Hello everyone!Now that the semifinals had took place we shoud apreciate the NQ countries that sadly did not make it in the final.The order I will talk about the NQ countries will be in alphabetical order.The things I'm about to say are strictly my opinions,please don't judge me in the comments.I will not talk too much about mistakes because this is a post about apreciation.I hope we will hear a lot from this artists in the future.Much love from đ·đŽRomaniađ·đŽ(yes another NQ countryđ
)
đŠđ±AlbaniađŠđ± Besa Kokedhima,if you ever see this post,you did great.You have an amazing voice,you are very talented and very beautiful ,you had a very nice outfit and you had amazing effects .Even though I believe that you should've kept the song in albanian and it was one of the underapreciated songs this year,it was after all an amazing song,full of passion when you sang it.I love you so much and I'm gonna look forward to your career as a singer because I know you'll do amazing on future.Greetings to all albanians people from here and all Albania,because you always give us something that shows us your cultuređŠđ±.ShumĂ« dashuri nga Rumania!đ€
đŠđșAustraliađŠđș Zaachariaha Fielding and Michael Ross,if somehow this post gets seen by you two,I want you to know that you we're awesome.I loved that your song contained some of Yankunytjatjara and I loved your staging,for two reasons,it was full of color and very flamboyant and it contained some aboriginal instruments,which really showed us this part of Australia that now I'm really eager to know more about.I'm gonna look at you future projects with pleasure.Greetings to all australians people from here and all Australia,because you give us memorable songs and you always qualify.Sadly this was not your year,but maybe next timeđŠđșLots of love from Romania!đ€
đŠđżAzerbaijanđŠđż Fakhri Ismayilov aka Fahree and Ilkin Dovlatov, if you two ever see this post,you had an amazing concert.I always listen to you song Ozunla Apar very first in the morning.I still can't believe that it did not qualify.I just love this song so much and I think it will always be my favorite from Azerbaijan,next to Always,Mata Hari and Cleopatra and The Hour Of Wolf.I love that you included azeri in it,it was only a little bit but it still counts, because we hadn't that in a song from Azerbaijan since Efendi with Mata Hari and I just love when countries come with a song in their national language.It shows us a depth in their culture through their language.The staging was full o symbolism and I love that.Fahree and Ilkin...you two have amazing voices and charisma,you two are very handsome and you had great outfits.I'm looking forward to your future projects as artists.Greetings to all azerbaijanis people from here and all Azerbaijan because somehow you always give us something unexpectedđŠđżRumıniyadan böyĂŒk sevgi!đ€
đ§đȘBelgiumđ§đȘ Thomas Mustin aka Mustii,if you ever see this post,you were truly amazing.I honestly did not expect from Belgium to not quality,but now we can't turn back in time.The song was amazing,I always listen to it when I fell down because it empowers me with energy.Honestly I think that the many microphones we're not necesary(just my opinion),however, Mustii you are an amazing singer and created an amazing song.I love that through the lyrics I can feel your passion and the dedication when you wrote it.I'm looking forward to your new projects as an artist .Greetings to all belgians people from here and all Belgium!đ§đȘVeel liefs uit RoemeniĂ«!đ€Beaucoup d'amour de la Roumanie!đ€Alles Liebe aus RumĂ€nien!đ€
đšđżCzechiađšđż Alena Shirmanova-Kostebelova aka Aiko,if you ever see this post,you we're truly aikonik(iconic)đ
đ.I always listen to your song whenever I want to have a good vibe.I love the message from it,and it is true...we should put ourselves on a pedestal,before anyone else,not in an extreme way like pride and arrogance,but in order to be able to love someone and take care of someone,you should love yourself first.You we're truly amazing,you are a beautiful girl which have ana amazing vibe and an amazing singer and I'm looking forward to your new songs .Greetings to all czechs people from here and all of Czechiađšđż.HodnÄ lĂĄsky z Rumunska!đ€
đ©đ°Denmarkđ©đ° Anna Saba Lykke OehlenschlĂŠger aka SABA,if you ever see this post,you we're truly sensational.The emotion,the voice, the staging full of smoke and sand, the message,everything was perfectly executed.Truly surprising that this underrated gem did not qualify.Saba,you are truly an amazing woman which will have a blosoming career and will make amazing songs.I'm looking forward to listen to them.Greetings to all danish people from here and all Denmarkđ©đ°.Meget kĂŠrlighed fra RumĂŠnien!đ€
đźđžIcelandđźđž Hera Björk ĂĂłrhallsdĂłttir,if you ever see this post,you we're truly exceptional.Even though I'm only 21,I still remember when you participated in 2010 with your song Je Ne Se Quoi.You we're sensational that year,and you were sensational this year too.I love that you always never gave up at Iceland National and tried for 5 times and 2 we're succesful.On the topic of 2024,Scared Of Heighs is a great song and is perfect when is sang by an amazing singer like you with an angelic voice.You wanted to have fun at Malmo and you wanted that everyone has fun and you did a phenomenal job.I really enjoyed your song.See you soon at Iceland 2025đ. Greetings to all icelandic people and all of Iceland!đźđž Mikil ĂĄst frĂĄ RĂșmenĂu!đ€
đČđčMaltađČđč Sarah Bonnici,if you ever see this post,you were phenomenal.Your whole concert was imaculate.Glad that Malta let Eurovision at their concertđđ
.I'm truly shocked that it did not qualify,but again,life is not fair.Catchy song?Checked.Choreography?Checked.Good vocals?Checked.I don't understand how this gem did not qualify.It was truly one of Malta's best songs that they ever sent.History repets itself, because last year we had The Busker with Dance Our Own Party and it was a really nice song,just like Loop.You did everything exceptional Sarah.I'm looking forward to your new future songs.Greetings to all maltese people from here and all of Malta. đČđč ÄŠafna mħabba mir-Rumanija!đ€
đČđ©MoldovađČđ© Natalia Barbu,this comment will be a little personal because I'm romanian,but if you somehow see this post,you truly showed them what it really means to be romanian/moldovan.We're proud of you Natalia!Even though Romania did not participate,somehow through Moldova you also represent us.Our values,our morals,our countries through your angelic performance and voice.You we're truly exceptional and we wish you all the best of the best.You are an amazing woman with a soul made of gold.We hope to hear more about you in the future(only good things)â€ïž.Salutare tuturor fraÈilor romĂąni Èi moldoveni de peste Prut!đČđ©MultÄ iubire din RomĂąnia!đ€
đ”đ±Polandđ”đ± Aleksandra Katarzyna "Ola" Wielgomas aka LUNA,if somehow this post gets seen by you,you we're truly the one who build the tower.The tower of our hearts and souls.You we're exceptional and sensational.You had emotions,I could see it in your gestures,but hey..who doesn't get nervous,Am I right?.I love the theme of chess and I love the song.I always listen to it whenever I want to feel more confident.Just like you say:"I'm the one who build the tower,I'm the one who holds the power"It was truly amazing.Eager to see you next songsđ. Greetings to all polish people from here and all of Polandđ”đ±.DuĆŒo miĆoĆci z Rumunii!đ€
đžđČSan MarinođžđČ Megara,if somehow this post gets seen by any of you all,you rocked the performance and the song.Your song means a lot to me.It gives me strenght whenever I listen to it.Your staging was phenomenal,maybe you had technical issues,but you we're amazing.I feel like I should't say this,but I will say it because it is not fair what happened,but hey,life is not everyday fair(with the risk of getting some hate)but I feel like you should've been the ones to represent Spain.Even if that wasn't the case I love your determination.You got rejected by Spain but you got up,whiped off your" loss tears"and went straight to San Marino.I guess glam rock and punk rock is not for everyone.Keep doing what you do.Being awesome and rocking on!I feel like we will hear about you in the future and I'm confident that we'll see you someday representing Spain.We're proud of you! Greetings to all spanish and san marinos people from here and all of Spain and San Marino!đžđČđȘđŠ.Mucho amor desde Rumania!đ€Tanto amore dalla Romania!đ€
I know this has been discussed many times, and I don't mean drastic changes, but I believe Gheg vowels should definitely be added after the cultural unification with the Albanians from Kosovo. The mainstream music is totally Gheg-dominated, but except that Tirana, the city capital, is, I believe, the best result of the admixture between the current standard and the local Gheg dialect, the new generation of Tirana citizens, no matter if they are from the south or north, are more influenced by this admixture of standard and local dialect than their home dialect. Just my thoughts.
In historical times, Messapic was spoken in southern Italy. However, there was a tradition that speakers of Messapic came from Crete (Whalen, 2023a). If this was based on their tradition, or clear similarity to people from Crete observable at the time, this could be true. Currently, it is seen as close to Albanian. Though the only contact with Greek, under the Albanian theory, would be with Greek colonists in Italy, after an unknown period in which their only neighbors would be speakers of Italic and Etruscan, there are many, many obviously Greek words in Messapic, that are said to be loans, and very little Italic. G. ĂĄrguros âsilverâ, Ms. acc. argorian; Ms. (e)ipigrave âhe wroteâ, G. epigrĂĄphĆ; and all native names of gods are Greek. Why would this people who supposedly came from Illyrian territory to Italy have so many Greek loans, even replacing their entire pantheon? Greek AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Aprodita, ZeĂșs : Zis, DÄmážtÄr : Damatura / Damatira, *AthÄnÄ > Thana. In hupo- : hipa-, there is *u > i, so ZeĂșs : Zis is also likely a loan.
Even their names were Greek:
G. HippikĂłs, HĂppakos, Ms. Hipaka / Ipaka / Hopaka
G. streblĂłs / strabĂłs / strĂĄbĆn âbent / twisted / squintingâ, StrĂĄbĆn, Ms. Staboos (tr vs. t also in LĂĄtrĆn, Phoc. LatĆnĂłs; like str- > *tsr- > *dzR > NG zabĂłs )
G. PlĂĄtĆn : Ms. Platoor / Platur / PrĂĄtur shows n / r, like *perk^-sk^-tlo- > U. persklu âpublic prayerâ, Ms. pensklen âchapelâ (acc). This matches Cretan l / r and G. dia. l > n (eluth- > Att. eltheĂźn, Dor. entheĂźn; phĂltatos / phĂntatos âdearestâ; L. merda, TB melte âdungâ, G. mĂnthos âhuman ordureâ (also with e > i, d > th, as in Crete)
G. AndrĂ©Äs, gen. *AndrĂ©wÄho > AndrĂ©ou, Ms. gen. Andiraho
G. MÄtrĂ©Äs / MÄtrĂąs, fem. MÄtráč, Ms. Marta
G. MakhĂĄĆn, Cretan MĂĄgĆs, Ms. Mahehos
Plato and Strabo would not ignore such evidence. The analogical gen. -ho added to masc. a-stems is a feature of Greek, along with all others here. Nothing is like Albanian, except those features that Greek already is known to share with it. That *AndrĂ©wÄho > Andiraho is true is seen in cognates:
G. teĂșktĆr âmakerâ, ĂĄnthrĆpos âman / humanâ, Ms. Taotor Andirabas âMaker of Manâ (*eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > ao in *k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi, Skt. ĆrĂłáčŁi âhear (impv)â)
The change of names in -Ćn > -Ćs is not a theory that just concerns Ms., but a fact seen in Crete, from where they came:
G. PĂșrĆn, Cr. PĂșrĆs / PĂșrĆos
G. TĂșrĆn, Cr. Turáčs
G. BrĂłtĆn, Cr. BráčtĆs
G. MakhĂĄĆn, Cr. MĂĄgĆs
*LĂĄtlĆn > Phoca. LĂĄtrĆn, Phoc. LatĆnĂłs, Cr. LĂĄtĆs
G. fem. Tharsáč, masc. ThrĂĄsĆn, Cr. ThĂĄrĆs < *ThĂĄrrĆs < *ThĂĄrsĆs
Since *-Ćn > -Ćs / -Ćos makes little sense, this shows that IE n-stems with nom. in *-o:n / *-o: remained in Greek. Just as some names alternated -Ćn / -Ćnos (G. TÄlephĂŽn / TÄlĂ©phĆnos, KĂłrĆn / KĂłrĆnos, LĂĄtrĆn ~ LatĆnĂłs, god SeilÄnĂłs from *selwážn (*serwážm > Linear B se-re-mo-ka-ra-o-re â(decorated with) siren headsâ), TÄ«thĆnĂłs from *tÄ«thĆn âcicadaâ), the older nom. *-Ć added -s or -os by analogy with o-stems.
Understanding the basic sound changes allows less obvious names to be related by the same. Many seem related to Macedonian changes, such as kh > g:
*Megaklewe:s > G. MegaklĂȘs, *Mögaklöwö:s > Ms. Mooklioos (with rounding by P like *eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > ao in *k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi; for palatal *l^, see below)
G. oĂnÄ âvine / wineâ, Ms. Vina, Vunia < *wuyna \ *wunya
G. OinĂĄdÄs, Ms. Vinnadeus (proving the equation above; *ny > nn as in Marchesini)
G. KĂłrinthos, Cr. KaraĂthĆs, Ms. gen. Kortheihi (metathesis of *Koreith-, *i > ai as in Mac.)
G. EuphaĂnetos, Ms. Vaanetos
For the long -aa- in Vaanetos, Macadeonian had *ai > a(:) in *H2aidhriyÄ > G. aithrĂa âclear weatherâ, Mac. adraĂa. Though G. did not mark the length of letters like A, most languages with length distinctions change diphthongs into long vowels. This would show eu- was pronounced ev- in dialects early, as late, and *vf > v / f (also explaining loss of -u- in *davfnÄ > Greek dĂĄphnÄ / daukhnÄ- âlaurelâ). This is found in Ms. Daxtassi Vaanetos âVaanetos, son of Dazetâ.
In Mooklioos, only an origin in a word of at least 4 syllables makes sense, and the match with Greek canât be ignored. A sequence of -ioo- representing 3 successive Vâs is unlikely (except maybe in Greek); if -li- represented *l^ (palatalized before *e, then *ew > *öw), it would make sense of another group:
A palatal *t becoming th is known in Ms. (*kWe > *k^e > *t^e > G. te, *t^i > Ms. ti / thi âandâ); thus, Simona Marchesini (1995) derived Ms. Blatthes < *Blatyos, but also did not consider dissimilation of *y-y or *y > l. Ms. Blatthes, Cr. BĂaththos are cognate, and the missing link is provided by the presence of the name P Blattius Creticus (found on an offering in the Alps). Hitchman in âSome Personal Names from Western Creteâ shows that Cr. BĂaththos and G. TalthĂșbios (from thalĂ©thĆ âbloom/thriveâ and *gWiH3wo- âaliveâ, with loss of *H in many compounds) were names alternately passed down to father and son, which made him question if G. bio- gave BĂaththos (such names are often related in one out of two elements). Indeed it did, with *y-y or *y > l (or *y > *l^ > l as in Arm. *yugo-m âyokeâ > luc; *ye(:)kWrt âliverâ > leard ):
*gWiH3oto- âlifeâ > G. bĂotos / bĂos, *biotios > Cr. BĂaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes / Blathes
*yaH2- > Skt. yÄ- âgoâ, H. ya- âgo / marchâ; *yaH2won- > G. IĂ©Ćnes > âIoniansâ
*yaH2wo- > H. lahha- â*march > campaignâ, G. lÄĂłs âmen / soldiers / peopleâ
Seeing that both Ms. names and those from Crete that do not look immediately Greek are derived from sound changes in unknown or little known dialects of Greek helps in proving their connection. If each group shows the same changes, legend says they came from Crete, and these names are found in both places, etc., there is no reason to doubt this any more than any piece of evidence from stories.
It is not just names; all words are Greek, showing few differences from known dialects. PIE *wetes- > G. auto-etážs âin/of the same yearâ, Ms. atavetes with au > a, o > a. This auto- as âsameâ is not normal in IE words with *wet(os)- of the same meaning, itâs unique to G. Changes like Ms. *o > a are seen in Macedonian, and I will give many more. PIE *bher- âcarryâ > G. phĂ©rĆ, Ms. 3pl. subj. beran; G. phĂlos âoneâs own/friend/deaworthyâ, Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, âsonâ, show ph > b like Mac. Changes of e > i like G. dia. (*kWetwor- â4â > Hom. pĂsures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures ), and since *-yo > -i matches that seen in G. sĂlphion âsilphium / laser(wort)â, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nÄs âoak-groveâ. Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Ms. Aprodita, probably only when in different syllables (if regular).
How would *upo- become hipa- without Greek *u- > hu-, Greek *u > ĂŒ, and dialect Greek ĂŒ > i? None of this appears in Alb., and this is the simplest of all examples. Why *s > h in exactly the environments for G., not Alb.? Why would Messapia be âbetween the watersâ (known to be a word for âpeninsulaâ, based on their location), from *medhyo- âmiddleâ when *dh > d in Alb.? This requires *dh > *th, *thy > ss, remaining *th > d. This is the sequence in Mac., not Alb., and there is no way to avoid this.
In G. theĂłphoros âpossessed by a god / (divinely) inspiredâ, Ms. t(h)abara- âpriestâ, they come from PIE *dh(e)H1so-, so Alb. would have d-. Though Mac. changed *th > d later, when the V created by vocalization of *H1 formed, it was different from *e, maybe *H1 > *E or *Ç (open or reduced V). Then, unstressed *Ç > 0 (or all *Ç > 0 unless it would create a monosyllable). Loss of *H1 by *s ( > *h ) might also be responsible. For *H becoming *Ç that could be deleted, see *H1isH2ro- > *HihHro- = *HihHÇro- > *HihÇro- > G. hierĂłs \ hiarĂłs \ iarĂłs \ Ăźros \ ros âmighty/supernaturalâ), with -a- expected in all, not -a- vs. -e- / -0-.
Even *n disappeared before *Ch, showing that it was a fricative, and a devoiced *d became t / th (just as G. dĂĄptÄs âeater / bloodsucker (of gnats)â, Cretan thĂĄpta âgnatâ, more below), which only works if *d was *Ă°. The 3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti, the opt. 3rd pl. -ain is like G. -oint-, which is not an allowed cluster in any IE but Greek. All this points to a language very similar to Macedonian, in which almost every word was seen in Ionic G., only differing due to sound changes.
In Ms. kos kraapati argorian âwhoever should steal the moneyâ, kraap- would have a long V from a diphthong, *au or *ai. This obviously is from *kraup-, which matches G. kalĂșptĆ / krĂșptĆ âcover / hide / concealâ (with meaning as in klĂ©ptĆ âsteal / concealâ). It shows that r vs. l is part of a sound change, and other IE do not have kl- > kal- or obvious cognates of these forms. It is pointless to continue looking elsewhere when all matches are in Greek.
If ph > p in loans (Aprodita), why ph > v in (e)ipigrave? Ms. had native words with -p-. This suggests it was older, which makes no sense, or that phr > pr but VpV > VvV. This is impossible due to -p- in hipa-, etc. Only a stage with -ph- > -f- > -v- (like Arm.) would work, which prevents these from being loans. Words with VCi > ViCi like *-osyo > -aihi; Ms. (e)ipigrave, G. epigrĂĄphĆ; also might show an Arm.-type change. If ei- / i- is just spelling, the *sy > *hy > ih resembles G. *ny > in, and intermediate *-oiho is possible, too. Even deiva / diva âgoddessâ is from *thewos < *theos < *thehos, G. theĂłs, with new glide (as in *bhiliyos > G. phĂlios âfriendly/belovedâ, *biliwos >> Ms. biliva âbeloved (fem)â), with dialect eo > io, among many examples of *e > i.
Early loans from Greek to Ms. to Latin are much more extensive than expected if Ms. merely contacted Greek at much the same time as the rest of Italy, and often show alternation of l / r or l / d, both seen in dialects on Crete (Cr. thĂĄpta âgnatâ, Polyrrhenian lĂĄtta âflyâ), and other such changes. No historical Greeks who came to Italy are specifically known to speak a dialect with l > r.
G. OdusseĂșs / Olutteus / ĆlixÄs, L. UlixÄs
G. PoludeĂșkÄs, *PoluleĂșkÄs âvery brightâ >> L. Pollux (like Sanskrit PurĆ«rĂĄvas- â*very hotâ)
G. nĂșmphÄ, L. lumpa ânymph, (spring) waterâ, Oscan *dĂŒmpa > diumpa- (with dissimilation of nasals n-m > l-m)
G. phĂĄl(l)aina âwhaleâ, L. balaena
G. kÄrabĂs / kÄÌrabos â horned beetle / crayfishâ, sážrambos âkind of dung beetleâ, L. scarabaeus
G. tháčrÄx, Ion. tháčrÄx âcorslet / coat of mailâ, L. lĆrÄ«ca âcoat of mail / breastplateâ
G. lĂłgkhÄ âspearâ, L. lancea
G. paráčn âlight shipâ, L. parĆ
G. pĂĄlmÄ âlight shieldâ, L. palma / parma âsmall round shieldâ
G. sĂlphion âsilphium / laser(wort)â, *sirphi > Latin sirpe
G. elĂ©phÄs âelephant / ivoryâ, *erefĆs > *erebor > L. ebur âivoryâ
G. mĆ«Ìrioi âgreat number / 10,000â, *mĆ«Ìlyi > L. mÄ«lle âthousandâ, plural mÄ«lia
G. tĂ»kon / sĂ»kon, *thĂŒ:kos > L fÄ«cus âfigâ
G. lĂĄtron âpaymentâ, *lĂĄtlĆn > L. latrĆ âmercenary / banditâ
G. phĂĄskĆ âsay/believeâ, bĂĄskĆ; bĂĄskanos âinvoking/imploring / casting a spellâ; baskaĂnĆ >> L. fascÄ«nĆ âenchant/bewitch/envyâ
G. atÄburÄ«ÌtÄs ĂĄrtos âa kind of loafâ >> L. AtÄbulus âburning wind blowing in Apulia / siroccoâ
G. sážrambos âkind of dung beetleâ is the source of the name Cr. Sážrambos. Also kÄraphĂs âkind of locustâ. That G. broĂ»kos / breĂ»kos âgrasshopperâ is also >> Cr. BreĂ»kos shows a tendency in naming. That a Cretan form like *ska:rabos existed and gave L. scarabaeus seems clear. Knowing that this path existed shows a clear connection among Crete, Greek words in Latin and Ms., and Ms. as from Crete. These words are likely << âhornâ, *k^(e)rsro- > ON hjarsi âcrown (of the head)â, G. kĂłrsÄ âhead / templeâ, showing these are native G. words. A similar path in TB karse âdeer?â.
For tĂ»kon / sĂ»kon > *ÎžĂŒ:kos > L fÄ«cus (Italic change of *Ξ > f), palatal *t also becoming th is known in Ms. (*kWe > *t^i > ti / thi âandâ; Blatthes, Blattius); *tu > *t^ĂŒ is needed in dia. with sĂ»kon, so putting these together leaves Ms as the only choice. This ĂŒ > i is needed for others (mĆ«Ìrioi > mÄ«lia). Why would Ms. have borrowed a supposedly foreign Greek word, changed it by its own standard in a few years, then been the source of another loan into Latin when Greeks presumably were plentiful in the area? The only idea that makes sense is that *thĂŒ:kos is a native Ms. word, that they loaned into Latin in the centuries before any (other) Greeks arrived.
For *lĂĄtlĆn > L. latrĆ, compare the names *LĂĄtlĆn > Phoca. LĂĄtrĆn, Phoc. LatĆnĂłs, Cr. LĂĄtĆs. Since Phoc. LĂĄtropos also exists, these are clearly related (Phoc. Greeks founded Phocaea; these rare names being seen there makes 2 separate derivatives very unlikely). If native L., it would have *l-l > l-r after *tl > kl (*lutlom > lucrum).
Why would phĂĄlaina > balaena? Standard theory says a Mac. form was responsible, but Italians werenât in contact with Macedonians, but Messapians. Mac. *o > a in lĂłgkhÄ > lancea is equally unlikely, but Ms. had *o > a (not PIE *o > a, but G. *o > a ). ĆlixÄs, L. UlixÄs shows Ć > u like Ms. Platoor / Platur. If elĂ©phÄs > *erefĆs > *erebor > L. ebur, it would show a > o by P, like G. ablĂĄbeia : Cr. ablopia; likely also pháčgĆ âroast/toast/parchâ < *be\a(H2)g- (OE bacan, E. bake, Slavic *bagati âigniteâ, Ph. bekĂłs \ bĂ©kos âbreadâ, Arm. bokeĆ âkind of round soft breadâ).
Why would Messapians name their winds with a foreign Greek name? G. atÄburÄ«ÌtÄs is likely from *artÄ *burg- âbake breadâ, G. phrĆ«ÌgĆ âroast/toast/parchâ, Latin frÄ«g- âroastâ, Skt. bhrajj-. Since the ultimate source of these words and the path it took to G. are unknown, the loss of -g- likely comes from *rug > *urg, with *rg > *r like *rd > r in Crete (G. krĂĄdÄ âfig-treeâ, *kĂĄrda > Cr. kĂĄra; G. pĂ©rdix âpartridgeâ, Cr. pážrix), since some g > d there (hagnĂłs, Cr. adnĂłs âholyâ). Not all these need have passed through Ms. to L., but most certainly are not standard G., and no makeup of the G. colonists to Italy seems to explain it. Most of these have been seen as Ms. (intermediary) before. Almost all these required changes are seen in Crete. We have much less ability now to determine where the Messapians lived immediately before coming to Italy than they did then. Why attempt to get the better of the ancients when there is no way to prove that they did not come from Crete?
The many, many Cretan names in Task- and Dask-, like C. TĂĄskos, TĂĄskus, TĂĄskis, TaskĂĄdas, TaskĂșdas, TaskiĂĄdas, DasskĂĄdas, DaskĂĄdas, TaskainnĂĄdas, TaskannĂĄdas, TaskomĂ©nÄs are matched by many, many names in Daz- for Messapic, like M. Dazimas / Dazomas, Dazos, Dazet, gen. dazohonnihi, dazinnihi, dastidda. These would likely be from G. Ktasadas, KtÄsiĂĄdÄs, etc. These are from ktážsios âbelonging to (oneâs) property/homeâ, ktĂĄomai âget / obtainâ. Most attested names from G. dialects that changed *a: > *e:, but many named Ktasadas in Lycia (the sons of KtÄsiklĂȘs, KallikrĂĄtÄs, DiogĂ©nÄs, etc., so certainly Greek).
In Cr., T- vs. D- must come from optional kt- / gd- (G. (k)tĂșpos / (g)doĂ»pos âcrash / din /knocking / thudâ), then KtÄsiĂĄdÄs : *Kta:siĂĄda:s > TaskiĂĄdas. Ms. would then show only the voiced variants, with *Dags- > *Dagz- > Daz-. Its nature as from *gz can be seen when loss of -V- puts it by -t-, with *-gzt- > *-kst- > *-xst- > -xt- in *Dagzet-s > Dazet, gen. *Dagzet-os > *Dagzt-os > Daxtas.
The Ms. letter X must have been pronounced like velar fricative /x/ (which is the simplest choice if a Greek dialect using Greek-based letters) but has been written Ć by scholars with no evidence. It provides etymology for words with Ć - really being X-, like Staboos Xonedonas âXonedonas, son of Staboâ. Greek onĂnÄmi âbe of use / help / please / delightâ came from PIE *H3onH1-, so its derivative OnážtĆr would have been *HonážtĆr in the past. With *r > n, *HonážtĆr >> Xonedonas.
It is not unreasonable to think that some dialects retained PIE *H2- as x- or h- later than others. Compare *H- > h- in:
*H2aps- > G. hĂĄpsos âjointâ, TA ÄpsÄ â(minor) limbsâ, Skt. ĂĄpsas- âfront sideâ, H. happeĆĄĆĄar- âlimb / part of bodyâ
*H1ek^wos > G. hĂppos, Ion. Ăkkos âhorseâ, L. equus
Related names (in both G. and Ms.) from the same root: *Hone:tis > *Hone:t^is > *Hone:t^s^is > G. ĂłnÄsis âuse/profit/advantage/delightâ, names OnÄsĂs and many more in OnÄs-, Ms. gen. Xonetthihi from Xonetthi-. As in other words, palatal *t^ and *t^s^ to Ms. t / th / tth (also Cr. thth ).
Sound changes in Ms. are seen in other G. dia., and thereâs nothing unique to Alb., shown in:
*upo- > G. hupo-, Ms. hipa- with Greek *u- > hu-, Greek *u > ĂŒ, and dialect Greek ĂŒ > i
s > h in exactly the environments for G., not Alb.
e > i like G. dia. (*kWetwor- â4â > Hom. pĂsures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures )
*-yo > -i
*-osyo > *-ohyö > *-ahie > -aihi
seen in G. sĂlphion âsilphium / laser(wort)â, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nÄs âoak-groveâ
Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Ms. Aprodita.
*-osyo > -aihi with VCi > ViCi
Ms. (e)ipigrave âhe wroteâ, G. epigrĂĄphĆ with VCi > ViCi
G. ĂĄrguros âsilverâ, Ms. acc. argorian
Messapia âbetween the watersâ (maybe a word for âpeninsulaâ) requires *dh > *th, *thy > ss, remaining *th > d. This is the sequence in Mac., not Alb.
*n disappeared before *Ch, showing that it was a fricative
devoiced *d became t / th (just as G. dĂĄptÄs âeater / bloodsucker (of gnats)â, Cretan thĂĄpta âgnatâ), which only works if *d was *Ă°
3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti
opt. 3rd pl. -ain is like G. -oint-, which is not an allowed cluster in any IE but Greek
G. PlĂĄtĆn : Ms. Platoor / Platur shows n / r
*perk^-sk^-tlo- > U. persklu âpublic prayerâ, Ms. pensklen âchapelâ (acc) shows n / r
AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Aprodita
ZeĂșs : Zis
DÄmážtÄr : Damatura / Damatira, LA i-da-ma-te / da-ma-te
TheÄnáč : Thana < *ΞhÄnÄ < *Ă°ÇhÄnÄ (*Athana > Thana is possible, but not all a- > 0- (Aprodita ), though there could be conditions)
Ms. diva âgodâ < *the(w)os, G. theĂłs
G. teĂșktĆr âmakerâ, ĂĄnthrĆpos âman / humanâ, Ms. Taotor Andirabas âMaker of Menâ
G. theĂłphoros âpossessed by a god / (divinely) inspiredâ, Ms. t(h)abara- âpriestâ
*bhiliyos > G. phĂlios âfriendly/belovedâ, *bilios > *biliwos >> Ms. biliva âbeloved (fem)â
G. phĂlos âoneâs own/friend/deaworthyâ, Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, âsonâ, show ph > b like Mac.; *o > e
*bher- âcarryâ > G. phĂ©rĆ, Ms. 3pl. subj. beran
*kWe > *k^e > *t^e > G. te, *t^i > Ms. ti / thi âandâ
*gWiH3oto- âlifeâ > G. bĂotos / bĂos, *biotios > Cr. BĂaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes \ Blathes
*k^leu-si > Ms. klaohi, Skt. ĆrĂłáčŁi âhear (impv)â
*wetes- > G. auto-etážs âin/of the same yearâ, Ms. atavetes with au > a, o > a
*kWe > Ms. ti / thi
but
*penkWe > Ms. penke-, G. pénte
No regularity here, like G. dia. (*kWetwor- â4â > G. Dor. tĂ©tores / Att. tĂ©ttares / Hom. pĂsures / Les. pĂ©s(s)ures / etc.). Irregular outcomes of KW are a hallmark of G., and if Ms. was regular the G. changes by dissim. of *p/kW-kW>k, etc. would explain it (no K > K^ ) (as in *kWolpo- > OE hwealf âvault/archâ, G. kĂłlpos âbosom/lap / hollow spaceâ; *pokWo- > G. ArtopĂłpos, artokĂłpos, LB a-to-po-qo âbakerâ; *hikWkWo-phorgWo- âhorse-feeder / ostlerâ > Ion. ikkophorbĂł-, hippophorbĂł-, LB i-po-po-qo-i-, i-qo-po-qo-i; *gWerH3-gWo- > *bhH3ergWo- > phĂ©rbĆ âfeed / pasture / grazeâ).
PIE *westu- appears as G. ĂĄstu / wastu âtownâ; other IE donât have the same meaning or -a-, yet Ms. basti has both (in daranthoa vasti âin the city of Dâ). This neuter -u > -i shows *ĂŒ > i, as in hupo- : hipa-. The dat. *wastewi > *wastĂ¶ĂŒ > *vastao > basta could match Taotor, klaohi, showing that it was an u-stem, or maybe some dia. u- > a-stem?
PIE *g^en(H1)os- > L. genus, G. gĂ©nos, pl. genĂ©Ä, Cr. zenia, shows that Ms. zenaides does not prove non-G. origin. Cretan had many z for standard g, and itâs possible they all came from PIE *g^(h). For other ex., see woizeus and more in Viredaz (2003) and G. agathĂłs vs. Cypriot azathĂłs.
*kWoiw- > G. poi(w)Ă©Ć âmake/cause/celebrate/putâ, apo-poi(w)Ă©Ć âunmake / (mid) put away from onself / rejectâ, Ms. au-pave âput forth? / set up? / dedicated?â
This shows o > u between P_P (as *megWno- ânakedâ > Arm. merk, *mogWno- > *mugno- > G. gumnĂłs), then dissim. p-p > 0-p, oi > ai, ai > a (Mac. adraĂa, G. aithrĂÄ âclear weatherâ). All seen in G., not Alb.
Ms. would show irregular outcomes of *e: > i / e / a (if following Weiss), but in his âbestâ example:
*meH âdonâtâ > G. máž, El. mÄÌ, Ms. ma
The same shift already is known from G. dia. If Iâm right about many âhyper-Doricâ words really showing rounding by P / KW (*me: > *mö: > *mĂ€: > *ma: ), this could also apply (Whalen, 2024e).
The Ms. cities daranthoa & deranthoa greatly resemble G. city names: TherĂĄpnÄ âa Lac. cityâ, therĂĄpnÄ âdwellingâ, with ther- vs. thar- seen in related therĂĄpaina, Boe. tharĂĄpÄna âhandmaidâ, tharapeĂșĆ / therapeĂșĆ âserveâ. Since *dh > d : th is already known, this is far, far, too big a coincidence. These words are all only found in G., with âdwellingâ and its use for place names certainly secondary, tertiary, etc. Since -ph- > *-f- > -v-, the -o- here likely for -u- / -w-, with TherĂĄpnÄ : *TherapnÄ > *DerafnÄ > *DerawnÄ > daranthoa
Weiss says Ms. no appears in contexts where 1sng. would be expected, so *emesyo âmyâ > G. emeĂźo, *mio > *ñyo > no. It is possible that G. -eĂźo is analogy, so *mino > *mno might fit as well. Only G. had *my > *ny > *yn (*somyo- > ksunĂłs \ koinĂłs âcommon/publicâ).
L. front(i)- âbrow/forehead/frontâ, G. phrontĂs âthought / careâ, Ms. acc. brĂ©ndon âdeerâ (related to brĂ©ntion âstagâs headâ, Th. Brentopara )
The meaning âforehead/frontâ > âhorn / antlerâ likely. These show *o > e as in G. phĂlos, Ms. biles. It is possible i-o > i-ö and o-i > ö-i. If *-osyo > -aihi shows *-yö > *-ye > -i, it would also resemble Theban LB changes of *yo > *yö / *yĂŒ > yo / yu, which together explain LA -u / -e for LB -o in otherwise identical names of odd shape (Whalen, 2024f).
*swiHp-, *swipt- > Ms. sĂpta, G. G. siĆpáž / siáčpa âsilenceâ, OHG gi-swiftĂłn
If *s- > h-, *sw- > v-, why s- here? Greek shows a similar oddity, why would Ms. and G. be irregular in exactly the same way?
G. teĂșktĆr âmakerâ, the god Ms. Taotor, ThĆtor, likely *Theotor based on name theotoridda thaotora-s
These show *eu > *Ă¶ĂŒ > *Ă€ĂŒ / *ö: / etc., unlike Alb. *eu > e. ZeĂșs : Zis likely shows specific change after *y. Supposedly, *dy > dd in Ms. (-idda : -idĂÄ ), but *dy- might be different, or already *dy > *dz in Greek, this -dd- from later *iV > *yV (as in G. dia.).
3rd sng. -s must be G. -si < -ti, palatalization of *t^i can also merge with *k^e > *t^e, etc. Only G. turned both groups into *t^ at a time when they might merge (as in *ky / *ty > tt / ss ) :
*hupĂł-thÄ-si : hipa-de-s < *upo-dheH1-ti
hupo-kau- : hipa-ka-thi < *upo-kau-ti
G. hupĂł-thÄma âstand/baseâ, *upo-dheH1-ti > Ms. hipa-de-s âhe erected / he set upâ
G. hupo-kaĂĆ âburn by applying fire below / light sacrificial firesâ, *upo-kau-ti > Ms. hipa-ka-thi âshe made (this) sacrificeâ
MLM 22 Cae
ana aprodita lahona theotoridda hipakathi theotoridda thaotoras keoĆĄorrihi biliva
O Lady Aphrodite: lahona theotoridda made (this) sacrifice for her beloved sister, theotoridda thaotora
*kmti- > G. kasĂgnÄtos âbrotherâ
*swesor- > G. Ă©or âdaughtecousinâ (*kmti- might be added for changing âfemale relativeâ > âsisterâ, or specifying meaning after word shifted)
*kÔsi-hwehor- > *kosyeorh- > *koƥyeorr- > keoƥorrihi
hupo-kau- : hipa-ka-thi < *upo-kau-ti
AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Aprodita
If r was *R, it might turn ph > p as *Ξh > *Ξh / *th > th / t (G. theĂłphorosâ, *Ă°Çho- > *Ξha- > Ms. t(h)abara-); same in G. sĂlphion > Latin sirpe. It might also be part of dia. ph > p:
seen in G. sĂlphion âsilphium / laser(wort)â, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe; PIE *gWlhinyo-s > *koleniyo-s > Cr. *koleni-s > NG Cr. kolĂ©nÄs âoak-groveâ
Change of ph > p by r in sirpe matches G. AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Ms. Aprodita.
G. phĆnĂ©Ć \ pĆnĂĆ âproduce a sound
*bhoro- > G. phĂłros âtribute/paymentâ, Skt. bhÄrĂĄ- âburden/load/weightâ
*burdened > G. pĆrĂłs âmiserableâ, talaĂ-pĆros âsufferingâ
DÄmážtÄr : Damatura / Damatira, LA i-da-ma-te / da-ma-te
Since Ms. Platoor / Platur shows o: / u:, Damatura could come from *DÄmÄtĆr. Greek had -Är > -Ćr in compounds ( apĂĄtĆr âfatherlessâ, a-krĂĄtĆr \ a-kratážs âpowerless / invalid [in law]â ) and IE does not use this to change the meaning, even when used of gods, like Gmc. *-fadĆr > ON Al-föðr âfathelord of allâ. This is not seen in any attested G., and I highly doubt Ms. happened to get a loan of such an archaic nature when it is seen nowhere else, or anything like it.
*H1leng^h-? > OHG ant-lingen âanswerâ, H. likzi âswearâ, G. elĂ©gkhĆ âdisgrace/question/testâ, *yelenx- > *lilix- > Ms. (ni)ligaves âhe swore?â
l > n like n / r above, or l-l dissim.; e- > ye- like dia. o- > wo- (Cr. ophážlĆ, Arc. ophĂ©llĆ âoweâ, Arc. perf. wophlÄk-), also in Arm.
G. metĂĄ âin the midst of / among/between / into the middle of / aftebehindâ, Ms. ma âtoâ (in phrases of the form âPN(gen) DN(acc) maâ for âfrom PN to DNâ)
Mac. deleted -t- between Vâs (G. thĂĄnatos, *thanaos > *thanos > Mac. dĂĄnos; *Udra-mĂŁta â(place) having waterâ > HĂșdrama (like Skt. udanimĂĄ(n)t- âabounding in waterâ) ), so *mea > ma fits Greek evidence. Alb. and other languages in the area did not. Other G. dia. with -d- > 0 make this likely.
IE *epi-dheH1- âput on (covering/lid) / cover > imprison/lockâ > G. epitĂthÄmi âput on (covering/lid) / impose a penalty / grant/giveâ; *epi-theto > *pideo > Ms. pido âshe gaveâ
this -o as a past impf. marker matches my analysis of the Phaistos Disk (Whalen, 2023c):
PELJAAKO < *peljakao < *pelekato, G. pelekĂĄĆ âhew with an axâ (e-a > ja-a ; CaV > aCV ; Mac. -t- > 0 between V)
pass. subj., so *-to
DOKOR âit is decreedâ < *dokeor < *doketor, G. dokĂ©Ć âseem (good)â, dĂłgma âopinion / decreeâ
It is very unlikely a people said to come from Crete would happen to be mistaken, yet have this unusual verb ending be found in both places.
*woino- âwineâ > G. oĂźnos, Ms. gen. vinaihi / vunaihi
Specific after *w-, other *oi > ai. This matches LA as G., see the word u-na-a on a pithos (likely for wine), showing *ui > wi / u. Mosenkis compared this to the word wi-na-du, which is next to the symbol for âwineâ. To support this, he adds oinĂĄdes âplace rich in vinesâ : wi-na-du âvineyardâ. This is one of several words that might once have had *woinad- in G., so I wouldnât be sure of the exact definition. Chiapello (2023) has written that LA a-pa-ki u-na-a on the pithoid jar (which he gives evidence was used religiously) contains a-pa-ki as aparkhaĂ âbeginning of a sacrifice / first-fruits (for sacrifice)â and u-na-a as a name. If only 2 words are found on jar, it would be unlikely 1 would be âsacrifice / offeringâ and the other a name, unless the name of a god(dess). I think it would improve this derivation to see u-na-a as *uinÄC (maybe showing that *-Ä > *-a, or that long Vâs were not always spelled out), as in âoffering of wine (from this jar for wine)â, which fits the context. Otherwise, *oinawyos > G. OineĂșs, OinaĂźos, *-awyoi contracted > *-aai ? (so âto Bacchusâ?).
As further evidence, see the context of LA libation formula on the ladle TL Za 1 (given in Younger) with U-NA-KA-NA-SI as uinÄ-kransin from *oinÄ-krantim âmixing/blending (of wine & water)â:
G. kĂgkrÄmi / kerĂĄnnĆ«mi âmix / mingle / blend / dilute wine with waterâ
kĂgkrÄmi >> krĂȘsis âmixing/blending (of wine & water)â
kerånnƫmi >> *krantis > kransi-
with each stem (with or without nasal infix) creating its own derivative.
noun/verb endings:
-ais : -ois
-aihi : -oio < *-ohyö
-ain : -ointo
-idda : -idĂÄ
*-idyos > *-idyös > *-ides before dy > ddy was probably optional:
*gWiH3oto- âlifeâ > G. bĂotos / bĂos, *biotios > Cr. BĂaththos, *by- > bl- in P Blattius Creticus, Ms. Blatthes / Blathes
The presence of names ending in -a(m)bos on Crete, like Sážrambos, sážrambos âkind of dung beetleâ, could be seen as the source of words with unknown etymology in -bos. There are several Greek words of similar meaning ending in -ambos or -umbos:
Ăambos â2-syllable metrical foot / iambic verseâ
thrĂambos âhymn to Dionysus / name of D.â
dÄ«thĂșrambos âhymn to D. / name of D. / bombastic speechâ
Ăthumbos âsong and dance for followers of D.â
All of these might originally been names for songs/dances used in festivals and the worship of Dionysus (and thus all likely loanwords). The association of Ăambos with 2 and its similarity to thrĂambos which could be from *tri- â3â makes a connection between dÄ«thĂșrambos and *kWetur- â4â seem possible. Though dÄ«thĂșr- is not immediately obvious as < *kWetwor-, G. tetrĂĄki âfour timesâ is the source of Greek tetrakĂnÄ / thidrakĂnÄ âlettuceâ, and *thidwur-aki-k-s ? > *thwidraks > thrĂșdax \ thrĂdax \ thĂdrax \ thrĂłdax. This shows that *thidwur- > thidra- meant âfourâ (from the form of the flowers, arranged into groups of 4 petals). Ms. is known to have changed *kWe âandâ > thi, so this fits.
They all resemble IE numbers, so in Ă- â2-syllableâŠâ, thrĂ-, dÄ«thĂșr- it seems unlikely to be chance. Some might have been formed like Latin tripudium âkind of religious danceâ from Indo-European numbers: two-step, three-step, etc. (describing the timing of the rhythm, the number of steps in each section, or any similar feature). Iâm sure Iâve seen these speculations before, but I donât know the exact source. If these came from a form of Greek similar to LA it would confirm several sound changes. Adding in data from Ms., most of these changes are confirmed.
2 *dwi- > *dwy- > *wy- > *yy- > *iy- > Ăambos â2-syllable metrical foot / iambic verseâ (*dwiH2pyugo- >> IÄpugĂa )
3 *tri- > *thri- > thrĂambos (alternation of Chr / Cr likely from *R, G. AphrodÄ«ÌtÄ : Ms. Aprodita, G. sĂlphion âsilphium / laser(wort)â, *sirphio- > *sirphi- > Latin sirpe )
4 *kWetwor- > *k^idwur- > *t^iwdur- > *thiwdur- > dÄ«thĂșrambos (*kWe > ti / thi, *-t- > -d-, also met.; maybe dissim. of *kwiw- > *kwi:- if the stages for *kWe > ti / thi were *kwe > *kw^e > *k^we, etc.)
10 *dekmt-ulos > *dekĂŁt-ulos > dĂĄktulos âfinger, toeâ (maybe this is also related to loss of *Ç from syllabic C (if *m > *Çm > *Ă” / *ĂŁ, etc.), G. theĂłphorosâ, *Ă°Çho- > *Ξha- > Ms. t(h)abara-.
That leaves Ăthumbos the only problem. If from PIE â5â, it would require a lot of changes. However, when I saw that the path of change for signs from CH > LA / LB (Ferrara et al.) included
I *28 < CH 008 hand with 5 fingers
Since neither â5â nor âhandâ begins with i-, I might have been in trouble if I hadnât been saying for years that Ăthumbos was â5â in this sequence. I considered the fact that some languages lose the old word for â5â and replace it with âhandâ or âallâ. If âfiveâ was replaced in LA, then thereâs a solution. Since G. has
*wik^wo- > *wiswo- > wiswos, Att. Ăsos âequal/same/evenâ, Skt. vĂĆva-, Av. vÄ«spa- âwhole/every/allâ (WI-SI-PE = WISPE âallâ on the Phaistos Disk, Whalen, 2023d)
which was âallâ in other IE, a path *wiswo > *yithwo > ithu- would work. Either w-w > y-w or some w > y before front (with dissim. of *w-w or the same changes as in *wes- > *w^es- > *yes- > G. hĂ©speros âeveningâ, L. vesper ). That an old theory of mine requires i- for â5â in a language that loaned words into G., and the CH for âhandâ has been shown to be the source for I *28 by another researcher who had no knowledge of this (or mentioned the consequences for Greek / LA for any sound values it would produce) seems like independent evidence.
Though I say *wik^wo- > *wiswo-, most would see this as impossible for an apparent Centum language. Phrygian has the same optionality. For opt. K^ > T^ in G. :
*bhak^- > G. phakĂłs âlentilâ, phĂĄsÄlos âbeanâ, Alb. bathĂ« âbroadbeanâ
*dheH1k(^)o- > Skt. dhÄkĂĄ- âcontainerâ, G. thážkÄ âbox/chest/grave/tombâ, thÄsaurĂłs âtreasure/store-room/safe/casket/cavern/subterranean dungeonâ
*g^en(H1)os- > L. genus, G. gĂ©nos, pl. genĂ©Ä, Cr. zenia, Ms. zenaides
This has greater consequences than you might think. Hitchman noted that these Cretan names varied in their endings, with -os / -us / -is (TĂĄskos, TĂĄskus, TĂĄskis, Ms. Daszes), which matches Linear A names in -e / -u corresponding to LB ones in -o. He compared Cr. BĂaththos to LB qi-ja-to (a shepherd from Knossos), LA qi-ja-du. For -th- : -d-, see Mac., Cr., above. Knowing this name is Greek and comes from *gWi(H)wo- âaliveâ proves that (at least some) Greek names were written in LA. Ms. biles, gen. bilihi, âsonâ, show ph > b like Mac.; -es matches LA names in -e corresponding to LB ones in -o, providing every step in the process. He did not follow it through to this conclusion because he thought these Cretan names were not Greek, and did not attempt to consider the sound changes that would exist if so.
I say that Messapic is as Greek as Macedonian (take that however you like). In the interest of parsimony I would say that having a group of Greeks on Crete who speak a very divergent form of Greek makes Chiapelloâs claims that LA was Greek very clear. I have tirelessly worked on finding all implications of this, using known sound changes from Crete to explain why LA was not deciphered until now. Almost every change in Ms. is seen in LA. Just as several very odd words, very odd changes, many dialects existed on Crete, I see no reason why one of them could not come to Italy when Minoan society began to crumble. G. te matches Ms. ti with e > i, as in many LA words, and these changes also include Pa > Po (*panto- > *ponto- in the LA accounting terms ku-ro â(sub-)totalâ, po-to-ku-ro âgrand totalâ), o: / u:, o / u (LA has few signs for Co used), th > d (especially on the Phaistos Disk).
Please see the obvious equations here. If you could send this to as many people as you know, mention it to students, friends, anyone, it could help immensely. Donât let a mistake continue unchecked for so long.
https://www.academia.edu/116877237