Letter of offer for loan purchase template

/r/StudentLoans: Reddit's hub for advice, articles, and discussion about educational loans

2010.04.19 07:06 FreeArticle /r/StudentLoans: Reddit's hub for advice, articles, and discussion about educational loans

/StudentLoans: Reddit's hub for advice, articles, and general discussion about getting and repaying student loans.
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2017.06.12 20:16 c7hq T Pose Memetics

Memes in which the main purpose is to convey a t-pose character.
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2017.01.22 00:23 donotblockthebox Political Compass Memes

Political Compass Memes
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2024.05.15 12:14 darterss576 Car Registration With Co-owners Living in Different States

My son-in-law is looking to relocate to South Carolina for a new job. He and I co-own his vehicle since he had no credit at the time of purchase. The vehicle is currently registered in PA, and we both live in Philadelphia. If he moves to South Carolina how do we handle the registration? Can it be registered in SC with me still being listed as a co-owner and residing in PA? On the loan I am the primary borrower and he is the co-signer. I have never driven the vehicle and I am not on the insurance for it. Any info on what to do is greatly appreciated.
submitted by darterss576 to legaladvice [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:10 denice_x Reselling weekend Festival Ticket and General Camping Ticket

Hello to all of you RaR-Rocker! Sadly I won't be able to make it to RaR due to my working schedule and have to resell my weekend festival Ticket + general camping. I purchased price category 2 (298€ for both) and would offer them for 280. If you are interested please let me know!
submitted by denice_x to rockamring [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:10 _karelias On the fence about L4 AM

For background, I’m an external college hire, with a major in biomedical engineering, I sent out over a hundred field relevant job apps with nothing really landing. Got reached out to over LinkedIn by recruiter and figured I’d give it a shot. I received the offer letter last week, and have until tomorrow to decide whether to accept.
However, due to extenuating circumstances I would start in mid September, part of my concern is if it’s ok to keep searching for other jobs after accepting the offer, and turning it down if something better comes up? My two biggest concerns is that it’s just not major relevant for me, as I would much rather be working in biotech. Secondly, I was put on a site within 50 miles of me, but I would still have to relocate.
Thanks in advance for the advice 🙏
submitted by _karelias to FASCAmazon [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:09 soberonlife Employment contract clause help

My wife just got a letter of offer for a new job. I've read all 16 pages and there's a really bizarre clause I haven't seen before, so I'm curious if it's normal and if it's regularly enforced.
Essentially, it says that after the employment ends, whether because she quit or gets fired, she's not allowed to work for a competing business in Queensland for 12 months.
Queensland can be downgraded to SEQ if the court deems it unreasonable, and again to just Brisbane if the court deems it unreasonable.
12 months can be downgraded to 6 if found unreasonable, and then to 3 if found unreasonable.
To put this in perspective, that would be like quitting Hungry Jack's and not being allowed to work at any fast food place in Queensland for a year.
My wife says that in this job people swap companies all the time so it probably isn't enforced and they might just be including it on the off chance they want to enforce it, but I'm curious if anyone has seen it enforced or seen it in a contract at all.
submitted by soberonlife to queensland [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:07 BlackerFriday Hollister Black Friday 2024 Sale & Ad - Here's What We're Predicting

Hollister Black Friday 2024 Sale & Ad - Here's What We're Predicting
Hollister usually runs a similar Black Friday sale from year to year... so if you plan on shopping here in 2024, this is what we're predicting:
  • Hollister's annual Black Friday event typically offers 40% off nearly everything in-stock, both online and in-stores (only full priced items).
  • Hollister "House Members" (it's their loyalty program, you can join for free on their site) can expect to get a 2-day early access, likely starting November 22, 2024 (that's a week before Black Friday), while the general sale is expected to begin on November 24, 2024 (that's the Sunday before Thanksgiving).
  • The event usually lasts through Cyber Monday, however there is usually an extra perk added on Cyber Monday itself. Last year, they offered an additional 20% off select styles for one day only.
  • Exclusions will apply, such as gift card purchases, clearance items, and shipping charges (as per last year's terms and conditions).
  • All promo codes, including welcome coupons and influencer codes, are disabled during the Black Friday event.
  • Free gift with purchase offers are limited to one per customer, and quantity limits may be enforced.
Compared to other events, Black Friday at Hollister is usually a site and storewide discount, making it a pretty good time to shop without many restrictions. Some of their other events, such as their post-Christmas clearance, Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day sales are usually not storewide discounts, limited only to pre-selected sale items.
Image Credit: BlackerFriday.com
submitted by BlackerFriday to BlackFridayRumors [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:07 getfiio WSJ article about a crackdown looming for bigger investors

After reading the article, it looks like another misleading headline designed to generate buzz by the sales team at the WSJ.
But I still want to be cautious in my strategy and mitigate any risks.
Curious what do others think of the article?
The article needs a subscription, so I pasted the text below.
Wall Street went on a home-buying spree. Now, more lawmakers want to stop it from ever happening again.
Democrats in the U.S. Senate and House have sponsored legislation that would force large owners of single-family homes to sell houses to family buyers. A Republican’s bill in the Ohio state legislature aims to drive out institutional owners through heavy taxation.
Lawmakers in Nebraska, California, New York, Minnesota and North Carolina are among those proposing similar laws.
While homeowner associations for years have sought to stop investors from buying and renting out houses in their neighborhoods, the legislative proposals represent a new effort by elected officials to regulate Wall Street’s appetite for single-family homes.
These lawmakers say that investors that have scooped up hundreds of thousands of houses to rent out are contributing to the dearth of homes for sale and driving up home prices. They argue that investor buying has made it harder for first-time buyers to compete with Wall Street-backed investment firms and their all-cash offers.
Wall Street went on a home-buying spree. Now, more lawmakers want to stop it from ever happening again.
Democrats in the U.S. Senate and House have sponsored legislation that would force large owners of single-family homes to sell houses to family buyers. A Republican’s bill in the Ohio state legislature aims to drive out institutional owners through heavy taxation.
Lawmakers in Nebraska, California, New York, Minnesota and North Carolina are among those proposing similar laws.
While homeowner associations for years have sought to stop investors from buying and renting out houses in their neighborhoods, the legislative proposals represent a new effort by elected officials to regulate Wall Street’s appetite for single-family homes.
These lawmakers say that investors that have scooped up hundreds of thousands of houses to rent out are contributing to the dearth of homes for sale and driving up home prices. They argue that investor buying has made it harder for first-time buyers to compete with Wall Street-backed investment firms and their all-cash offers.
Share of single-family homes purchased by investors, by portfolio sizeSource: John Burns Research and ConsultingNote: Quarterly data measures the trailing 12 months. iBuyers are a type of house flipper.2016'17'18'19'20'21'22'23'2402.55.07.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.027.5%iBuyers1,000+ home companies100-99910-991-91-9 1Q 2017 18%
Investors of all sizes spent billions of dollars buying homes during the pandemic. At the 2022 peak, they bought more than one in every four single-family homes sold, though more recently their activity has slowed as interest rates rose and supply became tighter. Two of the largest home-buying firms, Invitation Homes and AMH, are publicly traded companies, while a number of other companies, backed by private equity, hold portfolios of tens of thousands of homes nationwide.
Companies that buy single-family homes say their businesses provide renters the opportunity to live in desirable neighborhoods where they otherwise couldn’t afford to buy.
With home prices and rents near record highs around the U.S., legislators and officials at all levels of government have become more active on housing issues. States have passed new measures to fund more affordable housing, to allow builders to bypass local zoning laws and to make the eviction process more favorable to tenants.
Most calls to block large companies from snapping up homes come from liberals, but some conservatives also show an inclination to crack down.
This “corporate large-scale buying of residential homes seems to be distorting the market and making it harder for the average Texan to purchase a home,” Republican Gov. Greg Abbott wrote on X last month. “This must be added to the legislative agenda to protect Texas families.”
Close to equal numbers of voting-age Republicans and Democrats said they would support a measure to block Wall Street firms from buying homes, according to a new study funded by the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank. The study gauged opinion from 5,000 renters and homeowners in urban and suburban ZIP Codes.
Proposals to curb investors might be popular with voters, but so far they haven’t gained much traction in legislatures. None of the bills in Congress or in any of the state houses has reached a floor vote.
Advocates for the single-family rental industry, such as the National Rental Home Council, oppose such legislation and blame rising prices on an undersupply of new-construction homes. They also point to the relatively low number of homes owned by institutional investors, defined as those companies with portfolios of 1,000 homes or more. Some research estimates these companies own 3% to 5% of American rental homes.
In some American cities, institutional investors hold a much larger share of homes than they hold nationally. In Atlanta, nearly 11% of all rental homes in the five-county area are now owned by three real-estate companies, a recent study by researchers at Georgia State University found. A 2022 analysis by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development said 21% of Atlanta rental homes were owned by some large institution.
Rep. Nikema Williams (D., Ga.), from the Atlanta area, in December co-sponsored the End Hedge Fund Control of American Homes Act in the U.S. House. The act “won’t solve all of the problems, but it will definitely make an impact,” she said in an interview.
Critics of regulation note that many of the largest investors have bought very few or no homes in the past year. “The great trade is done,” said John Burns, founder of the eponymous housing research and consulting firm. “So what are you trying to stop?”
Smaller investors that own between 10 and 99 homes have stepped up their share of home buying this year, Burns said. Some of the proposed legislation would also target these smaller investors.
The bills in the House and Senate would cap rental-home ownership at no more than 50 homes for many companies, requiring them to sell off any more they already own. A bill in Minnesota, meanwhile, would limit ownership to 20 homes.
Bills to block landlords in the Ohio and Nebraska state legislatures were written in response to a small number of investors buying up hundreds of homes in a handful of Cincinnati and Omaha neighborhoods.
Louis Blessing III, a Republican representing suburbs of Cincinnati in the Ohio Senate, introduced a bill to tax large landlords so heavily that they would likely feel compelled to sell their properties. Blessing said he is concerned about real-estate companies developing monopoly power in some neighborhoods, while putting starter homes further out of reach for home buyers.
“It’s an antitrust in spirit bill,” he said.
submitted by getfiio to realestateinvesting [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:07 wowinfotechDi Exploring Future: App Development Trends for 2024.

As we move into 2024, at least the mobile app development landscape is expected to continue to evolve rapidly. In the mobile app business, developers are creating a wide range of apps, from consumer-grade to enterprise-level and high-performing medical solutions. To create dependable and effective software, developers must utilise the newest and most advanced technological stack, regardless of the stage of development. The most widely used frameworks and libraries, which serve as the foundation for creating high-quality apps on various platforms such as Windows, iOS, Android, and so on, are the only ways to accomplish this.
Mobile app technologies are available in the app stores if you want to create apps that work with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, offer social media integration, cloud storage services, and internal device communication.Mobile app developers are creating a wide range of apps, from high-performing to consumer-grade.
Here are some trends for what's likely to be popular in making apps in 2024:
  1. AI and Machine Learning: Better Experiences, Smarter Apps:
While machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have long been buzzwords, 2024 will see them take centre stage in app development. We can looking at applications that provide a more customised experience than ever before by anticipating requirements and preferences in addition to reacting to user input. Apps are becoming smarter and more user-friendly thanks to AI and ML, from sophisticated virtual assistants to complex recommendation engines.
It has the potential to greatly streamline the mobile app development process
By referring to present activity of human , AI can mimic user behaviour.
In this way, we may use apps with AI built into them to govern all of our possessions and feed in the essential data to our mobile devices.
AI-Powered Smartphone Applications to Anticipate:
  1. Voice Technology: Using the Convenience Language;
One of the most sought-after trends in mobile app development for 2024 is voice recognition. Asking your phone to tell you the weather is no longer the only use of voice technology. Voice-enabled apps are becoming increasingly common in 2024, allowing users to communicate with them without using their hands. This is particularly important for accessibility, as it improves the usability of programs for all users.
The development community is becoming more and more interested in developing AI-powered voice recognition software for online and mobile applications. Voice recognition has become a necessary tool in our lives due to the rise of smart speakers and virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant. These days, smartphone consumers love using speech-to-text and text-to-speech tools for in-app functionality.
These features improve the user experience overall in addition to improving accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Voice commands enable mobile users to order food, send texts, make calls, and perform other tasks. Including a feature like this in your mobile app can help set it apart from the competition and provide an
  1. Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) to Build a Networked Ecosystem:
Streaming Internet Access
Mobile apps play a critical part in the IoT system as a whole. It enables end users to send commands, transfer, analyse, and configure connected devices in addition to interacting with the smart sensors. Thus, it is crucial to guarantee smooth connection, which requires a certain type of technology when using IoT devices
The world is becoming a networked ecosystem through the Internet of Things (IoT), and smartphone apps are coordinating this connectivity. Apps that monitor and manage wearables, cars, and smart home appliances will be even more prevalent by 2024, improving convenience and productivity.
Industrial Sector: Mobile IoT-based apps for the industrial sector enhance supply chain monitoring, inventory control, predictive maintenance, and simplified asset tracking. In addition, IoT promotes the expansion of industrial, energy, and construction businesses while also offering a secure work environment.
Retail, consumer, and healthcare industries all employ IoT in manufacturing.
  1. Augmented Reality:
Developers may now experiment and expand on augmented reality applications, as half of the world's population now has a smartphone. Although web apps have been explored, they lack the same level of appeal as mobile apps.
Game developers will undoubtedly use the well-known AR development tools Unity 3D in 2024 to create a few very addicting augmented reality gaming apps for devoted gamers.
Melting the Bound aries Between the Digital and Physical Worlds AR keeps blending the boundaries between the digital and physical realms, producing immersive, more dynamic, and engaging experiences. By 2024, augmented reality will have expanded beyond video games and social media filters to include the retail, education, and healthcare industries. It will give consumers new options for learning, shopping, and health management.
  1. 5G Technology: Advancing Velocity and Creativity:
For app developers, the introduction of 5G technology is revolutionary. This year, we're taking advantage of 5G's blazingly fast speeds to create apps that can manage larger amounts of data, support better-quality content, and provide seamless experiences.
The following are some 5G-capable apps to keep an eye out for this year:
  1. Mobile E-Commerce: A Revolution in Online Buying ;
In 2024, mobile commerce will take centre stage over e-commerce. Apps provide a whole shopping experience - personalised, safe, and with a variety of payment methods - not just a platform for online purchases. Shopping via mobile applications is becoming safer and faster because to the popularity of mobile wallets and one-click purchases.
  1. Cybersecurity: An Absolute Need:
With the increasing integration of applications into our daily lives, cyber security is becoming more and more important. In order to safeguard user information, app developers in 2024 will place a high priority on secure code, frequent upgrades, and strong data encryption.
  1. Personalised User Experience
AI-powered mobile apps can analyse user behaviour, preferences, and past interactions to deliver a highly personalised experience. This can include tailored content, product recommendations, and intelligent assistants that cater to the individual user's needs.
These developments are changing not only how apps are developed in the future but also how we use technology in our daily lives. Knowing these patterns is essential for anyone wanting to design an app. Do you need help with that? Reach out! We'll see to it that your software stands out in the online environment.
At Wow Infotech, we're always looking at the horizon, anticipating the next wave of trends that will shape the way we build, operate, and think about mobile app Development .
Additionally, if you require app development services, WOWinfotech can help bring your app idea to life with our skilled team of developers. Contact us at +91 9370104077 or info@wowinfotech.com for more details on how we can assist you in enhancing business apps with AI or developing a new app tailored to your needs.
submitted by wowinfotechDi to u/wowinfotechDi [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:05 RelationOtherwise834 Industrial Damper

Industrial Damper
Introduction
The Industrial dampers emerges as the silent main character amidst the intricate coordination of air movement within ducts, chimneys, and diverse air-handling systems. Have you ever contemplated the intricate variations in ventilation or the mechanisms by which your room sustains its optimal temperature in the face of external challenges? In pursuit of understanding their critical function in preserving stability and comfort, let’s delve into the realm of industrial dampers by removing their external sections.
Industrial Dampers

1. Understanding Dampers

Imagine oneself within a chamber, relishing in the finest convenience of temperature regulation. Unidentified to you, a damper is operating inconspicuously to regulate the airflow and preserve this comfortable environment. Therefore, what is a damper exactly? In essence, it comprises a valve or plate that is deliberately positioned within air-handling apparatus, ducts, chimneys, or ducts to regulate the airflow.

2. Types of Industrial Dampers

Dampers aren’t just simple valves; they’re adaptable tools, crafted to meet diverse requirements. Manual dampers offer a hands-on approach, allowing adjustments with a simple turn of a handle. However, the innovation doesn’t stop there. Enter automatic dampers, equipped with electric or pneumatic motors, ensuring continuous airflow regulation.

Automating Comfort: The Magic of Automatic Industrial Dampers

Imagine a world where your room’s temperature adjusts seamlessly, without any manual intervention. Automatic dampers make this a reality, effortlessly fine-tuning airflow to maintain ideal conditions. It’s a futuristic marvel that simplifies life and enhances comfort, showcasing the remarkable capabilities of modern technology in the realm of air control.

3. Applications of Industrial Dampers

Now, let’s talk applications. Ever noticed how chimneys have dampers to keep unwelcome guests like birds and pesky weather elements at bay? These dampers also play a crucial role in controlling the rate of combustion, ensuring your cozy fireplace experience doesn’t turn into a smoke-filled nightmare.
But it’s not just about fireplaces and chimneys. Dampers are the crucial part of centralized air conditioning systems too. They can isolate unused rooms to save energy or regulate airflow for room-by-room temperature control. It’s like having your own personal climate butler ensuring every corner of your space is just the way you like it.

Let’s Explore more types of Industrial dampers

  1. Multi-Blade Control Dampers:
Multi-blade control dampers, also known as rectangular or multi-blade louver dampers, come in two varieties based on blade action.
-Parallel Blade Action: All blades open and close at the same angle and direction.
-Opposed Blade Action: Adjacent blades rotate in opposite directions.
  1. Single Blade Dampers:
Single blade dampers, known as butterfly or wafer dampers, are versatile and can be round, square, or rectangular.
-They may feature single thickness blades or a double skin airfoil design.
-Often, they provide a cost-efficient alternative to pricier valves.
  1. Commercial and Industrial Backdraft Dampers:
Also called gravity dampers, backdraft dampers are vital in light, medium, and heavy-duty industrial and HVAC applications.
-These Industrial dampers allow airflow in one direction while preventing reverse flow, crucial for maintaining system integrity.
-Commonly installed on fans to prevent backspin caused by back pressure.
  1. Face and Bypass Dampers:
-Face and bypass dampers, also known as diverter or tee dampers, serve specialized functions.
-They redirect high-temperature gases, often from turbines, to recover heat efficiently.
-Typically part of a dual damper setup, these dampers are integral components in tee-pipe configurations.
  1. Inlet Vane Dampers:
Inlet vane dampers, also referred to as inlet vane controls (IVC dampers) or variable inlet vanes (VIV dampers), control airflow and pressure from the inlet side of fans or blowers.
-Mounted directly to the fan inlet, they offer both shut-off and control capabilities by rotating to pre-spin the entering air.
-These round dampers ensure dependable operation and cost savings for fan or blower operations.
  1. Bubble Tight and Guillotine Dampers:
Isolation dampers are categorized into bubble tight and guillotine dampers, purchasable for both round and rectangular duct systems.
-High-end bubble tight dampers provide the most reliable seals, preventing leakage when closed.
-Guillotine damper models, equipped with seal air fans, achieve zero leakage and minimal pressure drop, primarily used for ductwork isolation and shut-off during maintenance.
Industrial dampers, in their various forms, uphold system efficiency, reliability, and safety across a spectrum of applications, ensuring optimal performance and control in diverse industrial and HVAC environments.
Safety First
Safety is paramount and should never be taken lightly. Failing to open a damper before lighting a fireplace can lead to serious consequences, such as smoke-filled rooms or even a house fire. It’s crucial to always check the condition of dampers before starting any fire. Ensuring that dampers are properly open helps prevent potential hazards and ensures a safer environment for everyone. Always prioritize safety by double-checking the status of dampers before igniting flames, mitigating the risk of accidents or damage.

Conclusion

In the grand tapestry of HVAC systems and industrial setups, industrial dampers may seem like minor players, but their role is anything but insignificant. From maintaining comfort to ensuring safety, these unassuming valves silently orchestrate the airflow, making our lives a little more comfortable and a lot safer. So, the next time you adjust your room temperature or light up your fireplace, take a moment to appreciate the humble damper – the unsung hero of air control.
Industrial Damper
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2024.05.15 12:03 ahead-market KPLT Q1 2024 Earnings: Revenue Growth and Operational Efficiency

KPLT reported a strong Q1 2024 with a revenue increase to $65.1 million, up 18.1%, and a significant reduction in operating expenses, though net income was slightly negative at -$0.6 million.

Key Metrics

Revenue $65.1M 18.1%
Gross Profit $16.488M
Operating Expenses $12.688M
Operating Expenses Growth -18.5%
Net Income $-0.6M
Earnings Per Share $-0.13
Cash and Cash Equivalents $37.6M
Business Highlights
Guidance
Expectations: BEAT
KPLT's revenue of $65.1 million exceeded analysts' average estimate of $62.44 million for Q1 2024. Despite a negative EPS of -$0.13, it was much better than the expected -$1.32, indicating substantial operational improvements and cost management.
submitted by ahead-market to ahead_market [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:03 kingdom_of_awais Litter-Robot 3 Connect Review: A Reliable but Outdated Automatic Litter Box

Litter-Robot 3 Connect Review: A Reliable but Outdated Automatic Litter Box
https://preview.redd.it/ynbhj23bdk0d1.jpg?width=415&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=77a9c7a991b80d74d592a385c9445dfa0123d5eb
Disclaimer: This article contains affiliate links. We may earn a commission from qualifying purchases made through these links as an affiliate. Your support helps us continue to provide valuable content for pet owners. Thank you for your understanding and support.
The Litter-Robot 4 is considered a substantial improvement over its predecessor, the Litter-Robot 3 Connect.
However, the Litter-Robot 3 Connect remains a high-quality product that has stood the test of time.
Extensive Long-Term Testing
We have conducted extensive long-term testing with the Litter-Robot 3 Connect, using four different models over several years.
This rigorous testing has provided us with a comprehensive understanding of its performance and reliability.
Common Issues and Customer Service
During our testing, one model encountered a relatively common “bonnet” error, where the machine incorrectly registered its top panel as open. This issue, although frustrating, was managed effectively thanks to Litter-Robot’s responsive customer service.
They provided useful troubleshooting advice and even offered to replace the device. After detaching and reattaching the part a few times, the issue resolved itself, and the machine continued to operate without further problems.
Long-Term Reliability
After nearly three years of continuous use, we can confidently say that the Litter-Robot 3 Connect is still a reliable option for automatic litter boxes. Despite some minor issues, its overall performance remains strong.
Design and Cost Considerations
Compared to the newer Litter-Robot 4, the Litter-Robot 3 is slightly larger, less attractively designed, and a bit louder.
However, it is also less expensive, which might make it an appealing choice for those on a budget.
Comparing Competitors
The bigger question for most consumers is whether a newer competitor might be a better choice than an older model Litter-Robot. In our comparison, we tested the Litter-Robot 3 against the popular Leo’s Loo Too within the same household.
Our tester, along with her cats, consistently preferred the Leo’s Loo Too over the Litter-Robot 3. The cats showed a clear preference for the newer competitor, opting to use it more frequently.
Conclusion
While the Litter-Robot 3 Connect is a high-quality and reliable automatic litter box, its larger size, less attractive design, and louder operation make it less appealing compared to the improved Litter-Robot 4 and newer competitors like Leo’s Loo Too.
However, its lower price point may still make it a worthwhile consideration for some pet owners.
submitted by kingdom_of_awais to u/kingdom_of_awais [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 12:00 The_Way358 Essential Teachings: A Biblical Model of Ethics

Introduction

In this post, we'll be discussing something called "Virtue Ethics." This is a normative theory of ethics that's most associated with Aristotle, though has in recent times experienced a resurgence of sorts from modern philosophers, some of whom have tweaked and modified it, and in doing so have created different branches on this tree of moral theory. We will be comparing these different flavors of Virtue Ethics to that of the New Testament's, pointing out where they're similar, as well as highlighting where the NT differs (and is actually superior) from the heathens' views.
I want to preface all this with a verse and a warning:
"Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ."-Colossians 2:8
The entire Bible, over and over again, warns against syncretism. It's a running theme throughout to condemn the practice, with this verse being one of the more explicit ones to do so.
Mapping the ideas of Pagans (and especially Greek philosophers) onto the Scriptures has always resulted in people severely misinterpreting the Bible, as looking at the Word of God through a Hellenistic lens is and always has been extremely innapropiate to the author's original intent.
Whenever Greek philosophy or ideas are referenced, they're always portrayed in a bad light or otherwise used to make a point. Examples of the latter could be found in the apostle Paul's writings, as he was a fully educated Roman citizen of his day, and so he made use of known Hellenestic philosophy and literature (that he would have been familiar with) by redefining their terms and ideas in a way that would be consistent with the theology of his own religion. The apostle Peter did the same within his own epistles whenever he mentioned "Tartarus," the abyss/prison for certain disobedient angels that rebelled against God, despite the fact that the word has its roots in Greek mythology and not Hebrew religion (though, the belief that there were a group of spiritual beings that rebelled against the highest authority in the heavens was one technically shared between the two ancient cultures; even if the parties involved were vastly different, as well as the contexts of the rebellion itself).
The affect Hellenstic philosophy has had on the way people think (even subconsciously) can still be felt to this day, and can be seen in the confusion modern "Christianity" has brought on through its adoption of Gnostic teachings such as Dualism or the inherently fatalistic views that many unknowingly hold due to the error of Classical Theism.
While yes, I will be commending the heathen (unbeliever) whenever they are right with their ideas as pertaining to this subject, I will also show where they are wrong.
Let's begin.

"What Is Virtue Ethics?"

First, we need to define some terms and point out the differences between this view and others within the larger debate of normative ethics.
There are three major approaches in normative ethics, those being: Consequentalism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics. The following are definitions of the terms:
Consequentialism – a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for judgement about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.
Deontology – theories where an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.
Virtue Ethics – theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. The virtue ethicist would argue that actions themselves, while important, aren't as important as the character behind them. To the virtue ethicist, consequences are also important, but they would say that good consequences ultimately flow from a virtuous character who has made virtuous decisions. Theories of virtue ethics do not aim primarily to identify universal principles that can be applied in any moral situation, instead teaching that the best decisions can vary based on context, and that there are only some actions that would be universally evil, only because those actions could never flow from a virtuous character in the first place (e.g., rape).
Aristotle's idea of ethics is in an important respect different from most people's, especially today. Heirs as we are to Kant’s idea of duty – there is a right thing that one ought to do, as rational beings who respect other persons – and to Mill’s idea of utility – the right thing to do is that which produces the greatest good for the greatest number – most of us see ethics as concerned with actions. "The function of ethics is to help me see what I ought to do in a given situation," the modern says. Aristotle’s approach was different. His ethic is not so much concerned about helping us to see what we ought to do, as about what sort of person we ought to be.
Aristotle was concerned with character, and with the things that go to make up good and bad character; virtues and vices. His sort of ethic does not look at our action to see if it fulfils our duty, or produces a certain outcome, such as the greatest good of the greatest number, and therefore merits approval. Instead, it looks at us; at the character behind the actions, to see whether we merit approval.
Comparing Virtue Ethics with philosophies such as Deontology and Consequentialism, we are able to divide ethical theories into two kinds; act-centered theories and agent-centered theories. Kant’s (Deontological) and Mill’s (Utilitarian) approaches are act-centered, because they concern themselves with our actions, whilst Aristotle’s is agent-centered because it concerns itself with the character of a person, which in his view was ourselves and our own dispositions that prompt our actions.
Both approaches have ardent present-day advocates, and so both are alive and well. Virtue Ethicists are dissatisfied with the answers ‘modern’ act-centered philosophy offers, and look for a more flexible, person-centered approach that takes more account of the subtle varieties of human motivation. Those in this camp see ethics as being about people – moral agents – rather than merely about actions. Of course, your actions matter. But, for Aristotle and his present day advocates alike, they matter as expressions of the kind of person you are. They indicate such qualities as kindness, fairness, compassion, and so on, and it is these qualities and their corresponding vices that it is the business of ethics to approve or disapprove.
All this seems simple and uncontroversial; there are two ways of looking at an action to evaluate it morally. You can take the action in isolation and judge it, or take the agent and judge him or her.
Virtue ethicists argue that act-centered ethics are narrow and bloodless. What is needed is a richer moral vocabulary than just ‘right and wrong’. There are subtle but important differences between actions that are good because they are kind and those that are good because they are generous, and those that are good because they are just. Likewise, there are subtle but important differences between actions that are bad because they are selfish and those that are bad because they are cruel and those that are bad because they are unfair. These, and many other, distinctions are lost when we talk simply about doing one’s duty, or promoting utility. Questions of motive and of character are lost, in these asceptic terms. Modern moral philosophy won’t do: it is cold, technical and insensitive to the many kinds and degrees of value expressed in human actions. Ethics is more than just thought experiments and hypotheticals about what would be the right course of action to take in any given situation we might conjure up from the comfort of our armchair. Ethics is about doing, and about context and character.

The Different Kinds of "Virtue Ethics"

Virtue Ethics has has been developed in two main directions: Eudaimonism, and agent-based theories.
Eudaimonism (Aristotle's view) bases virtues in human flourishing, where flourishing is equated with performing one’s distinctive function well. In the case of humans, Aristotle argued that our distinctive function is reasoning, and so the life “worth living” is one which we reason well. He also believed that only free men in the upper classes of society (i.e., the aristocrats) could excel in virtue and eschew vice, being that such men had greater access to the means in accomplishing this task as they had the wealth and resources to better perform their distinctive function of 'reasoning,' and thus "live well." For the Eudaimonian, inner dispositions are what one ought to focus on in order to cultivate virtuous traits, and thus a virtuous character.
In contrast, an agent-based theory emphasizes that virtues are determined by common-sense intuitions that we as observers judge to be admirable traits in other people. There are a variety of human traits that we find admirable, such as benevolence, kindness, compassion, etc., and we can identify these by looking at the people we admire, our moral exemplars. Agent-based theories also state that the motivations and intentions behind an action are ultimately what determine whether or not said action is actually virtuous. Whereas Eudaimonism understands the moral life in terms of inner dispositions or proclivities to act in certain ways (whether righteous or wicked, just or unjust, kind or cruel, etc.), agent-based theories are more radical in that their evaluation of actions is dependent on ethical judgments about the inner life of the agents who perform those actions, that is, what the motivations and intents are of a person.
[Note: While both Eudaimonism and agent-based theories are both agent-centered, Eudaimonism is not to be confused with an agent-based theory. Both branches concern themselves more with agents rather than acts themselves, but Eudamonism focuses on the self to improve whereas the agent-based theory focuses on others to improve.]

Common Critcisims Toward Secular Forms of Virtue Ethics

Firstly, Eudaimonism provides a self-centered conception of ethics because "human flourishing" (here defined as simply fulfilling our base function as humans, which is "reason" according to this view) is seen as an end in itself and does not sufficiently consider the extent to which our actions affect other people. Morality requires us to consider others for their own sake and not because they may benefit us. There seems to be something wrong with aiming to behave compassionately, kindly, and honestly merely because this will make oneself happier or "reason well."
Secondly, both Eudaimonism and agent-based theories also don't provide guidance on how we should act, as there are no clear principles for guiding action other than “act as a virtuous person would act given the situation.” Who is a virtuous person? Who is the first or universal exemplar?
Lastly, the ability to cultivate the right virtues will be affected by a number of different factors beyond a person’s control due to education, society, friends and family. If moral character is so reliant on luck, what role does this leave for appropriate praise and blame of the person? For the Eudaimonian, one ought to be born into a status of privilege if they wish to excel in being virtuous. For the proponent of an agent-based theory, one ought to be born into a society or family with good role models and preferably be raised by such, else they have no moral exemplars to emulate.

The New Testament's Virtue Ethic

The New Testament authors didn’t sit down and do a self-consciously philosophical exercise, for this was not what they were concerned with. They were concerned with giving practical instruction to disciples of the faith, and merely trying to express the ethical implications of their spiritual experience. That being said, we know the apostle Paul was familiar with the writings of Aristotle. We can actually identify places where Paul displays knowledge of Aristotle and incorporates some of the philosopher's ideas into his own epistles. Before we do this, however, it's important we refute common misnomers about what the Bible teaches concerning ethics in general.
You probably have heard many attack the ethics of the New Testament as being primitive and simplistic. "God dictates universal commands to follow: 'do not lie,' do 'not divorce,' 'do not insult.' And the only motivating factor is escaping hellfire and obtaining the reward of eternal pleasure." But in reality, this is a gross misrepresentation of the ethics laid out in the NT. I will argue the NT advocates for a form of virtue ethics, instead of claiming the NT contains a form of deontic ethics, as it is so often assumed.
Elizabeth Anscombe was one of the most influential virtue ethicists of the 20th century. Her work helped to revive virtue ethics in the modern era, however she also criticized the ethics of the Bible for promoting a form of ethics different than what Aristotle promoted:
"...between aristotle and us came Christianity, with its law conception of ethics. For Christianity derived its ethical notions from the Torah. (One might be inclined to think that a law conception of ethics could arise only among people who accepted an allegedly divine positive law..." (Modern Moral Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 124, 1-19)
We've already dealt with the issue of the Torah in another post. The Torah is not laying down moral laws, but describing justice in the form of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature. But does the New Testament teach a deontic form of ethics? Anscombe might appear justified in her claim, as some "Christian" theologians have explicitly taught the ethics of the NT is deontic.
However, other theologians have argued the ethics of the NT is best characterized as a form of virtue ethics. In a study of the NT, we'll support this notion. As noted earlier, one of the central features of this approach to ethics is that the aim of ethics should be on living a virtuous life. Other forms of ethics focus on directing actions when confronted with a moral dilemma, but for virtue ethics every action is a moral or immoral action because all of our actions contribute or do not contribute to living a virtuous life. In other words, for a virtue ethicist, everything we do will contribute to living a fulfilled life. Now, the NT promotes a similar idea with a slight modification. The NT changes the distinctictive function and purpose for man in Eudaimonism from "reasoning" to loving God and others instead, and thus "living well" is changed from self-centered 'flourshing' (as defined by Aristotle) to glorifying God instead. The apostles taught everything we do contributes to living a life that glorifies God:
"Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God."-1 Corinthians 10:31
"And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him."-Colossians 3:17
So we see the same idea in Paul, that everything we do can be seen as a moral or immoral action. Everything we do should be seen as contributing to living a life that glorifies god or not. As a believer, the aim is not just doing good actions to avoid punishments, but to see everything we do as glorifying God. On secular virtue ethics, all our actions are either advancing a good life or not: nourishing your body contributes to living a good life. In a Biblical context: taking the time to properly dress contributes to living a good life, and not giving into the sin of sloth. So all our actions can be moral actions in this context, and so likewise for Paul and Jesus, all we do can contribute to living a life that glorifies God.
Since God made our bodies to thrive and enjoy life, we should nourish our bodies so we can thrive as God intended for our bodies to do, thus ultimately glorifying Him. Since we were created to experience and feel enjoyment, laughing and enjoying things throughout life glorifies God as well since we're experiencing emotions that God created to be experienced. Everything we do should be to glorify God, and often all that is is living our lives in the way that they were intended to be lived. Biblical ethics is very much more than merely performing right actions, but living a virtuous life that brings glory to God.
As Jesus said:
"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind."-Matthew 22:37b
It is also important to focus on what it means to love, which is an important aspect of what it means to be a believer. Paul makes the radical claim that to love is the entirety of the law of God:
"For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."-Galatians 5:14
Jesus also taught that to love God and love others were the two greatest commandments (Mark 12:28-31, Matt. 22:34-40). He also extends the commandment to love beyond one's brethren, and to love our enemies (Matt. 5:44). Loving those around us is central to what it means to be a believer (John 13:34; 15:12-17, Rom. 12:10; 13:8, 1 Cor. 13:1-8; 16:14, 2 Cor. 8:8, Eph. 4:2; 5:2, Phili. 1:9, Heb. 10:24, Jam. 2:8, 1 Pet. 1:22, 1 John 2:10; 3:23).
One might suggest this is no different than the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do to you," or a Kantian rule: "I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law." In other words, "to live well is to perform good deeds or actions and nothing more." But an important point about loving someone is it cannot be done through actions alone. For example, one could buy a gift for their spouse to cheer them up. However, one could perform this action merely because they value performing right actions without any love for the person. One could donate to charity because it is the right thing to do, and not because she cares for the people who would benefit. In such scenarios, they can be seen as idolizing moral laws, not necessarily caring about helping others.
But to love someone requires more than merely performing right actions. You cannot love someone and not care about who they are as a person and where they are heading in life. To love is to will the good of the other. Jesus chastised the Pharisees of his day for only performing right actions, but not loving their brethren in their hearts. His criticism follows Matthew chapter 22, where Jesus says the greatest commandments are to love. The implication is the Pharisees perform proper actions, but have the wrong motivations for doing so. James Keenan puts it like this:
"Essential to understanding this command is that we love our neighbors not as objects of our devotion, but rather as subjects; that is, as persons. Thus, we cannot love others only because God wants us to do so, since then we would love them as means or as objects and not as persons. We can only love one another as subjects, just as God loves us." (Jesus and Virtue Ethics: Building Bridges Between New Testament Studies and Moral Theology, pg. 86)
A critic may bring up that verses of the NT are still phrased as commands, and therefore the structure implies duties were the central aspect of Christian ethics. But the importance of duties is not foreign to Virtue Ethics. Instead of being central to the ethical framework, duties flow from a virtuous character. Virtues are active and have certain demands for which a person must fulfill in their active behavior.
According to Aristotle, knowledge of the virtues gives us practical wisdom in how to properly act. Duties flow from the understanding of the demands of virtues. To put it another way, for virtues to manifest in persons, they have certain demands that must be fulfilled. For the believer, the command of love flows from being virtuous and aligning oneself with the character of God. Commitment to the character of Christ, who perfectly carried out the will of the Father, allows us to perform right and proper actions.
The NT also contains lists of virtues the believer ought to emulate, the most famous of these is in Galatians chapter 5:
"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, Meekness, temperance: against such there is no law." (vss. 22-23)
Now, the connection with Aristotle cannot be more pronounced. The Greek phrase "against such there is no law" is almost identical to what we find in Aristotle's politics (3.13.1284a). It seems clear Paul is teaching a similar ethical framework to what Aristotle advocated for. Paul is teaching that the believing community ought to be persons who display key virtues, and that their conduct would not need to be regulated by a law. Instead, their character should be the standard others can measure themselves by. Romans chapter 2 is also a place we see references to Aristotle, where Paul notes that when Gentiles do what the law requires, they are "a law unto themselves" (vss. 14-15). In other words, they do not need to be told to act a certain way. They have the proper virtuous character that directs their actions, to do the good the law requires. Paul is advocating in Galatians that believers should think in a similar way.
So in Galatians 5, we have affinity with the teachings of Aristotle, and in other lists of virtues throughout the NT we see a similar idea, which is that Christians were meant to display virtues primarily (Rom. 5:3-5, 1 Cor. 13:1-8, Col. 3:12-17, 1 Tim. 3:2-3; 4:7-8, Jam. 3:17-18, 2 Pet. 1:5-8). From that, good deeds will properly manifest in our actions.
Anscombe made a great point on what the focus of ethics should be:
"It would be a great improvement if, instead of 'morally wrong', one always named a genus such as 'untruthful', 'unchaste', 'unjust'. We should no longer ask whether doing something was 'wrong', passing directly from some description of an action to this notion; we should ask whether, e.g., it was unjust; and the answer would sometimes be clear at once." (Modern Moral Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 124, 1-19)
Interestingly enough, Paul lays out a similar idea in explaining Christian ethics:
"Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things. Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you."-Philippians 4:8-9
In other words, the central aspect on living a Christian life was on what is virtuous, not on what is lawfully right or wrong. Right actions flow from whatever is honorable, true, and pure. Correlating with this is how Paul responds to the Corinthians who claimed that "all was lawful." Paul reminded them the emphasis is not on what is lawful, but on what is good for building a virtuous character:
"All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not."-1 Corinthians 10:23
One's main focus ought to be on what is good, not on laws that dictate behavior.
One of the key aspects of Virtue Ethics is the idea we ought to learn from virtuous teachers and imitate them. A virtuous character is obtained by imitating what a virtuous person does. This parallels a key aspect of Christian ethics. Imitating Christ was (and still is) crucial to living a virtuous life:
"For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:"-1 Peter 2:21
Paul says in Romans 8:29 that Christians were predestined "to be conformed to the image of his Son." Jesus often taught his followers to do as he does (Matt. 16:24, Mark 8:34, Luke 6:40; 9:23, John 13:15, 34). Paul says in 1st Corinthians 11: Be ye followers [i.e., imitators] of me, even as I also am of Christ" (vs. 1). Hebrews 13:7 says to imitate the faith of the patriarchs. 1st Thessalonians 2:14 says to imitate each other. And jesus taught to imitate the good Samaritan from his parable (Luke 10:37). Imitating virtuous teachers was key for Christian ethics.
Aristotle tended to compare acquiring virtues with that of learning a practical skill, like playing an instrument or learning how to become a builder. Such practical skills are best picked up when trained by a master of that particular skill, because a teacher can always provide more insight through lessons they learn from experience. For example, an expert salesman can provide examples from his experience of what works with specific customers that a sales textbook could never provide. Many professions today require on-the-job training or experience before even hiring an applicant. The reason is: experience is key to learning a profession. Merely acquiring knowledge from a textbook or an instruction manual is often insufficient to master a skill, so why would mastering the skill of virtue be any different?
In the NT, a believer is to see the world through the eyes of Christ and to love as he loved. One cannot learn how to be a virtuous person without knowing what that life would look like. A key component of Christian theology is that the Messiah perfectly represented the Father and His will on earth, to show us how to properly live as God intended for man. This central tenet of the NT aligns well with agent-based theories of Virtue Ethics, and modifies it so that the person of Jesus Christ is the universal exemplar that one is meant to emulate. We are called to imitate him through our actions, thoughts, and desires, and to conform ourselves to the way he lived. As Paul said:
"I am crucified with Christ: nevertheless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me."-Galatians 2:20
If learning from Christ is key, we should briefly take a look at the Sermon on the Mount, which is said to be one of Jesus' most important series of teachings. Daniel Harrington notes:
"The sermon begins with nine 'beatitudes' (see 5:3–12) in which Jesus declares as 'happy' or 'blessed' those who practice certain virtues, and promises them an eternal reward and the fullness of God's kingdom." (Jesus and Virtue Ethics: Building Bridges Between New Testament Studies and Moral Theology, pg. 62)
Jesus laid out what a life for those that follow him look like in detail. One ought to be merciful, pure in heart, a peacemaker, thirst for righteousness, etcetera (Matt. 5:2-10). The Sermon does not merely include what right actions are, but includes sections on proper desires. Not only is it wrong to murder, but it is wrong to desire to murder or wish ill on someone (Matt. 5:22). Avoiding adultery is good, but one also should not covet after another man's woman in their heart (Matt. 5:28). In other words, merely avoiding immoral actions is not enough. One must also not desire vices. A believer is called to desire what is good.
The Sermon is not necessarily laying down universal moral commands. For example, Matthew 5:9 says, "Blessed are the peacemakers," but this doesn't imply absolute Pacifism, as it would contradict passages in the Old Testament where it explicitly says there is a time for war (Ecc. 3:8). The point of the Sermon is to teach what a virtuous life ought to look like. A follower of Christ ought to use reason to know what is proper to do in various circumstances. For example, in Matthew chapter 6, Jesus offers guidance on how one ought to pray by presenting the Lord's prayer (vss. 9-15). This is a model of how to pray. It's not a command for followers to always pray in this exact way.
In reality, the Sermon on the Mount mixes in exhortations, parables, hyperbole, declarations, commands, etc. It is best understood as displaying what a virtuous life ought to look like. It's not a law code. Building on this, it's important to understand a proper action is context sensitive. Under Virtue Ethics, one should not necessarily apply a universal maxim to every situation. Sometimes the proper action will depend on what is at stake, who is involved, what is the background, etc. Aristotle advocated against the idea there were fixed universal laws that dictate actions, and instead he argued the right action would depend on the circumstances one finds themselves in. Although the ethics of the NT may be a bit more strict, it still places an emphasis on being sensitive to the context of situations.
In 1st Corinthians chapter 8, Paul lays out instructions on how to deal with meat that has been sacrificed to Pagan idols. Instead of stating an absolute prohibition against meat sacrificed to idols, Paul instructed Christians to use reason to come to the proper ethical decision based on context. In other words, the right action is not determined only by a law. Instead, the Christian had to make the proper decision based on the context: if eating caused another to stumble, then you ought to abstain; if not, then there's no harm done. The value of the action depends on the context.
A Deontologist might reply that there's still a universal law given here: that one should always abstain if it's going to cause another to stumble. This objection can be addressed by asking: how are we to know if eating the meat will cause another believer to stumble? To answer such a question, one must be sensitive to the context, which in this case would be knowledge of the fellow believer and your relation to him. It is the context that determines the right action, not a universal law. Moreover, Paul states that the primary goal for the believer should be to love (1 Cor. 13). The first consideration is once again not the rightness of action, but having love for one another. From this, knowledge of the proper action will follow.
Paul often explains that living a proper life as a believer will take work and practice. He reminded Timothy to attend readings, practice what these things mean, and keep a close watch on himself (1 Tim. 4:13-14). Elsewhere, he directs that all believers must work on their faith (Phili. 2:12). Beyond this, he also noted that not all Christians would have the same gifts, and to accept that this was normal (1 Cor. 12). For some, certain things may be a hindrance, whereas for others it is acceptable (Rom. 14:2-4). What matters is that we love and build one another up (1 Thess. 5:11). Right actions flow from love and knowledge of virtue. Rules are not the primary motives that dictate our actions; rules are secondary in this regard.
An interesting case can be studied with regards to divorce in the Gospels. Jesus preaches against divorce (Mark 10:7-9) and it is often interpreted to mean "divorce is always wrong, regardless of circumstances." However, it should be noted the prohibition on divorce is not a universal law. The context can affect whether or not a divorce is permissible. Jesus says that one can divorce over sexual immorality. Paul also has a situation where divorce is permissible, namely if one spouse is an unbeliever and wishes to leave (1 Cor. 7:15). The implication one can derive is divorce is not ideal, but there are circumstances where it may be the proper action to take. Given the other features of Christian Virtue Ethics we already covered, the proper action to take will depend on the circumstances and what the virtuous agent thinks is the most loving thing to do. A universal prohibition on divorce is not a Christian ethic. Instead, one ought to discern the proper action from circumstances. However, it's clear in most cases divorce would not be the virtuous thing to do.
Building on this, it's important to note that within NT ethics, certain acts are always wrong. For example, idolatry and sexual immorality are always wrong (1 Cor. 10:14, Col. 3:15, 1 Pet. 4:13). There are no possible scenarios where it would be okay to rape, because such an act would never flow from a virtuous character. But this concept is not foreign to theories of Virtue Ethics. Aristotle noted that for some actions, no qualifications could make them virtuous. Actions such as rape or murder are always wrong, because they would never flow from a virtuous character. So it's not as if a Virtue Ethicist cannot claim that some actions are always wrong. They simply are qualified as being unable to flow from virtue, whereas actions like lying or waging war could be considered virtuous for the right reason.
Now, despite Christian Virtue Ethics having many similarities with Eudaimonism (Aristotelian ethics), there are also numerous differences beyond what we've already noted. One of the deficiencies of how Aristotle lays out his ethical theory is that it is essentially an all-boys club. Aristotle writes mainly to aristocratic men, excluding women and slaves. In his view, women were inferior to men and slaves lacked the necessary rational faculty. But the Christians rejected this mentality, as the teachings of Christ and the apostles were available to all (Matt. 28:19). Paul said, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). Peter wrote that all Christians were part of the priesthood of Christ (1 Pet. 2:5). Jesus had women followers (Luke 8:2-3), and they were entrusted with delivering revelation (Mark 15:40–16:8). What we find throughout the NT is a radical change to how women were viewed in the ancient world. Paul is also likely building on Aristotle's household structure and refining it. David deSilva says the household codes of the NT are "...following the pairs laid out as early as Aristotle to such a degree as to suggest that these were standard topics in ethical instruction" (Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity, pg. 231). But Paul adds an important preface: submitting to one another out of reverence for Christ (Eph. 5:20-21). DeSilva says:
"...husbands, we cannot then ignore the distinctively Christian addition they bring to this arrangement; husbands are to be subject to their wives as well." (Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity, pg. 233)
Thus Paul doesn't break down the traditional perspective on the structure of the family, but he does add the idea that we all must submit to each other in reverence, love, unity, and cooperation because all are equal before God. There is no explicit mention in the NT calling for the abolishment of slavery, but it should be noted that Paul taught that slaves should be seen as equals. In the letter to Philemon, Paul is clear that his slave is no longer "as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved" (vs. 16). Thus, within Christian ethics class distinctions were supposed to evaporate. All were brothers and sisters of one family.
An important aspect of Christian ethics is that it wasn't a standalone ethical theory. It's embedded in the larger Christian worldview. The ethical framework is dependent on Christian doctrines. For Aristotle, his ethical theory is for men who were raised well. This is why these specific men desire to be virtuous and perform right actions. As for why the believer does good and desires to be virtuous, it's not because one was raised well, but because they have been activated by the power of God's Spirit (John 3:6, 1 Cor. 12:13). For believers, the reason as to why we desire to be good and virtuous is because the Spirit of God has regenerated us. He loves us so we can love others (1 John 4:19). One is meant to look to the life of Christ and what he has done by dying on the cross, to know that we are loved and forgiven. This in turn is meant to activate a good life, having seen what we have gained and been forgiven of. He calls and activates us to do similar to those around us. This is a more open system for people of all groups and classes. One only has to call upon the name of the Lord to be included. It does not require a specific gender or to be raised a certain way.
The goal of Aristotelian ethics is to achieve 'eudaimonia.' However, within the Bible the goal is as the Westminster Shorter Catechism puts it: "Man's chief end is to glorify God, and enjoy Him forever." Since the central aspect of Biblical Eschatology is that humans will continue on forever in resurrected bodies, the aim of ethics is more than living a good life presently. Living a good life now is important, but it was only one aspect in the Christian worldview. Humans are meant to live beyond this life, so the aim is also about building virtuous souls that will continue on. The importance of this is more crucial than it may seem at first. Paul said that we must all appear before judgment, so that "every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad" (2 Cor. 15:10).
Being a virtuous person requires integrity, because one will still have to answer to God after death. If one can commit an evil act and no one finds out, then from the outside perspective he or she may still appear virtuous. Culturally speaking, the ancient world was very different from our own. All wrongdoings centered around public honor and shame. One did good to receive public honor, and one did not do what was bad to receive public shame. Right and wrong were connected to one's public honor and shame in the ancient Greco-Roman world. Thus good and evil were public ideas, not personal ideas. Ethical demands were grounded in the community in one's public appearance
The Biblical idea of an omniscient God who cared about our ethical status laid a foundation for integrity and personal guilt to emerge. Now one ought to do good because he is beholden to God, not just the community. Believers are to remain focused on God's approval and on the actions that lead them, regardless of the world's response. This lays down fertile ground for integrity to emerge. So the Biblical worldview has another important element built in that encourages ethical behavior, regardless of the honor it brings. One ought to do good because of a commitment to God not, because it might bring honor to one's name publicly.

Implications for Preterists

Paul believed that the Second Coming would happen in his generation, and prescribed certain things in the NT on the basis of that belief. An example of an exhortation that would no longer apppy to us today would be 1st Corinthians 7:24-29, where Paul argues that the times him and his fellow Christians were in called for celibacy, being that the Lord was fast approaching. It wasn't a sin if you did get married, of course; it was just harder to serve the Lord in this context if you had a family to worry about. Thus, Paul encouraged being single.
So, we need to be careful when reading the NT and determining what prohibitions or exhortations are still applicable to us today. Context is key.
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2024.05.15 12:00 Remote-Cartoonist460 Break Bad Money Habits

Break Bad Money Habits
Financial stability and wealth accumulation are goals many strive for, but certain detrimental money habits can significantly hinder progress. Identifying and breaking these habits is essential for anyone looking to improve their financial health. Here are fifteen bad money habits that you need to break immediately:
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Impulse Buying
Impulse buying involves making unplanned purchases on a whim, often driven by emotions or marketing tactics. This habit can drain your finances and lead to clutter. To curb impulse buying, always shop with a list and set a cooling-off period before making significant purchases.
Keeping Up with the Joneses
The desire to match or exceed the lifestyle of others, often referred to as "keeping up with the Joneses," can lead to unnecessary spending and debt. Focus on your financial goals rather than comparing yourself to others.
Living Beyond Your Means
Spending more than you earn is a fast track to financial trouble. To avoid this, create a budget that aligns with your income and stick to it. Save for big purchases rather than relying on credit.
Paying Only the Minimum on Credit Cards
Paying only the minimum amount due on credit cards can lead to significant interest charges over time. Aim to pay off your balance in full each month to avoid interest and reduce debt.
Never Asking for a Raise
Many people fail to ask for a raise due to fear or lack of confidence. Regularly evaluate your performance and market value, and don’t hesitate to negotiate for better pay when deserved.
Not Investing
Keeping all your money in a savings account can lead to lost opportunities for growth. Investing in stocks, bonds, or real estate can provide higher returns. Start learning about investment options to grow your wealth.
Ignoring Lifestyle Inflation
As income increases, it’s tempting to upgrade your lifestyle correspondingly. This is known as lifestyle inflation. To avoid this, maintain a modest lifestyle and save or invest any additional income.
Keeping Money Idle
Holding onto cash without investing it can erode its value due to inflation. Consider putting your money in high-yield savings accounts or investment vehicles to preserve and increase its value.
Lending Money to Unreliable People
Lending money without expecting repayment can strain your finances. Be cautious and set clear terms if you choose to lend money to friends or family.
Not Paying Taxes on Time
Failing to pay taxes on time can result in penalties and interest charges. Ensure you file and pay your taxes promptly to avoid unnecessary financial burdens.
Investing in Things You Don’t Understand
Investing in complex financial products without understanding them can lead to significant losses. Always do thorough research or consult a financial advisor before making investment decisions.
Not Maximizing Tax-Advantaged Accounts
Tax-advantaged accounts like IRAs, 401(k)s, and HSAs offer significant benefits. Contribute the maximum allowable amount to these accounts to save on taxes and grow your savings.
Relying on a Single Income Stream
Depending on one source of income is risky. Diversify your income by exploring side hustles, investments, or additional job opportunities to secure your financial future.
Not Tracking Expenses
Without tracking your expenses, it’s easy to overspend. Use budgeting apps or maintain a spending diary to keep an eye on where your money goes and identify areas to cut back.
Neglecting to Plan for Emergencies
Unexpected expenses can derail your finances if you’re not prepared. Build an emergency fund with 3-6 months’ worth of living expenses to safeguard against unforeseen financial setbacks.
submitted by Remote-Cartoonist460 to FinanceManual [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:54 Dazzling-Carpenter66 what is omnichannel marketing ?

Imagine a world where your marketing follows your customers seamlessly, no matter how they interact with your brand. That's the magic of omnichannel marketing!
Think of it like this: A customer sees your ad on social media, visits your website to learn more, and then walks into your store to make a purchase. Omnichannel marketing ensures a consistent and positive experience at every touchpoint.
Benefits Galore!
Here's why omnichannel marketing is a game-changer:
SupportIQ: Your Omnichannel Superhero
While omnichannel sounds amazing, implementing it can feel overwhelming. That's where SupportIQ comes in! They offer a user-friendly platform that helps you:
SupportIQ isn't just another marketing tool – it's your partner in creating a customer-centric experience that drives results.
Ready to learn more? Check out SupportIQ – they've got some awesome resources to get you started!
submitted by Dazzling-Carpenter66 to botintegration [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:53 Equivalent_Gap_8813 Help Needed for 5-Day Barcelona Itinerary and Anniversary Surprise!

Hi everyone,
My wife and I are traveling to Barcelona from India for a 5-day trip, and we need some help planning our itinerary. We want to make the most of our time and experience the best of what the city has to offer. Here are a few things we're looking for:
  1. Must-Visit Places: What are the top attractions and hidden gems in Barcelona that we shouldn't miss?
  2. Queue Management: Are there any places where we should book tickets in advance to avoid long queues?
  3. Food Recommendations: Any must-visit restaurants, cafes, or food markets?
  4. Shopping Spots: We enjoy shopping for unique souvenirs and local products. Any recommendations for great shopping areas?
  5. Internal Travel: Is there a pass we can purchase with which we can use public transport easily? Or should we hire a vehicle?
  6. Anniversary Surprise: The last day of our trip is our first wedding anniversary. Any ideas for a special surprise date in Barcelona? Looking for something romantic and memorable!
Thanks in advance for all your suggestions! We're super excited for our trip and want to make it as special as possible.
submitted by Equivalent_Gap_8813 to GoingToSpain [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:51 Equivalent_Gap_8813 Help Needed for 5-Day Barcelona Itinerary and Anniversary Surprise!

Hi everyone,
My wife and I are traveling to Barcelona from India for a 5-day trip, and we need some help planning our itinerary. We want to make the most of our time and experience the best of what the city has to offer. Here are a few things we're looking for:
  1. Must-Visit Places: What are the top attractions and hidden gems in Barcelona that we shouldn't miss?
  2. Queue Management: Are there any places where we should book tickets in advance to avoid long queues?
  3. Food Recommendations: Any must-visit restaurants, cafes, or food markets?
  4. Shopping Spots: We enjoy shopping for unique souvenirs and local products. Any recommendations for great shopping areas?
  5. Internal Travel: Is there a pass we can purchase with which we can use public transport easily? Or should we hire a vehicle?
  6. Anniversary Surprise: The last day of our trip is our first wedding anniversary. Any ideas for a special surprise date in Barcelona? Looking for something romantic and memorable!
Thanks in advance for all your suggestions! We're super excited for our trip and want to make it as special as possible.
submitted by Equivalent_Gap_8813 to Europetravel [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:46 Academic_Owl_6530 Seller ghosted me and then shipped my item without any tracking??

So I posted a couple of days ago about this item I bought and I got massively downvoted because everyone thought I was just being impatient lol…
I had this item in my likes for a while and the seller sent an offer for $13 less than what the item was listed for so I got excited and bought it (note - I did message the seller to ask a question about the item before I purchased and they responded straight away).
After purchasing it, I heard nothing from the seller for over a week (all the while they were active on Depop), until I messaged asking when the item would be shipped. The seller then responded the day after I send that message, saying that they would be shipping it that same day (which was yesterday) and that they just kept forgetting to take it with them when they went to work.
All understandable, stuff happens… well I didn’t hear anything back from them yesterday so I messaged last night asking if they had gotten the chance to ship it, didn’t get any messages back from them but I got a notification this afternoon saying that my item was shipped, but the seller hasn’t provided any tracking number at all 🙃
This person has ONLY good reviews on their shop (10+ reviews) so I’m not quite sure what to do, I’ve messaged the seller about if they have a tracking number for my order but again I haven’t heard anything back yet
Do I just wait a couple more days and see if my item turns up or not??
submitted by Academic_Owl_6530 to Depop [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:46 bulokpipe How to choose pipe clamps for industrial uses

In the area of business operations, making sure the proper functioning and sturdiness of pipelines is paramount. From production websites to production plant life, pipelines serve as the lifelines of various procedures, wearing fluid gasses critical for operations. However, to hold the integrity of these pipelines, the use of dependable pipe clamps will become indispensable. Pipe clamps are important additives designed to guide, stabilize, and secure piping structures, stopping leaks, vibrations, and structural harm. With a myriad of alternatives to be had inside the marketplace, selecting the right pipe clamps for business packages can be a daunting undertaking. This comprehensive manual objectives to simplify the technique, imparting insights into key elements to recall whilst selecting pipe clamps for industrial uses.
Understanding the Importance of Pipe Clamps:
Pipe clamps play a pivotal function in making sure the structural integrity and functionality of pipelines in commercial settings. These clamps are on the whole responsible for:
Types of Pipe Clamps:
Before delving into the choice technique, it's important to familiarize oneself with the numerous kinds of pipe clamps available within the marketplace. Some common sorts include:
Considerations for Selecting Pipe Clamps:
When choosing pipe clamps for industrial uses, several elements have to be taken into consideration to make sure top-rated performance and sturdiness. These issues encompass:
Quality Assurance and Compliance:
When sourcing pipe clamps for business programs, it's imperative to prioritize quality assurance and compliance with industry requirements and policies. Look for respectable pipe clamp manufacturers that adhere to stringent satisfactory manipulation measures and provide certifications consisting of ISO 9001:2015. Additionally, make certain that the pipe clamps follow applicable industry requirements along with ASTM, ASME, DIN, or ANSI to assure their reliability and overall performance.
Cost-effectiveness and Long-term Value:
While in advance price is absolutely an essential consideration, it's essential to weigh the long-term value and value-effectiveness of pipe clamps. Investing in splendid clamps might also entail a higher initial investment but can bring about sizable financial savings through the years via decreasing the frequency of repairs, replacements, and downtime associated with inferior products.
Conclusion:
In the end, selecting the right pipe clamps for business uses requires conscious attention to various factors, along with material, length, load ability, environmental elements, set up requirements, first-class warranty, and cost-effectiveness. By prioritizing great compatibility, and compliance with industry standards, industrial operators can make certain the reliability, safety, and efficiency of their piping structures.
For top-notch pipe clamps sponsored by using high-quality warranty and reliability, consider contacting Bu-Lok. As one of the main pipe clamp manufacturers, buyers, and providers of stainless-steel, excessive nickel steel, alloy metallic, and carbon metallic pipe clamps, Bu-Lok offers a comprehensive range of merchandise designed to meet the various wishes of business programs. With a dedication to excellence and purchaser satisfaction, Bu-Lok stands as a trusted companion in ensuring the integrity and overall performance of business pipelines.
submitted by bulokpipe to u/bulokpipe [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:42 bitnewsbot Legit Xtend Life Discount Code → 15% OFF with coupon: FDN15. Applies Storewide.

Legit Xtend Life Discount Code → 15% OFF with coupon: FDN15. Applies Storewide.
Looking to save on your next purchase at Xtend Life? You're in luck!
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Stock up on your favorite health and wellness products from Xtend Life.
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  1. Visit the Xtend Life website.
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  3. Add your desired items to the cart.
  4. Proceed to checkout.
  5. Enter the coupon code FDN15 in the designated field.
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Why Choose Xtend Life:
Xtend Life is known for its high-quality supplements, skincare, and health products that are formulated using premium ingredients. With a focus on natural and science-backed solutions, Xtend Life offers a range of products to support your overall well-being.

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submitted by bitnewsbot to NoExpireDiscountCodes [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:40 Cold_Judgment2615 ‘OrientDig’ is brandnew here!

Hello everyone, ‘OrientDig’ is a new agent specialize in assisting international customers with purchasing products from leading Chinese e-commerce platforms like Taobao and 1688. Our mission is to provide high-quality, cost-effective Chinese products to a global audience while ensuring exceptional service.
Navigating Chinese e-commerce websites can be challenging due to language barriers and logistical complexities. That's where ‘OrientDig’ comes in. We handle everything from product sourcing and purchasing to international shipping, making it easy for you to access a vast array of Chinese goods from the comfort of your home.
Our team is dedicated to delivering the best products at competitive prices. We take pride in our customer service, ensuring that each transaction is smooth, secure, and satisfactory. Whether you are looking for electronics, fashion, home goods, or unique items, ‘OrientDig’ is your gateway to the best that China has to offer.
Experience the convenience and benefits of shopping from China with ‘OrientDig’. Let us help you discover the quality and value of Chinese products, delivered right to your doorstep.
submitted by Cold_Judgment2615 to OrientDig [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:40 spookyjuliette Professor offered me an incomplete. Trying to figure out what it means.

My professor offered to give me an incomplete for a course. Ive had this professor in two other courses before, I got good grades, and we have a good relationship. In this class, I did really well on the midterm, but my mental health took a turn in April and I did not complete our final take home exam or research paper that were assigned. Today he offered to give me an incomplete and I guess I would have to do both assignments before the end of May. So if I complete the assignments before the deadline, could he convert my grade to any letter? I really know nothing about incompletes and there isn’t much in my student handbook. Also, I withdrew from a class earlier in the semester, so if I finish the work before the deadline and he gives me whatever grade, do I have to worry about FAFSA? I’ll be honest I’m terrified to talk to my parents about this because they have no idea and I’m embarrassed to reach out my schools financial services. I appreciate any responses!
submitted by spookyjuliette to college [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 11:39 sleepingtime12 Tapentadol 100mg: Unlocking the Secrets of Potent Pain Relief

Tapentadol 100mg: Unlocking the Secrets of Potent Pain Relief
Understanding Tapentadol 100mg:
Tapentadol 100mg is a formidable weapon in the arsenal against pain. As an opioid analgesic, it operates by targeting the central nervous system to alter the perception and response to pain stimuli. Unlike traditional opioids, Tapentadol combines two mechanisms – mu-opioid receptor agonism and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition – offering a dual approach to pain management.

https://preview.redd.it/ecoi0r649k0d1.png?width=500&format=png&auto=webp&s=6d795f2035e1b1bd601f3c65e103e1f46ab10556

The Versatility of Tapentadol 100mg:

This mighty medication isn't limited to a single type of pain. It's a versatile solution for various pain scenarios:
  • Acute Pain Relief: Tapentadol is often prescribed for acute pain episodes, providing rapid relief when you need it most.
  • Neuropathic Pain Management: Whether it's the tingling of diabetic neuropathy or the shooting pains of nerve damage, Tapentadol can help ease neuropathic discomfort.
  • Chronic Pain Support: Living with chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis or fibromyalgia can be challenging, but Tapentadol offers sustained relief for ongoing battles.

Navigating Tapentadol 100mg Dosage:

Proper dosing is essential for effective pain management and safety:
  • Initial Dosage: The journey typically begins with a starting dose of 50mg to 100mg taken orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed.
  • Titration: Your healthcare provider may adjust the dosage based on your response and tolerance, gradually increasing or decreasing as necessary.
  • Maximum Limits: While Tapentadol can be a potent ally, it's crucial to adhere to prescribed limits, with a maximum daily dose not exceeding 700mg to avoid adverse effects.

Precautions and Sidekick Side Effects:

Every hero has its caveats, and Tapentadol is no exception:
  • Safety Measures: Before embarking on your Tapentadol journey, inform your healthcare provider of any pre-existing conditions, medications, or allergies to ensure safe usage.
  • Vigilance Required: Keep an eye out for common sidekick side effects like nausea, dizziness, or constipation. While mild, they can hinder your quest for comfort.
  • Watchful Guardianship: Serious side effects, such as respiratory depression or seizures, require immediate intervention. Stay vigilant and seek aid if any alarming symptoms arise.

Procuring Tapentadol 100mg Online:

In today's digital age, convenience reigns supreme. When seeking Tapentadol online, ensure you embark on your quest with reputable companions:
  • Trusted Allies: Platforms like SleepingTime to provide a sanctuary for purchasing Tapentadol online. Their user-friendly interface and comprehensive product information ensure a seamless experience.
  • Prescription Quest: Remember, the path to Tapentadol ownership begins with a prescription from a licensed healer. Obtain this sacred scroll before venturing forth into the online realm.

Conclusion:

With Tapentadol 100mg by your side, the journey towards pain relief becomes more manageable. By understanding its mechanisms, dosages, precautions, and online procurement, you can embark on a quest toward a life with less discomfort. Remember, Tapentadol is a potent ally, but like any hero, it must be respected and used responsibly. Let Tapentadol guide you toward a brighter, pain-free horizon.
submitted by sleepingtime12 to u/sleepingtime12 [link] [comments]


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