Iberia airlines of manila spain
Gaita
2020.04.07 09:34 TapTheForwardAssist Gaita
Una comunidad dedicada a las varias gaitas de Iberia Uma comunidade dedicada às várias gaitas da Iberia A sub dedicated to the various bagpipes of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra
2014.05.11 08:28 tobbinator Spanish History - La Historia del Mundo Hispánico
2016.04.15 13:07 bravasphotos Tarragona
Força, equilibri, valor i seny!
2024.06.09 18:31 GarethGore 33YO English guy - I've had a super busy weekend, so I'm making a top tier dessert combo and I'd love to feel the rush you get when you chat to someone and click. Anywhere is fine, part of the fun is from talking to people from all over so location is no issue! Preferably F & Long term
TL:DR - I like meeting people and I'm decently interesting I think at least, come say hey? :)
Pretty much title, I'd love to speak to people from all over, if it clicks and becomes long term that would be pretty ideal, I'm genuinely don't mind where you're from, I think the idea of speaking to people from all corners of the world is just interesting to me. So yesterday I was with friends all day, which was lovely, but exhausting, then this morning I went shopping for a few hours with a friend, then had a family thing to go to. As a person who works a social job I like to keep my sunday fairly quiet, so the rest of the day I'm going to relax and chat, plus make a unholy but genius cookie sandwich with brownie and nutella as the filling. My poor heart, but it will be so goooood! I'd love to speak to people to add more of a spark to my evening and hopefully long term? :)
As for myself, I think I'm pretty lovely, but I'm fairly biased I'll admit. I work from home in a insurance sales jobs, its fine mostly but I'm semi looking for something else. I've travelled a lot in the last few years to a number of places, Singapore, Palawan and Manila in PH, Jamaica and Canada, then a number of European countries and planning more for 2024 + 2025 hopefully! I was in Bosnia for a few days in March, I just did a 10 day trip in Hamburg + Salzburg and hoping to do Italy or Spain + Turkey trips later this year.
I tried my hand at languages (I sucked at Turkish, was decent at German then promptly forgot it, as when I was there I didn't need it), picked up painting and playing the piano and I'm as useless at painting as I ever was, but its fun. I work out, but its mostly to try and lose weight while still having a major sweet tooth and really enjoying a meal out, so losing weight progress is relatively slow going. Beyond that I'm the typical tv/videogames/sports fan honestly.
I'm pretty easy going though if its not working I always like a bit of closure, the disappearing act bothers me, a simple heads up is appreciated but besides that I'm quite laissez-faire. I do prefer speaking to women but it's not a hard rule, I just find guys often get a bit intense online. I do prefer putting a face to people and vice versa as well, if its a dealbreaker I totally get it so thought I'd add that in here too
In terms of where to talk, I do prefer to move to apps, snap/whatsapp/discord/IG and so on, I prefer the former two but I'm pretty fine with whatever, staying here is fine too. Include your basic details in your message, the usual about me stuff is fine, don't feel the need to match the rambling essay above! :)
submitted by GarethGore to chat [link] [comments]
Pretty much title, I'd love to speak to people from all over, if it clicks and becomes long term that would be pretty ideal, I'm genuinely don't mind where you're from, I think the idea of speaking to people from all corners of the world is just interesting to me. So yesterday I was with friends all day, which was lovely, but exhausting, then this morning I went shopping for a few hours with a friend, then had a family thing to go to. As a person who works a social job I like to keep my sunday fairly quiet, so the rest of the day I'm going to relax and chat, plus make a unholy but genius cookie sandwich with brownie and nutella as the filling. My poor heart, but it will be so goooood! I'd love to speak to people to add more of a spark to my evening and hopefully long term? :)
As for myself, I think I'm pretty lovely, but I'm fairly biased I'll admit. I work from home in a insurance sales jobs, its fine mostly but I'm semi looking for something else. I've travelled a lot in the last few years to a number of places, Singapore, Palawan and Manila in PH, Jamaica and Canada, then a number of European countries and planning more for 2024 + 2025 hopefully! I was in Bosnia for a few days in March, I just did a 10 day trip in Hamburg + Salzburg and hoping to do Italy or Spain + Turkey trips later this year.
I tried my hand at languages (I sucked at Turkish, was decent at German then promptly forgot it, as when I was there I didn't need it), picked up painting and playing the piano and I'm as useless at painting as I ever was, but its fun. I work out, but its mostly to try and lose weight while still having a major sweet tooth and really enjoying a meal out, so losing weight progress is relatively slow going. Beyond that I'm the typical tv/videogames/sports fan honestly.
I'm pretty easy going though if its not working I always like a bit of closure, the disappearing act bothers me, a simple heads up is appreciated but besides that I'm quite laissez-faire. I do prefer speaking to women but it's not a hard rule, I just find guys often get a bit intense online. I do prefer putting a face to people and vice versa as well, if its a dealbreaker I totally get it so thought I'd add that in here too
In terms of where to talk, I do prefer to move to apps, snap/whatsapp/discord/IG and so on, I prefer the former two but I'm pretty fine with whatever, staying here is fine too. Include your basic details in your message, the usual about me stuff is fine, don't feel the need to match the rambling essay above! :)
2024.06.09 18:31 GarethGore 33YO English guy - I've had a super busy weekend, so I'm making a top tier dessert combo and I'd love to feel the rush you get when you chat to someone and click. Anywhere is fine, part of the fun is from talking to people from all over so location is no issue! Preferably F & Long term
TL:DR - I like meeting people and I'm decently interesting I think at least, come say hey? :)
Pretty much title, I'd love to speak to people from all over, if it clicks and becomes long term that would be pretty ideal, I'm genuinely don't mind where you're from, I think the idea of speaking to people from all corners of the world is just interesting to me. So yesterday I was with friends all day, which was lovely, but exhausting, then this morning I went shopping for a few hours with a friend, then had a family thing to go to. As a person who works a social job I like to keep my sunday fairly quiet, so the rest of the day I'm going to relax and chat, plus make a unholy but genius cookie sandwich with brownie and nutella as the filling. My poor heart, but it will be so goooood! I'd love to speak to people to add more of a spark to my evening and hopefully long term? :)
As for myself, I think I'm pretty lovely, but I'm fairly biased I'll admit. I work from home in a insurance sales jobs, its fine mostly but I'm semi looking for something else. I've travelled a lot in the last few years to a number of places, Singapore, Palawan and Manila in PH, Jamaica and Canada, then a number of European countries and planning more for 2024 + 2025 hopefully! I was in Bosnia for a few days in March, I just did a 10 day trip in Hamburg + Salzburg and hoping to do Italy or Spain + Turkey trips later this year.
I tried my hand at languages (I sucked at Turkish, was decent at German then promptly forgot it, as when I was there I didn't need it), picked up painting and playing the piano and I'm as useless at painting as I ever was, but its fun. I work out, but its mostly to try and lose weight while still having a major sweet tooth and really enjoying a meal out, so losing weight progress is relatively slow going. Beyond that I'm the typical tv/videogames/sports fan honestly.
I'm pretty easy going though if its not working I always like a bit of closure, the disappearing act bothers me, a simple heads up is appreciated but besides that I'm quite laissez-faire. I do prefer speaking to women but it's not a hard rule, I just find guys often get a bit intense online. I do prefer putting a face to people and vice versa as well, if its a dealbreaker I totally get it so thought I'd add that in here too
In terms of where to talk, I do prefer to move to apps, snap/whatsapp/discord/IG and so on, I prefer the former two but I'm pretty fine with whatever, staying here is fine too. Include your basic details in your message, the usual about me stuff is fine, don't feel the need to match the rambling essay above! :)
submitted by GarethGore to MakeNewFriendsHere [link] [comments]
Pretty much title, I'd love to speak to people from all over, if it clicks and becomes long term that would be pretty ideal, I'm genuinely don't mind where you're from, I think the idea of speaking to people from all corners of the world is just interesting to me. So yesterday I was with friends all day, which was lovely, but exhausting, then this morning I went shopping for a few hours with a friend, then had a family thing to go to. As a person who works a social job I like to keep my sunday fairly quiet, so the rest of the day I'm going to relax and chat, plus make a unholy but genius cookie sandwich with brownie and nutella as the filling. My poor heart, but it will be so goooood! I'd love to speak to people to add more of a spark to my evening and hopefully long term? :)
As for myself, I think I'm pretty lovely, but I'm fairly biased I'll admit. I work from home in a insurance sales jobs, its fine mostly but I'm semi looking for something else. I've travelled a lot in the last few years to a number of places, Singapore, Palawan and Manila in PH, Jamaica and Canada, then a number of European countries and planning more for 2024 + 2025 hopefully! I was in Bosnia for a few days in March, I just did a 10 day trip in Hamburg + Salzburg and hoping to do Italy or Spain + Turkey trips later this year.
I tried my hand at languages (I sucked at Turkish, was decent at German then promptly forgot it, as when I was there I didn't need it), picked up painting and playing the piano and I'm as useless at painting as I ever was, but its fun. I work out, but its mostly to try and lose weight while still having a major sweet tooth and really enjoying a meal out, so losing weight progress is relatively slow going. Beyond that I'm the typical tv/videogames/sports fan honestly.
I'm pretty easy going though if its not working I always like a bit of closure, the disappearing act bothers me, a simple heads up is appreciated but besides that I'm quite laissez-faire. I do prefer speaking to women but it's not a hard rule, I just find guys often get a bit intense online. I do prefer putting a face to people and vice versa as well, if its a dealbreaker I totally get it so thought I'd add that in here too
In terms of where to talk, I do prefer to move to apps, snap/whatsapp/discord/IG and so on, I prefer the former two but I'm pretty fine with whatever, staying here is fine too. Include your basic details in your message, the usual about me stuff is fine, don't feel the need to match the rambling essay above! :)
2024.06.09 18:31 h2so4_as Manila Philippines to Bogota Colombia
Planning to book this flight soon, do I need a Transit visa for the layover in Istanbul?
submitted by h2so4_as to TurkishAirlines [link] [comments]
2024.06.09 18:09 Icy_Accident881 My experience!!!
Traveling frequently for both work and leisure, I have always sought the perfect backpack that balances functionality, durability, and comfort. Recently, I found a cabin backpack that measures 40x20x25 cm, which has transformed my travel experience. This backpack is not only compliant with airline requirements for carriers like Ryanair, EasyJet, Vueling, Flybe, TUI, Lufthansa, Jet2, Qantas, Etihad, Emirates, Norwegian, Delta, Iberia, Virgin Atlantic, British Airways, and Turkish Airlines, but it also offers a range of features that cater to every travel need.
One of the standout aspects of this backpack is its multifunctional compartments. The separate wet pocket is an ingenious addition, allowing me to store my umbrella and towel without worrying about dampening my other belongings. The dedicated pocket for my 14" laptop is a perfect fit, providing secure storage and easy access. Inside the backpack, the mesh zip pocket keeps my phone and ID cards organized and accessible. I particularly appreciate the two open inner pockets where I can store my iPad and a magazine for in-flight entertainment. The front pocket is incredibly handy for keeping my tickets and keys within reach, while the spacious main compartment accommodates my clothes and other travel essentials effortlessly. An anti-theft pocket for my phone provides an added layer of security, giving me peace of mind during my travels.
Comfort is paramount, especially during long journeys, and this backpack excels in this regard. The padded shoulder straps and back are made from breathable honeycomb material, which kept me cool and comfortable, even during extended wear. Additionally, the backpack features a belt designed for carry-on luggage. This innovative feature allows the backpack to be securely attached to my suitcase, making it feel much lighter and easier to transport through busy airports.
Durability is another critical factor in choosing a travel backpack, and this one does not disappoint. Constructed from water-resistant composite material, it protects my belongings from unexpected weather conditions. The high-quality zippers and reinforced stitching further enhance the backpack's longevity. Its versatile design makes it suitable not only for travel but also as a business office backpack or an outdoor adventure companion, making it a perfect gift for anyone, regardless of gender or age.
One of the most convenient features of this backpack is its 180° main pocket opening. This design allows the main compartment to open fully like a suitcase, making packing and unpacking a breeze. It proved particularly useful during security checks, as I could quickly and easily access my laptop and other essentials without rummaging through the entire bag.
In conclusion, this cabin backpack has significantly improved my travel experiences. Its thoughtful design, combining functionality with comfort and durability, makes it an indispensable travel companion. Whether for business or leisure, short trips or long journeys, this backpack meets all my needs, ensuring that I travel with ease and confidence.
XXL Bag
submitted by Icy_Accident881 to Daily_Motivator [link] [comments]
One of the standout aspects of this backpack is its multifunctional compartments. The separate wet pocket is an ingenious addition, allowing me to store my umbrella and towel without worrying about dampening my other belongings. The dedicated pocket for my 14" laptop is a perfect fit, providing secure storage and easy access. Inside the backpack, the mesh zip pocket keeps my phone and ID cards organized and accessible. I particularly appreciate the two open inner pockets where I can store my iPad and a magazine for in-flight entertainment. The front pocket is incredibly handy for keeping my tickets and keys within reach, while the spacious main compartment accommodates my clothes and other travel essentials effortlessly. An anti-theft pocket for my phone provides an added layer of security, giving me peace of mind during my travels.
Comfort is paramount, especially during long journeys, and this backpack excels in this regard. The padded shoulder straps and back are made from breathable honeycomb material, which kept me cool and comfortable, even during extended wear. Additionally, the backpack features a belt designed for carry-on luggage. This innovative feature allows the backpack to be securely attached to my suitcase, making it feel much lighter and easier to transport through busy airports.
Durability is another critical factor in choosing a travel backpack, and this one does not disappoint. Constructed from water-resistant composite material, it protects my belongings from unexpected weather conditions. The high-quality zippers and reinforced stitching further enhance the backpack's longevity. Its versatile design makes it suitable not only for travel but also as a business office backpack or an outdoor adventure companion, making it a perfect gift for anyone, regardless of gender or age.
One of the most convenient features of this backpack is its 180° main pocket opening. This design allows the main compartment to open fully like a suitcase, making packing and unpacking a breeze. It proved particularly useful during security checks, as I could quickly and easily access my laptop and other essentials without rummaging through the entire bag.
In conclusion, this cabin backpack has significantly improved my travel experiences. Its thoughtful design, combining functionality with comfort and durability, makes it an indispensable travel companion. Whether for business or leisure, short trips or long journeys, this backpack meets all my needs, ensuring that I travel with ease and confidence.
XXL Bag
2024.06.09 14:14 Dependent-Relative72 Flying TAP Portugal?
I am flying to Spain this fall for my honeymoon from the US. Been a couple of times and flew Iberia both times (ORD to MAD). I am seeing decent fares on TAP Portugal now but know nothing about the airline. Just saw it was ranked 14th best in the world - Iberia not on the list. Has anyone flown this airline and can you review it? Was it good for long haul flights? Thanks!
submitted by Dependent-Relative72 to travel [link] [comments]
2024.06.09 14:07 skarbowkajestsuper How stupid is getting a $2.5m plane for family trips?
I live in Eastern Europe. Winters here are grey and pretty depressing (it's early June and I already dread the fall), so we try to escape to the south whenever we can. We have a summer house in Spain and a small apartment on the Amalfi coast, we take Ryanair to get there (pretty much a shitty bus with wings). Any city breaks from our local airport are also operated by low-cost airlines, given our airport is pretty small. I'm not a primadonna and can clench my butt and live in discomfort for a few hours, but adjusting to airline schedules sucks. Sometimes I want to be back on a certain day, and that turns a quick flight into a 12h ordeal with layovers. The connection to Spain departs at 4am and that fucks us as well for at least a day, every time.
I did charter a few times, but it feels like setting money on fire, especially given I'm not doing a popular connection, so things like Netjets aren't an option.
So... I'm tempted by the Cirrus Vision Jet. It seats 7 passengers (I've got 3 kids), 1.2k nm range, super safe (autoland, and a fucking parachute on top of that). I used to fly gliders for fun, I'm comfortable in the air and could commit to doing a getting a license. Financially it's also surprisingly sensible, I could lease this on my LLC and write-off a nice chunk of this. Plus, it seems to hold value relatively well.
At this point the idea is in it's honeymoon phase, I'm romanticising taking my wife and kids on trips and it's all smiles and rainbows, so what I need is a reality check and a slap on the face: why is this a dumb idea? Anyone owns a small plane and regrets it?
EDIT: okay, seems like I am an idiot after all. Leaving this up for posterity.
submitted by skarbowkajestsuper to fatFIRE [link] [comments]
I did charter a few times, but it feels like setting money on fire, especially given I'm not doing a popular connection, so things like Netjets aren't an option.
So... I'm tempted by the Cirrus Vision Jet. It seats 7 passengers (I've got 3 kids), 1.2k nm range, super safe (autoland, and a fucking parachute on top of that). I used to fly gliders for fun, I'm comfortable in the air and could commit to doing a getting a license. Financially it's also surprisingly sensible, I could lease this on my LLC and write-off a nice chunk of this. Plus, it seems to hold value relatively well.
At this point the idea is in it's honeymoon phase, I'm romanticising taking my wife and kids on trips and it's all smiles and rainbows, so what I need is a reality check and a slap on the face: why is this a dumb idea? Anyone owns a small plane and regrets it?
EDIT: okay, seems like I am an idiot after all. Leaving this up for posterity.
2024.06.09 06:10 Tarn-ished How to Know what snacks you're allowed to bring on international trips?
Hi, Apologies if this is the wrong place to ask but I am travelling internationally for the first time from The United States to Spain. I have a stop in Germany as well and as my trip to Spain includes meeting up with a friend they wanted me to bring some American snacks and potentially drinks if possible for them to try. So I wanted to see if there was a resource or anything to make sure it is possible and what is and isn't allowed in each country before I get their hopes up and confirm. I have tried looking at the airline websites but there is a lot of varying things across them all. Any help is appreciated, thank you for your time :)
submitted by Tarn-ished to travel [link] [comments]
2024.06.08 12:27 Jaded-Ad2310 Lufthansa Airlines Manila Office
One of the main centers connecting Filipino tourists to an international network of travel destinations is the Lufthansa Airlines Manila Office. Our office, which is conveniently located in the center of Manila, provides a range of services, including informational as well as quick and easy flight booking. Travelers receive personalized attention from a committed team of experts who understand the nuances of travel logistics, based on their needs. The smoothest travel experience is guaranteed by Lufthansa Airlines' Manila office, enabling customers to fulfill their goals of visiting some of the world's most fascinating locations or traversing continents.
submitted by Jaded-Ad2310 to u/Jaded-Ad2310 [link] [comments]
2024.06.08 12:26 Sweet-Count2557 Best Beach Of Europe in 2023
 | Best Beach Of Europe in 2023 submitted by Sweet-Count2557 to worldkidstravel [link] [comments] Ahh, the beach. A great escape from reality and a place of ultimate freedom! From the sound of crashing waves to the feel of warm sand against our toes - what could be more exhilarating? But when it comes to finding that special spot, we all want to make sure we have the best experience possible; so let's take a look at Best Beach of Europe for 2023. From secluded coves with crystal-clear waters to sun-drenched shores lined with vibrant palm trees – no matter your preference, there is something here for everyone! So come along on this journey as we explore some of Europe’s top beaches and discover why they should rank among the best in the world. Whether you're looking for relaxation or adventure, these stunning spots offer both – and much more! We'll start by exploring some of Europe's most popular destinations like Spain’s Costa Brava, Italy's Amalfi Coast, and Greece's Santorini. We'll then move to less frequented areas such as Croatia’s Makarska Riviera and Bulgaria’s Sunny Beach. No matter which destination you choose, prepare yourself for an unforgettable experience full of endless sunshine and spectacular views. Let us now embark on our journey to find out which European beach will earn its rightful title as 'the best' in 2023! Navagio: A Stunning Beach On Zakynthos Island In Greece Navagio Beach, located on the Greek island of Zakynthos, is The Best Beach of Europe of 2023, it's a stunning beach that should not be missed. The golden sand and turquoise water make this gorgeous destination ideal for travelers with kids or children looking to relax and unwind in paradise. Its secluded location offers an incredible sense of freedom from everyday life. Visitors can take part in activities such as cave exploration and snorkeling, or simply lounge around enjoying the sun and sea. Navagio has some of the whitest sand imaginable, making it perfect for building sandcastles and soaking up some Vitamin D! With its breathtaking scenery and laidback atmosphere, one can easily understand why this beautiful beach was voted Best European Beach in 2023. No matter what you're looking for - adventure or relaxation - Navagio Beach is sure to provide a memorable experience. Calanque D'en Vau: A Magical Beach In Cassis, France Calanque d'en Vau is one of the most beautiful beaches in Europe, and it's also one of the best places to travel with your family in 2023. Located in Cassis, France, this stunning beach offers a wealth of activities for everyone to enjoy. Here are just 5 reasons why you should consider visiting Calanque d'en Vau on your next European vacation: Relaxing atmosphere: The clear blue waters offer an unparalleled opportunity for relaxation. The white sand underfoot provides a peaceful haven from everyday stressors. Variety of water sports: From swimming and snorkeling to kayaking and paddleboarding, there’s something for every water enthusiast at Calanque d'en Vau. Delicious local cuisine: Enjoy some freshest seafood dishes and traditional French fares such as bouillabaisse and ratatouille. There’s something to satisfy every palate! Spectacular views: Climb up the rocky cliffs surrounding the bay and take in breathtaking views overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. This will be sure to leave lasting memories that you can cherish forever. Picturesque sunsets: Nothing beats watching the sunset over the horizon while standing on Calanque d'en Vau's pristine shoreline. A truly magical experience awaits here!Without a doubt, Calanque d'en Vau is one of Europe's premier destinations when it comes to beaches. With its crystal-clear waters, variety of fun activities, tasty cuisine, amazing views, and romantic sunsets – what more could you ask for? So pack your bags now; explore all this beautiful beach has to offer! Rabbit Beach: An Idyllic Island Getaway On Lampedusa, Italy Rabbit Beach on the southernmost tip of Lampedusa, Italy is said to be one of the best beaches in Europe. The white sand and crystal blue water provide a peaceful ambiance that sets it apart from other beach destinations. With its close proximity to Africa, Rabbit Beach offers an exotic backdrop for sun-seekers looking for a unique getaway. The clear waters make this spot ideal for swimming and snorkeling; there are plenty of opportunities to explore the vibrant marine life around the island’s shores. You can take part in exciting activities such as kayaking or deep sea fishing too! For those seeking relaxation and luxury, Rabbit Beach has something for everyone. Whether you're lounging in hammocks along the shoreline or soaking up some rays on a sun deck overlooking the sea, you'll find yourself completely immersed in paradise here. With picturesque views, top-notch amenities, and friendly locals, it's no wonder why Rabbit Beach was named "the best beach of Europe in 2023". Playa De Migjorn: A Peaceful Escape On Formentera, Spain Serenely tucked away on the eastern side of Formentera, Spain lies Playa de Migjorn. With its crystal clear waters and white sandy shores that stretch for miles, it's like a postcard from paradise come to life. For those seeking an escape from their hectic lives, this beach presents the perfect place to relax and unwind. The soft waves breaking against the shore lull you into a peaceful state as seagulls soar overhead. Whether lounging in one of the many hammocks scattered about or taking a leisurely stroll along the water’s edge, it is impossible not to feel at peace here. Activities such as snorkeling, paddle-boarding, and kayaking are also available if you want to explore further. The beauty of Playa de Migjorn is so captivating that it will linger with you long after leaving - beckoning you back time and time again for respite from your cares. It truly is a tranquil haven where visitors can let go of all stressors and simply enjoy some much-needed rest and relaxation in nature’s embrace. Scala Dei Turchi: An Unforgettable Experience In Sicily, Italy Scala dei Turchi, a stunning white limestone cliff located along the coast of Sicily in Italy, is an unforgettable experience. Its unique shape and color stand out against the backdrop of brilliantly blue waters that reach up to meet its jagged edges. Visitors can climb to the top for spectacular views or simply relax on the soft sands below. The natural beauty of this place will leave you feeling both energized and tranquil at once. The locals regard Scala dei Turchi as one of their most precious sites; they even have special festivals dedicated to it! Every summer there are concerts held right near the cliff, giving visitors a chance to enjoy some local music while admiring the scenery. It's also popular among photographers who seek out its picturesque angles. No matter how you decide to spend your time here, one thing is certain: You won't forget it any time soon. Scala dei Turchi offers something truly magical – a perfect blend of nature and culture that will stay with you long after you've left Sicily. Whether you're looking for an adventure or just want to take in some breathtaking views, it's worth visiting for sure! Durdle Door Beach: Exploring The Coast Of Dorset, England The picturesque Durdle Door Beach is an iconic sight in the English county of Dorset. Located on the Jurassic Coast, this stunning beach stretches for a mile along the dramatic coastline and has become one of Europe's best-loved beaches since it was opened to visitors in 2023. From its awe-inspiring limestone archway to its golden sands and crystal blue waters, there's something special about this destination that draws people from far and wide. A recent survey revealed that nearly two-thirds of all visitors to the region come specifically to visit Durdle Door Beach. This statistic alone shows just how popular this magnificent stretch of coast is with tourists! Whether you're looking for adventure or relaxation, you'll find plenty here as you explore the many coves, bays, and cliffs that line the shoreline. ActivityCostTime NeededSwimmingFree2 hoursSnorkeling£51 hourKayaking£84 hoursHikingFree3 hours From swimming in its calm waters to kayaking around its rugged coastline, there are so many ways to enjoy your day at Durdle Door Beach–and most activities won't cost you a penny! Plus, depending on what type of activity you choose, you can plan your trip according to how much time you have available. Whether it's a couple of hours or a full day out, spending some quality time by the sea will leave you feeling refreshed and relaxed after days spent cooped up inside. So if freedom is what you crave, make sure to include Durdle Door Beach on your European itinerary when planning your next holiday destination –you won't regret it! With its breathtaking views and endless possibilities for outdoor fun, it's easy to see why this beautiful spot has been voted one of Europe’s top beaches for 2023. Zlatni Rat: Discovering Croatia's Spectacular Coastline On Brač Leaving the cliffs of Durdle Door behind, we set our sights on Zlatni Rat - Croatia's most stunning beach. Located on the island of Brač just off the coast near the city of Split, this little piece of paradise is a must-see for any traveler looking to experience the Adriatic Sea in all its glory. The first thing you'll notice about Zlatni Rat is its unique shape. From afar it looks like an arrowhead heading out into the sea. The sand here consists mainly of yellow and white pebbles which make strolling along it quite pleasant and surprisingly relaxing. In addition, there are plenty of spots for sunbathing or swimming if you're feeling brave enough! One of the best things about Zlatni Rat is that it has something to offer everyone: from watersports enthusiasts who want to try their hand at sailing or kiteboarding to nature lovers wanting to explore the nearby caves and coves - you won't be disappointed by what this beach has to offer. Plus, with so many restaurants and bars around, you can easily find a place to grab some food after a day spent exploring this magnificent coastline. So take a few days off and make sure to add Zlatni Rat to your European travel agenda! Playa Sa Caleta: Ibiza's Hidden Paradise Playa Sa Caleta, located on the southwest coast of Ibiza, is an idyllic beach destination that will surely be one of Europe's best beaches in 2023. With its hidden coves, crystal clear waters, and white sand, it has a truly magical feel to it. The beauty of Playa Sa Caleta makes it the perfect spot for relaxation and exploration: Relaxation: The pristine setting offers visitors peace and tranquility away from bustling city life. You can find secluded spots along the shoreline where you can enjoy some quality time with your loved ones. There are also plenty of options for yoga classes or meditation retreats if you're looking for something more active. Exploration: If you're feeling adventurous, there are plenty of activities available such as kayaking and water sports. There are stunning rock formations that provide great opportunities for snorkeling or diving in search of beautiful marine life. In addition to this, there are several hiking trails nearby so you can explore even further into nature’s wonders. From soaking up the sun on the shore to exploring all that nature has to offer in this paradise, Playa Sa Caleta is sure to become a top European beach by 2023. Whether you want to relax and unwind or take part in exciting activities, this secret gem has got everything needed – making it a must-visit location! Lubenice Beach: An Incredible Coastal Gem On Cres Island, Croatia Lubenice Beach is an incredible coastal gem tucked away on the gorgeous island of Cres in Croatia. Like a precious diamond, this beach shines with its unspoiled beauty and serene atmosphere. It's no wonder why so many flocks to it for some restorative vibes! The waves gently lap at the shoreline surrounded by fiery red rocks that form an impressive backdrop. As you take your first steps onto the smooth sand, you'll be hit with breathtaking views straight ahead -- crystal-clear waters meeting azure skies as far as the eye can see. And adding to all this natural splendor are remnants of ancient ruins scattered around which will surely leave you feeling awe-struck. A visit here truly gives one a sense of freedom from everyday life; letting go of worries and just soaking up nature's blissful tranquility in abundance. This place has everything you could ever ask for when looking for an escape into paradise - pristine beaches, stunning cliffside views, and plenty of cultures to explore – making Lubenice Beach one of Europe's best-kept secrets in 2023. Nissi Bay Beach: Relaxation And Adventure At Ayia Napa, Cyprus Nissi Bay Beach is a stretch of white sand and crystal-clear waters located in the beautiful resort town of Ayia Napa, Cyprus. It's one of the most popular beaches on the island, offering visitors an idyllic combination of relaxation and adventure that can't be found anywhere else. The beach itself has plenty to offer: soft white sand, shallow turquoise waters ideal for swimming and snorkeling, sunbeds available for rent, restaurants serving local delicacies, and bars providing refreshing cocktails during sunset hours – it's truly a paradise you won't want to leave! The area around Nissi Bay also offers some fantastic activities like jet skiing or paddle boarding; perfect if you're looking for something more exciting than simply lounging by the sea. RelaxationAdventureSunbathingJet SkiingSnorkelingPaddle BoardingRestaurants/BarsParasailingSwimmingKayaking With its stunning coastline and abundance of activities available, it’s no wonder why Nissi Bay Beach has become such a sought-after destination. Whether you’re looking for restful days spent soaking up the Mediterranean sunshine or thrilling water sports adventures with friends - Nissi Bay provides everything you need for a memorable holiday experience. From leisurely afternoons to high-octane thrills, this incredible beach will give you unforgettable memories that are sure to last long beyond 2023! Palombaggia: Corsica's Natural Beauty At Its Best Palombaggia, a stunning beach on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, is set to be one of Europe's top destinations in 2023. Located just south of Porto-Vecchio, this powdery white sand beach and its crystal clear turquoise waters are sure to take your breath away. The beauty of Palombaggia isn't hard to spot - from the golden sands fringed by palm trees and junipers to the rolling hills that provide a backdrop for an unforgettable sunset. And if you're into water sports, there's plenty here too; windsurfing, kite surfing, and sailing are all popular activities at Palombaggia. But while all these activities offer fun and excitement, they pale in comparison to simply soaking up the sun and taking in the amazing views that can only be found on this unique stretch of coastline. With its peaceful atmosphere and unspoiled natural environment, visiting Palombaggia guarantees you an escape from everyday life – something we could all do more often! Ölüdeniz Beach: Enjoying The Wonders Of Turkey's Turquoise Coast As one of the most popular beaches in Europe, Ölüdeniz Beach is a stunning destination that's sure to captivate visitors from all over. According to reports, almost 5 million people visit this beach annually. Located on Turkey’s stunning Turquoise Coast, it has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction due to its crystal clear waters and dramatic mountain backdrops. The beauty of Ölüdeniz Beach can be enjoyed through a variety of activities: Swimming: With its shallow turquoise waters and clean sand, swimming in Ölüdeniz Beach provides a perfect escape for those looking for some relaxation or fun in the sun. Boating & Sailing: Whether you're looking for luxury yacht tours or want to take part in traditional boat trips along the coast, the area offers plenty of opportunities to explore the sea around Ölüdeniz. Hiking & Trekking: Those who prefer dry land activities will find several trails nearby offering breathtaking views while trekking under the Mediterranean sun. When visiting this remarkable beach, there are many other attractions close by such as ancient ruins and charming villages which offer unique cultural experiences. In addition, numerous restaurants serve delicious local cuisine with picturesque dining options overlooking the bay. No matter what your preferences are when it comes to holiday destinations, you'll undoubtedly fall in love with Ölüdeniz Beach and its extraordinary beauty. Porthcurno Beach & Beyond In Cornwall, England If you're looking for the best beach in Europe in 2023, Porthcurno Beach & Beyond in Cornwall, England is definitely worth considering. This area of southern England is known for its natural beauty and stunning beaches, making it an ideal destination for anyone who loves to spend time outdoors. The shoreline at this beach offers a variety of activities from swimming and surfing to kayaking and paddle-boarding. The golden sand and crystal-clear water make it a perfect spot for sunbathing or simply taking a stroll along the beachfront. Plus, there’s plenty of wildlife that can be seen throughout the year – from dolphins in the summertime to seals during the winter months. ActivityCostSwimmingFreeSurfing£20/hourKayaking£10/hourPaddle Boarding£15/hour Whether you want to relax by yourself or with friends, Porthcurno has something for everyone. You can pack up a picnic lunch and enjoy some quality time with your loved ones while admiring the incredible views of the coast. Or if you prefer more active pursuits like snorkeling or body boarding then there are lots of places nearby where you can rent out equipment and get lessons too! No matter what type of holiday experience you’re after, this beach will provide it all - relaxation, adventure, and memories that will last a lifetime! Praia Da Marinha - Surrounded By Nature At Algarve Portugal An image of Praia da Marinha in Algarve, Portugal is a beautiful sight to behold. With its crystal-clear waters and bright orange sand, it's like no other beach you've ever seen before. This stunning paradise, surrounded by nature and protected from urbanization, offers visitors the perfect escape they're looking for. Praia da Marinha has been consistently voted one of Europe's best beaches since 2003 - an impressive feat considering its remote location on the rugged coastline of southern Portugal. Its unique combination of seclusion and beauty makes this beach highly sought after among those who are seeking a tranquil getaway with plenty of opportunities for exploration. The area is home to many species of wildlife such as dolphins, which can often be spotted just offshore. It also boasts some amazing rock formations that allow adventurers to explore caves and grottos along the shoreline. At Praia da Marinha, there is something for everyone - whether you're looking for relaxation or adventure. Visitors can choose from numerous activities such as swimming, snorkeling, kayaking, and even scuba diving if desired. There are also plenty of nearby restaurants where one can indulge in delicious local cuisine while taking in breathtaking views of the Atlantic Ocean. For those seeking more than just sunbathing and swimming, Algarve itself has much to offer; including historical sites, vibrant nightlife spots, quaint villages, and picturesque landscapes that will make your stay truly unforgettable. No matter what type of vacation experience you seek out in 2023, Praia da Marinha should definitely be at the top of your list! Enjoying sunny days spent relaxing on this stunning beach while soaking up all that Nature has to offer will create memories that last a lifetime! Frequently Asked Questions What Kind Of Activities Are Available At Each Beach? When it comes to beaches, there is no shortage of activities available for all kinds of visitors. From sunbathing and swimming to snorkeling and kayaking, beach-goers can truly make the most out of their time spent on the shore. But what kind of activities are available at each beach? Whether you're looking for a tranquil spot to relax or an adventure-filled day by the sea, every beach offers something unique that will suit your needs. Beach-goers could choose from a variety of water sports such as windsurfing, stand-up paddle boarding, and kitesurfing; they could also enjoy fishing trips, boat tours, and other recreational activities like sightseeing and nature walks. With so much to do, finding the right move won’t be hard! The best part about these activities is that they don't have to cost a fortune either - many local businesses offer budget-friendly options with discounts for families or groups. Some even provide equipment rentals if you don't have your own gear! All in all, whatever type of fun you're after, there's sure to be something perfect for everyone at any given beach. So why wait? Get ready to explore Europe's amazing coastlines and create unforgettable memories along the way! Which Of These Beaches Is The Most Family-Friendly? Are you looking for the perfect family-friendly beach? With so many options out there, it can be hard to decide. Finding a spot with activities that everyone in your crew will enjoy is key. Let's explore some of the best beaches of Europe and see which one makes the most sense for your next vacation. When it comes to choosing a family-friendly beach, safety should be at the top of your list. Make sure you investigate current lifesaving regulations and any potential hazards like solid currents or rocky surfaces before booking tickets. Also, look into what kind of amenities are available nearby — from cafes to play areas — as these can make a huge difference when it comes to overall enjoyment during your stay. Of course, a great atmosphere matters too! Beaches often come alive on summer nights when locals gather around bonfires and music fills the air. Look for places where you can find an inviting community spirit but still avoid overcrowding if possible. Sunsets are especially magical here, so don't forget to take in those special moments with your loved ones while enjoying all that nature has to offer! So why not choose one of Europe's beautiful shorelines this year? Whether you're looking for adventure or relaxation, there are plenty of opportunities to create lasting memories without breaking the bank. The right beach awaits – just pick up your towel and go! Are There Any Restrictions On Swimming Or Sunbathing At Any Of These Beaches? Are there any restrictions on swimming or sunbathing at any of these beaches? This is an important question to consider when selecting a beach for your vacation. Whether you’re planning a family trip, looking for somewhere romantic to relax, or just want some time alone with nature, it's essential to know what the rules are before you go. Fortunately, most European beaches have relatively few regulations regarding swimming and sunbathing – but they still exist in some places. Certain areas may be off-limits during certain times due to environmental concerns or safety hazards like strong currents or hidden rocks. In addition, if you’re visiting a busy beach resort area, there might be designated zones where lifeguards monitor swimmers more closely than elsewhere. It pays to do some research ahead of time about the specific beach you’ll be visiting so that you can make sure everyone stays safe while enjoying their day out by the sea. Look up local ordinances online and find out whether there will be someone around monitoring activities like snorkeling and surfing; ask locals about potential dangers; read reviews from recent visitors who have been to the same spot recently; and look into renting gear from reputable companies rather than buying secondhand equipment which could put people at risk. With all this information in hand, you should feel prepared to enjoy yourself worry-free! How Far Away Are The Nearest Airports And Transport Links? When considering a beach vacation, the convenience of transport links and airports is an important factor for many travelers. The proximity of transportation will determine how quickly you can get to and from your destination. There are three main points to consider when assessing the travel distance: 1) Availability of nearby airports, 2) Cost-effectiveness of available transport services, 3) Time taken to reach your desired location. The availability of nearby airports is key if you plan on flying directly into your holiday spot. Check out local air carriers in the area and compare ticket prices between them. You may also want to look at budget airlines that could offer cheaper rates than traditional ones. Additionally, there might be additional savings or discounts for using their service exclusively. For those looking for a more cost-effective way to get around, public transport such as buses, trains, and coaches should be considered. These transportation options tend to be much less expensive than flying but may take longer depending on where you’re going. Researching these options ahead of time will help ensure that you arrive with plenty of time before your vacation starts! No matter what mode of transportation you choose, it pays off to do some research beforehand so that you know exactly what kind of journey awaits you upon arrival. This knowledge will allow you to make informed decisions about which option works best for you and ultimately provide a hassle-free experience during your stay - all while helping satisfy that subconscious desire for freedom! What Is The Average Temperature Of The Water At Each Beach? Are you curious about the average temperature of water at each beach? The answer can vary depending on location and time of year, but generally speaking, the temperatures range from cool to warm. Let's explore this further! When it comes to beaches, there are several factors that determine the water temperature: air temperature, ocean currents, wind direction, and geographical location. For example, if a beach is located in an area where cold waters dominate, then you should expect cooler temperatures than those found near-tropical climates. In addition to these natural elements, human-caused climate change has had an impact on sea surface temperatures as well. No matter what type of beach experience you're looking for—whether it be swimming or simply relaxing by the shore—it's important to consider all of these factors when planning your next vacation destination. Knowing which beaches have warmer or cooler temperatures will help make sure that whatever activities you choose will be enjoyable and comfortable. Don't forget to also check out other information such as local attractions and amenities at each beach as well! So whether you’re seeking a sunny escape or just want to relax with your toes in the sand – doing research beforehand is key for getting the most out of your trip. That way when it’s time for fun in the sun, you'll know exactly which beach is right for you! Conclusion In conclusion, it's clear that Europe is home to some of the best beaches in the world. Whether you're looking for a family-friendly spot or an adrenaline-filled day out, there's something here for everyone. The warm water temperatures and easy access via nearby airports make these beaches even more appealing. No matter which beach you choose, you'll be able to enjoy swimming, sunbathing, and plenty of other activities without any restrictions. Plus, with so much natural beauty all around us, I'm sure we can find solace and relaxation as we take in our stunning surroundings. So if you're planning a trip in 2023, don't forget to check out one of these beautiful European beaches. You won't regret it! With crystal blue waters and golden sands waiting for us, let's get ready to explore some of nature’s most breathtaking locations - together! |
2024.06.08 09:36 TerribleSell2997 Airline Passenger Communications System Market is Dazzling Worldwide and Forecast to 2030
The ~Global Airline Passenger Communications System Market~ is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 8.77% during the forecast period. This Airline Passenger Communications System Market research report focuses more on a number of distinctive as well as foremost market sectors. It further focuses market segmentation. Industry-specific interviews are carried out with market players to foresee future business growth. Various facets of the industry are also depicted here under each industry sector. Future development visions and a wide range of subjects are covered in this Airline Passenger Communications System Market study report. All this crucial data greatly assists key players to establish their presence in the competitive market. It verifies and revalidates the knowledge provided in this global Market report. It also allows several organizations to learn more about a range of opportunities already available in the market and makes aware to firms about upcoming opportunities too. It ensures several firms to attain a long-standing business success by capturing all of the latest updates about market growth. Most important participants are able to employ such report as a great resource to attain a competitive advantage over the cut-throat market.
Get Free Sample link @ https://www.omrglobal.com/request-sample/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
The rise of the aviation sector is fueled by an increase in consumer expenditure and a shift in preference toward air travel, due to enhanced convenience and safety. The market for airline passenger communications systems is driven by an increase in aircraft deliveries, as it is a fundamental and necessary aspect of the broader aviation sector. Airbus, for example, delivered 863 aircraft in 2019, compared to 800 in 2018. Since its introduction in 2016, Airbus' A320 neo aircraft had received 3925 orders, in 2019. As a result, the market for airline passenger communications systems grows in tandem with the growth of aircraft demand.
full report of Airline Passenger Communications System Market available @ https://www.omrglobal.com/industry-reports/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
· Market Coverage
· Market number available for – 2024-2031
· Base year- 2024
· Forecast period- 2024-2031
· Segment Covered- By Source, By Product Type, By Applications
· Competitive Landscape- Archer Daniels Midland Co., Ingredion Inc., Kerry Group Plc, Cargill
· Inc., and others
Global Airline Passenger Communications System Market Segmentation,
By Component,
North America
For More Customized Data, Request for Report Customization @ https://www.omrglobal.com/report-customization/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
About Orion Market Research Orion Market Research (OMR) is a market research and consulting company known for its crisp and concise reports. The company is equipped with an experienced team of analysts and consultants. OMR offers quality syndicated research reports, customized research reports, consulting and other research-based services. The company also offer Digital Marketing services through its subsidiary OMR Digital and Software development and Consulting Services through another subsidiary Encanto Technologies.
Media Contact:
Company Name: Orion Market Research
Contact Person: Mr. Anurag Tiwari
Email: [info@omrglobal.com](mailto:info@omrglobal.com)
Contact no: +91 780-304-0404
submitted by TerribleSell2997 to Nim2908 [link] [comments]
Get Free Sample link @ https://www.omrglobal.com/request-sample/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
The rise of the aviation sector is fueled by an increase in consumer expenditure and a shift in preference toward air travel, due to enhanced convenience and safety. The market for airline passenger communications systems is driven by an increase in aircraft deliveries, as it is a fundamental and necessary aspect of the broader aviation sector. Airbus, for example, delivered 863 aircraft in 2019, compared to 800 in 2018. Since its introduction in 2016, Airbus' A320 neo aircraft had received 3925 orders, in 2019. As a result, the market for airline passenger communications systems grows in tandem with the growth of aircraft demand.
full report of Airline Passenger Communications System Market available @ https://www.omrglobal.com/industry-reports/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
· Market Coverage
· Market number available for – 2024-2031
· Base year- 2024
· Forecast period- 2024-2031
· Segment Covered- By Source, By Product Type, By Applications
· Competitive Landscape- Archer Daniels Midland Co., Ingredion Inc., Kerry Group Plc, Cargill
· Inc., and others
Global Airline Passenger Communications System Market Segmentation,
By Component,
- Transponder
- Display
- Antenna
- Receiver
- Processor
- Transmitter
- Transceiver
- OEM
- Aftermarket
- Spacecraft
- Military Aircraft
- Helicopters
- Commercial Aircraft
- HF
- UHF
- VHF
- Data Link Communication
- SATCOM
North America
- United States
- Canada
- UK
- Germany
- Italy
- Spain
- France
- Rest of Europe
- China
- India
- Japan
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
For More Customized Data, Request for Report Customization @ https://www.omrglobal.com/report-customization/airline-passenger-communications-system-market
About Orion Market Research Orion Market Research (OMR) is a market research and consulting company known for its crisp and concise reports. The company is equipped with an experienced team of analysts and consultants. OMR offers quality syndicated research reports, customized research reports, consulting and other research-based services. The company also offer Digital Marketing services through its subsidiary OMR Digital and Software development and Consulting Services through another subsidiary Encanto Technologies.
Media Contact:
Company Name: Orion Market Research
Contact Person: Mr. Anurag Tiwari
Email: [info@omrglobal.com](mailto:info@omrglobal.com)
Contact no: +91 780-304-0404
2024.06.08 08:16 lacandola Were natives really not allowed to live in Intramuros?
 | Kinda odd since the architecture of a lot of the houses there at the time cannot be found in Spain or Latin America, not even in Fujian. The non-European architecture and especially non-Iberian is also generally restricted to two floors (where the upper floor has the main living quarters), a rule that can be described as Southeast Asian (especially if there are stairs (more indicably on the exterior) to be taken to get to the main floor). submitted by lacandola to FilipinoHistory [link] [comments] If natives were really not allowed to live in Intramuros, was it mostly the mestizos who lived in the houses whose architecture was non-European? Or could it be natives claiming to be mestizo? Also, weren't the revolutionaries and the first Philippine Republic claiming that Filipinos in Intramuros also had interests for Philippine independence? Could the people being referred to all just be mestizos and Spaniards? Documentation on policy about natives living in Intramuros may provide explanations as well. Gallery: Different architectures in Manila ^ (from another Reddit post) Iberian architecture, also found in Latin America 3 or more-floor Iberian More Iberian Such Iberian architecture as shown here commonly has a number of floors ranging from 1 to 3 floors. The 1-floor variant (where "suelo" is literally the soil and the floor) is very much the opposite of stilt housing and as such does not exist in bahay na bato. I say Iberian coz this is also found in Portugal. Non-Iberian: Hagdan sa labas kasi nasa taas ang pinto (a house in Taal, Batangas) Hagdan sa labas kasi nasa taas ang pinto (Malay house) Central stairs but open corner (a house in Bais, Negros Oriental) Aguinaldo's house 1898 (may hagdan sa likod) - an example of \"separate estates\" that I call, house in the middle of owned land and surrounded by trees (Southeast Asian compound layout), posterior facing the street Inauguration of Philippine republic 1899 (Malolos, Bulacan) - use of stairs is arguable, compact urban layout (Unlike separate estates where the house is situated in the middle surrounded by trees. e.g., in Malabon) Review of troops 1898 (San Fernando, Pampanga) - some roofs might be thatched and pretty tall in general unlike Iberian |
2024.06.08 06:55 sfyes Book NYC-Granada, Spain, flight with Vueling or Iberia?
This is my 1st time using Google Flights for an international trip. It came up w/ a great looking route on 7/25/24 from JFK to Granada, Spain, for $315: Iberia Level (IB 2628) for JFK-BCN; 3 hrs in Barcelona; then Vueling (VY 2014) to Granada. That fare requires booking w/ Vueling Global https://global.vueling.com/, which I started to do. I added a selected seat and 10 kg carry-on bag on the Vueling flight, which brought the fare to $362. But I can't figure out how to add those options for the 8-hour Iberia flight-- any advice on this? (I'm wary of paying when my reservation shows that for the 8-hour JFK-BCN flight, I have only a 10kg, 20 x 40 x 30 cm cabin bag).
When I tried the Google Flights link option to book with Iberia, the same 2 flights are $576--but that includes seat selection & a roller bag.
Any suggestions about booking and flying on Vueling vs. Iberia? Thanks much!
submitted by sfyes to Flights [link] [comments]
When I tried the Google Flights link option to book with Iberia, the same 2 flights are $576--but that includes seat selection & a roller bag.
Any suggestions about booking and flying on Vueling vs. Iberia? Thanks much!
2024.06.08 03:16 Equivalent_Error_801 Traveling with expired TIE urgent
I am supposed to go to Italy tomorrow to work at a summer camp. Because there is not passport control between SCHENGEN countries I thought it would not matter that my TIE is expired. But my airline just sent an email that because of the G7 summit there will be passport control for everyone. I have submitted my documents for visa renewal now I’m just waiting. If they see that my visa is expired, what will they do? I am planning to come back in 1 month to Spain. Will they stamp me out as a tourist? Will this make me unable to get approval for the visa renewal when I eventually go to policía nacional for a new TIE?
submitted by Equivalent_Error_801 to SpainAuxiliares [link] [comments]
2024.06.07 22:16 Smiling-Otter History of Catalan nationalism and the Catalan independence movement
When Spain appears in the international media, it normally has something to do with Catalonia and the Catalan independence movement. Indeed, the issue has been raised several times in this sub, particularly after the Spanish government passed a controversial amnesty law. As such I think it might be interesting to learn about the history of Catalan nationalism and learn how we got here.
1. The origins of Catalonia
In the 8th century the kingdom of Iberia collapsed as the Umayyad caliphate took over most of the peninsula. The Franks launched a counteroffensive and established the County of Barcelona, which broadly encompassed modern day Catalonia. During the subsequent Reconquista period the County of Barcelona became one of the constituent regions of the Crown of Aragon. The Reconquista ended in the XV century, when the Crowns of Aragon and Castille were united through the marriage of Queen Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon, who then conquered the remaining muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492.
The Kingdom of Spain became the largest Empire of the world, but in many ways it was a paper tiger. Internal divisions remained strong, as the Crown of Castile was a centralised and homogenous territory while the Crown of Aragon remained a patchwork of decentralised territories ruled by a series of feudal rights. Furthermore, the Crown of Castile was mainly focused on expanding through the Atlantic Ocean, being the driving force of the colonisation of the Americas and the Philippines, while Aragon remained focused on Mediterranean trade and the Italian wars. The Habsburg dynasty’s desire to create a universal Christian monarchy and defend Catholicism led Spain to become entangled in conflicts all over Europe. By the 17th century Spain was stuck in a quagmire in the Netherlands and also became involved in the 30 years war against France. The monarchy desperately required more funds and manpower, and it soon turned to the crown of Aragon and particularly Barcelona, one of the richest cities in the Mediterranean. Recruitment laws were centralised, taxes were levied on the Crown of Aragon and primarily Castilian troops were quartered in Catalonia. In 1640 this led to a revolt in Catalonia known as the Reaper’s war, which lasted almost 20 years and led to disastrous consequences for the Spanish crown, including the loss of Portugal. Given that nationalism wasn’t yet a thing, the war mainly focused on overthrowing the King’s Castilian advisors and getting him to recognise and expand Aragon’s and particularly Barcelona’s economic privileges, but centuries later it would become a key symbol for Catalan nationalism, with the anthem of Catalonia being Els Segadors (The Reapers).
By the end of the war Habsburg Spain was at death’s door. Centuries of inbreeding had caused the Kings to have all kinds of genetic diseases, and Charles II was afflicted with all kinds of deformities and conditions. Perhaps worst of all, he was infertile and when he died in 1700 he unexpectedly named Phillip of Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV of France, his successor. The choice was well received by Castile, which approved of Louis’s centralising reforms and absolutism and hoped Phillip would carry out similar reforms in Spain. On the other hand, Aragon was terrified of losing its autonomy and privileges and it proclaimed the archduke of Austria King, kickstarting the Spanish war of succession. After a grueling 15 year war Phillip V prevailed and he punished Aragon by abolishing its autonomy as well as the Generalitat of Catalonia, the regional government of Catalonia.
2. Catalan industry and anarchism during Bourbon Spain
The decline of the Spanish Empire only accelerated under the Bourbons and Spain’s disastrous performance during the Revolutionary and later Napoleonic wars saw the American colonies declare independence. King Ferdinand VII, who had overseen the loss of the colonies, died in 1833. Having no male heir he changed the succession laws so that his infant daughter could succeed him, which greatly infuriated his brother and heir apparent, Charles, who rose up in revolt, kickstarting the first Carlist war. The loyalists and liberals rallied around Queen Isabella while the more reactionary absolutists joined the Carlist cause. Carlism was also very popular in the Basque Country and rural Catalonia, as Charles’ defence of feudal rights and privileges was seen as a shield against the centralising tendencies of the liberals. The Isabellists ended up prevailing in 1840 after making peace with most of the rebel army and putting down the last Carlist remnants in Catalonia.
The resulting political system was, however, very ineffective. Isabella’s incompetence and erratic nature made her dependent on her advisors and Court. The two parties, the conservative Moderate Party and liberal Progressive Party, therefore tried to vie for her attention. This meant that power changed hands not through elections but through coups in which one of the parties would physically remove the other side’s advisors from the Queen’s court and replace them with their own. This left a small group of generals, such as Moderadate General Narváez and Progressive General Espartero, with effective control over politics.
The main economic policy at the time were the desamortizaciones, a series of auctions of ecclesiastical and communal lands. However, partly due to ideological reasons, partly due to the dire need for cash and partly due to outright corruption and patronage, no land reform was carried out and the lands were instead sold to the highest bidders, who were nobles and local notables, the caciques. The caciques controlled the local administration and Civil Guard (rural police) and would use these institutions to rule their regions as effectively feudal lords. In return for patronage and bribes they would deliver the government whatever electoral results it required. However, the uncompetitive and unprofitable nature of Spanish agriculture meant that the caciques had little interest in investing in new agricultural technologies, instead investing all the profits in the nascent industries, primarily in Bilbao and Barcelona, leading southern rural Spain to lag behind. The peasants were infuriated by the poor working conditions and the ruthlessness of the caciques, and many started turning to anarchism. As many of these peasants started moving to Barcelona and other industrial centres they brought anarchism with them, and soon Barcelona was a centre of anarchism.
The constant coups and counter-coups led to the unraveling of the Spanish political arena and even a brief Republic. The Republic would itself be overthrown by a coup in 1875. Cánovas del Castillo, a liberal-conservative monarchist, sought to bring some semblance of stability and reduce military interference by creating a new political system the turnismo. Under this system Cánovas’ Conservative Party and the Liberal Party would periodically take turns at leading a government, using the Interior Ministry to give out patronage and bribes to the caciques so that they would return the desired electoral results. While this temporarily restored a semblance of stability, it only further entrenched the power of the caciques and nothing was done to address the growing social issues, allowing anarchism and to a lesser extent socialism under the Socialist Workers’ Party of Spain (PSOE) to grow. The turnismo started to collapse at the turn of the century, as Cánovas was assassinated by an anarchist in 1897 and the following year Spain was trounced by the US, losing the remaining Caribbean colonies and the Phillipines.
3. The birth of Catalan nationalism
The loss of the Cuban sugar industry was devastating for many Barcelonan industries. For some time many Catalan industrialists and landowners had grown disillusioned with the corrupt establishment in Madrid and the rule of the Castilian caciques, and a nationalist movement had started to form which demanded greater autonomy for Catalonia, including the re-establishment of the Generalitat. The “disaster of 1898” shattered any confidence left in the turnismo and Catalan nationalism grew rapidly, eventually coalescing into the conservative Regionalist League (LR) led by businessman Francesc Cambó. Throughout Spain confidence in the political system had similarly collapsed and a new movement, the Regeneracionismo, sought to completely reform the corrupt government. Conservative politician Eduardo Dato tried to placate desire for change by introducing welfare and social policies, but this proved too little too late and anarchism only kept growing, eventually leading to his assassination. Another Conservative leader, Antonio Maura, wanted to go further, seeking an alliance with the LR to put an end to turnismo and the caciques and create a more decentralised system. Maura’s easing of electoral repression and corruption led to huge wins for the Catalanists, but his ambitions were shattered by the Rif war.
From the start of the XX century Spain had tried to take advantage of France’s expansion in Morocco by taking over the Rif region. This kickstarted a series of wars which were extremely unpopular in Catalonia, leading to a violent suppression of the Catalanist press by the Spanish army. In 1909 Maura tried to put an end to the war by sending over Catalan reservists, which caused violent riots to breakout out which destroyed much of Barcelona and led to the collapse of his government.
The turnismo would effectively unravel in 1913 when Liberal PM Canalejas was assassinated by an anarchist, leading to a succession crisis that split both main parties in half. Spanish neutrality during WW1 caused an economic boom, but the profits were mainly gobbled up by the great industrialists and didn’t result in wage rises, only further boosting anarchism and socialism. While Catalonia was granted some autonomy in 1914, Catalan MPs demanded further autonomy, setting up their own assembly in 1917, which was dissolved by the army. In turn, anarchists and socialists called a revolutionary strike which was violently put down. Spain fell into a state of near-civil war, as anarchist assassinations, government reprisals and army interference became commonplace. The industrialists of the LR were extremely worried about an anarchist or socialist revolution and Cambó joined a series of national unity governments, which didn’t last very long. Cambó was even offered the Prime Ministership, but he turned it down and instead the LR started supporting the ambitions of the Captain General of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera.
In 1923, with the support of the King, Primo de Rivera established a military dictatorship. He soon backstabbed the LR and instead indulged in all kinds of corrupt activities. The LR was humiliated by this and a new force came to dominate Catalan nationalism, the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC). ERC joined other Republican and Socialist forces in overthrowing the monarchy in 1931.
The new Republic quickly granted Catalonia a Statute of Autonomy and ERC came to dominate the new government, but it soon started to clash with the anti-electoralist anarchists of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT), which set up their own parallel institutions. In 1934 the corrupt and opportunistic PM, Alejandro Lerroux, decided to allow the openly anti-Republic CEDA into the government, which led to a revolutionary general strike. The President of Catalonia, Lluis Companys, used this as an opportunity to declare the Republic of Catalonia, though he stated it would be a part of a Federal Spanish Republic. The army under newly appointed Chief of Staff Francisco Franco harshly put down the strike and Catalonian autonomy was revoked.
Autonomy was restored after the victory of the Popular Front at the 1936 elections, but soon the Spanish Civil War broke out. Catalonia managed to defeat general Goded’s coup attempt, largely due to the intervention of the CNT anarchists, but soon a cold war settled in Republican Catalonian between the ERC government, the anarchists, the Spanish Republican government and several communist parties; while the remnants of LR supported Franco.
4. Catalonia under Franco and the Transition
Franco established a highly centralised and pseudo-fascistic dictatorship founded on Catholicism and Castilian nationalism. He attempted to unite Spanish culture around Castilian symbols and traditions, abolishing all regional symbols and identities and banning regional languages, particularly in the Basque Country and Catalonia. However, after the defeat of the Axis powers Franco started distancing himself from fascism and his enforcement of regional identity bans became somewhat half hearted. While Catalan and other languages couldn’t be taught in schools or used publicly, they could be used in private. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky and statism, but this resulted in international isolation and economic stagnation. In the late 50s he gradually liberalised the economy, leading to an economic boom. Cities and industries started growing again and tourism became a huge industry, particularly in Mediterranean cities such as Barcelona. Indeed, Barcelona became something of an international city and started developing a cosmopolitan identity. The similarities between Catalan and Spanish allowed people immigrating from other parts of Spain to rapidly learn the language and integrate despite the ban on the language. Barcelona became a centre of opposition to the increasingly unpopular Franco regime. The only thing sustaining the dictatorship was the economic boom, and once the oil crisis hit any hope of the regime continuing after Franco evaporated.
Franco died in 1975, and in 1976 PM Adolfo Suárez introduced a series of democratic reforms. In 1977 the first democratic elections were held. In Catalonia Suárez’s party underperformed, finishing third behind PSOE’s regional branch, the Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSC) and the Communist Party. Suárez was deeply worried about this and he tried to divide the Catalan left by inviting the exiled President of Catalonia, Josep Tarradellas of ERC, to return. This did indeed divide the leftist vote, but it was a new party that took advantage, Jordi Pujol’s Convergence and Union (CiU). Pujol was a Catalan nationalist of the old LR breed, a centre-right regionalist whose motto was “Spain steals from us”, claiming that Spain took more money from the region than it invested. Nevertheless, he didn’t call for independence, instead pushing for broader autonomy, cultural rights and, especially, economic concessions.
One of the main sticking points when drafting the new Constitution was the issue of regional autonomy. Since there was no broad consensus a flexible “State of Autonomies” was created, in which those regions who wanted to be autonomous would be given Statutes of Autonomy that would be negotiated between the regional and central government and could widely vary in breadth and scope, which in due time would lead to a lot of tensions as regional governments demanded more and more concessions and tried to test the limits of the ill-defined system.
5. The birth of the Catalan independence movement
After winning the 1980 regional election Pujol fully took advantage of the new system, using his party’s influence as kingmaker in the Spanish parliament to extract concessions from the government. The Catalan economy outperformed the rest of the country and Pujol's popularity allowed him to remain in power until his retirement in 2003. In those elections Pujol’s successor, Artur Mas, lost to PSC under the popular former mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall. Maragall formed a coalition government with ERC, which demanded a reform of the Statute of Autonomy that recognised Catalonia as a Nation. Margall himself was extremely critical of the State of Autonomies system, criticising its confusing and unclear nature, and instead argued for the creation of a clearly defined federal and plurinational system. This was supported by many members of PSOE, including the party leader, José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero. However, when Zapatero came to power in 2004 his priorities started to shift, as Constitutional reform wasn’t popular and he also required the support of Mas’ CiU to remain in power. Relations between Zapatero and Maragall started to deteriorate.
Negotiations to reform Catalonia’s Statute began, with Maragall trying to get all Catalan parties as well as Zapatero on board. During a parliamentary debate in which Mas blamed the government for the collapse of a series of buildings in Barcelona, Maragall gave a response that changed Catalan and Spanish politics forever, “You [CiU], have a problem, and that problem is called 3%”. Mas was infuriated. He threatened with bringing Maragall’s and possibly Zapatero’s governments down if Margall didn’t apologise, which the latter did. However, the media was astounded by this whole exchange and started investigating. Soon it was revealed that Pujol and CiU had been demanding kickbacks for years in exchange for public contracts. Mas went to Zapatero and stated that he would withdraw his support for the Statute reform and central government if Maragall wasn’t dropped, and Zapatero agreed, proceeding to negotiate directly with Mas. The Statute’s formal recognition of Catalan Nationhood was dropped, which caused ERC to withdraw from Maragall’s cabinet and oppose the reform. The new Statute was approved and received overwhelming support in a referendum.
Maragall called snap elections in 2006 but Zapatero forced him to announce he wouldn’t run for re-election and replaced him with the Minister of Industry, José Montilla, who was far less popular. Despite losses for the coalition forces, Montilla again formed a government with ERC, but soon the 2008 financial crisis hit and the government’s popularity collapsed. In 2010 the Constitutional Court declared parts of the Statute unconstitutional, including the recognition of Catalan as the preferential language in Catalonia. This caused a huge uproar in Catalonia, as the overwhelming majority of Catalans had supported the new Statute and felt that the Constitutional Court was acting undemocratically. This, together with the loss of confidence in the political establishment due to the financial crash led to a massive growth of pro-independence sentiment, which up to that point had been limited to a small faction within ERC. CiU ramped up the nationalist rhetoric and won the 2010 elections.
6. The Procés
The 3% case made it to the courts and many former CiU leaders, including Pujol, were slapped with corruption charges. As a result Mas’ popularity declined, which was only worsened by his unpopular austerity policy. Worried about this and seeing the rise of pro-independence sentiment Mas tried to bolster his popularity in 2012 by declaring his support for independence and calling snap elections during the celebrations of the national day of Catalonia, marking the start of the Procés (process towards independence). The move only had limited success, as CiU suffered heavy losses in the election while the more pro-indepence ERC gained many seats. A new staunchly anti-independence party, Citizens (Cs) also had a strong showing.
CiU and ERC formed a coalition government and Mas called for an “non-referendum” vote on whether Catalonia should become independent, trying to skirt around the fact that only the central government could call a referendum. Controversially, the Catalanist wing of the PSC managed to get the party to support the law authorising Mas to call the “non-referendum” even though they opposed holding the vote. Rajoy’s central government brought the law to the Constitutional Court, which banned any vote on independence being held until a final ruling was handed down. Mas ignored this, holding the “non-referendum” in November 2014. 80% voted in favour of independence, but the vote was boycotted by the anti-independence parties and the turnout was less than 40%.
Given the inconclusive result of the vote and the fact that Mas was now under investigation for holding an illegal referendum against the Constitutional Court’s orders, Mas called snap elections in 2015. CiU was by this point tainted by corruption scandals and divided over the issue of independence and Mas created a new party in electoral coalition with ERC and other nationalist parties, Junts per Sí (together for yes). Junts won the elections but lost the majority, relying on the hardline pro-independence and far-left CUP while Cs became the main opposition party. CUP refused to support Mas, and he stepped aside in favour of Carles Puigdemont. Unlike Mas, whose support for independence had always been of a pragmatic nature, Puigdemont was a hardline believer in independence, and with the support of CUP became President in 2016.
Clashes between Puigdemont, Rajoy and the Constitutional Court became a daily occurrence as tensions kept growing. Puigdemont finally called an independence referendum on the 1st of October 2017. Rajoy sent the police to shut down the voting sites and clashes between the police and protestors took place all over Catalonia. The results of the referendum aren’t clear, as its illegal nature means that none of the usual guarantees were in place, but according to the Generalitat 90% voted for independence with a turnout of 43%. Several days later Puigdemont declared Catalonia’s independence, though he stated it remained “suspended”. The central government then suspended Catalan autonomy and several members of the Generalitat were arrested, though Puigdemont managed to flee the country.
Snap elections were held in Catalonia with Puigdemont’s Junts and ERC not joining forces this time, which allowed Cs to take the plurality with both Junts and ERC following very closely. Quim Torra, a Puigdemont ally became President, though he claimed to be “acting President” until Puigdemont could return. Torra was also a hardline supporter of independence and his tenure was marked by constant clashes with the central government, the trial against the leaders of the independence referendum and attempts to get Puigdemont back to Spain.
In 2018 the pro-independence parties supported Pedro Sánchez’s motion of no confidence against Rajoy, making him PM of Spain. In return, Sánchez started negotiations with the nationalist parties to calm down tensions. During the 2019 European elections Puigdemont was elected MEP, but the EU parliament rescinded his immunity, leaving him in limbo again. Meanwhile, Sánchez reformed the Criminal Code to reduce the penalties on those accused of holding the independence referendum and in 2021 pardoned several of them.
This caused rifts in the nationalist camp. Junts’ centre-right policies had always caused rifts with ERC, which was economically closer to PSOE, and as tensions with the central government winded down tensions within Torra’s cabinet rose. Torra kept supporting a hardline stance on independence while ERC was open to negotiating with Sánchez. In 2020 Torra placed symbols in support of the jailed independence leaders, and he was ordered by the courts to take them down, which he refused to do, leading to a conviction and bar from public office. Torra asked the ERC speaker of the Catalan parliament to deny any motion vacating him from the Presidency, but the speaker ended up siding against Torra. Torra’s VP, ERC leader Pere Aragonés thus became President.
In 2021 he called snap elections which PSC under Salvador Illa, who had been Health Minister during the pandemic, narrowly won, though he had the same number of seats as ERC and Junts had only one seat less. Junts had always seen itself as the head of the independence movement, and tensions with ERC only grew, though it did end up allowing Aragonés to remain President. These clashes eventually led Junts to withdraw its support for the government in 2022 but Aragonés remained in power with the support of PSC.
In 2023 general elections were held in Spain and Sánchez’s PSOE finished second, requiring the support of both Junts and ERC to remain in power. Despite having repeatedly ruled amnesty out during the campaign he agreed to pass an amnesty law in exchange for their support. Aragonés' precarious government collapsed in 2024 when he failed to pass a budget and he called snap elections. Illa's PSC won a plurality of the seats, with Junts under Puigdemont a distant second and Aragonés’s ERC losing many seats. For the first time in history Catalan nationalist parties don’t hold a majority in parliament, and the left wing PSC-ERC-Comuns option holds just the amount of seats needed for a majority.
As of today, this is how things stand. The amnesty law passed last week but Sánchez has been delaying its publishing until after the EU elections for electoral purposes. In Catalonia ERC is in a state of crisis, having the option of either allowing Illa to govern or joining forces with Puigdemont to force new elections. Some have stated that the Procés is now over, but support for independence remains relatively high and Puigdemont, who seems poised to return soon, claims that if new elections are held he’ll win.
Don't hesitate to leave any questions or comments bellow!
Edit: grammar.
submitted by Smiling-Otter to neoliberal [link] [comments]
1. The origins of Catalonia
In the 8th century the kingdom of Iberia collapsed as the Umayyad caliphate took over most of the peninsula. The Franks launched a counteroffensive and established the County of Barcelona, which broadly encompassed modern day Catalonia. During the subsequent Reconquista period the County of Barcelona became one of the constituent regions of the Crown of Aragon. The Reconquista ended in the XV century, when the Crowns of Aragon and Castille were united through the marriage of Queen Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon, who then conquered the remaining muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492.
The Kingdom of Spain became the largest Empire of the world, but in many ways it was a paper tiger. Internal divisions remained strong, as the Crown of Castile was a centralised and homogenous territory while the Crown of Aragon remained a patchwork of decentralised territories ruled by a series of feudal rights. Furthermore, the Crown of Castile was mainly focused on expanding through the Atlantic Ocean, being the driving force of the colonisation of the Americas and the Philippines, while Aragon remained focused on Mediterranean trade and the Italian wars. The Habsburg dynasty’s desire to create a universal Christian monarchy and defend Catholicism led Spain to become entangled in conflicts all over Europe. By the 17th century Spain was stuck in a quagmire in the Netherlands and also became involved in the 30 years war against France. The monarchy desperately required more funds and manpower, and it soon turned to the crown of Aragon and particularly Barcelona, one of the richest cities in the Mediterranean. Recruitment laws were centralised, taxes were levied on the Crown of Aragon and primarily Castilian troops were quartered in Catalonia. In 1640 this led to a revolt in Catalonia known as the Reaper’s war, which lasted almost 20 years and led to disastrous consequences for the Spanish crown, including the loss of Portugal. Given that nationalism wasn’t yet a thing, the war mainly focused on overthrowing the King’s Castilian advisors and getting him to recognise and expand Aragon’s and particularly Barcelona’s economic privileges, but centuries later it would become a key symbol for Catalan nationalism, with the anthem of Catalonia being Els Segadors (The Reapers).
By the end of the war Habsburg Spain was at death’s door. Centuries of inbreeding had caused the Kings to have all kinds of genetic diseases, and Charles II was afflicted with all kinds of deformities and conditions. Perhaps worst of all, he was infertile and when he died in 1700 he unexpectedly named Phillip of Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV of France, his successor. The choice was well received by Castile, which approved of Louis’s centralising reforms and absolutism and hoped Phillip would carry out similar reforms in Spain. On the other hand, Aragon was terrified of losing its autonomy and privileges and it proclaimed the archduke of Austria King, kickstarting the Spanish war of succession. After a grueling 15 year war Phillip V prevailed and he punished Aragon by abolishing its autonomy as well as the Generalitat of Catalonia, the regional government of Catalonia.
2. Catalan industry and anarchism during Bourbon Spain
The decline of the Spanish Empire only accelerated under the Bourbons and Spain’s disastrous performance during the Revolutionary and later Napoleonic wars saw the American colonies declare independence. King Ferdinand VII, who had overseen the loss of the colonies, died in 1833. Having no male heir he changed the succession laws so that his infant daughter could succeed him, which greatly infuriated his brother and heir apparent, Charles, who rose up in revolt, kickstarting the first Carlist war. The loyalists and liberals rallied around Queen Isabella while the more reactionary absolutists joined the Carlist cause. Carlism was also very popular in the Basque Country and rural Catalonia, as Charles’ defence of feudal rights and privileges was seen as a shield against the centralising tendencies of the liberals. The Isabellists ended up prevailing in 1840 after making peace with most of the rebel army and putting down the last Carlist remnants in Catalonia.
The resulting political system was, however, very ineffective. Isabella’s incompetence and erratic nature made her dependent on her advisors and Court. The two parties, the conservative Moderate Party and liberal Progressive Party, therefore tried to vie for her attention. This meant that power changed hands not through elections but through coups in which one of the parties would physically remove the other side’s advisors from the Queen’s court and replace them with their own. This left a small group of generals, such as Moderadate General Narváez and Progressive General Espartero, with effective control over politics.
The main economic policy at the time were the desamortizaciones, a series of auctions of ecclesiastical and communal lands. However, partly due to ideological reasons, partly due to the dire need for cash and partly due to outright corruption and patronage, no land reform was carried out and the lands were instead sold to the highest bidders, who were nobles and local notables, the caciques. The caciques controlled the local administration and Civil Guard (rural police) and would use these institutions to rule their regions as effectively feudal lords. In return for patronage and bribes they would deliver the government whatever electoral results it required. However, the uncompetitive and unprofitable nature of Spanish agriculture meant that the caciques had little interest in investing in new agricultural technologies, instead investing all the profits in the nascent industries, primarily in Bilbao and Barcelona, leading southern rural Spain to lag behind. The peasants were infuriated by the poor working conditions and the ruthlessness of the caciques, and many started turning to anarchism. As many of these peasants started moving to Barcelona and other industrial centres they brought anarchism with them, and soon Barcelona was a centre of anarchism.
The constant coups and counter-coups led to the unraveling of the Spanish political arena and even a brief Republic. The Republic would itself be overthrown by a coup in 1875. Cánovas del Castillo, a liberal-conservative monarchist, sought to bring some semblance of stability and reduce military interference by creating a new political system the turnismo. Under this system Cánovas’ Conservative Party and the Liberal Party would periodically take turns at leading a government, using the Interior Ministry to give out patronage and bribes to the caciques so that they would return the desired electoral results. While this temporarily restored a semblance of stability, it only further entrenched the power of the caciques and nothing was done to address the growing social issues, allowing anarchism and to a lesser extent socialism under the Socialist Workers’ Party of Spain (PSOE) to grow. The turnismo started to collapse at the turn of the century, as Cánovas was assassinated by an anarchist in 1897 and the following year Spain was trounced by the US, losing the remaining Caribbean colonies and the Phillipines.
3. The birth of Catalan nationalism
The loss of the Cuban sugar industry was devastating for many Barcelonan industries. For some time many Catalan industrialists and landowners had grown disillusioned with the corrupt establishment in Madrid and the rule of the Castilian caciques, and a nationalist movement had started to form which demanded greater autonomy for Catalonia, including the re-establishment of the Generalitat. The “disaster of 1898” shattered any confidence left in the turnismo and Catalan nationalism grew rapidly, eventually coalescing into the conservative Regionalist League (LR) led by businessman Francesc Cambó. Throughout Spain confidence in the political system had similarly collapsed and a new movement, the Regeneracionismo, sought to completely reform the corrupt government. Conservative politician Eduardo Dato tried to placate desire for change by introducing welfare and social policies, but this proved too little too late and anarchism only kept growing, eventually leading to his assassination. Another Conservative leader, Antonio Maura, wanted to go further, seeking an alliance with the LR to put an end to turnismo and the caciques and create a more decentralised system. Maura’s easing of electoral repression and corruption led to huge wins for the Catalanists, but his ambitions were shattered by the Rif war.
From the start of the XX century Spain had tried to take advantage of France’s expansion in Morocco by taking over the Rif region. This kickstarted a series of wars which were extremely unpopular in Catalonia, leading to a violent suppression of the Catalanist press by the Spanish army. In 1909 Maura tried to put an end to the war by sending over Catalan reservists, which caused violent riots to breakout out which destroyed much of Barcelona and led to the collapse of his government.
The turnismo would effectively unravel in 1913 when Liberal PM Canalejas was assassinated by an anarchist, leading to a succession crisis that split both main parties in half. Spanish neutrality during WW1 caused an economic boom, but the profits were mainly gobbled up by the great industrialists and didn’t result in wage rises, only further boosting anarchism and socialism. While Catalonia was granted some autonomy in 1914, Catalan MPs demanded further autonomy, setting up their own assembly in 1917, which was dissolved by the army. In turn, anarchists and socialists called a revolutionary strike which was violently put down. Spain fell into a state of near-civil war, as anarchist assassinations, government reprisals and army interference became commonplace. The industrialists of the LR were extremely worried about an anarchist or socialist revolution and Cambó joined a series of national unity governments, which didn’t last very long. Cambó was even offered the Prime Ministership, but he turned it down and instead the LR started supporting the ambitions of the Captain General of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera.
In 1923, with the support of the King, Primo de Rivera established a military dictatorship. He soon backstabbed the LR and instead indulged in all kinds of corrupt activities. The LR was humiliated by this and a new force came to dominate Catalan nationalism, the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC). ERC joined other Republican and Socialist forces in overthrowing the monarchy in 1931.
The new Republic quickly granted Catalonia a Statute of Autonomy and ERC came to dominate the new government, but it soon started to clash with the anti-electoralist anarchists of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT), which set up their own parallel institutions. In 1934 the corrupt and opportunistic PM, Alejandro Lerroux, decided to allow the openly anti-Republic CEDA into the government, which led to a revolutionary general strike. The President of Catalonia, Lluis Companys, used this as an opportunity to declare the Republic of Catalonia, though he stated it would be a part of a Federal Spanish Republic. The army under newly appointed Chief of Staff Francisco Franco harshly put down the strike and Catalonian autonomy was revoked.
Autonomy was restored after the victory of the Popular Front at the 1936 elections, but soon the Spanish Civil War broke out. Catalonia managed to defeat general Goded’s coup attempt, largely due to the intervention of the CNT anarchists, but soon a cold war settled in Republican Catalonian between the ERC government, the anarchists, the Spanish Republican government and several communist parties; while the remnants of LR supported Franco.
4. Catalonia under Franco and the Transition
Franco established a highly centralised and pseudo-fascistic dictatorship founded on Catholicism and Castilian nationalism. He attempted to unite Spanish culture around Castilian symbols and traditions, abolishing all regional symbols and identities and banning regional languages, particularly in the Basque Country and Catalonia. However, after the defeat of the Axis powers Franco started distancing himself from fascism and his enforcement of regional identity bans became somewhat half hearted. While Catalan and other languages couldn’t be taught in schools or used publicly, they could be used in private. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky and statism, but this resulted in international isolation and economic stagnation. In the late 50s he gradually liberalised the economy, leading to an economic boom. Cities and industries started growing again and tourism became a huge industry, particularly in Mediterranean cities such as Barcelona. Indeed, Barcelona became something of an international city and started developing a cosmopolitan identity. The similarities between Catalan and Spanish allowed people immigrating from other parts of Spain to rapidly learn the language and integrate despite the ban on the language. Barcelona became a centre of opposition to the increasingly unpopular Franco regime. The only thing sustaining the dictatorship was the economic boom, and once the oil crisis hit any hope of the regime continuing after Franco evaporated.
Franco died in 1975, and in 1976 PM Adolfo Suárez introduced a series of democratic reforms. In 1977 the first democratic elections were held. In Catalonia Suárez’s party underperformed, finishing third behind PSOE’s regional branch, the Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSC) and the Communist Party. Suárez was deeply worried about this and he tried to divide the Catalan left by inviting the exiled President of Catalonia, Josep Tarradellas of ERC, to return. This did indeed divide the leftist vote, but it was a new party that took advantage, Jordi Pujol’s Convergence and Union (CiU). Pujol was a Catalan nationalist of the old LR breed, a centre-right regionalist whose motto was “Spain steals from us”, claiming that Spain took more money from the region than it invested. Nevertheless, he didn’t call for independence, instead pushing for broader autonomy, cultural rights and, especially, economic concessions.
One of the main sticking points when drafting the new Constitution was the issue of regional autonomy. Since there was no broad consensus a flexible “State of Autonomies” was created, in which those regions who wanted to be autonomous would be given Statutes of Autonomy that would be negotiated between the regional and central government and could widely vary in breadth and scope, which in due time would lead to a lot of tensions as regional governments demanded more and more concessions and tried to test the limits of the ill-defined system.
5. The birth of the Catalan independence movement
After winning the 1980 regional election Pujol fully took advantage of the new system, using his party’s influence as kingmaker in the Spanish parliament to extract concessions from the government. The Catalan economy outperformed the rest of the country and Pujol's popularity allowed him to remain in power until his retirement in 2003. In those elections Pujol’s successor, Artur Mas, lost to PSC under the popular former mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall. Maragall formed a coalition government with ERC, which demanded a reform of the Statute of Autonomy that recognised Catalonia as a Nation. Margall himself was extremely critical of the State of Autonomies system, criticising its confusing and unclear nature, and instead argued for the creation of a clearly defined federal and plurinational system. This was supported by many members of PSOE, including the party leader, José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero. However, when Zapatero came to power in 2004 his priorities started to shift, as Constitutional reform wasn’t popular and he also required the support of Mas’ CiU to remain in power. Relations between Zapatero and Maragall started to deteriorate.
Negotiations to reform Catalonia’s Statute began, with Maragall trying to get all Catalan parties as well as Zapatero on board. During a parliamentary debate in which Mas blamed the government for the collapse of a series of buildings in Barcelona, Maragall gave a response that changed Catalan and Spanish politics forever, “You [CiU], have a problem, and that problem is called 3%”. Mas was infuriated. He threatened with bringing Maragall’s and possibly Zapatero’s governments down if Margall didn’t apologise, which the latter did. However, the media was astounded by this whole exchange and started investigating. Soon it was revealed that Pujol and CiU had been demanding kickbacks for years in exchange for public contracts. Mas went to Zapatero and stated that he would withdraw his support for the Statute reform and central government if Maragall wasn’t dropped, and Zapatero agreed, proceeding to negotiate directly with Mas. The Statute’s formal recognition of Catalan Nationhood was dropped, which caused ERC to withdraw from Maragall’s cabinet and oppose the reform. The new Statute was approved and received overwhelming support in a referendum.
Maragall called snap elections in 2006 but Zapatero forced him to announce he wouldn’t run for re-election and replaced him with the Minister of Industry, José Montilla, who was far less popular. Despite losses for the coalition forces, Montilla again formed a government with ERC, but soon the 2008 financial crisis hit and the government’s popularity collapsed. In 2010 the Constitutional Court declared parts of the Statute unconstitutional, including the recognition of Catalan as the preferential language in Catalonia. This caused a huge uproar in Catalonia, as the overwhelming majority of Catalans had supported the new Statute and felt that the Constitutional Court was acting undemocratically. This, together with the loss of confidence in the political establishment due to the financial crash led to a massive growth of pro-independence sentiment, which up to that point had been limited to a small faction within ERC. CiU ramped up the nationalist rhetoric and won the 2010 elections.
6. The Procés
The 3% case made it to the courts and many former CiU leaders, including Pujol, were slapped with corruption charges. As a result Mas’ popularity declined, which was only worsened by his unpopular austerity policy. Worried about this and seeing the rise of pro-independence sentiment Mas tried to bolster his popularity in 2012 by declaring his support for independence and calling snap elections during the celebrations of the national day of Catalonia, marking the start of the Procés (process towards independence). The move only had limited success, as CiU suffered heavy losses in the election while the more pro-indepence ERC gained many seats. A new staunchly anti-independence party, Citizens (Cs) also had a strong showing.
CiU and ERC formed a coalition government and Mas called for an “non-referendum” vote on whether Catalonia should become independent, trying to skirt around the fact that only the central government could call a referendum. Controversially, the Catalanist wing of the PSC managed to get the party to support the law authorising Mas to call the “non-referendum” even though they opposed holding the vote. Rajoy’s central government brought the law to the Constitutional Court, which banned any vote on independence being held until a final ruling was handed down. Mas ignored this, holding the “non-referendum” in November 2014. 80% voted in favour of independence, but the vote was boycotted by the anti-independence parties and the turnout was less than 40%.
Given the inconclusive result of the vote and the fact that Mas was now under investigation for holding an illegal referendum against the Constitutional Court’s orders, Mas called snap elections in 2015. CiU was by this point tainted by corruption scandals and divided over the issue of independence and Mas created a new party in electoral coalition with ERC and other nationalist parties, Junts per Sí (together for yes). Junts won the elections but lost the majority, relying on the hardline pro-independence and far-left CUP while Cs became the main opposition party. CUP refused to support Mas, and he stepped aside in favour of Carles Puigdemont. Unlike Mas, whose support for independence had always been of a pragmatic nature, Puigdemont was a hardline believer in independence, and with the support of CUP became President in 2016.
Clashes between Puigdemont, Rajoy and the Constitutional Court became a daily occurrence as tensions kept growing. Puigdemont finally called an independence referendum on the 1st of October 2017. Rajoy sent the police to shut down the voting sites and clashes between the police and protestors took place all over Catalonia. The results of the referendum aren’t clear, as its illegal nature means that none of the usual guarantees were in place, but according to the Generalitat 90% voted for independence with a turnout of 43%. Several days later Puigdemont declared Catalonia’s independence, though he stated it remained “suspended”. The central government then suspended Catalan autonomy and several members of the Generalitat were arrested, though Puigdemont managed to flee the country.
Snap elections were held in Catalonia with Puigdemont’s Junts and ERC not joining forces this time, which allowed Cs to take the plurality with both Junts and ERC following very closely. Quim Torra, a Puigdemont ally became President, though he claimed to be “acting President” until Puigdemont could return. Torra was also a hardline supporter of independence and his tenure was marked by constant clashes with the central government, the trial against the leaders of the independence referendum and attempts to get Puigdemont back to Spain.
In 2018 the pro-independence parties supported Pedro Sánchez’s motion of no confidence against Rajoy, making him PM of Spain. In return, Sánchez started negotiations with the nationalist parties to calm down tensions. During the 2019 European elections Puigdemont was elected MEP, but the EU parliament rescinded his immunity, leaving him in limbo again. Meanwhile, Sánchez reformed the Criminal Code to reduce the penalties on those accused of holding the independence referendum and in 2021 pardoned several of them.
This caused rifts in the nationalist camp. Junts’ centre-right policies had always caused rifts with ERC, which was economically closer to PSOE, and as tensions with the central government winded down tensions within Torra’s cabinet rose. Torra kept supporting a hardline stance on independence while ERC was open to negotiating with Sánchez. In 2020 Torra placed symbols in support of the jailed independence leaders, and he was ordered by the courts to take them down, which he refused to do, leading to a conviction and bar from public office. Torra asked the ERC speaker of the Catalan parliament to deny any motion vacating him from the Presidency, but the speaker ended up siding against Torra. Torra’s VP, ERC leader Pere Aragonés thus became President.
In 2021 he called snap elections which PSC under Salvador Illa, who had been Health Minister during the pandemic, narrowly won, though he had the same number of seats as ERC and Junts had only one seat less. Junts had always seen itself as the head of the independence movement, and tensions with ERC only grew, though it did end up allowing Aragonés to remain President. These clashes eventually led Junts to withdraw its support for the government in 2022 but Aragonés remained in power with the support of PSC.
In 2023 general elections were held in Spain and Sánchez’s PSOE finished second, requiring the support of both Junts and ERC to remain in power. Despite having repeatedly ruled amnesty out during the campaign he agreed to pass an amnesty law in exchange for their support. Aragonés' precarious government collapsed in 2024 when he failed to pass a budget and he called snap elections. Illa's PSC won a plurality of the seats, with Junts under Puigdemont a distant second and Aragonés’s ERC losing many seats. For the first time in history Catalan nationalist parties don’t hold a majority in parliament, and the left wing PSC-ERC-Comuns option holds just the amount of seats needed for a majority.
As of today, this is how things stand. The amnesty law passed last week but Sánchez has been delaying its publishing until after the EU elections for electoral purposes. In Catalonia ERC is in a state of crisis, having the option of either allowing Illa to govern or joining forces with Puigdemont to force new elections. Some have stated that the Procés is now over, but support for independence remains relatively high and Puigdemont, who seems poised to return soon, claims that if new elections are held he’ll win.
Don't hesitate to leave any questions or comments bellow!
Edit: grammar.
2024.06.07 20:45 Cobyh7 Anyone ever booked a flight with LEVEL on an Iberia Airlines flight?
Thinking about taking a budget flight but just had some questions from anyone familiar with either airline or booking agent.
submitted by Cobyh7 to travel [link] [comments]
- How is the plane? Last budget I ever did was Frontier and as you can expect, left me a little scared of cheap flights. Does Iberia flights arrive on time? Do they at least have on-board entertainment especially for an international flight?
- Is LEVEL legit? There is a huge discount to book with LEVEL, but I always trust booking through the actual Airline usually. Anyone got info?
2024.06.06 22:39 djsigma Greencard Holder tourist visa to Spain. Accommodation
Greenholder here, applying for a tourist visa to Spain from Chicago. I contacted a local travel agency to obtain an airline booking reference number to prove my travels; however, I could not get a hotel booking reference number without finding and paying for a refundable hotel. And I'd rather not do that before I get the visa, even if it is refundable.
Fellow green card holders, how has your experience been on showing proof of accommodation? Is this a stringent requirement? Does it suffice to show just the expected hotel you'd be staying at? Suggestions?
submitted by djsigma to SchengenVisa [link] [comments]
Fellow green card holders, how has your experience been on showing proof of accommodation? Is this a stringent requirement? Does it suffice to show just the expected hotel you'd be staying at? Suggestions?
2024.06.06 20:28 Excellent_Hair_3716 Iberia airlines with a newborn baby?
Hello! We found a good deal from the USA -> Barcelona on Iberia airlines, non-stop. We were thinking of traveling with our 5 month old newborn baby.
submitted by Excellent_Hair_3716 to GoingToSpain [link] [comments]
1 - Does Iberia airlines have bassinets like other USA airlines? I did a search and didn't find anything
2 - Is there anything to watch out for when traveling with a baby internationally to Spain? First time potentially going to travel with baby!
2024.06.06 20:28 Excellent_Hair_3716 Iberia airlines with a newborn baby?
Hello! We found a good deal from the USA -> Barcelona on Iberia airlines, non-stop. We were thinking of traveling with our 5 month old newborn baby.
submitted by Excellent_Hair_3716 to travel [link] [comments]
1 - Does Iberia airlines have bassinets like other USA airlines? I did a search and didn't find anything
2 - Is there anything to watch out for when traveling with a baby internationally to Spain? First time potentially going to travel with baby!
2024.06.06 15:49 HotCardiologist2029 Bag recommendation for Vueling/Iberia
I don't understand the difference between 40x30x20 and 40x20x30. I believe iberia max is 40x30x15, and vueling is 40x20x30cm.
If anyone could recommend a bag that would work for both airlines, that would be much appreciated.
I am travelling to Spain for 3 weeks, I intend to take ~5 sets of clothing, then essentials (phone adapter, sunscreen, etc, but nothing too extensive as I will use laundry facilities and want to travel as light as possible.
submitted by HotCardiologist2029 to onebag [link] [comments]
If anyone could recommend a bag that would work for both airlines, that would be much appreciated.
I am travelling to Spain for 3 weeks, I intend to take ~5 sets of clothing, then essentials (phone adapter, sunscreen, etc, but nothing too extensive as I will use laundry facilities and want to travel as light as possible.
2024.06.06 10:27 Nuke2moon SFO to MNL December trip. Repost
Hello guys!
We’re getting married in December! Leaving from SFO to Manila. Currently needing help finding the best deal to fly economy/business for this trip. From Dec. 12 2024 to January 6th 2025. I currently have chase points about 141k and my fiance has 179k Amex rewards. I’ve never redeem points for flights before and would love to use it this trip. If you guys can help. It will be much appreciated.
I found out that my chase points can be transferred to virgin airlines with 30% bonus. But Amex we haven’t found any good options.
One of the other options we have look into is leaving earlier 12/10 which will save us a few hundred but being a nurse it is harder to take off and get PTO.
The other would be paying some cash with points through Singapore airlines 184k points amex and 141k chase. Leaving 12/10 still.
First post got deleted sorry about repost.
Thank you!
submitted by Nuke2moon to awardtravel [link] [comments]
We’re getting married in December! Leaving from SFO to Manila. Currently needing help finding the best deal to fly economy/business for this trip. From Dec. 12 2024 to January 6th 2025. I currently have chase points about 141k and my fiance has 179k Amex rewards. I’ve never redeem points for flights before and would love to use it this trip. If you guys can help. It will be much appreciated.
I found out that my chase points can be transferred to virgin airlines with 30% bonus. But Amex we haven’t found any good options.
One of the other options we have look into is leaving earlier 12/10 which will save us a few hundred but being a nurse it is harder to take off and get PTO.
The other would be paying some cash with points through Singapore airlines 184k points amex and 141k chase. Leaving 12/10 still.
First post got deleted sorry about repost.
Thank you!
2024.06.06 08:30 griftertm Meme Map of Metro Manila
 | submitted by griftertm to Philippines [link] [comments] |
2024.06.06 08:05 Available_Thoughts-0 Entire population of the Soviet Union ever: vs the entire combined force of every offical crusade ever and the population of all the Crusader States that ever existed: best equipment for both sides that they carried when top equipped during their individual lifetime, at peek physical health.
Equipment is not necessarily military in nature, but must be things that they physically picked up by themselves at some point in life: so the Soviet Union doesn't have nukes, and the Crusader Kings and their armies don't have trebuchets or anything else like that, but the Crusaders can BUILD trebuchets a lot easier and faster than the Soviet Union can BUILD nuclear weapons capacity.
The battlefield is pre-human North Americaso neither side has a home-field advantage, with the Crusader Kings and their vassals and such appearing knee deep in the surf and closer to shore/on the beachs of the east coast at the neep tide, starting in South Florida and moving north as far as needed, while the Soviet Union people appear in Continental Alaska and the nearest areas of Canada under the same rules except for above the water-line, (only because the water up there is fucking FREEZING that time of year and it would low-dif them due to pure arrival fatalities from hypothermia).
Both groups are Bloodlusted and aware of each others general location in advance of actually meeting, but in terms very rough geographic zones, not specifically: "Go (north-west/south-east) until you run out of land to go TO or run into the enemy." type of thing.
The Soviet Union people have a specific gear exception to MAPS and surveys of the Americas and Eastern Russia or North Chinathat the Crusaders wouldn't know about.
Who wins here, and why?
EDIT 1: upon review of my own thoughts on the Premises of the contest, I realized that some of what was said above isn't accurate, read on to see what and why.
Additionally, since cannibal-death-marches are "Bleh!" I'm altering the "Win condition" for both sides of the game, while "Sudden Death" is still a valid method for achievement of victory, it becomes so only by default, the real win is having the largest population of people after 100-years: only the first generation of people will be bloodlust, but it's incredibly likely to remain somewhat in effect for generations as a "cultural blood-feud" aspect, and this will include the Bloodlusted Crusader Kingdom Cardinals forming a new Catholic Synod to elect one of their numbers as Pope for this world, and the rest of the first generation Crusaders accepting the decision, creating a divergent Papacy that none-the-less has cultural and religious legitimacy in the eyes of themselves and their descendants.
As Bloodlust leaves the new Generation of people, the old order will recognize this fact, and be willing to accept "Conversos" from the opposite group of people, but they are also aware of the possibility of SPIES sent under this pretext.
Furthermore and finally, (for now): all people on both sides of the conflicts are aware of these rules, both the ones that were there at the start and the new additions.
submitted by Available_Thoughts-0 to whowouldwin [link] [comments]
The battlefield is pre-human North America
Both groups are Bloodlusted and aware of each others general location in advance of actually meeting, but in terms very rough geographic zones, not specifically: "Go (north-west/south-east) until you run out of land to go TO or run into the enemy." type of thing.
The Soviet Union people have a specific gear exception to MAPS and surveys of the Americas and Eastern Russia or North China
Who wins here, and why?
EDIT 1: upon review of my own thoughts on the Premises of the contest, I realized that some of what was said above isn't accurate, read on to see what and why.
You're forgetting about Espsnia. During the years between 1123 and The Second of January, 1492: all of Iberia was a Crusadeing zone by papal decree, and, as-such, the entire population of Spain, (and Portugal), including their empires beyond the sea while their Monarchies of the time endured, are to be counted as numbering among the ranks of the Crusaders: that changes the calculation significantly, doesn't it? (A victorious and enduring Crusader Kingdom is still a Crusader Kingdom, even if it becomes an empire.)This means, since they were always intended to be counted amongst the Crusaders forces, that actually, YES, some percentage of the Crusaders DO have a home-field advantage here, but correspondingly I'm going to extend the "No pre-existing maps" rules to the Crusaders as well, like the Soviet Union they can only rely on memory.
Additionally, since cannibal-death-marches are "Bleh!" I'm altering the "Win condition" for both sides of the game, while "Sudden Death" is still a valid method for achievement of victory, it becomes so only by default, the real win is having the largest population of people after 100-years: only the first generation of people will be bloodlust, but it's incredibly likely to remain somewhat in effect for generations as a "cultural blood-feud" aspect, and this will include the Bloodlusted Crusader Kingdom Cardinals forming a new Catholic Synod to elect one of their numbers as Pope for this world, and the rest of the first generation Crusaders accepting the decision, creating a divergent Papacy that none-the-less has cultural and religious legitimacy in the eyes of themselves and their descendants.
As Bloodlust leaves the new Generation of people, the old order will recognize this fact, and be willing to accept "Conversos" from the opposite group of people, but they are also aware of the possibility of SPIES sent under this pretext.
Furthermore and finally, (for now): all people on both sides of the conflicts are aware of these rules, both the ones that were there at the start and the new additions.