, Arc. ophĂ©llƍ ‘owe’, Arc. perf. wophlēk-), also in Arm.


G. metá ‘in the midst of / among/between / into the middle of / aftebehind’, Ms. ma ‘to’ (in phrases of the form “PN(gen) DN(acc) ma” for ‘from PN to DN’)

Mac. deleted -t- between V’s (G. thĂĄnatos, *thanaos > *thanos > Mac. dĂĄnos; *Udra-mĂŁta ‘(place) having water’ > HĂșdrama (like Skt. udanimĂĄ(n)t- ‘abounding in water’) ), so *mea > ma fits Greek evidence. Alb. and other languages in the area did not. Other G. dia. with -d- > 0 make this likely.


IE *epi-dheH1- ‘put on (covering/lid) / cover > imprison/lock’ > G. epitíthēmi ‘put on (covering/lid) / impose a penalty / grant/give’; *epi-theto > *pideo > Ms. pido ‘she gave’

this -o as a past impf. marker matches my analysis of the Phaistos Disk (Whalen, 2023c):

PELJAAKO < *peljakao < *pelekato, G. pelekáƍ ‘hew with an ax’ (e-a > ja-a ; CaV > aCV ; Mac. -t- > 0 between V)
pass. subj., so *-to

DOKOR ‘it is decreed’ < *dokeor < *doketor, G. dokĂ©Ć ‘seem (good)’, dĂłgma ‘opinion / decree’

It is very unlikely a people said to come from Crete would happen to be mistaken, yet have this unusual verb ending be found in both places.


*woino- ‘wine’ > G. oünos, Ms. gen. vinaihi / vunaihi

Specific after *w-, other *oi > ai. This matches LA as G., see the word u-na-a on a pithos (likely for wine), showing *ui > wi / u. Mosenkis compared this to the word wi-na-du, which is next to the symbol for ‘wine’. To support this, he adds oinĂĄdes ‘place rich in vines’ : wi-na-du ‘vineyard’. This is one of several words that might once have had *woinad- in G., so I wouldn’t be sure of the exact definition. Chiapello (2023) has written that LA a-pa-ki u-na-a on the pithoid jar (which he gives evidence was used religiously) contains a-pa-ki as aparkhaĂ­ ‘beginning of a sacrifice / first-fruits (for sacrifice)’ and u-na-a as a name. If only 2 words are found on jar, it would be unlikely 1 would be ‘sacrifice / offering’ and the other a name, unless the name of a god(dess). I think it would improve this derivation to see u-na-a as *uināC (maybe showing that *-ā > *-a, or that long V’s were not always spelled out), as in ‘offering of wine (from this jar for wine)’, which fits the context. Otherwise, *oinawyos > G. OineĂșs, OinaĂźos, *-awyoi contracted > *-aai ? (so ‘to Bacchus’?).

As further evidence, see the context of LA libation formula on the ladle TL Za 1 (given in Younger) with U-NA-KA-NA-SI as uinā-kransin from *oinā-krantim ‘mixing/blending (of wine & water)’:

G. kĂ­gkrēmi / kerĂĄnnĆ«mi ‘mix / mingle / blend / dilute wine with water’

kĂ­gkrēmi >> krĂȘsis ‘mixing/blending (of wine & water)’

kerånnƫmi >> *krantis > kransi-

with each stem (with or without nasal infix) creating its own derivative.



noun/verb endings:

-ais : -ois
-aihi : -oio < *-ohyö
-ain : -ointo
-idda : -idíā

*-idyos > *-idyös > *-ides before dy > ddy was probably optional:

*gWiH3oto- ‘life’ > G. bíotos / bíos, *biotios > Cr. Bíaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes / Blathes


The presence of names ending in -a(m)bos on Crete, like Sᾗrambos, sᾗrambos ‘kind of dung beetle’, could be seen as the source of words with unknown etymology in -bos. There are several Greek words of similar meaning ending in -ambos or -umbos:

íambos ‘2-syllable metrical foot / iambic verse’
thríambos ‘hymn to Dionysus / name of D.’
dÄ«thĂșrambos ‘hymn to D. / name of D. / bombastic speech’
íthumbos ‘song and dance for followers of D.’

All of these might originally been names for songs/dances used in festivals and the worship of Dionysus (and thus all likely loanwords). The association of Ă­ambos with 2 and its similarity to thrĂ­ambos which could be from *tri- ‘3’ makes a connection between dÄ«thĂșrambos and *kWetur- ‘4’ seem possible. Though dÄ«thĂșr- is not immediately obvious as < *kWetwor-, G. tetrĂĄki ‘four times’ is the source of Greek tetrakĂ­nē / thidrakĂ­nē ‘lettuce’, and *thidwur-aki-k-s ? > *thwidraks > thrĂșdax \ thrĂ­dax \ thĂ­drax \ thrĂłdax. This shows that *thidwur- > thidra- meant ‘four’ (from the form of the flowers, arranged into groups of 4 petals). Ms. is known to have changed *kWe ‘and’ > thi, so this fits.

They all resemble IE numbers, so in Ă­- ‘2-syllable
’, thrĂ­-, dÄ«thĂșr- it seems unlikely to be chance. Some might have been formed like Latin tripudium ‘kind of religious dance’ from Indo-European numbers: two-step, three-step, etc. (describing the timing of the rhythm, the number of steps in each section, or any similar feature). I’m sure I’ve seen these speculations before, but I don’t know the exact source. If these came from a form of Greek similar to LA it would confirm several sound changes. Adding in data from Ms., most of these changes are confirmed.

2 *dwi- > *dwy- > *wy- > *yy- > *iy- > íambos ‘2-syllable metrical foot / iambic verse’ (*dwiH2pyugo- >> Iāpugía )

3 *tri- > *thri- > thrĂ­ambos (alternation of Chr / Cr likely from *R, G. Aphrodī́tē : Ms. Aprodita, G. sĂ­lphion ‘silphium / laser(wort)’, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe )

4 *kWetwor- > *k^idwur- > *t^iwdur- > *thiwdur- > dÄ«thĂșrambos (*kWe > ti / thi, *-t- > -d-, also met.; maybe dissim. of *kwiw- > *kwi:- if the stages for *kWe > ti / thi were *kwe > *kw^e > *k^we, etc.)

10 *dekmt-ulos > *dekĂŁt-ulos > dĂĄktulos ‘finger, toe’ (maybe this is also related to loss of *ǝ from syllabic C (if *m > *ǝm > *Ă” / *ĂŁ, etc.), G. theĂłphoros’, *ðǝho- > *Ξha- > Ms. t(h)abara-.

That leaves íthumbos the only problem. If from PIE ‘5’, it would require a lot of changes. However, when I saw that the path of change for signs from CH > LA / LB (Ferrara et al.) included

I *28 < CH 008 hand with 5 fingers

Since neither ‘5’ nor ‘hand’ begins with i-, I might have been in trouble if I hadn’t been saying for years that íthumbos was ‘5’ in this sequence. I considered the fact that some languages lose the old word for ‘5’ and replace it with ‘hand’ or ‘all’. If ‘five’ was replaced in LA, then there’s a solution. Since G. has

*wik^wo- > *wiswo- > wiswos, Att. Ă­sos ‘equal/same/even’, Skt. víƛva-, Av. vÄ«spa- ‘whole/every/all’ (WI-SI-PE = WISPE ‘all’ on the Phaistos Disk, Whalen, 2023d)

which was ‘all’ in other IE, a path *wiswo > *yithwo > ithu- would work. Either w-w > y-w or some w > y before front (with dissim. of *w-w or the same changes as in *wes- > *w^es- > *yes- > G. hĂ©speros ‘evening’, L. vesper ). That an old theory of mine requires i- for ‘5’ in a language that loaned words into G., and the CH for ‘hand’ has been shown to be the source for I *28 by another researcher who had no knowledge of this (or mentioned the consequences for Greek / LA for any sound values it would produce) seems like independent evidence.


Though I say *wik^wo- > *wiswo-, most would see this as impossible for an apparent Centum language. Phrygian has the same optionality. For opt. K^ > T^ in G. :
*bhak^- > G. phakĂłs ‘lentil’, phĂĄsēlos ‘bean’, Alb. bathĂ« ‘broadbean’
*dheH1k(^)o- > Skt. dhāká- ‘container’, G. thᾗkē ‘box/chest/grave/tomb’, thēsaurós ‘treasure/store-room/safe/casket/cavern/subterranean dungeon’
*g^en(H1)os- > L. genus, G. génos, pl. genéā, Cr. zenia, Ms. zenaides

This has greater consequences than you might think. Hitchman noted that these Cretan names varied in their endings, with -os / -us / -is (Táskos, Táskus, Táskis, Ms. Daszes), which matches Linear A names in -e / -u corresponding to LB ones in -o. He compared Cr. Bíaththos to LB qi-ja-to (a shepherd from Knossos), LA qi-ja-du. For -th- : -d-, see Mac., Cr., above. Knowing this name is Greek and comes from *gWi(H)wo- ‘alive’ proves that (at least some) Greek names were written in LA. Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, ‘son’, show ph > b like Mac.; -es matches LA names in -e corresponding to LB ones in -o, providing every step in the process. He did not follow it through to this conclusion because he thought these Cretan names were not Greek, and did not attempt to consider the sound changes that would exist if so.

I say that Messapic is as Greek as Macedonian (take that however you like). In the interest of parsimony I would say that having a group of Greeks on Crete who speak a very divergent form of Greek makes Chiapello’s claims that LA was Greek very clear. I have tirelessly worked on finding all implications of this, using known sound changes from Crete to explain why LA was not deciphered until now. Almost every change in Ms. is seen in LA. Just as several very odd words, very odd changes, many dialects existed on Crete, I see no reason why one of them could not come to Italy when Minoan society began to crumble. G. te matches Ms. ti with e > i, as in many LA words, and these changes also include Pa > Po (*panto- > *ponto- in the LA accounting terms ku-ro ‘(sub-)total’, po-to-ku-ro ‘grand total’), o: / u:, o / u (LA has few signs for Co used), th > d (especially on the Phaistos Disk).

Please see the obvious equations here. If you could send this to as many people as you know, mention it to students, friends, anyone, it could help immensely. Don’t let a mistake continue unchecked for so long.

https://www.academia.edu/116877237
submitted by stlatos to language [link] [comments]


2024.03.30 08:07 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian

CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.03.30 08:06 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian

CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to u/CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.03.30 08:05 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian

CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.03.30 08:05 CFVestsWorldwide CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian

CF Vests Worldwide in Albanian submitted by CFVestsWorldwide to u/CFVestsWorldwide [link] [comments]


2024.03.24 06:45 gutuisaac Announcements

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('es-ar', 'Argentinian Spanish'), ('es-co', 'Colombian Spanish'), ('es-mx', 'Mexican Spanish'), ('es-ni', 'Nicaraguan Spanish'), ('es-ve', 'Venezuelan Spanish'), ('et', 'Estonian'), ('eu', 'Basque'), ('fa', 'Persian'), ('fi', 'Finnish'), ('fr', 'French'), ('fy', 'Frisian'), ('ga', 'Irish'), ('gd', 'Scottish Gaelic'), ('gl', 'Galician'), ('he', 'Hebrew'), ('hi', 'Hindi'), ('hr', 'Croatian'), ('hsb', 'Upper Sorbian'), ('hu', 'Hungarian'), ('hy', 'Armenian'), ('ia', 'Interlingua'), ('id', 'Indonesian'), ('ig', 'Igbo'), ('io', 'Ido'), ('is', 'Icelandic'), ('it', 'Italian'), ('ja', 'Japanese'), ('ka', 'Georgian'), ('kab', 'Kabyle'), ('kk', 'Kazakh'), ('km', 'Khmer'), ('kn', 'Kannada'), ('ko', 'Korean'), ('ky', 'Kyrgyz'), ('lb', 'Luxembourgish'), ('lt', 'Lithuanian'), ('lv', 'Latvian'), ('mk', 'Macedonian'), ('ml', 'Malayalam'), ('mn', 'Mongolian'), ('mr', 'Marathi'), ('ms', 'Malay'), ('my', 'Burmese'), ('nb', 'Norwegian BokmÄl'), ('ne', 'Nepali'), ('nl', 'Dutch'), ('nn', 'Norwegian Nynorsk'), ('os', 'Ossetic'), ('pa', 'Punjabi'), ('pl', 'Polish'), ('pt', 'Portuguese'), ('pt-br', 'Brazilian Portuguese'), ('ro', 'Romanian'), ('ru', 'Russian'), ('sk', 'Slovak'), ('sl', 'Slovenian'), ('sq', 'Albanian'), ('sr', 'Serbian'), ('sr-latn', 'Serbian Latin'), ('sv', 'Swedish'), ('sw', 'Swahili'), ('ta', 'Tamil'), ('te', 'Telugu'), ('tg', 'Tajik'), ('th', 'Thai'), ('tk', 'Turkmen'), ('tr', 'Turkish'), ('tt', 'Tatar'), ('udm', 'Udmurt'), ('uk', 'Ukrainian'), ('ur', 'Urdu'), ('uz', 'Uzbek'), ('vi', 'Vietnamese'), ('zh-hans', 'Simplified Chinese'), ('zh-hant', 'Traditional Chinese')]LANGUAGES_BIDI['he', 'ar', 'ar-dz', 'fa', 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j'NUMBER_GROUPING0PASSWORD_HASHERS'********************'PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT'********************'PREPEND_WWWFalseROOT_URLCONF'backend.urls'SECRET_KEY'********************'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS'********************'SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFFTrueSECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY'same-origin'SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINSFalseSECURE_HSTS_PRELOADFalseSECURE_HSTS_SECONDS0SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADERNoneSECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT[]SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY'same-origin'SECURE_SSL_HOSTNoneSECURE_SSL_REDIRECTFalseSERVER_EMAIL'root@localhost'SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS'default'SESSION_COOKIE_AGE1209600SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAINNoneSESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLYTrueSESSION_COOKIE_NAME'sessionid'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH'/'SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE'Lax'SESSION_COOKIE_SECUREFalseSESSION_ENGINE'django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSEFalseSESSION_FILE_PATHNoneSESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUESTFalseSESSION_SERIALIZER'django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer'SETTINGS_MODULE'backend.settings'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT'm/d/Y P'SHORT_DATE_FORMAT'm/d/Y'SIGNING_BACKEND'django.core.signing.TimestampSigner'SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS[]STATICFILES_DIRS[]STATICFILES_FINDERS['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder', 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder']STATICFILES_STORAGE'whitenoise.storage.CompressedStaticFilesStorage'STATIC_ROOT'/app/staticfiles'STATIC_URL'/static/'TEMPLATES[{'APP_DIRS': True, 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [], 'OPTIONS': {'context_processors': ['django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages']}}]TEST_NON_SERIALIZED_APPS[]TEST_RUNNER'django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner'THOUSAND_SEPARATOR','TIME_FORMAT'P'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']TIME_ZONE'UTC'USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZFalseUSE_I18NTrueUSE_L10NTrueUSE_THOUSAND_SEPARATORFalseUSE_TZTrueUSE_X_FORWARDED_HOSTFalseUSE_X_FORWARDED_PORTFalseWSGI_APPLICATION'backend.wsgi.application'X_FRAME_OPTIONS'DENY'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'F Y'
You’re seeing this error because you have DEBUG = True in your Django settings file. Change that to False , and Django will display a standard page generated by the handler for this status code.
submitted by gutuisaac to u/gutuisaac [link] [comments]


http://activeproperty.pl/