Back story real quick: last year, my blood sugar levels/A1C were very much not great (A1C at 10-11 still after having taken Metformin and Januvia for a while). I don’t know what it was because I was trying really hard to make it better. Brought it down from like 14 but 10 is still not great.
My doctor suggested starting ozempic to help. Before I filled my prescription, she asked me to get a thyroid ultrasound because apparently ozempic affects your thyroid (I didn’t know much about it at the time). Upon getting the ultrasound, they found a nodule in my thyroid.
Fast forward almost a year, I have had a few ultrasounds, a couple of biopsies, found out the nodule is a tumour that is cancerous and gotten a surgery scheduled. A few weeks ago, I had my surgery, a sub-total right thyroidectomy, and have been recovering ever since.
I’m stressed about my metabolism—that wasn’t great to begin with (thank you PCOS) and not being able to breakdown the sugars in my body anymore. I already have had such a hard time my whole life maintaining my weight (which is pretty high to begin with) and it would kill me if I started gaining weight.
I haven’t yet checked my A1C, or really my day-to-day blood sugar, but I’m wondering if upon my full recovery, my doctor will prescribe ozempic again.
Can I be on ozempic despite having half a thyroid?

That's basically what happened. While in a nursing home, I suffered a loss. my best friend died and I didn't handle it well. I started hoarding my nerve pain pills because I was depressed and had suicidal ideations. I was found out by the staff and had to spend a little time in Harding behavioral hospital at OSU. When I got out, I was invited back to the nursing home. They took away all pain/nerve/sleep/anxiety meds I had. This was after the doctors at the hospital had gotten my med balance right.
One of the nurses at the nursing home began slipping me pills for pain and anxiety. Mostly Gabapentin, but also sedatives, xanax, and sometimes opioids. He knew I was fiending and struggling with the pain. He told me the home only invited me back because of liability concerns, but they took away my meds in order to get me to leave, but he didn't want to see me go. He kept giving me the pills, then he was asking for money for them a few times. He was always talking about his financial issues and his alimony payments.
This was through May, June, July of last year. When he couldn't get me pills, he helped me get them online, picked my script up at CVS a couple times, and even had one sketchy off the grid order delivered to his house so he could bring them to me and they wouldn't be caught by the receptionist. That was the last one. The order at the end of July, when he gave me this bottle of over 100 pills each were 600mg of Gabapentin. I took so many that I couldn't go to sleep and the nursing home was scheduling me to discharge even though I didn't have a place to go. I had a breakdown where I took a lot of the pills he got me and shut myself in the shower room. I fell hit my head and my shoulder. i was bleeding everywhere and was sent to the hospital.
I know this isn't a catastrophic case of death or paralysis, and I've gotten a couple responses basically saying I wasn't damaged enough for their firm to care, have suggested that I have a case and not to give up. Are there ways to find smaller law offices who might take the case? Should I try more personal injury firms? I've only tried 3. Is there a way to get my case noticed by someone who would take it seriously? I mean, I almost killed myself. i definitely damaged parts of my body like my eyes and shoulder. I spent months in behavioral treatment and therapy.
Do I have a case? Should I bother? This guy could be doing this to other patients, but would anyone believe me even with the texts, invoices, receipts, and recordings.

Conversational Uglies in Cafe
Hi guys. I’m aware this poem requires a bit of (medical) context so you can scroll to the end for it or you can just experience it blind. ( 1 2 )
\\
My body is whimpering these begs to stay alive.
But I withhold the medicine in a a literal gut wrenching tease (side effects include: severe abdominal pain).
There’s no cure for this disease and several names for this cruelty.
I’ll shuffle through them like a deck of cards. Make your bets now. How many hospital visits this year? Just one if I do this right…
When the lights go off and nobody’s home,
the report will say the house was last observed hollow,
because my body was eating itself to stay alive and all these ugly musings died with me.
What can I say? My liver’s a champion.
I’m lucky. That’s what the doctor said.
Ha.
On my deathbed, the boisterous cadences of my hunger will have followed me.
Echoing from the flimsy walls of this wicked anatomy.
(A moment of silence to let the teenage-edginess pass, please. The flesh must mock itself to save itself).
What was it for? I.E this self-inflicted torture.
A body in pain is easier to inhabit, that’s how it’s always been for me.
Even the anxieties are worth the way my collarbones jut in this sexy way.
“Too much, too much, Body. Rein it in. Tone it down.”
There’s a strategy to this, you see. The best killers are only briefly suspect.
My skin is yellow. My skin is dry. I’ll go blind one day. Not today. Two warring concepts. Who I Am and Who I Thought I Was.
(“You’re lucky.”)
Oh, how the dress clings…
Insert cartoonish sound effects of medicine being injected.
The swelling is instant. Of my body, and of the orchestra as my life is finally fed. (THE DRESS CLINGS! IT MUSTN’T! IT MUSTN’T!).
My bloodstream’s biased. Can’t listen to it. My brain chemistry is feeling conflicted about the whole ordeal but it’ll come around.
Self-love is important and I’m afraid the insulin metabolizes it, too.
I won’t let myself swallow my reality.
But this tiramisu serves my goals perfectly, friend (It comes in biscuit-cream-coffee-chocolate-devastation layers).
I’m supermodel-level agonized, baby. That’s the suffering we all strive for.
I make an idol of the grief.
The months keep track of themselves loudly. (Doctor in ICU: you’re just waiting for an accident to happen. (Girl has no response)).
Anyhow, a corpse can’t feel regret so I’m not too worried.
Just pretend you understand my humor (like how I pretend I don’t understand this sacrifice).
This one’s on me if you promise never to ask how I am.
///
Context: Diabulimia is a complicated eating disorder where a diabetic will purposely withhold insulin to lose weight (as insulin is a hormone that helps sugar enter cells for energy and therefore cause weight gain). As insulin is withheld, the liver begins to breakdown fat and basically melt it into the bloodstream for energy. Weight is lost but the blood’s acidity rises as a consequence leading to DKA, fatal if not treated. If you or someone you know is exhibiting side effects of DKA or diabulimia, allow me to be cliche and advise you to seek help.

Quick Summary

Luma Nutrition Berberine offers a high dosage of berberine hydrochloride aimed at supporting weight loss, appetite control, and blood sugar regulation. However, user feedback reveals mixed results, with some experiencing significant benefits while others report no effect or adverse side effects such as gastrointestinal distress and dizziness.
I think overall, it's a decent berberine supplement for various berberine related health effects.
But given the variability in effectiveness and the potential for severe side effects, it appears that Luma Nutrition Berberine may be overly hyped, especially for those looking for consistent and safe results in weight management and metabolic health.
For appetite suppression & weight loss, I'd rate it at 3, I'd rather recommend something like PhenQ and Instant Knockout for appetite management & weight loss (both are better appetite suppressants than Luma), while Blood Sugar Optimizer does a better job in blood sugar management , being my top pick as (Berberine + Ceylon cinnamon supplement).
Introduction
If you've stumbled upon Berberine while searching for natural supplements to aid weight loss or control appetite, you might be curious about what it actually does.
Berberine is a compound found in several plants that is often used in traditional Chinese medicine. It’s known for its potential to impact blood sugar levels and improve metabolic health. Recently, it's also been gaining attention as a weight loss and appetite control aid and as a natural supplement that cna have some ozempic like effects..
Luma Nutrition is just one of many brands offering Berberine, but they promote their product with some pretty appealing features like being all-natural and vegan-friendly.
If you're curious about trying Luma Berberine, especially for controlling blood sugar and cholesterol, it might do some good.
Now different people have different kinds of expereinces with Berberine.

From my own year-long experience with berberine, not Luma specifically but a similar product, I found that it really helped with things I wasn't even targeting initially—like my chronic migraines pretty much vanished, and to my surprise, my thinning hair got thicker. It also worked wonders for my sleep; I can pretty much clock out the minute I hit the pillow and get a solid 7.5 hours without a hitch. But don't expect miracles in weight loss—I didn't shed pounds, and frankly, it didn't make a dent in my appetite at all.

Now, it's important to talk about how you might feel when starting out and as you continue.
Early days, you might notice some mild stomach issues like gas because your body's getting used to it.
Berberine is tough to absorb, so take it on an empty stomach, about 30 minutes before you eat, to get the most out of it. Luma is no exception!
As time goes on, if you don't give yourself breaks from it, you might see some downsides.
For some people , taking it continuously may lead to some sexual dysfunction and mess with gut health, so I switched to a schedule—500 mg once daily for five days a week and then a break every few weeks.
This routine keeps the side effects in check and helps maintain the benefits without overwhelming my system. So, if you're planning to try it, consider a similar approach to manage any potential issues effectively.

Pros & Cons of Luma Nutrition Berberine

Pros:

• High Dosage: Each dose contains 1200mg of pure berberine hydrochloride, which is higher than many other berberine supplements on the market.
• Sugar-Free and Diet-Friendly: Suitable for individuals on vegan or gluten-free diets, and the capsules do not contain sugar, unlike gummy alternatives.
• Quality Assurance: The product is 3rd party tested for purity and quality, ensuring that what you consume is safe and effective.
• Made in the USA: Manufactured in GMP certified facilities, which guarantees a high standard of production and product safety.
• Veteran-Owned Business: Supports a veteran-owned business that is committed to providing customer support and addressing any product-related inquiries.
• Convenient Supply: Each bottle provides a 30-day supply, ideal for monthly subscriptions to maintain a regular intake without running out.

Cons:

• Potential Side Effects: Some users report side effects such as dizziness, intestinal distress, and heart palpitations.
• Inconsistent Effects on Appetite and Weight Loss: While some users experience benefits in terms of appetite suppression and weight loss, others see no effect, indicating variability in individual responses.
• No Return Policy on Amazon: The product cannot be returned if purchased through Amazon, even if unopened, which might discourage first-time buyers.
• Subscription Issues: There are reports of subscription delivery problems, including delays and receiving fewer capsules than promised.
• Does Not Suit Everyone: Not all users can tolerate the product; some report severe adverse reactions necessitating medical consultation.

Overview of Luma Nutrition Berberine
Luma Nutrition's Berberine comes in capsule form, which I found pretty standard for most dietary supplements. Each bottle contains 60 capsules, with a recommended dosage of two capsules per day.
This means each bottle is essentially a one-month supply if you follow the recommended dosage. The capsules themselves are a bit on the larger side, which might be a concern if you have trouble swallowing pills, but I managed fine.
One of the big selling points Luma Nutrition pushes is that their Berberine is made from all-natural ingredients, is vegan-friendly, and manufactured right here in the USA.
These are nice boxes to check off for anyone who's mindful about the ethical aspects of their supplements. They also claim that their product contains no GMOs, and is free from artificial fillers or dyes—something I appreciate since I try to keep my consumption of unnecessary additives to a minimum.
An independent company has verified the contents and safety of the product, which helps in building trust, especially if you're cautious about the purity of supplements. I found these details important not just for peace of mind but also because when it comes to supplements, you really want to make sure you're ingesting something safe and as advertised.

My Ratings Evaluation of Luma Nutrition Berberine as a Natural Ozempic Alternative

Blood Sugar Regulation

Rating: 4/5
Luma Nutrition Berberine contains 1200mg of Berberine HCI derived from Berberis aristata per serving, which is known for its potent effects on lowering blood sugar levels. Clinical studies have shown that Berberine can be effective in managing blood sugar, making it a strong natural alternative for mimicking some of the glucose-regulating effects of Ozempic. However, it might not be as consistently powerful as Ozempic, hence the deduction of one point.

Appetite Modulation

Rating: 3/5
While Berberine is primarily known for its impact on blood sugar and cholesterol, its effects on appetite are less direct. Some users report reduced appetite possibly due to better blood sugar control, which can decrease cravings and help with weight management. However, it's not specifically an appetite suppressant like Ozempic, so it scores a middle range for this category.

Metabolic Enhancement

Rating: 3/5
Berberine is reputed to have positive effects on metabolic health, primarily through the enhancement of glycolysis, which helps the body break down sugars more efficiently, and by improving insulin sensitivity. These actions can contribute to a higher metabolic rate indirectly. However, compared to Ozempic, which has a more direct role in enhancing metabolic outcomes, Berberine's effects are more moderate.

Energy Optimization

Rating: 2/5
While Berberine has been noted for its metabolic benefits, it is not primarily known for directly boosting energy levels. Users may experience increased energy indirectly through improved metabolic health and better blood sugar control, but it does not inherently contain energy-boosting properties like caffeine or other stimulants. Therefore, its capacity to support increased physical activity and vitality is limited and not as pronounced as the effects you might see with Ozempic.

Weight Management Support

Rating: 4/5
Berberine has shown promising results in supporting weight management through its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and enhance the breakdown of fats and sugars in the body. This can lead to reduced fat accumulation and support gradual weight loss, which aligns well with some of the weight loss mechanisms seen with Ozempic. While not as directly impactful as Ozempic, which is specifically designed for weight management in diabetic patients, Berberine holds its ground as a supportive supplement for natural weight management.

Safety and Tolerability Profile

Rating: 4/5
Berberine is generally considered safe when used appropriately, with common side effects being gastrointestinal discomfort such as cramps, diarrhea, or constipation. These side effects are typically mild and can often be managed with dosage adjustments. It is well-tolerated by most individuals, making it a viable alternative for those looking for natural supplements with minimal adverse effects. However, like any active compound, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider, especially for those with existing health conditions or those taking other medication.

Inflammatory Response Reduction

Rating: 3/5
Berberine has demonstrated some anti-inflammatory properties, which can contribute to overall health improvements, including enhancing insulin sensitivity and metabolic function. These benefits are crucial for managing conditions like diabetes and obesity, which are often accompanied by chronic inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of Berberine are not as extensively documented or as potent as those of some pharmacological treatments like Ozempic, which have broader systemic impacts. Therefore, while Berberine supports inflammation reduction, its effectiveness in this area is moderate compared to more targeted treatments.

Gut Health Improvement

Rating: 2/5
Berberine's impact on gut health is less clear and direct. Some studies suggest that Berberine can alter gut flora, potentially leading to improved gut barrier function and reduced permeability, which can indirectly support nutrient absorption and overall gut health. However, these effects are not as well studied or as pronounced as its effects on blood sugar and metabolism. Therefore, while there may be some potential benefits to gut health, they are not a primary function of Berberine, making it less effective in this category compared to Ozempic, which can have more noticeable effects on metabolic health and weight management through gut-related mechanisms.

I’ve consumed nicotine for years. First smoking, then moving to vaping. I quit vaping and moved on to non-tobacco nicotine pouches. I typically consume 2-3 6mg pouches at one time, once a day. Relatively high dose, but I have a fairly high tolerance.
Anyways; In the couple of years I’ve been using buccal nicotine products, I’ve noticed something. If I swallow any amount of the nicotine-laden saliva, I will experience symptoms of a nicotine overdose. Depending on how much I swallowed, the symptoms vary in intensity, and I can expect to feel terrible for about 24hrs, a bit better by 48hrs, and nearly 100% recovered by 72hrs. And even with more conservative estimates of nicotine’s half-life, this doesn’t make much sense…
Pharmacokinetically, I don’t understand this. Everything I’ve read says that nicotine is mostly broken down by the first-pass, and what nicotine remains is poorly absorbed.
I obviously avoid swallowing to the best of my ability, but sometimes a tiny amount accidentally gets swallowed. Especially with such small amounts, how the heck am I absorbing enough nicotine to cause acute nicotine poisoning with symptoms that extend out 2-3 days?! How can I use such large doses buccaly/sublingually with no issues, but if even a tiny amount of saliva is swallowed/slides down my throat, I’m in hell for a day or two…
Makes zero sense, right?
And yet, it is absolutely happening to me, and it’s awful. It’s so awful that I’m weaning myself off, because I just can’t stand how bad the few days after are. But… I have a pretty high tolerance, so it’ll be a long road.
The only other medication is take is 2mg daily buprenorphine (Suboxone); I’m a recovering opioid addict, been clean 10 years with the help of buprenorphine.
Ideas? I’ve considered all sorts of possibilities… hoping someone else either experiences something similar or has a good idea. It has to be something metabolism-related.
Go to NicotinePouch and search “swallow.” Folks swallow entire pouches with zero issue!
I will be forever grateful to you if you assist me in solving this barely-intriguing mystery… If someone offers-up a particularly good theory, I may even offer a reward, maybe a Steam gift card or something; Don’t want to turn this into a giveaway as I’m sure that’s against the rules.
Cheers :-)

DAY: MAY 16, 2024

• 5-16-2024MEN AT GREATER RISK OF MAJOR HEALTH EFFECTS OF DIABETES THAN WOMEN, STUDY SUGGESTS Men are at greater risk than women of the major health effects of diabetes (types 1 and 2), proposes a long term study published online in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. Rates of cardiovascular disease, leg, foot, and kidney complications, and the sight-threatening eye disease diabetic retinopathy are all higher in men, regardless of whether they had diabetes for more or less than 10 years,
• 5-16-2024LIKELIHOOD OF KIDS AND YOUNG PEOPLE SMOKING AND VAPING LINKED TO SOCIAL MEDIA USE The more time spent on social media, the greater the likelihood that children and young people will both smoke and/or vape, suggests research published online in the respiratory journal Thorax. Clocking up a weekday tally of seven or more hours was associated with a more than a doubling in risk among 10 to 25-year-olds, the findings indicate, reinforcing concerns about the marketing clout of these platforms,
• 5-16-2024FIRST US TRIAL OF VARENICLINE FOR E-CIGARETTE CESSATION SHOWS POSITIVE RESULTS The first U.S. trial of varenicline for e-cigarette cessation shows promising results and warrants larger-scale trials, the researchers say. Researchers from Yale Cancer Center and MUSC Hollings Cancer Center published the results of their clinical trial of varenicline to help adults to stop using e-cigarettes
• 5-16-2024NEW FINDINGS ON THE EFFECTS OF GLUTEN Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune condition that occurs in around 1% of the world’s population. It is triggered by the consumption of gluten proteins from wheat, barley, rye and some oats. A gluten-free diet protects celiac patients from severe intestinal damage
• 5-16-2024MANY PEOPLE ARE NOT AWARE OF THE HEALTH RISKS Many people are concerned about residues of chemicals, contaminants or microplastics in their food. However, it is less well known that many foods also contain toxins of completely natural origin. These are often chemical compounds that plants use to ward off predators such as insects or microorganisms. These substances are found in beans and potatoes, for example, and can pose potential health risks.
• 5-16-2024EXERCISE SHOULD BE PRESCRIBED FOR PEOPLE WITH PARKINSON’S No pharmacological medication currently available can cure or slow down Parkinson’s disease. However, based on an extensive literature review researchers from Aarhus University conclude that physical exercise should be a significant factor in the treatment of Parkinson’s patients. “Based on current evidence, we propose a paradigm shift: Exercise should be prescribed as medicine for people with early-stage Parkinson’s alongside conventional medical treatment
• 5-16-2024LONGER SCREENING INTERVALS ARE SAFE WITH LOW BASELINE PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
• 5-16-2024US PROPOSES RECLASSIFYING MARIJUANA AS LOW-RISK DRUG US President Joe Biden’s administration formally proposed on Thursday reclassifying marijuana as a less dangerous drug, a historic shift that would bring federal policy more in line with public opinion. “No one should be in jail merely for using or possessing marijuana. Period,” Biden said in a video statement. “Far too many lives have been upended because of a failed approach to marijuana
• 5-16-2024WHO SHOULD BE SCREENED FOR SKIN CANCER? Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the U.S. Each year, more than 6 million adults are treated for skin cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dr. Collin Costello, a Mayo Clinic dermatologist, says anyone can get skin cancer, but some people are at higher risk. So how often should you be screened?
• 5-16-2024CONSISTENT EXERCISE CHANGES HOW SATURATED FAT IS USED BY THE BODY, STUDY FINDS An active lifestyle can change how the body burns saturated and unsaturated fat according to new research from the University of Aberdeen. In the study, published in Nature Communications, researchers investigated how different types of fat are used by the body, depending on the individual’s level of physical fitness.
• 5-16-2024SIMPLE LEARNING TEST MAY BE USED TO DIAGNOSE AUTISM AT JUST SIX MONTHS OF AGE Researchers has discovered what might be a marker for autism that could diagnose a child as young as 6 months. In their study, published in PLOS ONE, the group tested infants believed to be at risk of developing the disorder and compared their results with infants not at risk and then monitored them for two years
• 5-16-2024STUDY INDICATES THE RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF STROKE TYPE IS KEY TO IMPROVING OUTCOMES Early identification of stroke type could be key to harnessing the benefits of very early in-ambulance blood pressure lowering treatment in patients with suspected acute stroke
• 5-16-2024CREAM CHEESE FROM ALDI, HY-VEE STORES RECALLED DUE TO SALMONELLA RISK Two major supermarket chains, Aldi and Hy-Vee, are recalling brands of cream cheese because of a potential risk for salmonella. No actual illnesses linked to the products have yet been reported, but Hy-Vee said it’s announcing the recall of Hy-Vee Cream Cheese Spread “out of an abundance of caution due to the potential for contamination with salmonella.” Another Hy-Vee product, bulk-packaged Cookies & Cream Mix, is also being recalled for the same reason
• 5-16-2024STUDY INVESTIGATES CARDIAC CELL REGENERATION IN SEARCH OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS
• 5-16-2024EXERCISE DOES NOT ACCELERATE ARTERY PLAQUE BUILDUP MORE OFTEN SEEN IN FITNESS ENTHUSIASTS Exercising, even at extreme levels, does not accelerate the calcium buildup in arteries more often seen in marathoners and fitness enthusiasts, according to new research published in JAMA Cardiology from UT Southwestern and the Cooper Institute. The study, which analyzed more than 8,700 participants from 1998–2019, provides important insight on whether people whose heart scans detect higher calcium should modify their exercise regimen to slow the plaque buildup in arteries. A person’s calcium level helps predict risk for heart attack and stroke from a cardiovascular condition called atherosclerosis
• 5-16-2024CANCER IS INCREASINGLY SURVIVABLE—BUT IT SHOULDN’T DEPEND ON YOUR ABILITY TO ‘WRANGLE’ THE HEALTH SYSTEM
• 5-16-2024THE BRAIN MIGHT ALSO HAVE A MICROBIOME—WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
• 5-16-2024WHAT IS PREP? WILL IT STOP ME GETTING HIV?
• 5-16-2024RISK OF ‘GENETIC DISCRIMINATION’ BY INSURANCE COMPANIES IS RUINING PEOPLE’S TRUST IN VITAL MEDICAL SCIENCE
• 5-16-2024CLIMATE CHANGE IS A NEW HURDLE FOR CHILDREN’S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS IN CANADA
• 5-16-2024RESEARCH REVEALS LIFESTYLE MAINTENANCE TIPS FOR INFERTILE INDIVIDUALS
• 5-16-2024STUDY UNCOVERS NEW TARGET FOR BREAST CANCER MEDICATIONS
• 5-16-2024UNIQUE BRAIN CIRCUIT IS LINKED TO BODY MASS INDEX
• 5-16-2024PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES HAVE SEX TOO—SO WHY DO SOME DOCTORS THINK OTHERWISE?
• 5-16-2024SUNSCREEN WON’T STOP YOU MAKING VITAMIN D—HERE’S WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW
• 5-16-2024PATIENT ‘CHRONOTYPE’ COULD IMPACT BEST TIME TO TAKE BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATION
• 5-16-2024NEW POSTPARTUM CARE RECOMMENDATIONS TARGET CVD RISK
• 5-16-2024‘SOCIAL JET LAG’ LEADS TO WEIGHT GAIN AND INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR IN MICE
• 5-16-2024RESEARCHERS IDENTIFY IMPORTANT GENE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST PROSTATE CANCER
• 5-16-2024COMBINING TWO TUMOR MARKERS CAN HELP TRACK DOWN COLORECTAL CANCER SUBTYPES
• 5-16-2024WHY DO WE OVERINDULGE? STUDY EXPLORES HOW DISTRACTION AFFECTS ‘HEDONIC CONSUMPTION’
• 5-16-2024STUDY SHOWS LISTENING TO MENTAL HEALTH PODCASTS REDUCES STIGMA
• 5-16-2024STUDY FINDS TAKING CORTISONE WITH ANTACIDS CAN DIMINISH BONE DENSITY IN RHEUMATISM PATIENTS
• 5-16-2024EXPERTS SHARE TIPS FOR INCORPORATING THERMAL THERAPIES AFTER AN INJURY OR EXERCISE
• 5-16-2024TURKEY’S ‘MAD HONEY’ APHRODISIAC THAT CAN KNOCK YOU FLAT
• 5-16-2024FRUIT FLY STUDY REVEALS BRAIN-CELL CIRCUITRY THAT COULD UNDERLIE HOW CREATURES LARGE AND SMALL SEE WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT
• 5-16-2024FDA SAID IT NEVER INSPECTED DENTAL LAB THAT MADE CONTROVERSIAL AGGA DEVICE
• 5-16-2024DESPITE ITS ‘NOTHINGBURGER’ REPUTATION, COVID-19 REMAINS DEADLIER THAN THE FLU
• 5-16-2024DOCTORS SAW YOUNGER MEN SEEKING VASECTOMIES AFTER ROE V. WADE WAS OVERTURNED
• 5-16-2024STUDY FINDS GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST USE INCREASES LIKELIHOOD OF ANTIDEPRESSANT PRESCRIPTION
• 5-16-2024STUDY CONFIRMS A NUMBER OF DOCTORS DON’T UNDERSTAND MENOPAUSE
• 5-16-2024AI-INFORMED HEALTH APP AIDS DIABETES OUTCOMES
• 5-16-2024JUDGES AND PHYSICIANS HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS ABOUT APPOINTING A LEGAL GUARDIAN FOR PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA, FINDS STUDY
• 5-16-2024BIOMARKER COULD IMPROVE PREDICTION OF RESPONSE TO IMMUNOTHERAPY IN MELANOMA
• 5-16-2024NEW GENE DELIVERY VEHICLE SHOWS PROMISE FOR HUMAN BRAIN GENE THERAPY
• 5-16-2024RESEARCHERS DISCOVER NEW PATHWAY TO CANCER CELL DEATH FROM CHEMOTHERAPY
• 5-16-2024UNDER STRESS, STUDY FINDS AN OBSERVER IS MORE LIKELY TO HELP THE VICTIM THAN TO PUNISH THE PERPETRATOR
• 5-16-2024GENETICS, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH DISPARITIES LINKED TO INCREASED STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENGES DURING ADOLESCENCE
• 5-16-2024DIABETES MEDICATION RISK IN AGED CARE REVEALED
• 5-16-2024STUDY SUGGESTS HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL ‘NOISE’ RESULTS IN CONGENITAL NIGHT BLINDNESS
• 5-16-2024ABORTION BANS MADE MINNESOTA A HEALTH CARE ISLAND. COULD THE SAME HAPPEN WITH IVF?
• 5-16-2024UNINTENTIONAL DROWNING RATES HIGHER IN 2020, 2021, 2022 THAN 2019
• 5-16-2024THESE PARENTS WON’T HAVE ANOTHER
• 5-16-2024HEP C INFECTION POSES GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT TO REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN
• 5-16-2024FDA APPROVES FIRST SELF-TEST COLLECTION KIT FOR HPV
• 5-16-2024NEUROPLASTICITY STUDY SHOWS HOW SINGING REHABILITATES SPEECH PRODUCTION IN POST-STROKE APHASIA
• 5-16-2024MINIATURIZED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING PROBE TAKES PICTURES INSIDE CEREBRAL ARTERIES
• 5-16-2024THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RHYTHMICITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TUMOR GROWTH
• 5-16-2024END-OF-LIFE SYSTEMIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCERS DOES NOT IMPROVE SURVIVAL, FINDS STUDY
• 5-16-2024RISK PERCEPTION INFLUENCED LESS BY MEDIA THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT: STUDY
• 5-16-2024MACHINE LEARNING METHOD FOR PREDICTING GLIOMA MUTATIONS SHOWS PROMISE FOR PERSONALIZED TREATMENT
• 5-16-2024EXAMINING THE MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL OF A PROMISING NON-OPIOID PAIN THERAPY CANDIDATE
• 5-16-2024STUDY IDENTIFIES ‘HOT-SPOTS’ OF HIGH RATES OF DEPRESSION LINKED TO DEPRIVATION
• 5-16-2024MANY CARDIOVASCULAR DEATHS ARE DUE TO AN UNBALANCED DIET, STUDY FINDS
• 5-16-2024PROGRESS IN GENETIC TESTING IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
• 5-16-2024ADVERSE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH LINKED TO TREATMENT-RESISTANT HYPERTENSION IN BLACK AMERICANS
• 5-16-2024RISK PERCEPTION INFLUENCED LESS BY MEDIA THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT: STUDY
• 5-16-2024MACHINE LEARNING METHOD FOR PREDICTING GLIOMA MUTATIONS SHOWS PROMISE FOR PERSONALIZED TREATMENT
• 5-16-2024EXAMINING THE MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL POTENTIAL OF A PROMISING NON-OPIOID PAIN THERAPY CANDIDATE
• 5-16-2024STUDY IDENTIFIES ‘HOT-SPOTS’ OF HIGH RATES OF DEPRESSION LINKED TO DEPRIVATION
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• 5-16-2024PROGRESS IN GENETIC TESTING IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
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Title: Understanding Fentanyl: Uses, Risks, and Controversies
Introduction: Fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its role in the opioid epidemic. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of fentanyl, including its medical uses, associated risks, and the controversies surrounding its widespread misuse.
Medical Uses: Originally developed for managing severe pain, especially in cancer patients, fentanyl is an analgesic that is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. It is commonly used in medical settings for pain management during surgeries, chronic pain conditions, and palliative care.
Risk Factors: While fentanyl is effective in controlling pain when administered under medical supervision, its misuse poses serious health risks. The drug's high potency increases the likelihood of overdose, leading to respiratory depression and, in extreme cases, death. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl, often mixed with other substances, has been a major contributor to the rising number of opioid-related deaths.
Controversies and Illicit Use: The illicit use of fentanyl has sparked controversy and public health concerns. The drug is often clandestinely produced and added to other drugs, such as heroin or cocaine, without the user's knowledge. This has resulted in a surge in overdoses, as individuals may unintentionally consume lethal doses of the opioid.
Law Enforcement and Regulation: Governments and law enforcement agencies worldwide are grappling with the challenges posed by the illicit production and distribution of fentanyl. Efforts to regulate its manufacturing and distribution are ongoing, with stricter controls in place to prevent diversion into illegal channels.
Treatment and Harm Reduction: Addressing the fentanyl crisis requires a multi-faceted approach, including expanded access to addiction treatment, harm reduction strategies, and public awareness campaigns. Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, has proven effective in reversing opioid overdoses and is increasingly available to first responders and the general public.
Conclusion: Fentanyl, with its remarkable pain-relieving properties, has become a double-edged sword in the realm of healthcare. While it serves a crucial role in medical settings, its misuse poses severe risks to public health. Efforts to combat the opioid epidemic must focus on education, regulation, and treatment to strike a balance between managing pain effectively and preventing the tragic consequences of its illicit use.
Narcan, also known by its generic name naloxone, is a medication used to rapidly reverse opioid overdose. It works by binding to the same receptors in the brain that opioids target, effectively reversing the life-threatening effects of opioid toxicity. Narcan is commonly administered in emergency situations where an individual is experiencing respiratory depression or unconsciousness due to opioid overdose.
Emergency responders, healthcare professionals, and even some non-professionals, such as family members of individuals at risk of opioid overdose, may carry naloxone. The medication is available in various forms, including nasal sprays and injectable formulations, making it accessible for different situations.
The prompt administration of Narcan can restore normal breathing and consciousness, providing crucial time for the affected person to receive further medical attention. It is an essential tool in harm reduction strategies aimed at preventing opioid-related deaths and is a key component of public health initiatives addressing the opioid epidemic.
Suboxone is a prescription medication used in the treatment of opioid dependence and addiction. It is a combination of two active ingredients: buprenorphine and naloxone.

1. Buprenorphine: This is a partial opioid agonist, meaning it binds to the same receptors in the brain that opioids bind to but with less intensity. It helps to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms, allowing individuals in recovery to better manage their addiction.
   
2. Naloxone: Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist, which means it blocks the effects of opioids. When taken as directed, naloxone remains largely inactive. However, if someone were to misuse Suboxone by injecting it, the naloxone component can counteract the opioid effects, reducing the risk of misuse.
   

Suboxone is often prescribed as part of medication-assisted treatment (MAT), a comprehensive approach to opioid addiction that includes counseling, therapy, and support services. It can be used in the detoxification phase as well as for long-term maintenance therapy. The goal of Suboxone treatment is to help individuals gradually reduce their dependence on opioids, manage cravings, and improve their overall quality of life during recovery.
It's important to note that Suboxone should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use or abrupt discontinuation can lead to withdrawal symptoms or other complications.
Precipitated withdrawal refers to the accelerated onset of withdrawal symptoms, often more severe than typical, when an opioid antagonist is introduced to the body. This occurs because the antagonist displaces the opioid from receptors, leading to a sudden and intense withdrawal reaction.
For example, if someone is currently dependent on opioids and receives a medication like naloxone or naltrexone, which are opioid antagonists, it can rapidly trigger withdrawal symptoms. This is a safety mechanism, as these medications are often used to reverse opioid overdose or as part of addiction treatment.
The term is commonly associated with medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, where medications like buprenorphine (a partial opioid agonist) are used. If buprenorphine is administered before other full opioids have cleared from the system, it can displace those opioids from receptors, leading to precipitated withdrawal. This is why healthcare providers carefully time the initiation of medications like buprenorphine to avoid this intensified withdrawal reaction.
Understanding the potential for precipitated withdrawal is crucial in the context of addiction treatment to ensure safe and effective transitions between medications and to minimize discomfort for individuals in recovery.
Using Suboxone involves adherence to a specific treatment plan under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional. Here are some key aspects related to the use of Suboxone:

1. Prescription and Medical Supervision: Suboxone is a prescription medication, and its use should be initiated and supervised by a qualified healthcare provider, typically in the context of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder.
   
2. Dosage: The healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosage based on the individual's specific needs and response to the medication. It's essential to follow the prescribed dosage and not adjust it without consulting the healthcare provider.
   
3. Administration: Suboxone is often administered sublingually, meaning it is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve. This method allows for the absorption of the medication into the bloodstream.
   
4. Timing: The timing of Suboxone administration is crucial. It is often started when the individual is in a mild to moderate state of withdrawal to reduce the risk of precipitated withdrawal. The healthcare provider will provide guidance on the appropriate timing.
   
5. Regular Monitoring: During Suboxone treatment, individuals are regularly monitored by healthcare professionals to assess progress, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.
   
6. Counseling and Support: Suboxone is typically part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes counseling, therapy, and support services. This holistic approach addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of opioid addiction.
   
7. Gradual Tapering: Depending on the treatment plan, there may be a gradual tapering of Suboxone dosage as the individual progresses in their recovery. Tapering is done under medical supervision to minimize withdrawal symptoms.
   
8. Avoiding Other Opioids: It's crucial to avoid the use of other opioids while taking Suboxone. Combining opioids can lead to dangerous interactions and diminish the effectiveness of the treatment.
   
9. Side Effects and Reporting: Like any medication, Suboxone may have side effects. Common side effects include headache, nausea, and constipation. Any unusual or severe side effects should be promptly reported to the healthcare provider.
   
10. Pregnancy Considerations: If an individual is pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it's important to discuss this with the healthcare provider, as the use of Suboxone during pregnancy requires careful consideration.
    

Always follow the guidance of your healthcare provider and inform them of any concerns or changes in your condition during Suboxone treatment. Successful recovery often involves a combination of medication, counseling, and support tailored to individual needs.
Suboxone, when used as prescribed under the supervision of a healthcare professional as part of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder, has a lower potential for abuse and addiction compared to full opioid agonists. This is because Suboxone contains buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, which has a ceiling effect on its opioid effects.
Buprenorphine's partial agonist properties mean that it activates opioid receptors in the brain to a lesser extent than full agonists like heroin or oxycodone. As a result, the euphoria and respiratory depression associated with opioid abuse are less pronounced with buprenorphine.
However, it's essential to emphasize that any medication, including Suboxone, should be taken exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Misuse, such as taking larger doses or combining Suboxone with other substances, can increase the risk of dependence or addiction.
Abruptly stopping Suboxone can lead to withdrawal symptoms, emphasizing the importance of a gradual tapering plan under medical supervision when discontinuing the medication. It's crucial for individuals using Suboxone to work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure proper management of their opioid use disorder and to address any concerns or side effects during the course of treatment.
Withdrawal symptoms from Suboxone, or buprenorphine (the active ingredient in Suboxone), can occur when someone who has been using the medication for an extended period stops taking it abruptly. It's important to note that withdrawal symptoms can vary in intensity and duration based on factors such as the individual's overall health, the duration of Suboxone use, and the dosage.
Common withdrawal symptoms from Suboxone may include:

1. Nausea and vomiting
2. Diarrhea
3. Muscle aches and pains
4. Sweating
5. Insomnia or sleep disturbances
6. Anxiety
7. Irritability
8. Runny nose and teary eyes
9. Goosebumps (piloerection)
10. Dilated pupils

It's important to distinguish between withdrawal symptoms and precipitated withdrawal. Precipitated withdrawal can occur if someone takes Suboxone too soon after using a full opioid agonist, leading to a more rapid and intense onset of withdrawal symptoms.
Withdrawal from Suboxone is generally considered less severe than withdrawal from full opioid agonists, and the symptoms tend to peak within the first 72 hours after discontinuation. However, the duration and severity can vary from person to person.
If an individual is considering stopping Suboxone or adjusting their dosage, it's crucial to do so under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Tapering the medication gradually, rather than stopping abruptly, can help minimize withdrawal symptoms and increase the chances of a successful transition to recovery. Seeking support from healthcare providers, counselors, and support groups is essential during this process.
Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, specifically in countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Myanmar. The leaves of the Kratom tree have been traditionally used for various purposes, including as a stimulant, a pain reliever, and to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms.
The active compounds in Kratom, called alkaloids, interact with opioid receptors in the brain, producing effects that can vary depending on the strain and dosage. These effects can include:

1. Stimulation: At lower doses, Kratom may act as a stimulant, promoting increased energy, alertness, and sociability.
   
2. Sedation: At higher doses, Kratom may have sedative effects, leading to relaxation and pain relief.
   
3. Pain Relief: Kratom has been used traditionally for its analgesic properties, and some people use it as a natural remedy for pain.
   
4. Mood Enhancement: Some users report improved mood and reduced anxiety after consuming Kratom.
   

However, it's important to note that Kratom is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and its safety and effectiveness for various uses have not been clinically proven. There are potential risks associated with Kratom use, including dependence, addiction, and adverse effects such as nausea, constipation, and increased heart rate.
Due to these concerns, Kratom has been a subject of regulatory scrutiny in various countries, with some regions imposing restrictions or outright bans on its sale and use. It is essential for individuals to exercise caution, seek reliable information, and consult with healthcare professionals before considering the use of Kratom, especially for medicinal purposes or to manage opioid withdrawal.
Methadone is a synthetic opioid medication used primarily in the treatment of opioid dependence, particularly in the context of medication-assisted treatment (MAT). It is a long-acting opioid agonist, meaning it activates the same opioid receptors in the brain that other opioids, like heroin or morphine, do.
Key points about Methadone include:

1. Opioid Dependence Treatment: Methadone is often used as a maintenance medication to help individuals reduce or quit the use of illicit opioids. It helps by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
   
2. Long-Lasting Effect: One significant advantage of methadone is its long duration of action. A single daily dose can help stabilize individuals, preventing the highs and lows associated with short-acting opioids.
   
3. Supervised Administration: In some cases, methadone is provided through supervised administration in specialized clinics to ensure proper use and minimize the risk of diversion.
   
4. Tolerance and Dependence: Like other opioids, individuals using methadone can develop tolerance and dependence. Therefore, the dosage needs to be carefully managed, and discontinuation should be done gradually under medical supervision.
   
5. Reduction of Illicit Drug Use: When used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, methadone has been shown to reduce illicit opioid use, lower the risk of overdose, and improve overall health outcomes.
   
6. Potential Side Effects: Methadone can have side effects, including constipation, sweating, drowsiness, and changes in libido. It's important for individuals to report any adverse effects to their healthcare provider.
   
7. Regulated Use: The use of methadone is tightly regulated, and it is typically dispensed through specialized clinics or healthcare providers who are authorized to prescribe it for opioid use disorder treatment.
   

Methadone treatment is part of a broader approach that often includes counseling, therapy, and support services. It has been a valuable tool in harm reduction strategies aimed at addressing the opioid epidemic and helping individuals achieve and maintain recovery.
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is a 12-step program that provides support for individuals recovering from addiction, particularly those struggling with substance abuse issues. It is important to note that NA, like other 12-step programs, does not have an official stance or opinion on specific medical treatments, including medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for withdrawal.
The approach to medication assistance in withdrawal can vary among individuals within the NA community. Some may find success and support in MAT, while others may choose alternative methods or prefer an abstinence-based approach. NA encourages individuals to share their experiences, strength, and hope, but it does not dictate specific treatment choices.
The primary focus of NA is on mutual support, fellowship, and following the 12-step principles, which include admitting powerlessness over addiction, seeking spiritual awakening, and helping others in recovery. Members of NA are encouraged to respect each other's choices and paths to recovery.
It's essential for individuals seeking support for addiction to find a treatment plan that aligns with their needs and values. Consulting with healthcare professionals, attending support groups, and considering various treatment options can be part of a comprehensive approach to recovery.
SMART Recovery (Self-Management and Recovery Training) is a science-based, secular alternative to traditional 12-step programs like Narcotics Anonymous. SMART Recovery emphasizes self-empowerment and utilizes evidence-based techniques to support individuals in overcoming addiction.
Regarding Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT), SMART Recovery takes a neutral stance. The program acknowledges that MAT, when prescribed and monitored by healthcare professionals, can be a valid and effective part of a comprehensive approach to addiction treatment. SMART Recovery recognizes that different individuals may have unique needs, and treatment plans should be tailored to the individual's circumstances.
SMART Recovery's focus is on teaching self-reliance, coping skills, and strategies for managing urges and behaviors associated with addiction. The program encourages participants to make informed decisions about their recovery, including the consideration of medications that may be prescribed by healthcare providers.
Ultimately, SMART Recovery emphasizes a holistic and individualized approach to recovery, allowing participants to choose the methods and tools that best suit their needs and align with their values. This includes being open to the potential benefits of MAT for some individuals as part of their overall recovery plan.
Several treatment modalities are available for individuals struggling with opioid use disorder. The most effective approach often involves a combination of different strategies. Here are some key treatment modalities for opioid addiction:

1. Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): MAT involves the use of medications, such as methadone, buprenorphine (Suboxone), and naltrexone, to help manage cravings, reduce withdrawal symptoms, and support recovery. These medications are often used in combination with counseling and therapy.
   
2. Counseling and Behavioral Therapies: Various forms of counseling and behavioral therapies are crucial components of opioid addiction treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, motivational enhancement therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) are among the approaches used to address the psychological aspects of addiction and help individuals develop coping skills.
   
3. Support Groups and 12-Step Programs: Participating in support groups like Narcotics Anonymous (NA) or 12-step programs can provide valuable peer support, encouragement, and a sense of community for individuals in recovery.
   
4. Detoxification Programs: Medically supervised detoxification programs help individuals safely manage the acute withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping opioid use. These programs often serve as the initial phase of treatment.
   
5. Residential or Inpatient Treatment: Inpatient treatment programs provide a structured and supportive environment for individuals to focus on recovery. These programs may include a combination of medical supervision, counseling, and therapeutic activities.
   
6. Outpatient Treatment: Outpatient programs allow individuals to receive treatment while living at home. This flexibility can be beneficial for those with work or family commitments. Outpatient treatment often includes counseling, therapy, and medication management.
   
7. Holistic and Alternative Therapies: Some individuals find benefit from holistic approaches, such as acupuncture, yoga, meditation, or mindfulness practices. These can complement traditional treatment modalities and contribute to overall well-being.
   
8. Peer Recovery Support Services: Peer recovery support services involve individuals with lived experience in recovery providing support, guidance, and encouragement to others going through similar challenges.
   

The most effective treatment plans are often individualized, taking into account the specific needs, preferences, and circumstances of each person. Collaborating with healthcare professionals to develop a comprehensive and tailored approach can significantly enhance the chances of successful recovery from opioid addiction.
The withdrawal timeline for fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid, can vary among individuals based on factors such as the duration and intensity of use, individual metabolism, and overall health. Fentanyl withdrawal symptoms typically start shortly after the last dose and follow a general timeline:

1. Early Symptoms (Within a few hours): Early withdrawal symptoms may include anxiety, restlessness, sweating, and increased heart rate. Individuals may also experience muscle aches and insomnia.
   
2. Peak Intensity (24-72 hours): Withdrawal symptoms usually peak within the first 24 to 72 hours after discontinuing fentanyl. During this time, individuals may experience more intense symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, dilated pupils, and flu-like symptoms.
   
3. Subsiding Symptoms (5-7 days): The most acute withdrawal symptoms generally begin to subside within about five to seven days. However, some symptoms, such as insomnia, anxiety, and mood swings, may persist for a more extended period.
   
4. Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS): Some individuals may experience a more prolonged period of withdrawal symptoms known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). This can include lingering psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. PAWS can persist for weeks or even months.
   

It's crucial to note that fentanyl withdrawal can be challenging, and seeking professional help is recommended to manage symptoms safely and effectively. Medical supervision can provide support through the detoxification process, and healthcare professionals may use medications to alleviate specific withdrawal symptoms and improve the overall comfort of the individual.
The withdrawal process is highly individual, and some individuals may find additional support through counseling, therapy, and participation in support groups to address the psychological aspects of recovery. Always consult with healthcare professionals for guidance on the safest and most effective approach to fentanyl withdrawal.
Xylazine is a veterinary sedative and analgesic medication. It belongs to the class of drugs known as alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. While it is primarily intended for veterinary use, xylazine has been misused in some cases for recreational purposes, particularly in combination with other substances.
In veterinary medicine, xylazine is commonly used as a sedative and muscle relaxant for various procedures, including surgery and diagnostic imaging. It is often administered to calm and immobilize animals.
However, the use of xylazine outside of veterinary settings, especially when combined with other drugs, can pose serious health risks. Misuse of xylazine has been associated with adverse effects, including respiratory depression, cardiovascular issues, and central nervous system depression.
It's important to emphasize that the use of xylazine for recreational purposes is highly dangerous and illegal. The drug is not intended for human consumption, and its effects can be unpredictable and potentially life-threatening.
If you have concerns about substance use or encounter situations involving illicit drugs, it is crucial to seek help from healthcare professionals, addiction specialists, or local support services. Misuse of veterinary drugs or any substances not prescribed for human use can have severe consequences and should be avoided.
PAWS stands for Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome. It refers to a set of prolonged withdrawal symptoms that some individuals may experience after the acute phase of withdrawal from substances like opioids, benzodiazepines, or alcohol. PAWS is not limited to a specific substance and can occur with various drugs.
These symptoms are generally more subtle than the acute withdrawal symptoms but can persist for weeks, months, or, in some cases, years after discontinuing substance use. PAWS can vary widely among individuals and may include symptoms such as:

1. Mood swings
2. Anxiety
3. Irritability
4. Insomnia
5. Fatigue
6. Difficulty concentrating
7. Memory problems
8. Reduced impulse control
9. Cravings for the substance

PAWS can be challenging for individuals in recovery, as these lingering symptoms may contribute to relapse if not effectively managed. Supportive interventions, such as counseling, therapy, and participation in support groups, can be beneficial for individuals experiencing PAWS. Healthy lifestyle choices, including regular exercise, proper nutrition, and adequate sleep, may also contribute to the overall well-being of those in recovery.
It's important to note that PAWS is not experienced by everyone in recovery, and its severity and duration can vary. Seeking guidance from healthcare professionals or addiction specialists can assist individuals in managing PAWS and maintaining long-term recovery.
Quitting substance use "cold turkey" involves stopping the use of a substance abruptly without tapering or gradually reducing the dosage. It's important to note that quitting cold turkey can be challenging, and the level of difficulty varies depending on the substance, the duration and intensity of use, and individual factors.
If you're considering quitting a substance cold turkey, here are some general recommendations:

1. Seek Professional Guidance: Before making the decision to quit cold turkey, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or addiction specialist. They can provide guidance based on your specific situation, assess potential risks, and offer support.
   
2. Create a Support System: Inform friends, family, or a support network about your decision to quit. Having a support system in place can provide encouragement, understanding, and assistance during challenging times.
   
3. Understand Withdrawal Symptoms: Be aware of potential withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting the substance cold turkey. Withdrawal symptoms can vary depending on the substance but may include anxiety, irritability, insomnia, and other physical or psychological effects.
   
4. Stay Hydrated and Nourished: Maintaining proper hydration and nutrition is crucial during the quitting process. Stay hydrated by drinking water and consuming a balanced diet to support your overall well-being.
   
5. Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity. Exercise can help alleviate stress, improve mood, and contribute to your overall physical and mental health.
   
6. Consider Professional Treatment: Depending on the substance and the severity of dependence, professional treatment options, such as inpatient or outpatient programs, may be beneficial. Medical supervision can assist in managing withdrawal symptoms and ensuring safety.
   
7. Therapy and Counseling: Consider participating in therapy or counseling to address the underlying factors contributing to substance use and to develop coping strategies for a successful recovery.
   
8. Plan for Triggers: Identify situations, environments, or emotions that may trigger the urge to use the substance. Develop a plan to cope with these triggers without resorting to substance use.
   

It's essential to approach quitting any substance with a comprehensive strategy, and individual circumstances vary. Seeking professional advice ensures that you make informed decisions about the best approach for your specific situation. If you are experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms or have concerns about quitting cold turkey, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for guidance and support.
Tapering refers to the gradual reduction of the dosage of a substance, typically a medication or a drug, over a specific period. Tapering is commonly used in the context of addiction treatment, where it involves slowly decreasing the amount of a substance to manage withdrawal symptoms and minimize the risks associated with abrupt discontinuation.
Key points about tapering include:

1. Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): Tapering is often part of medication-assisted treatment for substance use disorders. For example, individuals dependent on opioids might undergo a gradual tapering of medications like methadone or buprenorphine.
   
2. Reducing Dependence: Tapering is employed to reduce physical dependence on a substance by allowing the body to adjust to lower levels gradually. This helps minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
   
3. Individualized Approach: Tapering plans are typically individualized based on factors such as the substance used, the duration and intensity of use, and the individual's overall health. Healthcare professionals design tapering schedules to meet the specific needs of each person.
   
4. Supervised Tapering: Tapering is ideally done under the supervision of a healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness. This is particularly important in cases where abrupt discontinuation could lead to severe withdrawal symptoms or complications.
   
5. Psychological Support: Tapering is not only about physical adjustments but also addresses psychological aspects of dependence. It provides individuals with an opportunity to develop coping skills and strategies for managing life without reliance on the substance.
   
6. Preventing Relapse: Gradual tapering can help reduce the risk of relapse by easing the transition to complete abstinence. It gives individuals the time and support needed to adjust to life without the substance.
   

Tapering is a careful and structured process that should be guided by healthcare professionals. Abruptly stopping certain substances can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms and potential health risks. Seeking professional advice and support is crucial for a safe and successful tapering process, whether it's part of addiction treatment or the discontinuation of a prescribed medication.
Engaging in activities during withdrawal can help distract from symptoms, provide a sense of accomplishment, and contribute to overall well-being. Here are some ideas for keeping busy during withdrawal:

1. Reading: Escape into a good book or explore topics of interest to keep your mind occupied.
   
2. Movies or TV Shows: Watch movies or binge-watch a TV series to pass the time. Choose lighthearted or inspirational content.
   
3. Exercise: Engage in gentle exercises like walking, yoga, or stretching. Exercise can help improve mood and alleviate some withdrawal symptoms.
   
4. Creative Hobbies: Explore creative outlets such as drawing, painting, writing, or playing a musical instrument.
   
5. Mindfulness and Meditation: Practice mindfulness or meditation techniques to calm the mind and reduce stress.
   
6. Gardening: Spend time outdoors, tending to a garden or plants. Nature can have a positive impact on mood.
   
7. Puzzle Games: Solve puzzles, play Sudoku, or engage in other mentally stimulating games.
   
8. Listening to Music or Podcasts: Create playlists of your favorite music or listen to podcasts on topics of interest.
   
9. Cooking or Baking: Experiment with new recipes and treat yourself to nourishing meals.
   
10. Journaling: Write down your thoughts and feelings. Keeping a journal can be therapeutic during withdrawal.
    
11. Educational Courses: Take online courses or watch educational videos on platforms like Coursera or Khan Academy.
    
12. Board Games or Card Games: Play board games or cards with friends or family for some social interaction.
    
13. Self-Care Activities: Take relaxing baths, practice skincare routines, or indulge in other self-care activities to nurture your well-being.
    
14. Volunteering: If possible, consider volunteering for a cause you're passionate about. Helping others can be rewarding.
    
15. Stay Connected: Reach out to friends and family for support. Having a support system is crucial during withdrawal.
    

It's important to choose activities that align with your interests and energy levels. Remember that withdrawal is a challenging time, and it's okay to prioritize self-care. If symptoms become severe or unmanageable, seeking professional help is recommended.

I [20F] had an appointment with a new derm in my college town today and she confirmed AGA for me and even tho, I already had an online consultation done by the hair transplant doc(back in my home town) who did my brother's hair transplant(he diagnosed me with TE but I knew otherwise already.) BUT still, he recommended minoxidil and GFC from JUNE of this year and also prescribed me with vitamins from april(I was deficit in D3, B12 and iron)
Now, initially I only went to the new derm so that I can get my gfc session done or find a clinic to get my gfc done while im away from my home. The new derm recommended me with dut mesotherapy+ gfc along with minox and whatever vitamins I have going on OR 0.5mg dut capsules instead of meso. My DHT levels are normal and periods are also regular.
Should I go with the meso or capsules or just GFC+minox and wait for few months and see if just GFC and minox is giving me results and just continue it like that
I'm afraid of dut as not many woman are on it and im confused why Spiro wasn't recommended to me? She said the only dut side effect is feeling depressed. Isn't just minox and gfc alone sufficient to get results?
Also, I saw a study in which women prone to metabolic syndrome experienced more hair thinning on meso as compared to women who DID NOT, my mom's side of family suffers from high cholesterol and high blood pressure so idk if I'll be under it or not.
I'm alr prone to heavy mental breakdowns lol.

Obesity affects about 42% of the adult population in the United States and contributes to the onset of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and other conditions. Understanding the mechanisms behind this is crucial to combating the obesity epidemic. "We wanted to explore the mechanisms that might explain why late eating increases the risk of obesity," said Dr. Frank A. J. L. Scheer, the senior author of the study. Previous research indicated that late eating is associated with increased body fat and less successful weight loss.
The Study: Timing Matters The researchers asked, "Does the timing of our meals matter when all other factors are consistent?" The answer was a clear yes. Eating just four hours later than usual significantly affected hunger levels, how calories are burned after eating, and how the body stores fat.
In their controlled lab study, the team worked with 16 participants with a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the overweight or obese range. Each participant followed two eating schedules in the lab:
Normal Schedule: Eating at typical meal times. Late Schedule: Similar meals but eaten 4 hours later than usual. Before the lab sessions, participants maintained a fixed sleep-wake schedule for two to three weeks, and for the final three days, they followed a strict diet to standardize intake.
Measurements and Observations In the lab, participants reported their feelings of hunger and cravings, provided frequent small blood samples throughout the day, and had their body temperature and energy expenditure measured. To understand how meal timing affects fat storage pathways, the researchers also took fat tissue biopsies from a subset of participants under both early and late eating conditions for genetic expression analysis.
Study Findings: Hormones, Calories, and Fat Storage The study revealed profound effects of late eating on hunger and the appetite hormones leptin and ghrelin:
Leptin Levels: This satiety hormone was lower over 24 hours during the late eating condition compared to early eating. Calorie Burning: Participants burned calories at a slower rate when following the late eating schedule. Fat Storage Genes: Gene expression in fat tissue showed increased fat creation and decreased breakdown (lipolysis) under late eating conditions. These findings highlight the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between late eating and increased obesity risk.
Implications and Insights These findings align with a substantial body of research indicating that late-night eating can increase a person's likelihood of developing obesity. They elucidate how this might happen by revealing changes in different control systems related to energy balance. By conducting a randomized crossover study and tightly controlling behavioral and environmental factors like physical activity, posture, sleep, and light exposure, the investigators could pinpoint changes in different systems that control energy balance, providing a clearer picture of how our bodies use the food we consume.
This research suggests that modifying our eating times could be a straightforward approach to reduce obesity risk, improve metabolic health, and better manage appetite and fat storage.
Conclusion The study emphasizes that not just what we eat, but when we eat, plays a significant role in health outcomes related to obesity. Shifting meal times earlier could be a viable strategy for reducing hunger, improving metabolic rate, and ultimately aiding in weight management and obesity prevention.
https://youtube.com/shorts/qqFD1mZViis?feature=share
#NutritionScience #ObesityResearch #MetabolicHealth #HealthyEating #LateNightEating #WeightManagement #AppetiteControl #EnergyBalance #HealthAndWellness #DietAndHealth

I had a call with my doctor last week about my mental health, and I had a bit of a breakdown about how much my pain is affecting me. It has just passed a year since I started feeling constant, debilitating pain that has left me pretty much housebound. I’ve been really hesitant when asking for prescription pain medication for the past year as I was hyper aware of what it could come off as as a 20 year old uni student asking, so I have just never brought it up and just asked for scans and checkups etc, and took over the counter meds daily. I was given codeine at an A&E visit during a horrible episode, and it helped although made me incredibly tired and stupid, so I wasn’t interested in asking for any more opioids.
Last week I think something in me snapped and I realised I didn’t have to live this life that is making me so anxious and depressed and I have the right to request my pain be managed, and I pretty much told him “I can’t imagine living like this for the next however many years until my surgery. I’m not functioning and it’s killing me”. He faffed about for a bit, telling me “well I’m not really sure what to do to be honest” and “I’m not sure there’s much I can do for you to help in this case” and “When you phoned today what were you hoping I’d say” and I just persisted with “I want advice on the best route for me to take to get this pain under control until I get the surgery”, and finally he offered me tramadol to take as needed (despite sounding very unhappy about it). I’ve only taken one in the past week as I’ve decided only to use them when my pain is affecting my ability to complete tasks, but when I did, oh my God. Within an hour my pain was down to a 2 (a number I very rarely feel), and after 7 hours or so it climbed back up to its usual non-flare up level. I was able to just skip a quick flare up until the baseline pain reached a level I can deal with. It doesn’t make me feel drowsy (in fact I feel a little more energised), it doesn’t make me stupid and stoned like codeine, maybe just a tiny bit more chilled out than usual.
Just knowing that I have this to fall back on when I know I’m going into a flare up has reduced my anxiety tenfold, and knowing that if I have an event or a class to show up to and I’m too sore, there’s now a chance I could make it is a security that I haven’t felt in years. I hope I won’t need them forever, but knowing I have something to pull me over until the next step is such a relief on both my mind and my body.
In conclusion, doctors who say controlled drugs are not appropriate treatments for chronic pain need to go back to school. I am so grateful toward myself for making this choice and standing up for myself.

What is Biofit?

BioFit is a dietary weight loss supplement that claims to burn fat quickly while also improving gut health and immune system strength. Chrissie Miller developed the formula for the company “Nature’s Formula” in the United States.
Bio Fit employs a seven-strain probiotic bacteria that enters the gut to increase its effectiveness. It also speeds up the fat-burning process, resulting in a safe method of losing weight naturally. It’s ingredients have been clinically studied and have scientific proof of their effectiveness in weight loss.
This supplement manufacturers claim that by using the probiotic weight loss supplement, you can lose significant weight without exercising or adhering to strict diets. On Biofit’s official website, you can read client testimonials in which a customer claims to have lost 70 pounds using this supplement.
It is FDA-approved and manufactured in a GMP facility to ensure the highest quality. Each batch is tested by a third-party lab to ensure its quantity, quality, and authenticity.

How does Biofit Work?

BioFit contains seven distinct and effective strains of probiotic bacteria that help with weight loss. Probiotic bacteria are healthy bacteria that live in the intestine. They form colonies within the digestive tract and aid in the breakdown of food compounds into energy compounds. An individual has a healthy gut and a healthy body with the help of these bacteria.
Not everyone has healthy probiotic bacteria in their gut. Some people have a poor eating lifestyle. They eat anything and everything and do work out or detox their body to eliminate harmful toxins that are stored in the body due to such a lifestyle.
These toxins then impair the ability of the probiotic bacteria in your gut to function properly, resulting in a slower metabolism, food cravings, and obesity.
Similarly, some people are sick or have a medical condition that necessitates the use of antibiotics. In such cases, the medications, combined with a weakened immune system, attack the gut bacteria. Killing probiotic bacteria causes poor digestion, bloating, stomach problems, eating disorders, and weight gain.
BioFit provides your body with enough probiotic bacteria to maintain a healthy digestive tract. This amazing formula will not only solve your gut issues, but it will also boost your fat-burning process.
To see such dramatic results, take one capsule daily with a glass of water after a meal. Each bottle contains 30 capsules, implying that the supply will last a month. If you want to see visible results, the manufacturers advise you to be consistent with your process and patient.
Some people saw visible results in 15 days, while others took much longer. Because each person is unique, we cannot predict when you will see results. However, if you are dissatisfied with the results, you can receive a full refund.

Biofit Ingredients(100% Natural)

Each serving of BioFit contains seven different probiotic bacterial strains. Probiotic bacteria, like other organisms, can be found in a variety of species and strains. Some strains have been linked to weight loss and improved immunity, while others have been linked to other aspects of gut function. The proportions of each strain included in BioFit vary. Individual strains have different dosages that are determined by the desired effects. The total dose is 16.58mg 5.75 billion CFUs. Because It is primarily marketed as a weight loss supplement, the Bio Fit manufacturers have placed a strong emphasis on strains that have been specifically linked to weight loss.

1. Bacillus Subtilis 8.89mg:

Bacillus subtilis strain DE111 is used in BioFit. Given its demonstrated ability to aid in weight loss, it stands to reason that this probiotic strain would constitute the majority of BioFit. Probiotic strains improve digestive health in addition to promoting weight loss. Some probiotic strains aid in weight loss by improving intestinal function, digestion, or waste product elimination. This probiotic strain is notable for its credibility and published medical data, which place it among the most effective probiotic strains for natural fat-burning and weight loss.

2. Bifidobacterium Longum 1.56mg:

It contains Bifidobacterium longum, one of 32 different Bifidobacteria species. The effects of B. longum on humans have been extensively studied. It’s one of the most important probiotic strains passed down from mothers to their infants via breast milk, and it appears to play an important role in early human development.

3. Lactobacillus Rhamnosus 1.25mg:

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a beneficial probiotic strain, is included in BioFit. Lactobacillus strains are present in this supplement. The digestive tract benefits of L. rhamnosus are numerous. L. rhamnosus can be found in yoghurt and other foods.

4. Bifidobacterium Breve 0.63mg:

Numerous studies have linked Bifidobacterium breve to good gut health, which is why it is commonly found in digestive health supplements. Researchers discovered that this strain can aid in the digestion of a wide range of molecules, implying that it may aid digestion in more than one pathway.

5. Lactobacillus Casei 0.83mg:

Lactobacillus casei, a beneficial bacteria, thrives in the intestines, where it produces a large number of offspring and exerts its effects. According to research, L. casei can thrive in a wider range of acidity and temperature than other probiotic strains. For example, it has a better chance of surviving stomach acid and thriving in the digestive tract. Researchers discovered that L. casei and L. acidophilus, another BioFit component, collaborate synergistically.

6. Lactobacillus Plantarium 2.5mg:

When compared to other lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum has one of the largest genomes. It is more resistant to other strains than others because, like Lactobacillus Casei, it can tolerate a wide range of acidity and temperature levels. L. plantarum is one of the strains that has received the most attention in the food and supplement industries, and there is a substantial body of evidence linking L. plantarum to healthy gut function.

7. Lactobacillus Acidophilus 0.83mg

Lactobacillus acidophilus, the seventh and final Lactobacillus strain found in BioFit, has been specifically linked to weight loss. Several studies have found that Lactobacillus acidophilus is involved in the production of the enzyme amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that aids in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the intestine and digestive tract. Bloating may occur after eating carbohydrates if you do not have enough of this digestive enzyme. Lactobacillus acidophilus, according to the manufacturer, promotes weight loss and overall gut health.

Biofit Weight Loss Benefits

BioFit claims to provide the following benefits to the body, resulting in a healthy weight loss journey with no side effects:-

Improves Digestion

It claims to improve digestion by affecting metabolism. To have healthy digestion, your metabolism must be working properly. A slow metabolism that is unable to convert food into energy compounds is the reason why so many people suffer from various diseases. The healthy probiotic bacteria in BioFit aid in the digestion of food, resulting in rapid weight loss.

Helps in a Healthy Digestive Tract

Many people suffer from constipation, bloating, stomach aches, and hunger pangs. These issues must be addressed or your digestive tract will become inefficient at losing weight. BioFit makes use of probiotic strains that aid in digestive health. The gut bacterium converts food into energy, speeds up your metabolism, aids in digestion and excretion, prevents constipation, and helps with bloating.

Aids in Weight Loss

The rapid weight loss journey is one of its most prominent claims. These claims appear to be true if we focus on the seven bacteria strains used in the formula. Each BioFit capsule contains 5.75 billion colony-forming units (CLU), which aid gut bacteria in performing their functions quickly and efficiently.
Another significant feature of this supplement is the presence of seven strains of probiotic bacteria. Typically, weight loss supplements contain 3-4 strains of probiotic bacteria, but it has upped the ante to seven!

Strengthens Immune System

BioFit also claims to improve immune system function. It strengthens and maintains the immune system, which in turn feeds the gut bacteria. A weakened immune system cannot withstand all of the body’s operations. It also invites more viruses and bacteria to disrupt normal functioning, but BioFit strengthens it and improves its efficacy.

Contains Medium Chain Triglycerides

This supplement contains medium (MCTs), which aids in the probiotics’ effects. Unlike other long fatty acids, MCTs are very easy to digest. BioFit encases the probiotic ingredients in a fatty molecule layer, ensuring that they reach the digestive system.

Probiotic Matrix

BioFit contains a seven-strain probiotic matrix, as opposed to other weight loss products that contain three to five strains. These strains work in various ways to improve fat loss and digestion. They also aid in gut health and immunity.

https://twitter.com/isSCS4me/status/1742558882222760018
The following publication is further evidence of SCS inefficacy for opioid
reduction and potential treatment cost analysis. It compares conventional
medical management(CMM) versus SCS.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2799084
"Long-term Outcomes in Use of Opioids, Nonpharmacologic Pain Interventions,
and Total Costs of Spinal Cord Stimulators Compared With Conventional Medical
Therapy for Chronic Pain
...
Key Points
Question What are the outcomes among real-world patients with chronic pain who
are treated with spinal cord stimulators compared with conventional medical
management?
Findings
In this propensity-matched comparative effectiveness research analysis of 7560
insured individuals, treatment with a spinal cord stimulator was not associated
with a reduction in use of opioids, pain injections, radiofrequency ablation,
or spine surgery at 2 years. Approximately one-fifth of patients treated with
spinal cord stimulators experienced complications and required device revision
or removal.
Meaning
Study results suggest that use of spinal cord stimulators is not associated
with reductions in opioid use or nonpharmacologic pain interventions.
Abstract
Importance Spinal cord stimulators (SCSs) are increasingly used for the
treatment of chronic pain. There is a need for studies with long-term follow-up.
Objective
To determine the comparative effectiveness and costs of SCSs compared with
conventional medical management (CMM) in a large cohort of patients with
chronic pain.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This was a 1:5 propensity-matched retrospective comparative effectiveness
research analysis of insured individuals from April 1, 2016, to August 31, 2018.
This study used administrative claims data, including longitudinal medical and
pharmacy claims, from US commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees 18 years
or older in Optum Labs Data Warehouse. Patients with incident diagnosis codes
for failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic pain
syndrome, and other chronic postsurgical back and extremity pain were included
in this study. Data were analyzed from February 1, 2021, to August 31, 2022.
Exposures
SCSs or CMM.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Surrogate measures for primary chronic pain treatment modalities, including
pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic pain interventions (epidural and facet
corticosteroid injections, radiofrequency ablation, and spine surgery), as
well as total costs.
Results
In the propensity-matched population of 7560 patients, mean (SD) age was 63.5
(12.5) years, 3080 (40.7%) were male, and 4480 (59.3%) were female. Among
matched patients, during the first 12 months, patients treated with SCSs had
higher odds of chronic opioid use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.14; 95% CI,
1.01-1.29) compared with patients treated with CMM but lower odds of epidural
and facet corticosteroid injections (aOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.39-0.51),
radiofrequency ablation (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.72), and spine surgery
(aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61-0.85). During months 13 to 24, there was no
significant difference in chronic opioid use (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.94-1.20),
epidural and facet corticosteroid injections (aOR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87-1.14),
radiofrequency ablation (aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66-1.09), or spine surgery
(aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75-1.09) with SCS use compared with CMM. Overall, 226 of
1260 patients (17.9%) treated with SCS experienced SCS-related complications
within 2 years, and 279 of 1260 patients (22.1%) had device revisions and/or
removals, which were not always for complications. Total costs of care in the
first year were $39 000 higher with SCS than CMM and similar between SCS and
CMM in the second year.
Conclusions and Relevance In this large, real-world, comparative effectiveness
research study comparing SCS and CMM for chronic pain, SCS placement was not
associated with a reduction in opioid use or nonpharmacologic pain interventions
at 2 years. SCS was associated with higher costs, and SCS-related complications
were common.
...
Despite the increasing utilization of SCSs, there are limitations to the
evidence supporting its superiority over usual care, which includes conventional
medical management (CMM).6 Most SCS have been authorized by the US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) without clinical data.7 Approximately 85% of large studies
of SCSs (ie, >100 patients) are industry funded.8 Independent evaluations have
generally been small, single-center, and nonrandomized.9
...
Eligible individuals were 18 years or older with an incident diagnosis of
failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic pain
syndrome, and other chronic postsurgical back and extremity pain (for the
latter diagnosis, history of spine surgery within 6 months of diagnosis was
required) between April 1, 2016, and August 31, 2019 (eTable 1 in the
Supplement for codes reviewed by multiple authors).9,16-18
...
SCS-Related Complications and Removal
Among the 1260 patients treated with SCS, 226 (17.9%) experienced complications
within the first 2 years after placement (Table 4). These complications included
breakdown, displacement, other mechanical complications, and infection of the
lead and/or generator. During the first 2 years, 279 patients (22.1%) had an
SCS removal and/or revision; 126 (10%) of these were in the absence of a
complication, suggesting lack of effectiveness.
...
"
The one editorial is worth your effort reading.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2799086
"
While spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to treat multiple chronic pain indications
has been rapidly gaining popularity over the last decade, evidence of clinical
and public health effectiveness is limited due to small sample sizes or bias
related to authors that receive income from SCS manufacturers.
...
"
There are several critiques of the publication. Please use Google Scholar. I
advise using caution when reading because the source of the critique can be
conflicting.
I recommend reading the publication.

The CYP family of genes encodes enzymes that are used by the body to break down and get rid of things like toxins, pollutants, drugs, and even things we eat every day. Genetic variants in the CYP genes impact how quickly we break down various drugs and other toxins, and understanding your genetic polymorphisms (variants) can shed light on how your body reacts to things.
The CYP1A2 gene codes for an enzyme involved in the metabolism (breakdown) of several different substances, including:

• caffeine
• aflatoxin B1 (toxic mold found on grain)
• acetaminophen

People who have the CYP1A2 A/A genotype for rs762551 are rapid metabolizers. This means that they will break down or metabolize substances such as caffeine more rapidly. Caffeine will be cleared out more quickly and not affect an ultrarapid metabolizer for as long. Unsurprisingly, ultrarapid metabolizers also tend to drink more coffee, on average.
The rs762551 C/C genotype is linked to decreased CYP1A2 enzyme activity. People with this genotype will break down caffeine more slowly and may find that it bothers their sleep at night.
What are the symptoms of slow or fast CYP1A2?
Well, it depends on what substance you are breaking down.
For example, CYP 1A2 metabolizes some pro-carcinogens from tobacco smoke into carcinogens, or cancer causing substances. It also helps to turn aflatoxins (molds found in grains) into active compounds involved in liver cancer. Once CYP1A2 metabolizes these carcinogens, the body must eliminate them. Genetic variants can also impact how quickly the second phase of detoxification works.
Thus, the rate at which CYP1A2 metabolizes certain toxins affects the risk of certain cancers in conjunction with how well Phase II detoxification moves out the metabolites.
A slow or reduced function isn’t always bad. For example, slow or inactive CYP1A2 is thought to decrease the risk of liver toxicity from aflatoxin B. This is because CYP1A2 turns the pro-carcinogenic molecules into carcinogens, which then have to be removed from the body.
Click here to read my full article on CYP1A2 including how to use your 23andMe or Ancestry raw data to determine your CYP1A2 genotype.

Hello everyone!
Today, we’re diving into an important topic - liver function tests. These tests help check how well your liver is working. Your liver is a vital organ that processes everything you eat and drink, filters toxins from your blood, and helps with digestion. Let's break down what liver function tests are, what they measure, and how you can keep your liver in top shape.

What is the Liver?

The liver is a large organ located in the upper right side of your abdomen. It performs many critical functions, including detoxifying chemicals, metabolizing drugs, and producing proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.

Key Liver Function Tests:

1. ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

• What It Measures: ALT is an enzyme found in your liver. High levels can indicate liver damage.
• Normal Range: Typically 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L).
• What High Levels Mean: High ALT levels can suggest liver inflammation or damage from conditions like hepatitis, alcohol use, or fatty liver disease.

2. AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

• What It Measures: AST is another enzyme found in your liver and other parts of your body. Elevated levels can indicate liver damage.
• Normal Range: Typically 10 to 40 units per liter (U/L).
• What High Levels Mean: High AST levels can also indicate liver damage, often used in conjunction with ALT levels to diagnose liver conditions.

3. ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

• What It Measures: ALP is an enzyme related to the bile ducts. High levels can indicate a problem with the bile ducts or liver.
• Normal Range: Typically 44 to 147 units per liter (U/L).
• What High Levels Mean: High ALP levels may suggest blockages in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.

4. Bilirubin

• What It Measures: Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin and excretes it in bile.
• Normal Range: Typically 0.1 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
• What High Levels Mean: High bilirubin levels can indicate liver disease or bile duct problems, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

5. Albumin and Total Protein

• What They Measure: Albumin and total protein tests measure the levels of proteins made by the liver. These proteins are important for various body functions.
• Normal Range: Albumin: 3.5 to 5.0 grams per deciliter (g/dL); Total Protein: 6.3 to 7.9 grams per deciliter (g/dL).
• What Abnormal Levels Mean: Low levels can suggest liver disease or other conditions affecting protein production.

Why These Tests Matter:

• Detecting Liver Problems: Liver function tests can help detect liver inflammation, damage, and diseases early.
• Monitoring Chronic Conditions: Regular tests help monitor liver health in chronic conditions like hepatitis or fatty liver disease.
• Guiding Treatment: Test results can guide treatment decisions and monitor the effectiveness of interventions.

Tips for Keeping Your Liver Healthy:

1. Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoid excessive sugar and processed foods.
2. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity can lead to fatty liver disease, so aim for a healthy weight through diet and exercise.
3. Limit Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage. Stick to moderate drinking guidelines or avoid alcohol altogether.
4. Avoid Toxins: Limit exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins. Use protective gear when handling chemicals and avoid smoking.
5. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to help your liver function properly.
6. Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and supports liver health.
7. Get Vaccinated: Vaccinations for hepatitis A and B can prevent infections that cause liver damage.
8. Regular Check-Ups: Regular health check-ups and liver function tests can catch problems early and keep your liver healthy.

When to Get Tested:

• Routine Check-Ups: Regular check-ups, especially if you have risk factors for liver disease.
• Symptoms: If you have symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, or dark urine.
• Medical History: If you have a history of liver disease, alcohol use, or use of medications that can affect the liver.

Conclusion:

Understanding liver function tests is key to maintaining liver health. Regular testing and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent liver problems and ensure your liver is functioning properly. If you have any questions or personal experiences with liver health, share them in the comments. Your insights can help others who might be facing similar issues.
Stay healthy and informed!

I recently started opioid therapy, working through my GP. She put me on hydrocodone, which is metabolized into hydromorphone by the same liver enzyme that converts codeine into morphine (CYP2D6). All of my research shows that pain relief is correlated with hydromorphone concentrations, so the enzyme activity is important for pain relief. Hydrocodone its self has very little activity, and is basically a prodrug (almost like codeine).
I know from past experiences that I have poor function of CYP2D6. I asked my Dr. about going on morphine rather than the hydrocodone because they have the same MME, and I have family who has had success with morphine.
She was very against the idea, and referred to morphine as one of the "strong" opioids. This surprised me, as my research seems to suggest they have similar potency.
Can anyone with first-hand experience with these medications offer some insight here? I am most interested in the comparison between hydrocodone and morphine, but I would love to hear any other comparisons you have experience with, or insights you can provide on the subject.

Heyy!
I'm actually in med school and for the exam they will be asking us to know and draw some metabolic reactions. We are required to know ALL of them, from the most basic to like all the amino acid degradation pathways, purine and pyrimidine synthesis and breakdown WITH drawings.
I know the usual draw them many times and it will work out but it doesn't :'(
Any tips??

I understand that growth hormone surges during fasts. From what I read I gather that growth hormone is required to breakdown fat for energy. In our youth the energy released supports our growth. But what does higher growth hormone do when you are an adult. Does it help to grow muscle or hair? Has anyone grown muscle mass while sticking to fasting regimens?
The “downside“ of this process is that blood cholesterol, especially LDL, goes up to support fat metabolism. Currently I do weekly 48 hour fasts and for someone already with genetically-predisposed high LDL I wonder if the heightened arteriosclerosis risk is worth it…