17 Setembre 2023.
[Cortis: ca = catalan; de = deutx; en = engles; eo = esperanto; es = espaniol; fr = franses; he = ivri; it = italian; pt = portuges; zh = xines]
alegro -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) rapida juada con rapidia entre 100 e 156 pulsas per minuto * ca: allegro * en: allegro * eo: alegra * es: allegro * fr: allegro * it: allegro * pt: allegro
andante -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) lenta juada con rapidia entre 76 e 108 pulsas per minuto * ca: andante * en: andante * eo: andanta * es: andante * fr: andante * it: andante * pt: andante
recomensa de scola -- nom * ca: tornada a l'escola, primer dia de classe * en: return to school, back to school, first day back at school, start of a new school term * eo: reveno al la lernejo, komenco de nova lerneja trimestro * es: regreso a la escuela, primer día de escuela * fr: rentrée des classes, premier jour de classe * it: ritorno a scuola, primo giorno di scuola * pt: novo ano escolar, início do ano letivo, primeiro dia de escola, início das aulas
criptido -- nom * defini: cualce animal de cual sua esiste es suposada par criptozolojistes ma no asetada par siensistes * ca: críptid * en: cryptid * eo: kriptido * es: críptido * fr: cryptide * it: criptide * pt: criptídeo
determinante de cuantia -- nom linguistica * en: quantifier * eo: kvanta difinilo, kvanta determinanto * fr: adjectif quantitatif * it: aggettivo quantitativo
determinante de demanda -- nom gramatica * en: interrogative determiner * eo: demanda difinilo, demanda determinanto * fr: adjectif interrogatif * it: aggettivo interrogativo
determinante de mostra -- nom linguistica * en: demonstrative (determiner) * eo: demonstrativa difinilo, demonstrativa determinanto * fr: adjectif démonstratif * it: aggettivo dimostrativo
determinante de posese -- nom linguistica * en: possessive adjective, possessive (determiner) * eo: posesivo, poseda difinilo, poseda determinanto * fr: adjectif possessif * it: aggettivo possessivo
direto de pasa -- nom * en: right of way (to use a route through private property) * eo: rajto trapasi * fr: droit de passage * it: diritto di passaggio
dulse -- ajetivo cosini cimica musica * defini: con sabor plasente, como zucar o miel; no salosa, asida o amarga; (un person) de bon natur; (un bebe, animal peti o simil) amable, bela, atraosa; (un musica) alga cuieta juada * da: sød; piano * de: süss; possierlich, lieblich, niedlich, reizend; nett, lieb, sanft, angenehm; piano * en: sweet; nice, gentle, tender, dulcet; cute; piano (music) * eo: dolĉa; afabla, simpatia, tenera; ĉarma, aminda, linda, bela; malforta, mallaŭta (muziko) * es: dulce; piano (música) * fr: doux, sucré; agréable, amène, bienveillant, tendre, doux (caractère); adorable, attendrissant, mignon (aspect); piano (músique) * it: dolce; mite, gentile, soffice, piacevole, affabile, benevolo, tenere, dolce (carattere); adorabile, commovente, carino (aspetto); piano (musica) * pt: dulce; piano (música)
Estremadura -- nom jeografial * defini: un comunia autonom en Espania ueste * ca: Extremadura * en: Extremadura * eo: Ekstremaduro * es: Extremadura * fr: Estrémadure * it: Estremadura * pt: Estremadura
estremaduran -- ajetivo * ca: extremeny * en: extremaduran * eo: ekstremadura * es: extremeño * fr: estrémègne * it: estremegno, estremadurano * pt: estremenho
estremaduran -- nom * ca: Extremeny; extremeny * en: Extramaduran (person, language) * eo: ekstremadurano; la ekstremadura (lingvo) * es: Extremeño; extremeño * fr: Estrémègne; estrémègne * it: Estremegno; lingua estremegna, estremadurano * pt: Estremenho; língua estremenha
largo -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) lenta juada con rapidia entre 40 e 66 pulsas per minuto * ca: largo * en: largo * eo: larga * es: largo * fr: largo * it: largo * pt: largo
lisensa de motoriste -- nom * en: driver's licensece, driving licensece * eo: stirpermesilo, kondukpermesilo * fr: permis de conduire * it: patente di guida
maputxe -- ajetivo demonim * defini: pertinente a un popla nativa de Txile sude e Arjentina sude-ueste, o a sua lingua * ca: maputxe * en: Mapuche (person, language) * eo: mapuĉa * es: mapuche * fr: mapuche (langue, personne) * it: mapuce, mapuche * pt: mapuche, araucano
maputxe -- nom demonim * ca: Maputxe; mapudungun * en: Mapuche (person); Mapuche, Mapudungun (language) * eo: mapuĉo; la mapuĉa (lingvo) * es: Mapuche * fr: Mapuche (personne); mapuche, mapudungun (langue) * it: Mapuce, Mapuche; mapudungun * pt: Mapuche, Araucano; mapudungun
maratoni -- verbo nontransitiva * en: become a marathon, turn into a marathon * eo: maratoniĝi * fr: devenir un marathon, se transformer en marathon * it: diventare una maratona, trasformarsi in una maratona
maratoni -- verbo transitiva * en: marathon, make into a marathon, do a marathon watch of, binge-watch * eo: maratonigi, maratonspekti * fr: faire un visionnage boulimique, faire un visionnage en rafale, faire un visionnement en rafale, faire une écoute en rafale * it: fare una maratona televisiva, fare un binge watching
masima dulse -- ajetivo * en: as soft as possible; pianissimo (music) * eo: kiel eble plej mallaŭta; plej mallaŭta, ŝteleca (muziko) * fr: pianissimo * it: pianissimo
masima forte -- ajetivo * en: as strong as possible, as loud as possible; fortissimo (music) * eo: kiel eble plej laŭta; plej laŭta (muziko) * fr: fortissimo * it: fortissimo
minima alegro -- ajetivo * ca: allegretto * en: allegretto * eo: alegreta * es: allegretto * fr: allegretto * it: allegretto * pt: allegretto
moderato -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) juada con rapidia entre 96 e 126 pulsas per minuto * ca: moderato * en: moderato * eo: modera * es: moderato * fr: moderato * it: moderato * pt: moderato
parleta audio -- verbo * en: make an audio call, take part in an audio conference * eo: aŭdiovoki * fr: passer un appel audio, participer à une audioconférence audio * it: fare una chiamata audio, participare a un'audioconferenza
parleta audio -- nom * en: audio call, audio conference * eo: aŭdiovoko * fr: appel audio, audioconférence * it: chiamata audio, audioconferenza
partisipial -- ajetivo * ca: participial * en: participial * eo: participa * es: participial * fr: participial * it: participiale * pt: participial
praticaliste -- ajetivo * en: pragmatistic * eo: pragmatista * fr: réaliste, pragmatique * it: realistico
presador de olio -- nom * ca: trull, almàssera, tafona, molí d'oli * en: olive oil press, oil mill * eo: olepremilo * es: trujal, almazara * fr: pressoir à huile, moulin à huile * it: torchio oleario * pt: prensa de óleo, prensa de azeite
presto -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) rapida juada con rapidia entre 100 e 156 pulsas per minuto * ca: presto * en: presto * eo: presta * es: presto * fr: presto * it: presto * pt: presto
primia de destra -- nom * en: priority to (vehicles joining from) the right * eo: dedekstra pasrajto * fr: priorité à droite * it: precedenza a destra
primatolojial -- ajetivo * en: primatological * eo: primatologia * fr: primatologique * it: primatologico
primitiviste -- ajetivo * en: primitivistic * eo: primitivisma, primitivista * fr: primitiviste * it: primitivistico
proctolojial -- nom medica * en: proctologic, proctological * eo: rektumologia * fr: proctologique * it: proctologico
pronom de mostra -- nom linguistica * en: demonstrative pronoun * eo: montra pronomo, demonstrativa pronomo * fr: pronom démonstratif * it: pronome dimostrativo
pronom de nondefini -- nom linguistica * en: indefinite pronoun * eo: nedifina pronomo * fr: pronom indéfini * it: pronome indefinito
pronom de person -- nom linguistica * en: personal pronoun * eo: persona pronomo * fr: pronom personnel * it: pronome personale
pronom de posese -- nom linguistica * en: possessive pronoun * eo: poseda pronomo * fr: pronom possessif * it: pronome possessivo
protonal -- ajetivo * ca: protònic * en: protonic * eo: protona * es: protónico * fr: protonique * it: protonico * pt: protônico
autopublici -- verbo transitiva * en: self-publish * eo: mempublikigi, memeldoni * fr: autopublier, autoéditer * it: autopubblicare, autoeditare, autoprodurre, pubblicare da solo, pubblicare per mezzo dell'autoeditoria
autopublici -- nom * en: self-publishing * eo: mempublikigo, memeldono * fr: autopublication, autoédition * it: autopubblicazione, autoeditoria, autoedizione
puntilapis -- nom verbo-nom * defini: un aparato cual agi un lapis par jira lo contra un lama * vide: lapis * en: pencil sharpener * eo: krajonakrigilo * fr: taille-crayon * it: temperamatite, temperamatita, temperino
puntiste -- ajetivo * en: pointillistic * eo: punktisma, punktista * fr: pointilliste * it: puntinistico, puntillistico
pusosia -- nom * en: purulence, purulency * eo: puseco, pusanteco * fr: purulence * it: purulenza
qahiri -- ajetivo * ca: cairota * en: Cairene * eo: kaira, kairana * es: cairota * fr: cairote * it: cairota * pt: cairota
qahiri -- nom demonim * ca: cairota * en: Cairene * eo: kairano * es: Cairota * fr: Cairote * it: Cairota * pt: Cairota
racitica -- ajetivo * ca: raquític * en: rachitic, rickety * eo: rakita * es: raquítico * fr: rachitique * it: rachitico * pt: raquítico
desrami -- nom * ca: poda * en: pruning, trimming * eo: stuco, senbranĉigo, pritondo * es: poda, podadura * fr: taille, élagage, émondage, ébranchage * it: potatura, pota * pt: poda, podadura
desramor -- nom * ca: podador (persona) * en: tree trimmer * eo: pritondisto * es: podador (persona) * fr: élagueur * it: potatore (persona) * pt: podador (pessoa)
razonalia -- nom * ca: racionalitat * en: ratinality * eo: racieco * es: racionalidad * fr: rationalité * it: razionalità * pt: racionalidade
razonaliste -- nom * ca: racionalista * en: rationalist, rationalistic * eo: racionalisma, racionalista * es: racionalista * fr: rationaliste * it: razionalista * pt: racionalista
recomensa de scola -- nom * ca: tornada a l'escola, primer dia de classe * en: return to school, back to school, first day back at school, start of a new school term * eo: reveno al la lernejo, komenco de nova lerneja trimestro * es: regreso a la escuela, primer día de escuela * fr: rentrée des classes, premier jour de classe * it: ritorno a scuola, primo giorno di scuola * pt: novo ano escolar, início do ano letivo, primeiro dia de escola, início das aulas
religador -- nom * en: binding machine, binder, bookbinder * eo: bindilo, bindomaŝino * fr: relieuse, machine à relier * it: legatrice, rilegatrice
renegadi -- verbo nontransitiva * en: become a renegade, turn renegade, go renegade * eo: renegati, renegatiĝi * fr: devenir un renégat, tourner casaque, retourner sa veste, effectuer un revirement, se renier * it: rinnegare, essere un voltagabbana, diventare un rinnegato
renegadi -- nom * en: renegation, going renegade * eo: renegatiĝo, renegatado * fr: reniement, revirement, retournement de veste, fait de tourner casaque * it: rinnegamento, rinnegazione
rescata -- verbo transitiva * defini: (un caturor) esije un cuantia de mone o otra paia per la relasa de (un prisonida); oteni la relasa de (un prisonida) par un tal paia * en: ransom * eo: elaĉeti * fr: rançonner en échange de la libération de (quelqu'un); payer une rançon pour obtenir la libération de (quelqu'un), racheter la libération de (quelqu'un), acheter la liberté de (quelqu'un) * it: esigere un riscatto per liberare (qualcuno); riscattare
resini -- verbo transitiva * defini: misca resina con (alga cosa); aplica resina sur (alga cosa) * ca: resinar * en: resinate * eo: rezini * es: resinar * fr: résiner * it: resinare * pt: resinar
resinosa -- nom planta * defini: un arbor resinosa * ca: resinos, conífera * en: resinous tree, conifer * eo: rezina arbo, konifero * es: resinoso, conífera * fr: résineux, conifère * it: resinoso, conifera * pt: resinoso, conífera
retsina -- nom cosini * defini: un vino elinica blanca o ros fermentada con resina de pino * ca: retsina, vi resinat * el: ρετσίνα, ρητινίτης οίνος * en: retsina, resinated wine * eo: rezinvino, recino * es: retsina, vino resinado * fr: retsina, vin résiné * it: retsina, vino resinato * pt: retsina, vinho resinado
romboide -- ajetivo matematica * defini: con forma cuatroladal de cual sola sua lados e angulos fasante es egal * ca: romboide * en: rhomboid * eo: romboida * es: romboide * fr: rhomboïde * it: romboide * pt: romboide
romboide -- nom matematica * ca: romboide * en: rhomboid * eo: romboido * es: romboide * fr: rhomboïde * it: romboide * pt: romboide
roseria -- nom planta * defini: un cultiveria de rosas * ca: roserar * en: rose garden, rosarium * eo: rozejo * es: rosaleda, rosedal * fr: roseraie * it: roseto, giardino di rose * pt: roseiral, rosário (jardim)
rosario -- nom relijio * defini: (en la Eglesa Catolica Roman) un forma de adora en cual preas es repeteda en un ordina spesifada; un cordeta de perletas usada per conta esta preas * ca: rosari * en: rosary (prayer, beads) * eo: rozario, rozaripreĝo * es: rosario * fr: rosaire * it: rosario * pt: rosário, rosairo
rvb -- corti * defini: roja, verde e blu * en: RGB * eo: RVB, RGB * fr: RVB, RGB
nonsaborosa -- ajetivo ca: insípid en: tasteless, insipid eo: sengusta es: insípido fr: insipide, fade, sans saveur it: insipido pt: insípido
nonsaborosia -- ajetivo ca: insipidesa en: tastelessness, insipidity, insipidness eo: sengusteco es: insipidez fr: insipide, fade, sans saveur it: insipidezza, insipidità pt: insípidez, sensaboria
sistem rvb -- nom arte fisica * defini: un sistem de misca la colores roja, verde e blu per oteni otra colores, comun en imajes dijital * en: RGB system, RGB model * eo: RVB-kolormodelo * fr: rouge-vert-bleu
Sisjordania -- nom jeografial * defini: un teritorio situada a la ueste de la Rio Urdun e de la Mar Mor * vide: Riva Ueste * ca: Cisjordània * de: Westjordanland, Westbank, Cisjordanien * en: West Bank, Cis-Jordan, Cisjordan * eo: Cisjordanio * es: Cisjordania * fr: Cisjordanie * it: Cisgiordania * pt: Cisjordânia
sisjordanian -- ajetivo jeografial * ca: cisjordà * en: West Bank, Cis-Jordanian * eo: cisjordania * es: cisjordano * fr: cisjordanien * it: cisgiordaniano * pt: cisjordaniano
sisjordanian -- nom jeografial * ca: Cisjordà * en: Cis-Jordanian, inhabitant of the West Bank * eo: cisjordaniano * es: Cisjordano * fr: Cisjordanien * it: Cisgiordaniano * pt: Cisjordaniano
strada de un dirije -- nom * en: one-way street * eo: unudirekta strato * fr: rue à sens unique * it: via a senso unico
temprani -- verbo nontransitiva * defini: deveni plu temprana * usa: la caldia temprani * ca: avançar-se * en: become early, occur earlier * eo: frui, fruiĝi * es: adelantarse, estar adelantado, estar temprana * fr: être en avance, arriver en avance * it: essere avanti (nel tempo), arrivare in anticipo * pt: estar adiantado, chegar mas cedo
temprani -- verbo transitiva * defini: fa ce (alga cosa) es plu temprana * usa: on ia temprani la encontra * ca: avançar * en: make early; bring forward (a meeting) * eo: fruigi * es: adelantar, estar adelantado, estar temprana * fr: faire venir en avance * it: far avanzare, far arrivare in anticipo * pt: adiantar, fazer chegar mas cedo, fazer chegar com antecedência
Rio Urdun -- nom jeografial * defini: un rio de la Levante cual enflue en la Mar Mor * ca: riu Jordà * en: Jordan River, River Jordan * eo: Jordano * es: río Jordán * fr: Jourdain * it: (fiume) Giordano * pt: rio Jordão
vivas -- ajetivo musica * defini: (un musica) rapida juada con rapidia entre 136 e 160 pulsas per minuto * ca: vivace * en: vivace * eo: vigla * es: vivace * fr: vivace * it: vivace * pt: vivace
criptozolojia -- nom * defini: un pseudosiensa cual xerca e studia animales lejendal e folcloral * ca: criptozoologia * en: cryptozoology * eo: kriptozoologio * es: criptozoología * fr: cryptozoologie * it: criptozoologia * pt: criptozoologia
criptozolojiste -- nom * ca: criptozoòleg * en: cryptozoologist * eo: kriptozoologo * es: criptozoólogo * fr: cryptozoologue * it: criptozoologo * pt: criptozoologista

Introducja

Modern Gothic is an East Germanic language spoken in the Balkans, around North Macedonia and Bulgaria. While related to the other Germanic languages, it lacks certain features like umlaut which are common in other Germanic languages. Instead, it underwent similar sound changes to the Slavic languages, such as the palatalizations.
Also, I didn't necessarily have a good place to put it, but "Vessel" /ʋɛˈsɛl/ [veˈsɛl] is the word for "hello" and "goodbye". It literally means "Be well!" and is cognate to "wassail"

Exiting the fiction for a bit: This is actually derived from Proto-Germanic, not Wulfila's Gothic. Some of the sound changes that had already happened by then, like the loss of final short vowels, didn't play very nice with sound changes I had planned. So while I'm absolutely still looking at Gothic for which etyma make sense to use, I'm actually just applying enough sound changes to make it believably East Germanic.
Also, before people comment, yes, I am fully aware that frequently represented /ng/ in Wulfila's Gothic. The lack of a nasal in "tigo" is actually the result of a series of sound changes that effectively acted like a more extreme version of the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, removing nasals before all consonants, not just sibilants.

Fonologja

There are 23 phonemic consonants in Modern Gothic, plus an additional 7 consonants which only appear allophonically.

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n			(ɲ)
Stop	p b	t d	ts dz	tʃ dʒ	(c) (ɟ)	k g
Fricative	f	θ (ð)	s z	ʃ ʒ	(ç)	x (ɣ)
Approximant	ʋ		r		j
Lateral		l			(ʎ)

/j/ is lost after consonants at the end of a word, but resurfaces when endings are added.
[ɲ c ɟ ç ʎ] are allophones of /n k g x l/ before front vowels and /j/, including across word boundaries. This particularly matters for /nj lj/, because /j/ is still lost at the end of a word, producing [n l] again.
/ʋ/ has three primary allophones. It becomes [v] before a vowel, [w] after a vowel and before a consonant, and [o] between two consonants, including across word boundaries.
Stops and fricatives, including the fricative allophone of /ʋ/, assimilating in voicing to match the last consonant in a cluster, including across word boundaries, although if a cluster ends in [v], it assimilates to the second to last consonant instead. Related to this, unless it's assimilating to a voiced consonant at the beginning of the following word, obstruents (but not /ʋ/, which would be [w] here) devoice at the end of a word. This assimilatory voicing is the only place where [ð] and [ɣ] can appear.
Meanwhile, there are six phonemic vowels, where they can either be analyzed as front, central, and back or front, back unrounded, and back rounded.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid-Close	(e)	ɤ	(o)
Mid-Open	ɛ	(ə)	ɔ
Open		a

In stressed syllables, all six of /i u ɤ ɛ ɔ a/ are distinguished. Meanwhile, in unstressed syllables, vowels reduce and lose the height distinction. /i~ɛ/ become [e], /u~ɔ/ become [o], and /ɤ~a/ become [ə].
Additionally, / and /l/ can be the nucleus of a syllable.
Stress is typically on the first syllable of a word. However, certain prefixes, like ga-, are excluded. Additionally, stress can fall anywhere in loanwords.

Orthografja

Modern Gothic orthography is largely phonemic, although vowel reduction and voicing assimilation are not typically marked.
Stressed /ɤ/ is always written <â>. Otherwise, stress is optionally marked with an acute accent, but this is not typically seen outside of dictionaries.
Finally, similarly to in English, can either be /θ/ or /tx/

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n
Stop	p b	t d	ts dz	č dž	k g
Fricative	f	th	s z	š ž	h
Approximant	v	l	r	j

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	â	o
Open		a

Substantive

Nouns come in three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. They are inflected for two numbers, singular and plural, and two cases, direct and prepositional. The prepositional, as its name would suggest, is exclusively used after prepositions. It primarily comes from the Proto-Germanic dative, although a handful of forms are derived from the instrumental.
The most common declensions are as follows, using "akr" (a cultivated field), "jar" (spring, pl. also years), and "vaštja" (garment) as examples:

	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Neut. Sing.	Neut. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	akr	akre	jar	jara	vaštja	vaštje
Prepositional	akra	akram	jara	jaram	vaštje	vaštjem

If a stem ends in a velar consonant, it becomes alveolar in the masculine direct plural and the feminine prepositional singular, with /k g x/ shifting to /ts z s/. /ʋ/ sometimes irregularly becomes /z/ as well, where it came from older /ɰ/, although this has been leveled in most words. Using "dav" (day, irr.), "ask" (ash tree), and "buka" (book) as examples:

	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	dav	daze	ask	asce	buka	buke
Prepositional	dava	davam	aska	askam	buce	bukem

Some masculine nouns and all feminine nouns which end in consonants follow a different declension. In this declension, velar consonants and sometimes /ʋ/ shift to become postalveolar in the prepositional singular and the direct plural, with /k g x ʋ/ becoming /tʃ ʒ ʃ ʒ/. Similarly to /ʋ~z/, this has been regularized in most words, but kept in a handful of irregular words. Using "fut" (foot, m), "zek" (oak, f), and "mav" (boy, m) as examples:

	Comm. Sing.	Comm. Pl.	Comm. Sing.	Comm. Pl.	Comm. Sing.	Comm. Pl.
Direct	fut	futev	zek	zečev	mav	mažev
Prepositional	futev	futam	zečev	zekam	mažev	mavam

Two other irregularities can happen. /ɛ/ and /ɤ/ sometimes disappear before non-zero endings, and /j/ sometimes appears after labial, dental, and alveolar consonants. Using "kân" (family, n.) and "sân" (son, m.) as examples:

	Neut. Sing.	Neut. Pl.	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.
Direct	kân	knja /cɲa/	sân	snev
Prepositional	knja	knjam	snev	snam

Finally, the four family words, "bruthe" (brother, m.), "dote" (daughter, f.), "mude" (mother, f.), and "sveste" (sister, f.) follow an irregular declension.

	Sing.	Pl.
Direct	bruthe	bruther
Prepositional	bruther	bruthram

Adžektive

Similarly to nouns, adjectives are inflected for two numbers and two cases. However, there are two key differences from nominal inflection. First, they have an additional form called the predicative, which functions as a third case. It's derived from the strong nominative and is used after copular verbs. And second, similarly to Romanian, there are no neuter adjectives. Instead, neuter nouns agree with masculine adjectives and determiners in the singular and feminine adjectives and determiners in the plural.
Unlike with nouns, the historical hard and soft declensions are still distinguishable, although they only differ for feminine nouns. In the hard declension, velar consonants undergo a mix of palatalizations, so for clarity, they will be treated as a third declension. Using "gud" (good, h.), "galík" (similar, v.), and "rič" (rich, s.) as examples:

Hard	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Predicative	gud	gude	guda	gudo
Direct	guda	gudan	gudo	gudon
Prepositional	guden	gudam	gudon	gudom

Velar	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Predicative	galik	galice	galika	galiko
Direct	galika	galikan	galiko	galikon
Prepositional	galičen	galikam	galikon	galikom

Soft	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Predicative	rič	riče	riča	riče
Direct	riča	ričan	riče	ričen
Prepositional	ričen	ričam	ričen	ričem

Additionally, a substantial number of nouns called weak nouns, such as "glaga" (cross, m.) and "tigo" (tongue, language; f.) are declined like adjectives, although they use the direct case after the copula, not the predicative. This class actually includes borrowed neuter nouns from Slavic, which were reanalyzed as weak feminine nouns.

Determinante ja Pronome

Pronouns also distinguish an accusative case, as opposed to the direct/nominative. However, apart from 3rd person pronouns, the accusative and prepositional are identical. Gender is only distinguished in the 3rd person nominative, with neuters following the same rules for agreement as with adjectives. Starting with personal pronouns:

	1S	2S	3S.M	3S.F	1P	2P	3P.M	3P.F	Ref.
Nom.	ik	thi	jen	jena	vi	ji	jene	jeno
Acc.	me	the	na	na	vis	izo	je	je	se
Prep.	me	the	ze	ze	vis	izo	im	im	se

Two other notable pronouns are the interrogative and demonstrative.

	Interrogative
Nominative	hva
Accusative	hvana
Prepositional	hvame

Demonstrative	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	sah	theh	suh	thuzoh
Prepositional	thamoh	themoh	thamoh	themoh

Unlike most other Balkan languages, but similarly to Greek, the definite article is an independent word before the noun, as opposed to a suffix. Additionally, "sâm" (cf. some) is occasionally used as an indefinite article, but is substantially less common than in English.

Definite	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	sa	the	su	thu
Prepositional	tham	them	tham	them

Indefinite	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	sâm	sme	sma	smu
Prepositional	smam	smem	smam	smem

Most other determiners, including possessive determiners, follow the pattern of "min" (my). Other words declined this was include "thin" (thy), "vičer" (our), "jecver" (your), sin (his/hetheir), "svalik" (such), "al" (all), "hvar" (which), and "cvelik" (what kind). Note that "svalik" and "cvelik" undergo softening to "-lice" in the direct masculine plural, similarly to velar adjectives, and that the direct feminine plural of "hvar" is "hvari", similarly to soft adjectives.
Also, while reflexive and non-reflexive possession are not distinguished in determiners, they are distinguished predicatively as "do se" vs "du ze/im". The defective adjective "ava" can be used after "sin" to emphasize reflexivity. It follows the hard declension, but becomes "ažen" in the prepositional masculine singular and lacks predicative forms.

	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Pl.	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Pl.
Direct	min	mine	mina	mino
Prepositional	minam	minem	minam	minem

Verbe

There are three main conjugation classes of verbs, based on the 1st person singular, which is also the citation form, the A, O, and E conjugations. Verbs are conjugated for two tenses, the past and non-past. In the non-past, there are 1S, 2S, 3S, and plural forms, while in the past, there are only singular and plural forms. There are also six other forms. The singular and plural imperative; the infinitive, which acts as a verbal noun in sentences like "swimming is fun"; the present participle, which is an adverb describing ongoing action like "While watching TV..."; the past participle, which is an adjective with past passive meaning and is used for certain compound tenses; and the subjunctive, which is used as the complement of certain verbs. The subjunctive can also predicate a sentence with jussive meaning, as a 1st or 3rd person imperative, like "thy kingdom come".

1st conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs whose citation form ends in -a. Using "huža" (I hear) as an example:

	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	huža	hužde
2S	hužes	hužde	huž
3S	hužeth	hužde
Pl	hužath	huždath	hužeth

Inf. hužan; Pres. Part. hužadava; Past Part. hužed, hužda; Subj. huže
This conjugation includes two classes of irregular verbs. Strong verbs have an irregular past stem and past participle, like "bida" (I wait) becoming "bede" (I waited) or "bedan" (waited). J-presents also have an irregular past stem, but always use the past stem directly for the past participle, like "suča" (I seek) becoming "sute" (I sought) or "sut" (sought).

2nd Conjugation

The second conjugation includes verbs whose citation form ends in -o. This is the most productive class, and generally the one new verbs are coined in, like "guglo" (I google). Using "fesko" (I fish) as an example:

	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	fesko	feskode
2S	feskos	feskode	feska
3S	feskoth	feskode
Pl	feskath	feskodath	feskoth

Inf. feskon; Pres. Part. feskadava; Past Part. feskod, feskoda; Subj. fesko

3rd Conjugation

This is a small class of verbs whose citation form ends in -e. It's also productive, primarily being used when the noun ends in a postalveolar or palatal consonant. It's nearly identical to the 2nd conjugation, but changes the thematic -o- to a thematic -e-. Using "balje" (I roar) as an example:

	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	balje	baljede
2S	baljes	baljede	balja
3S	baljeth	baljede
Pl	baljath	baljedath	baljeth

Inf. baljen; Pres. Part. baljadava; Past Part. baljed, baljeda; Subj. balje

To Be

As in other Indo-European languages, "to be" is irregular.

	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	im	vase
2S	iz	vase	ves
3S	ist	vase
Pl	sed	vesath	veseth

Inf. vesan; Pres. Part. vesadava; Past Part. vesan, vesana; Subj. ši

Notable Compound Tenses

The particle "vel" is used before the past for the future-in-past or the non-past for the future. The strong verb "vretha, vrathe, vradan" is used with the past participle to form a passive voice. The irregular 1st conjugation verb "havja, hade, had" is used with the past participle to form the perfect aspect. Note that in the perfect, the past participle uses the predicative form, but agrees with the direct object of the verb. (Or defaults to the masculine singular if it's intransitive)

Oi gente, eu já até fiz uma postagem aqui falando de mim , mas decidi fazer uma melhor 😊
Sou do gênero não binário uso pronomes Ela/dela , sou demissexual e bi
Tenho 27 anos , gosto de aprender coisas, sei jogar xadrez nível " entendo algo, mas não sou foda " , me inscrevi em uma faculdade online de Investigação e Perícia Criminal ( tô ansiosa ) e é isso ! Estou procurando pessoas que se identifique comigo, é difícil para mim a demissexualidade , teve gente falando que eu me sinto melhor que os outros por isso, é bem triste .. e meu gênero neutro também não é aceito nem bem visto pela sociedade, todos querem que determine meu gênero , só minha mamãe me aceita 💙 então vim buscar amizades que possam me entender e não mas me sentir pressionada

NOTE: THIS FAQ IS DEPRECATED AND WON'T BE UPDATED. SEE THE NEW FAQ HERE:
https://www.reddit.com/French/comments/1629pyf/faq_read_this_first/
Hello /French and /FrenchHelp
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Where can I find resources?

Our Resources page!
Look there first. You'll find lots of stuff, from podcast lists to free help to helpful or interested posts from this sub. You can find the link in the Info button at the top of /French.

How do I get started (or progress in) learning French?

Everyone is different. Flashcards, using spaced-repetition, is pretty clearly a good idea for learning vocabulary. Aside from that, it depends on your budget, your motivation, your willingness to try different approaches, and more.
Here are some personal stories from /French members:

• From A1 to C1 listening in a year
• Resources for passing the C1 exam
• To C1 from 0
• 0 to A2 in six months

Where can I chat with French speakers (and other learners)? Can I find a language partner here?

We don't allow people to make posts in the subreddit looking for partners. But we do have a monthly thread for that kind of thing.
Try our free Discord server! We have literally thousands of members, chatting in text and audio, with channels for beginners and more advanced people. We also have channels with nothing but helpful tips for learners, and even one for asking NSFW questions (which aren't allowed in our subreddit).
You could also try some third-party sites and apps, such as HelloTalk.

What does [INSERT WORD] mean? How do I say [INSERT WORD] in French?

Probably better to check a dictionary than to ask about single words in this sub. If you have a whole sentence or paragraph, and can't figure out the meaning from the dictionary or context, then definitely paste the whole thing in a post and ask about the specific word or words you're having trouble with.
Note that we don't allow translation requests if you haven't tried to translate it yourself in the post.
TRANSLATORS vs. DICTIONARIES
Don't use electronic translators for single words. Use one of the many online dictionaries, mostly free, like the amazing WordReference.com. Some are expensive, like Robert-Collins (which I think is fantastic). There are plenty of them out there.
If you're checking some French text, or trying to get an idea of what your English might look like in French, then I personally recommend deepl.com over translate.google.com. They're both... ok. But deepl is better, in my experience.
These translators work a lot better with plenty of context and translating FROM French into your target language. That's because they'll make mistakes, which you can better spot in your language than you can in French.

How do I pronounce [INSERT WORD]?

Visit https://forvo.com and plug it in! They have multiple examples of native speakers pronouncing words and phrases, and they even have an app.

Where can I find French podcasts and YouTube channels that are suitable for learners?

Try this great post from a member.

What about French outside of France?

This sub is about the French language, in all its variations around the world.
I don't have resources to post for every single flavour of French, but the MOST frequent questions we get about French outside of France are about Canadian French.
Here's a video explaining some of the differences between French in Canada and French in France, particularly Parisian French. (Note that even within France, there are regional differences.)

How do I know whether a noun is masculine or feminine?

There is no 100% perfect method. Except when a person (or often an animal) is actually male or female, grammatical gender is unrelated to sexual gender. Grammatical gender is just a category of words, and might as well be called "cat. X and cat. Y" rather than "masculine" and "feminine."
When you learn a noun, you should learn its gender at the same time. Don't learn "pomme = apple". Learn "La / une pomme = the / an apple".
There are some shortcuts, but they all contain exceptions. Here's a shortcut that will give you the right answer 80% of the time (shamelessly stolen from here. Go there for more details and more accurate rules).
The 80% accuracy shortcut:
FEMININE ENDINGS

• The majority of words that end in -e or -ion.
• Except words ending in -age, -ege, -é, or -isme (these endings often indicate masculine words).

MASCULINE ENDINGS
Most words with other endings are masculine.

The pronouns En and Y

Here's some help:
En
Y

When do I use passé composé vs. imparfait?

Here's one resource. If this doesn't seem clear, then search around!
https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammapasse-compose-vs-imparfait/

When do you use avoir vs. être for composé tenses?

This is one of those things that has been made harder than it is. There are several words that take être instead of avoir in composé tenses (like passé composé). The rest don't.
All pronominal verbs. (Like se coucher.) You don't have to memorise these words, because you'll see that they fit the pattern.
The verbs in this picture when they don't take a direct object. (That is, je suis sorti. No direct object. But J'ai sorti la viande du four. Direct object.) Some people point out that they're mostly changes in motion or state. But the best thing is just to memorise them and be done with it.

When do I say, "il est" vs. "c'est"? (C'est une femme. Elle est belle.)

Here's a page on it. The thing that surprises some people is that c'est can refer to people. It's NOT just for inanimate objects.

What prepositions go with what verbs?

Good luck. There is no rule. The thing to remember is that the preposition is determined by the PRECEDING verb or phrase. In other words, in the French sentence "I want to eat" (je veux manger), the lack of a preposition isn't determined by "manger," but by "veux."
A good dictionary usually has examples of verbs in use.
Here's a page about it. And here's a downloadable Google sheet that you can import into a flashcard app like Brainscape or Anki. This list doesn't have ALL verbs, but it has a lot.

Are there non-binary French pronouns?

There are some experimental terms that have gotten some traction at highly progressive places (like some universities) and among the LGBQT+ community. The most common one is iel (pronounced sort of like ee-ELL).
Le Robert's online dictionary includes it as a word, calling it rare. They also say that they've seen a growth in its use recently.
Pourquoi Le Robert a-t-il intégré le mot « iel » dans son dictionnaire en ligne ?
But most French people don't know that term, and wouldn't really know what you're talking about. So if you hear it or read it, you can recognise it. But using it in the street will probably just confuse people.
How do you use adjectives like belle/beau with people who aren't binary? Mostly, people just use the masculine version. There's no easy answer, and the vast majority of people don't really know or follow any other method. Still, here's a page in French with some thoughts.
Genre

What's all this A1, B2 stuff?

It's the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It's a way that people learning different European languages can agree on levels.
Here's a simplified grid of levels
Here's a grid of levels just for spoken language

When will I be fluent/How long does it take to learn French?

First: the word "fluent" doesn't have a widely accepted meaning. It has been used to mean anything from "being able to have a conversation" to "speaking almost like a native." So don't get caught up in that.
Second: How long it takes depends on lots of factors, including which language you currently speak. English speakers will probably find French easier to learn than Mandarin speakers will.
Third: It will take a long time. Don't believe in shortcuts. Language learning doesn't have to be hard, but it does take lots of time. Expect it to take years before you really feel 100% comfortable.
However, if you're willing to make mistakes and be confused, then you can start to have conversations a lot faster.
NOTE: Though there's disagreement about the best methods of acquiring a language, pretty much everyone agrees that 30 minutes a day is far better than several hours packed into one day a week.

How can I know when a noun or pronoun is plural or singular if they sound the same?

The first answer, as with most things, is context. You're talking about three dogs and you say "ils mangent" because it's three dogs, not one.
The next answer is articles. English "the" doesn't tell you plurality, but you can hear it in the noun itself. The cats. French articles tell you the plurality, so you don't need to hear it in the word. Les chats.
And finally, there's liaison, which helps at least some of the time. Ils aiment sounds different from il aime. And there's never liaison with a singular noun. "Un chat attachant" won't have liaison. So if you hear liaison, then it's not a singular noun.

How does "Il me manque" mean "I miss him"?

Manquer is a tricky one for people coming from English.
It means slightly different things, depending on which preposition you use (or if you don't use one at all).
For a good run-down of manquer, see this article from Lawless French.

I saw a "de" when I expected a "des". Why?

You probably saw either a negative construction, an expression of quantity, or an adjective preceding a noun.
DE with negative constructions
DE with expressions of quantity
DE before adjectives that precede a noun

When do you use bon vs. bien

People have told you that bon is an adjective and bien is an adverb. NOT SO FAST! If you speak with French speakers, you'll hear bien used as an adjective (with être) every single day.
Here's some help.

Why are French subtitles so different from dubbed French?

Basically, it's usually two separate teams, and they have a different mission from each other. The people who do the subtitles have to get the gist across quickly, but hold the words up long enough for people to read them. The people who do dubs don't have those issues.
--
Please feel free to let us know if you think other questions should go here.

Vous pouvez cliquer sur les mots en bleu pour en connaître la définition. Si c'est trop compliqué pour vous, vous trouverez plus bas une version simplifiée de ce post !
J'espère que vous avez bien rangé vos maisons et vos esprits ! 🙂
Je viens de créer une collection regroupant tous les sujets du jour. Vous devriez la voir en ce moment même. N'hésitez pas à cliquer sur "Follow" pour ne rien rater ! 🙌
Aujourd'hui, je poste mon sujet encore plus tard que d'habitude. Ici, il est très très tard. Mais il n'empêche que...

🌈 C'EST L'HEURE DE LA GRAMMAIRE ! 🌈

La semaine dernière, nous avons vu qu'un pronom est un mot servant à remplacer un autre mot ou ensemble de mots dans une phrase pour ne pas avoir à se répéter. 😮
Nous avons vu qu'il en existe plusieurs sortes :

• Les pronoms personnels
• Les pronoms possessifs
• Les pronoms réfléchis
• Les pronoms relatifs
• Les pronoms interrogatifs
• Les pronoms démonstratifs
• Les pronoms indéfinis
• Les pronoms adverbiaux

Après s'être intéressés aux pronoms possessifs, nous allons passer aux pronoms personnels ! 🤓 Le pronom personnel désigne une personne sans faire appel à son nom. Il peut aussi remplacer des noms ou des groupes nominaux ne désignant pas nécessairement une personne, malgré le terme personnel : humains, animaux, modérateurs, objets, concepts, etc. peuvent tous être désignés. Il existe deux types de pronoms personnels :

• Les pronoms personnels sujets
• Les pronoms personnels compléments

Dans cette première partie, nous nous attaquerons aux pronoms personnels sujets. Les pronoms personnels sujets ont la fonction grammaticale de... sujets. Et en français, il n'y a de sujet que s'il y a un verbe quelque part !Il existe trois personnes grammaticales pouvant être désignées par un pronom personnel sujet. Il s'agit d'un héritage linguistique de la culture grecque.

• La première personne, soit la personne qui parle.

Exemple : "Je vais dresser des limaces pour attaquer les salades du potager de mon voisin. 😇"

• La deuxième personne, soit la personne* à qui l'on parle. Elle peut se décliner en deux formes distinctes en fonction du degré d'intimité que l'on a avec l'interlocuteur : on dira "tu" à une personne qui nous est proche et "vous" dans le cas contraire.

Exemples : "Amie limace, tu vas devoir attaquer cette nuit pour que personne ne te voie. Tu pars en éclaireur ! 👀" pour une limace avec laquelle nous partageons un degré d'intimité fort.
"Ne vous inquiétez pas, mère de mon amie limace, votre enfant limace reviendra sauf de sa mission ! 🙏" pour une limace avec laquelle nous partageons un degré d'intimité faible.

• La troisième personne, soit la personne ou la chose dont on parle. Elle se décline en fonction du sexe : on dira "elle" si l'on désigne une personne de sexe féminin et "il" pour désigner une personne de sexe masculin.

Exemple : "Attention, limace ! Le voisin est proche ! Il arrive... 😱"
Il est possible d'utiliser ces pronoms personnels sujets au pluriel :

• Nous dirons "nous" à la première personne.

Exemple : "Amies limaces, nous formons une bonne équipe et nous triompherons ! 💪"

• "Vous" à la deuxième personne. Cette forme est similaire au "vous" de politesse vu plus haut, mais désigne cette fois plusieurs personnes. Il n'y a pas de notion de degré d'intimité dans ce cas.

Exemple : "Habitants du pays des limaces, vous avez réussi votre mission ! Bravo ! 👏"

• "Elles" pour la troisième personne de sexe féminin et "ils" pour la troisième personne de sexe masculin.

Exemple : "Bonjour, cher voisin ! Je vois que tes salades ont l'air mal en point... Auraient-elles eu un souci pendant la nuit ? 😉😉😉"
Il existe un autre pronom indéfini souvent utilisé pour se substituer à "nous" dans un cadre très informel. Il s'agit du pronom "on".
Dans un de ses usages classiques, le pronom "on" est utilisé pour désigner une personne ou un groupe de personnes indéterminées.
Dans ce cas, on n'accordera jamais ni adjectif ni participe passé.
Exemple : "Oh non ! on est allé dans mon potager et on a mangé toutes mes salades... 😥"
Mais dans le cas d'un usage très familier remplaçant le "nous", il faudra accorder en genre et en nombre, en fonction des personnes désignées. Cela peut être utile, par exemple pour retranscrire des conversations.
Exemple : "Avec mes potes limaces, on est allés au bar pour prendre une bière et se détendre un peu après cette rude journée ! 🍻"
Enfin, vous noterez que les pronoms personnels sont très utilisés en français, et ce malgré le fait que la personne grammaticale puisse souvent être identifiée grâce la conjugaison du verbe seule. 🤷
Cette caractéristique contraste avec d'autres langues utilisant beaucoup moins leurs pronoms personnels. Le japonais, par exemple !
*Il est aussi possible que vous vous adressiez à une chose, une porte par exemple, auquel cas vous êtes sûrement fou. 😶

🌈 WOW, C’ÉTAIT BIEN ! 🌈

Je m'arrête ici aujourd'hui, parce que c'est un sujet particulièrement dense. Ça explique en partie mon retard ! 🤐
Voici mon sujet du jour :

• Avez-vous rencontré des difficultés avec les pronoms personnels en français ?
• Est-ce plus facile dans votre langue ?
• Pensez-vous qu'utiliser le pronom indéfini "on" à la place du pronom personnel "nous" est une façon d'exprimer une volonté de s'extraire des responsabilités du collectif ? 🤔
• Avez-vous compris quelque chose à la question précédente ? 🙆‍♂️

​
Vous avez le devoir d'utiliser les règles de la langue française. J'y ai ajouté la liste complète des points de grammaire ! 🤗
À demain.
VERSION SIMPLIFIÉE :
Aujourd'hui, je vous parle des pronoms personnels. 🥳
Il en existe 8 différents :
Je désigne celui qui s'exprime.
Tu désigne celui à qui il parle. Il devient vous si l'on veut exprimer une forme de politesse marquée.
Il désigne celui dont on parle, s'il est de sexe masculin.
Elle désigne celle dont on parle, si elle est de sexe féminin.
Nous désigne l'ensemble des personnes qui s'expriment, si elles sont plus que un.
Vous désigne l'ensemble des personnes à qui l'on parle, si elles sont plus que un.
Ils et elles désignent l'ensemble des personnes dont on parle, si elles sont plus que un, en fonction de leur sexe.
Voici le sujet :

• Avez-vous rencontré des difficultés avec les pronoms personnels en français ?
• Est-ce plus facile dans votre langue ?

Vous pouvez partager des règles de la langue française ! J'y ai ajouté la liste complète des points de grammaire ! 🤗
À plus tard !

Just a reminder to all: if you didn't write yesterday, 1 is your streak. Please put your subject as "Streak [number]: [subject]."
Please tag your post with "Corrigez-moi !" flair so we know you want correction.
Beginners, this subreddit is for you. Don't hesitate to make mistakes. That's how you learn.
As always, write whatever you like. If you don't have a topic, then use one of ours and it doesn’t have to be this one. Check out other Writing Topics on the left.
Please feel free to interact with each other (comment on each other's posts) as long as you write it in the language you learn. The more you interact, the more you practice writing.
Please help each other by correcting each other's work too. It also helps to enforce your knowledge. If you're fluent in french, we definitely need your help correcting all the posts. There are too many posts without correction.
If you're fluent in Spanish, English or German, please consider helping us by correcting posts on WriteStreakES, WriteStreakEN, and WriteStreakGerman.

Je n'ai toujours pas le temps de faire de sujet simplifié... 😭 Mais ce n'est pas compliqué, promis. 😉
Salut les Writestreakeurs !
C'est la deuxième fois que j'écris ce sujet. J'ai perdu la première version quand j'ai fermé la page par erreur. Ça ne m'a pas du tout énervé. 🙂
...
🤬🤬🤬
Enfin bref ! 😤
Hier, j'ai sollicité votre aide pour améliorer les flairs de WriteStreak. Merci à ceux qui ont répondu ! 👍
Je n'ai pas le temps de le faire tout de suite, mais ce sera fait.
Mais je vais quand même vous faire un point de grammaire. Pourquoi ?
Parce que...

🌈 C'EST L'HEURE DE LA GRAMMAIRE ! 🌈

Et quand c'est l'heure, c'est l'heure. 😶
Aujourd'hui, sous vos yeux ébahis, je vais vous parler des pronoms.
Les pronoms sont des mots remplaçant d'autres éléments d'une phrase pour éviter les répétitions.
Il existe plusieurs sortes de pronoms :

• Les pronoms personnels
• Les pronoms possessifs
• Les pronoms réfléchis
• Les pronoms relatifs
• Les pronoms interrogatifs
• Les pronoms démonstratifs
• Les pronoms indéfinis
• Les pronoms adverbiaux

Et aujourd'hui, je vais me concentrer sur les pronoms possessifs. Parce que c'est comme ça ! 😁
Au lieu d'écrire

"Hier, mon voisin a essayé de mettre dans mes chaussures tous les chewing-gums que j'avais collés dans les chaussures de mon voisin."

Je vais préférer

"Hier, mon voisin a essayé de mettre dans mes chaussures tous les chewing-gums que j'avais collés dans les siennes."

Ici, les siennes est ce qu'on appelle un pronom possessif. Il vient remplacer ce qui est possédé (les chaussures de mon voisin), pour éviter de le répéter. C'est un mot qui, de ce fait, vient à la fois désigner le possesseur et ce qui est possédé. 😎
Pratique, non ? 😗
Voici la liste des pronoms possessifs :
Au singulier :

• le/la mien(ne),
• le/la tien(ne),
• le/la sien(ne),
• le/la nôtre,
• le/la vôtre,
• le/la leur*

Au pluriel :

• les mien(ne)s,
• les tien(ne)s,
• les sien(ne)s,
• les nôtres,
• les vôtres,
• les leurs

*Il existe un piège avec le/la leur : le mot leur, lorsqu'il n'est pas précédé par le/la, peut être un pronom personnel ou un déterminant possessif. Il est facile de confondre... 😵
Ne vous faites pas avoir ! 🤠
Mais je me consacrerai à ce point plus en détail la prochaine fois.

🌈 WOW, C’ÉTAIT BIEN ! 🌈

Maintenant que ce point de grammaire a été traité, dites-moi :

• Quelles sont les erreurs que vous faites souvent en français ?
• Quels sont les points que vous n'arrivez toujours pas à comprendre ?
• Vais-je supprimer mon texte par erreur une deuxième fois ? 😡
• Khabib a-t-il vraiment pris sa retraite sportive ? 😢

J'essaierai de vous aider !
À demain. 👋
N'oubliez pas les règles de la langue française. 👈

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Riporto qui l'articolo (scritto in lingua Inglese e Anglese) sulla mia lingua artificiale di punta, che ho creato per diversi scopi, primo fra tutti aiutare gli anglofoni nell'apprendimento delle lingue romanze attraverso l'uso di un idioma di transizione ch'includa elementi comuni a tutta la famiglia linguistica.
Anglese Subreddit
Modern English is a hybrid language, formed by 60% of Latin and French terms. This makes it a language with a 26% germanic core that relies on an extensive vocabulary of roots from Latin, Greek, and others.
Moderne Anglesh es un hybride lingue, formed ad 60% de Latine ed Francese termines. Queste rende isse une lingue con un 26% germanique core que conte s’un extensive vocabularie de radices del Latine, Graeque ed altres.
This feature makes English a tongue much more connected to Romance languages than other germanic ones like German, Swedish or Dutch.
Queste feture rende l’Anglesh un idiome mul plu connected a Romance lingues que ad altre germanique unes come Germane, Swedese od Nederlandese.
However, at the same time, its irregular pronunciation and other strange characteristics make it difficult to use with fluidity by non-native speakers, and generally, native speakers have problems with foreign languages.
Mae, a le stesse tempe, sue irregulare pronunce ed altre characteristiques rende isse difficile de parlare con fluiditie per non-native parlantes e generalmente, native parlantes habe problemes con forane lingues.
Numerous are the limitations and complications in English morphosyntax, like prefixed adjectives, phrasal verbs, and non-standard rules for past tense.
Numerose son le limitationes e complicationes in Anglesh morphosyntaxe, come adjectives preposte, verbes phrasale e non stendarde regules per tempe passade.
For this reason, I’m developing an alternative language to solve those problems and introduce more variety, but maintaining simplicity.
Per queste rasone, ste developpend un alternative lingue per solvere queste problemes ed introducere plu varietie, mae mantenende le simplicitie.
The result of this research is ANGLESE, the Romance version of English.
Le resulte de queste recerque es ANGLESE*, le Romance versione de l’Anglesh.*
Evolution of Anglese — Evolutione de l’AngleseLatin — Latine
Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque iuribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et more fraterno iis erga alios se gerendum est.
Britannic Vulgar — Britannique Vulgare
Omne humanes liberi et aequali in dignita ed iuriti sun nate. Ili cum ratione et conscientia sun dotati et uni vers alteri in spiritu de fraternita deben agere.
Middle Anglese — Medie Anglese
Tote humanes esseres sun nated libere ed aequale in dignitie ed dirites. Illis sun doted de ratione ed conscientie ed deben agere une verse altris in spiritie de fraternitie.
Modern Anglese — Anglese Moderne
Tote human esseres son nated liber ed equal in dignitie e dirites. Illes son doted de ration e conscience e deben ager une vers altres in spirite de fraternitie.
Modern English — Moderne Anglesh
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
HISTORY
The Roman Emperor Theodosius I name as heirs (with equal dignity) the two sons Arcadius and Honorius. Upon his death, in 395 p.C., the Empire does not divide. The two heirs decide to rule over the Empire in a Diarchy, joining forces to contrast the Barbaric pression at the borders.
L’Imperatore Romane Theodosius I nomine come heredes (con equale dignitie) le due filies Arcadius ed Honorius. Ad ille morte, in 395 p.C., l’Impere non se divide. Le due heredes decide de gubernar su l’Impere in une Diarchie, unend le forces per contrastar le Barbare pressione ad le confines.
From this moment, the history of the Empire follows a similar evolution to one of our study, but with important differences. All the Provinces remain under the control of political, social, and cultural influence of the Romans, and many regions developed in the centuries a Latin (or Greek for the East) identity, including Britannia, becomin’ a global power after independence in XV century.
De queste momente, le historie de l’Impere seque une simile evolutione ad quelle que nos studie, mae con importante differences. Tote le Provinces remane subte le controlle de l’influence politique, sociale ed culturale de le Romanes, ed multe regiones developpe in secules une Latine (od Graeque in le Est) identitie, includend Britannia, que devene une globale potence poste l’independence in XV secule.
With Anglese, also Latin evolve in a simplified form (remaining the cultural language until the XIX century and an important lingua franca in modern times).
Con l’Anglese, anque le Latine evolve in une simplificated forme (remanend le lingue culturale fin ad le XIX secule ed une importante lingua franca in moderne tempes).
SPQB — Senatus PopulusQue Britannicus
The name Anglese comes from the Angles people. In this alternate history, the Germanic tribes, at some point, become the Foederati (federates), allies of the Romans (who are stronger than ever due to the enduring union) in defending borders or entire Provinces from the other Barbaric invasions.
In exchange for their loyalty, those people are given the progressive administration of Provinces, and so the Angles people receive Britannia as their “headquarter” to defend it from Celtic tribes or Germanic dissidents. Long story short, they establish here their new homeland and assimilate completely to the Latin culture, but maintain their name and some germanic influence on the language.
The result, in the centuries, is first Britannique Vulgare (or simply Britannique Latine) and then modern Anglese (taking its name from the people who developed it in the soil of Britannia, just like Francese for the Franques or Italiane for the Italianes).
The influence of French (and many other languages) take place because of the Norman conquest of England (in the alternate history, Angleterre already tried to separate from the Roman Empire, but a contingent guided by William I on request of the Roman establishment prevents this from happening and in return, the Franques can rule over Britannia and the Anglese people lose their control for this period). England is now called Angleterre (Angle = Eng- / terre = land [the term lande exist too in other uses]), but since Latin is the official administrative language, it maintains (parallelly) the name of Britannia (or Britannie).
The future whole UK will be named United Regne de Grande Britannie ed Irlande and the British Empire Britannique Impere.
It will gain independence during the so-called period of Secession Wars of the XV century from the central Holy Roman Empire (the new name for the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity, but used for the whole, not only for the Germanic one) and the Roman Empire will collapse completely around 1500, starting the Age of Empires, heirs of its political power and spreading the Latin culture across the globe.
The Holy Roman Empire is the 2nd phase of the Roman Empire after the Christianization of the continent, but Rome is still the capital and the Germanic people are still “Romans”.
The Age of Explorations start in the XIV century (after a long series of wars between the secessionist powers) and since the Empire still exists at this point (in minor measure), all the main discoveries are “Roman”.
If Anglish tries to be 100% Germanic, Anglese is the exact opposite, being based on 100% Latin-Greek roots, but maintaining a similar morphosyntactic structure and pronunciation with English. Since modern English is already 60% Latin-Greek and in the sphere of sciences it peaks 90%, I thought it would be interesting to fill the other 40/10% to make it a full Romance language. For those familiar with a bit of Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, other neo-Latin languages, and basic knowledge of Greek etymology, there should be no problems in understanding Anglese.
Se l’Anglish prove ad esser 100% Germanique, Anglese es l’exacte opposte, essend based su 100% Latine-Graeque radices, mae mantenend une simile structure morphosyntactique ed pronunce con English. Posque moderne Anglesh es jam 60% Latine-Graeque ed in le sphere de sciences radiunge 90%, Eo pensed que pot’esser interessante completer le 40/10% restante per render isse une Romance lingue. Per tote quelles familiare con une poque de Latine, Italiane, Spaniole, Portuguese, Francese, altre neo-Latine lingues ed une basique cognoscence de Graeque etymologie, non deb’esser une probleme comprender l’Anglese.
Alphabet — Alphabete

• A a a /a/
• B b bi /b/
• C c ci /k/ — /tʃ/
• D d di /d/
• E e e /e/ — /ɛ/
• F f effe /f/
• G g gi /ɡ/ — /dʒ/
• H h acca —
• I i i /i/ — /j/
• J j ji /dʒ/
• K k kappa /k/
• L l elle /l/
• M m emme /m/
• N n enne /n/ — /ŋ/
• O o o /o/ — /ɔ/
• P p pi /p/
• Q q cu /k(w)/
• R r erre / — /ɾ/
• S s esse /s/ — /z/
• T t ti /t/
• U u u — /w/
• V v vu / vi /v/
• X x ics /ks/
• Y y ii /i/
• Z z zeta /ts/ — /dz/

Basic Sentence Constituents— The cat is on the table — Le catte es su le tabule

1. Noun Phrase — — Article (the/le) — — — Noun (cat/catte)
2. Predicate/Verb Phrase — Verb (is/es)
3. Prepositional Phrase — Preposition (on/su)
4. Nounvo Phrase — Article (the/le) — — Noun (table/tabule)

As we can see, both have the same grammar basics (with Anglese having more freedom in its and a very similar vocabulary, making Anglese easy to learn).
We can also compare the phrase with other languages from different families to see the strict link between then:

• — The cat is on the table
• — Le catte es su le tabule
• — Le chat est sur la table
• — Il gatto è sul tavolo
• — El gato está en la mesa
• — O gato está na mesa
• — El gat està sobre la taula
• — Die Katze liegt auf dem Tisch
• — De kat ligt op tafel

Phrasebook — Phraselibre
— salve — hello (formale)
— halo — hello / hi (informale)
— ave — hail (archaique, militare)
— salutes — greetings
— benvenite — welcome
— come ste tu? — how are thou? (informale)
— come ste vu? — how are you? (formale)
— (Eo) ste bene — I’m good I’m fine
— bene, ed tu? — good, and you?
— male, ed tu? — bad, and you?
— longe tempe non se vide — long time no see
— qual’es tue nome? — what’s your name? (informale)
— mie nome es… — my name is…
— me clame… — my name is… (I’m named…)
— de onde es tu? d’ond’es tu? — where are thou from?
— (Eo) son de… M’es de… — I’m from…
— placere de cognoscer te — nice to meet you pleased
— es une placere — it’s a pleasure
— bone diurne bone die — good morning good day
— bone pomeridie — good afternoon
— bone sere sere — good evening
— bone nocte nocte — good night
— bone fortune — good luck
— salute — cheers
— ad revide — goodbye
— adie — farewell
— per placere — please
— per favore — please
— place — please
— gracie — thanks thank you
— gracie multe gracie mille — thanks a lot thanks a thousand
— multe obligated — much obliged
— si — yes
— no — no
— forse — maybe perhaps
— probabilmente probabilie — probably
— d’accorde bene — alright
— multe bene — very good all right
— tu comprende? comprende tu? — do you understand?
— (Eo) comprende — I understand
— (Eo) non comprende — I don’t understand
— (Eo) sape — I know
— (Eo) non sape — I don’t know
— (Eo) pense de si — I think so
— (Eo) non pense — I don’t think so
— (Eo) habe une idea — I have an idea
— (Eo) non habe idea — I have no idea
— depende — it depends
— (es) vere? — is it true?
— (es) juste? — is it right?
— cos’es queste? — what is this?
— cos’es quelle? — what is that?
— que c’es? — what is it?
— come? — how? what?
— cose? — what?
— perdone? — pardon?
— excuse me? m’excuse? — excuse me?
— (Eo) te ame t’ame — I love you (lover)
— (Eo) te vole bene — I love you (friend)
— (tu) me manque — I miss you
— (tu) me manque multe — I miss you so much
— congratulationes — congratulations
— bone anniversarie — good anniversary birthday
— bone cumpleanne — happy Birthday
— bone Nadie — happy Birthday
— bone appetite — bon appetit enjoy the meal
— bone viage — bon voyage good journey
— aide! adjute! — help!
— es un’emergence! — it’s an emergency!
— attentione! — attention! warning!
— ond’es le bagne? — where’s the bath?
— ond’es le cocine? — where’s the kitchen?
— (Eo) vole sapere… — I want to know…
— es possibile? — is it possible?
— non es possibile — it isn’t possible
— quest’es impossibile — that’s impossible
— poss’haber le possibilitie? — can I have the possibility?
— (Eo) vole… — I want…
— quest’es mie matre — this is my mother
— quest’es mie patre — this is my father
— (Eo) prefere far altre — I prefer to do something else
— fe le cose juste — do the right thing
— (Eo) son felice — I’m happy
— (Eo) son triste — I’m sad
— (Eo) son neutrale — I’m neutral
— que hor’es? quale temp’es? — what time is it?
— ond’es mie libre? — where’s my book?
— (Eo) vole dir a te que… — I want to tell you that…
— quest’es le situatione — this is the situation
— silence! — silence!
— silente! zitte! — silent! shut up!
Articules Determinative
L’articule determinative in Anglese es le, invariabile in genere ed numere. In presence de une vocale, se trunque ed devene l’ (non obligatorie).

• le monde the world
• le cane the dog
• le catte the cat
• le visiones the visions
• le colores the colors
• l’objecte the object
• l’antique the ancient
• l’home the man
• l’artes the arts

Articules Indeterminative
Le articules indeterminative in Anglese son un, un’, une, de (partitive).

• une monde a world
• une persone a person
• un’idea an idea
• un’objecte an object
• de lacte some milk
• de cafe some coffee

Pronomes Subjecte / Subjective
Le pronomes personale subgecte Anglese son le medesime de l’English, plus alcune variantes. Quest’ultime son formes plu precise per capire immediatamente le generes, mae non son obligatorie. In Anglese le subjecte pot’esser semper expressed od non expressed, dependend le contexte.

• Eo I standarde capitale
• Y I informale capitale
• tu thou informale
• vu you formale singulare
• ille he informale
• illa she informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• elle he formale
• ella she formale
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor they plurale
• illes they informal neutre
• illas they informale feminine
• elles they formale neutre
• ellas they formale neutre
• isses they plurale neutre
• issas they plurale feminine

Pronomes Objecte / Objective
Le promome objecte responde ad le demande “que?”, “que cose?”.

• me me standarde capitale
• te thee informale
• ve you formale singulare
• ille him informale
• illa her informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor them plurale

Pronomes Possessive / Adjectives
Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• mie my
• tue thy informale
• vue your formale
• sue his/its neutre
• sua heits femenine
• nostre our plurale
• noster our plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• vostre your plurale
• voster your plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• lor their plurale

Pronomes Reflexive
Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• me stesse / mestesse myself
• te stesse / testesse myself
• se stesse / sestesse himself / itself
• se stessa / sestessa herself
• nos stesse / nostesse ourselves
• vos stesse / vostesse yourselves

Nomes / SubstantivesPLURALES
Le plurale se forme adiungend une -s poste le vocale finale de le nome. Tote le substantives evolved per guarantir une facile formatione plurale.

• home man homes men
• cane dog canes dogs
• arbore tree arbores trees
• donna woman donnas women

GENERES
Le generes in Anglese son neutre, masculine ed femenine, mae in le majore parte de le cases neutre ed masculine son correspondente.

• Le neutre es semper in -e (neutre finale in major cases)
• Le masculine (rare) se pote formar in -o
• Le femenine se forme in -a

VERBES
Le forme infinite de le verbes seque tre conjugationes: -are, -ere, -ire.
Per formar le tempe present indicative, se use -e finale. Per formar le tempe passade, se use -ed finale. Per le future simple, -erer. Per le subjunctive (od conjunctive), -eser. Per le gerunde, -end.

• andare / ande / anded / anderer / andeser / andend
• volere / vole / voled / volerer / voleser / volend
• audire / aude / auded / auderer / audeser / audend
• Eo ande (I go) / Eo anded (I went) / Eo anderer (I will go) / Eo andeser (I would go)
• Eo vole (I want) / Eo voled (I wanted) / Eo volerer (I will want) / Eo voleser (I would want)
• Eo aude (I listen) / Eo auded (I listened) / Eo auderer (I will listen) / Eo audeser (I would listen)

Anglese Subreddit
Modern English is a hybrid language, formed by 60% of Latin and French terms. This makes it a language with a 26% germanic core that relies on an extensive vocabulary of roots from Latin, Greek, and others.
Moderne Anglesh es un hybride lingue, formed ad 60% de Latine ed Francese termines. Queste rende isse une lingue con un 26% germanique core que conte s’un extensive vocabularie de radices del Latine, Graeque ed altres.
This feature makes English a tongue much more connected to Romance languages than other germanic ones like German, Swedish or Dutch.
Queste feture rende l’Anglesh un idiome mul plu connected a Romance lingues que ad altre germanique unes come Germane, Swedese od Nederlandese.
However, at the same time, its irregular pronunciation and other strange characteristics make it difficult to use with fluidity by non-native speakers, and generally, native speakers have problems with foreign languages.
Mae, a le stesse tempe, sue irregulare pronunce ed altre characteristiques rende isse difficile de parlare con fluiditie per non-native parlantes e generalmente, native parlantes habe problemes con forane lingues.
Numerous are the limitations and complications in English morphosyntax, like prefixed adjectives, phrasal verbs, and non-standard rules for past tense.
Numerose son le limitationes e complicationes in Anglesh morphosyntaxe, come adjectives preposte, verbes phrasale e non stendarde regules per tempe passade.
For this reason, I’m developing an alternative language to solve those problems and introduce more variety, but maintaining simplicity.
Per queste rasone, ste developpend un alternative lingue per solvere queste problemes ed introducere plu varietie, mae mantenende le simplicitie.
The result of this research is ANGLESE, the Romance version of English.
Le resulte de queste recerque es ANGLESE*, le Romance versione de l’Anglesh.*

Evolution of Anglese — Evolutione de l’Anglese

Latin — Latine

Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque iuribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et more fraterno iis erga alios se gerendum est.

Britannic Vulgar — Britannique Vulgare

Omne humanes liberi et aequali in dignita ed iuriti sun nate. Ili cum ratione et conscientia sun dotati et uni vers alteri in spiritu de fraternita deben agere.

Middle Anglese — Medie Anglese

Tote humanes esseres sun nated libere ed aequale in dignitie ed dirites. Illis sun doted de ratione ed conscientie ed deben agere une verse altris in spiritie de fraternitie.

Modern Anglese — Anglese Moderne

Tote human esseres son nated liber ed equal in dignitie e dirites. Illes son doted de ration e conscience e deben ager une vers altres in spirite de fraternitie.

Modern English — Moderne Anglesh

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

HISTORY

The Roman Emperor Theodosius I name as heirs (with equal dignity) the two sons Arcadius and Honorius. Upon his death, in 395 p.C., the Empire does not divide. The two heirs decide to rule over the Empire in a Diarchy, joining forces to contrast the Barbaric pression at the borders.
L’Imperatore Romane Theodosius I nomine come heredes (con equale dignitie) le due filies Arcadius ed Honorius. Ad ille morte, in 395 p.C., l’Impere non se divide. Le due heredes decide de gubernar su l’Impere in une Diarchie, unend le forces per contrastar le Barbare pressione ad le confines.
From this moment, the history of the Empire follows a similar evolution to one of our study, but with important differences. All the Provinces remain under the control of political, social, and cultural influence of the Romans, and many regions developed in the centuries a Latin (or Greek for the East) identity, including Britannia, becomin’ a global power after independence in XV century.
De queste momente, le historie de l’Impere seque une simile evolutione ad quelle que nos studie, mae con importante differences. Tote le Provinces remane subte le controlle de l’influence politique, sociale ed culturale de le Romanes, ed multe regiones developpe in secules une Latine (od Graeque in le Est) identitie, includend Britannia, que devene une globale potence poste l’independence in XV secule.
With Anglese, also Latin evolve in a simplified form (remaining the cultural language until the XIX century and an important lingua franca in modern times).
Con l’Anglese, anque le Latine evolve in une simplificated forme (remanend le lingue culturale fin ad le XIX secule ed une importante lingua franca in moderne tempes).

SPQB — Senatus PopulusQue Britannicus

The name Anglese comes from the Angles people. In this alternate history, the Germanic tribes, at some point, become the Foederati (federates), allies of the Romans (who are stronger than ever due to the enduring union) in defending borders or entire Provinces from the other Barbaric invasions.
In exchange for their loyalty, those people are given the progressive administration of Provinces, and so the Angles people receive Britannia as their “headquarter” to defend it from Celtic tribes or Germanic dissidents. Long story short, they establish here their new homeland and assimilate completely to the Latin culture, but maintain their name and some germanic influence on the language.
The result, in the centuries, is first Britannique Vulgare (or simply Britannique Latine) and then modern Anglese (taking its name from the people who developed it in the soil of Britannia, just like Francese for the Franques or Italiane for the Italianes).
The influence of French (and many other languages) take place because of the Norman conquest of England (in the alternate history, Angleterre already tried to separate from the Roman Empire, but a contingent guided by William I on request of the Roman establishment prevents this from happening and in return, the Franques can rule over Britannia and the Anglese people lose their control for this period). England is now called Angleterre (Angle = Eng- / terre = land [the term lande exist too in other uses]), but since Latin is the official administrative language, it maintains (parallelly) the name of Britannia (or Britannie).
The future whole UK will be named United Regne de Grande Britannie ed Irlande and the British Empire Britannique Impere.
It will gain independence during the so-called period of Secession Wars of the XV century from the central Holy Roman Empire (the new name for the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity, but used for the whole, not only for the Germanic one) and the Roman Empire will collapse completely around 1500, starting the Age of Empires, heirs of its political power and spreading the Latin culture across the globe.
The Holy Roman Empire is the 2nd phase of the Roman Empire after the Christianization of the continent, but Rome is still the capital and the Germanic people are still “Romans”.
The Age of Explorations start in the XIV century (after a long series of wars between the secessionist powers) and since the Empire still exists at this point (in minor measure), all the main discoveries are “Roman”.
If Anglish tries to be 100% Germanic, Anglese is the exact opposite, being based on 100% Latin-Greek roots, but maintaining a similar morphosyntactic structure and pronunciation with English. Since modern English is already 60% Latin-Greek and in the sphere of sciences it peaks 90%, I thought it would be interesting to fill the other 40/10% to make it a full Romance language. For those familiar with a bit of Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, other neo-Latin languages, and basic knowledge of Greek etymology, there should be no problems in understanding Anglese.
Se l’Anglish prove ad esser 100% Germanique, Anglese es l’exacte opposte, essend based su 100% Latine-Graeque radices, mae mantenend une simile structure morphosyntactique ed pronunce con English. Posque moderne Anglesh es jam 60% Latine-Graeque ed in le sphere de sciences radiunge 90%, Eo pensed que pot’esser interessante completer le 40/10% restante per render isse une Romance lingue. Per tote quelles familiare con une poque de Latine, Italiane, Spaniole, Portuguese, Francese, altre neo-Latine lingues ed une basique cognoscence de Graeque etymologie, non deb’esser une probleme comprender l’Anglese.

Alphabet — Alphabete

• A a a /a/
• B b bi /b/
• C c ci /k/ — /tʃ/
• D d di /d/
• E e e /e/ — /ɛ/
• F f effe /f/
• G g gi /ɡ/ — /dʒ/
• H h acca —
• I i i /i/ — /j/
• J j ji /dʒ/
• K k kappa /k/
• L l elle /l/
• M m emme /m/
• N n enne /n/ — /ŋ/
• O o o /o/ — /ɔ/
• P p pi /p/
• Q q cu /k(w)/
• R r erre / — /ɾ/
• S s esse /s/ — /z/
• T t ti /t/
• U u u — /w/
• V v vu / vi /v/
• X x ics /ks/
• Y y ii /i/
• Z z zeta /ts/ — /dz/

Basic Sentence Constituents

— The cat is on the table — Le catte es su le tabule

1. Noun Phrase — — Article (the/le) — — — Noun (cat/catte)
2. Predicate/Verb Phrase — Verb (is/es)
3. Prepositional Phrase — Preposition (on/su)
4. Nounvo Phrase — Article (the/le) — — Noun (table/tabule)

As we can see, both have the same grammar basics (with Anglese having more freedom in its and a very similar vocabulary, making Anglese easy to learn).
We can also compare the phrase with other languages from different families to see the strict link between then:

• — The cat is on the table
• — Le catte es su le tabule
• — Le chat est sur la table
• — Il gatto è sul tavolo
• — El gato está en la mesa
• — O gato está na mesa
• — El gat està sobre la taula
• — Die Katze liegt auf dem Tisch
• — De kat ligt op tafel

Phrasebook — Phraselibre

— salve — hello (formale)
— halo — hello / hi (informale)
— ave — hail (archaique, militare)
— salutes — greetings
— benvenite — welcome
— come ste tu? — how are thou? (informale)
— come ste vu? — how are you? (formale)
— (Eo) ste bene — I’m good I’m fine
— bene, ed tu? — good, and you?
— male, ed tu? — bad, and you?
— longe tempe non se vide — long time no see
— qual’es tue nome? — what’s your name? (informale)
— mie nome es… — my name is…
— me clame… — my name is… (I’m named…)
— de onde es tu? d’ond’es tu? — where are thou from?
— (Eo) son de… M’es de… — I’m from…
— placere de cognoscer te — nice to meet you pleased
— es une placere — it’s a pleasure
— bone diurne bone die — good morning good day
— bone pomeridie — good afternoon
— bone sere sere — good evening
— bone nocte nocte — good night
— bone fortune — good luck
— salute — cheers
— ad revide — goodbye
— adie — farewell
— per placere — please
— per favore — please
— place — please
— gracie — thanks thank you
— gracie multe gracie mille — thanks a lot thanks a thousand
— multe obligated — much obliged
— si — yes
— no — no
— forse — maybe perhaps
— probabilmente probabilie — probably
— d’accorde bene — alright
— multe bene — very good all right
— tu comprende? comprende tu? — do you understand?
— (Eo) comprende — I understand
— (Eo) non comprende — I don’t understand
— (Eo) sape — I know
— (Eo) non sape — I don’t know
— (Eo) pense de si — I think so
— (Eo) non pense — I don’t think so
— (Eo) habe une idea — I have an idea
— (Eo) non habe idea — I have no idea
— depende — it depends
— (es) vere? — is it true?
— (es) juste? — is it right?
— cos’es queste? — what is this?
— cos’es quelle? — what is that?
— que c’es? — what is it?
— come? — how? what?
— cose? — what?
— perdone? — pardon?
— excuse me? m’excuse? — excuse me?
— (Eo) te ame t’ame — I love you (lover)
— (Eo) te vole bene — I love you (friend)
— (tu) me manque — I miss you
— (tu) me manque multe — I miss you so much
— congratulationes — congratulations
— bone anniversarie — good anniversary birthday
— bone cumpleanne — happy Birthday
— bone Nadie — happy Birthday
— bone appetite — bon appetit enjoy the meal
— bone viage — bon voyage good journey
— aide! adjute! — help!
— es un’emergence! — it’s an emergency!
— attentione! — attention! warning!
— ond’es le bagne? — where’s the bath?
— ond’es le cocine? — where’s the kitchen?
— (Eo) vole sapere… — I want to know…
— es possibile? — is it possible?
— non es possibile — it isn’t possible
— quest’es impossibile — that’s impossible
— poss’haber le possibilitie? — can I have the possibility?
— (Eo) vole… — I want…
— quest’es mie matre — this is my mother
— quest’es mie patre — this is my father
— (Eo) prefere far altre — I prefer to do something else
— fe le cose juste — do the right thing
— (Eo) son felice — I’m happy
— (Eo) son triste — I’m sad
— (Eo) son neutrale — I’m neutral
— que hor’es? quale temp’es? — what time is it?
— ond’es mie libre? — where’s my book?
— (Eo) vole dir a te que… — I want to tell you that…
— quest’es le situatione — this is the situation
— silence! — silence!
— silente! zitte! — silent! shut up!

Articules Determinative

L’articule determinative in Anglese es le, invariabile in genere ed numere. In presence de une vocale, se trunque ed devene l’ (non obligatorie).

• le monde the world
• le cane the dog
• le catte the cat
• le visiones the visions
• le colores the colors
• l’objecte the object
• l’antique the ancient
• l’home the man
• l’artes the arts

Articules Indeterminative

Le articules indeterminative in Anglese son un, un’, une, de (partitive).

• une monde a world
• une persone a person
• un’idea an idea
• un’objecte an object
• de lacte some milk
• de cafe some coffee

Pronomes Subjecte / Subjective

Le pronomes personale subgecte Anglese son le medesime de l’English, plus alcune variantes. Quest’ultime son formes plu precise per capire immediatamente le generes, mae non son obligatorie. In Anglese le subjecte pot’esser semper expressed od non expressed, dependend le contexte.

• Eo I standarde capitale
• Y I informale capitale
• tu thou informale
• vu you formale singulare
• ille he informale
• illa she informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• elle he formale
• ella she formale
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor they plurale
• illes they informal neutre
• illas they informale feminine
• elles they formale neutre
• ellas they formale neutre
• isses they plurale neutre
• issas they plurale feminine

Pronomes Objecte / Objective

Le promome objecte responde ad le demande “que?”, “que cose?”.

• me me standarde capitale
• te thee informale
• ve you formale singulare
• ille him informale
• illa her informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor them plurale

Pronomes Possessive / Adjectives

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• mie my
• tue thy informale
• vue your formale
• sue his/its neutre
• sua heits femenine
• nostre our plurale
• noster our plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• vostre your plurale
• voster your plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• lor their plurale

Pronomes Reflexive

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• me stesse / mestesse myself
• te stesse / testesse myself
• se stesse / sestesse himself / itself
• se stessa / sestessa herself
• nos stesse / nostesse ourselves
• vos stesse / vostesse yourselves

Nomes / Substantives

PLURALES

Le plurale se forme adiungend une -s poste le vocale finale de le nome. Tote le substantives evolved per guarantir une facile formatione plurale.

• home man homes men
• cane dog canes dogs
• arbore tree arbores trees
• donna woman donnas women

GENERES

Le generes in Anglese son neutre, masculine ed femenine, mae in le majore parte de le cases neutre ed masculine son correspondente.

• Le neutre es semper in -e (neutre finale in major cases)
• Le masculine (rare) se pote formar in -o
• Le femenine se forme in -a

VERBES

Le forme infinite de le verbes seque tre conjugationes: -are, -ere, -ire.
Per formar le tempe present indicative, se use -e finale. Per formar le tempe passade, se use -ed finale. Per le future simple, -erer. Per le subjunctive (od conjunctive), -eser. Per le gerunde, -end.

• andare / ande / anded / anderer / andeser / andend
• volere / vole / voled / volerer / voleser / volend
• audire / aude / auded / auderer / audeser / audend
• Eo ande (I go) / Eo anded (I went) / Eo anderer (I will go) / Eo andeser (I would go)
• Eo vole (I want) / Eo voled (I wanted) / Eo volerer (I will want) / Eo voleser (I would want)
• Eo aude (I listen) / Eo auded (I listened) / Eo auderer (I will listen) / Eo audeser (I would listen)

Anglese Subreddit
Modern English is a hybrid language, formed by 60% of Latin and French terms. This makes it a language with a 26% germanic core that relies on an extensive vocabulary of roots from Latin, Greek, and others.
Moderne Anglesh es un hybride lingue, formed ad 60% de Latine ed Francese termines. Queste rende isse une lingue con un 26% germanique core que conte s’un extensive vocabularie de radices del Latine, Graeque ed altres.
This feature makes English a tongue much more connected to Romance languages than other germanic ones like German, Swedish or Dutch.
Queste feture rende l’Anglesh un idiome mul plu connected a Romance lingues que ad altre germanique unes come Germane, Swedese od Nederlandese.
However, at the same time, its irregular pronunciation and other strange characteristics make it difficult to use with fluidity by non-native speakers, and generally, native speakers have problems with foreign languages.
Mae, a le stesse tempe, sue irregulare pronunce ed altre characteristiques rende isse difficile de parlare con fluiditie per non-native parlantes e generalmente, native parlantes habe problemes con forane lingues.
Numerous are the limitations and complications in English morphosyntax, like prefixed adjectives, phrasal verbs, and non-standard rules for past tense.
Numerose son le limitationes e complicationes in Anglesh morphosyntaxe, come adjectives preposte, verbes phrasale e non stendarde regules per tempe passade.
For this reason, I’m developing an alternative language to solve those problems and introduce more variety, but maintaining simplicity.
Per queste rasone, ste developpend un alternative lingue per solvere queste problemes ed introducere plu varietie, mae mantenende le simplicitie.
The result of this research is ANGLESE, the Romance version of English.
Le resulte de queste recerque es ANGLESE*, le Romance versione de l’Anglesh.*

Evolution of Anglese — Evolutione de l’Anglese

Latin — Latine

Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque iuribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et more fraterno iis erga alios se gerendum est.

Britannic Vulgar — Britannique Vulgare

Omne humanes liberi et aequali in dignita ed iuriti sun nate. Ili cum ratione et conscientia sun dotati et uni vers alteri in spiritu de fraternita deben agere.

Middle Anglese — Medie Anglese

Tote humanes esseres sun nated libere ed aequale in dignitie ed dirites. Illis sun doted de ratione ed conscientie ed deben agere une verse altris in spiritie de fraternitie.

Modern Anglese — Anglese Moderne

Tote human esseres son nated liber ed equal in dignitie e dirites. Illes son doted de ration e conscience e deben ager une vers altres in spirite de fraternitie.

Modern English — Moderne Anglesh

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

HISTORY

The Roman Emperor Theodosius I name as heirs (with equal dignity) the two sons Arcadius and Honorius. Upon his death, in 395 p.C., the Empire does not divide. The two heirs decide to rule over the Empire in a Diarchy, joining forces to contrast the Barbaric pression at the borders.
L’Imperatore Romane Theodosius I nomine come heredes (con equale dignitie) le due filies Arcadius ed Honorius. Ad ille morte, in 395 p.C., l’Impere non se divide. Le due heredes decide de gubernar su l’Impere in une Diarchie, unend le forces per contrastar le Barbare pressione ad le confines.
From this moment, the history of the Empire follows a similar evolution to one of our study, but with important differences. All the Provinces remain under the control of political, social, and cultural influence of the Romans, and many regions developed in the centuries a Latin (or Greek for the East) identity, including Britannia, becomin’ a global power after independence in XV century.
De queste momente, le historie de l’Impere seque une simile evolutione ad quelle que nos studie, mae con importante differences. Tote le Provinces remane subte le controlle de l’influence politique, sociale ed culturale de le Romanes, ed multe regiones developpe in secules une Latine (od Graeque in le Est) identitie, includend Britannia, que devene une globale potence poste l’independence in XV secule.
With Anglese, also Latin evolve in a simplified form (remaining the cultural language until the XIX century and an important lingua franca in modern times).
Con l’Anglese, anque le Latine evolve in une simplificated forme (remanend le lingue culturale fin ad le XIX secule ed une importante lingua franca in moderne tempes).

SPQB — Senatus PopulusQue Britannicus

The name Anglese comes from the Angles people. In this alternate history, the Germanic tribes, at some point, become the Foederati (federates), allies of the Romans (who are stronger than ever due to the enduring union) in defending borders or entire Provinces from the other Barbaric invasions.
In exchange for their loyalty, those people are given the progressive administration of Provinces, and so the Angles people receive Britannia as their “headquarter” to defend it from Celtic tribes or Germanic dissidents. Long story short, they establish here their new homeland and assimilate completely to the Latin culture, but maintain their name and some germanic influence on the language.
The result, in the centuries, is first Britannique Vulgare (or simply Britannique Latine) and then modern Anglese (taking its name from the people who developed it in the soil of Britannia, just like Francese for the Franques or Italiane for the Italianes).
The influence of French (and many other languages) take place because of the Norman conquest of England (in the alternate history, Angleterre already tried to separate from the Roman Empire, but a contingent guided by William I on request of the Roman establishment prevents this from happening and in return, the Franques can rule over Britannia and the Anglese people lose their control for this period). England is now called Angleterre (Angle = Eng- / terre = land [the term lande exist too in other uses]), but since Latin is the official administrative language, it maintains (parallelly) the name of Britannia (or Britannie).
The future whole UK will be named United Regne de Grande Britannie ed Irlande and the British Empire Britannique Impere.
It will gain independence during the so-called period of Secession Wars of the XV century from the central Holy Roman Empire (the new name for the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity, but used for the whole, not only for the Germanic one) and the Roman Empire will collapse completely around 1500, starting the Age of Empires, heirs of its political power and spreading the Latin culture across the globe.
The Holy Roman Empire is the 2nd phase of the Roman Empire after the Christianization of the continent, but Rome is still the capital and the Germanic people are still “Romans”.
The Age of Explorations start in the XIV century (after a long series of wars between the secessionist powers) and since the Empire still exists at this point (in minor measure), all the main discoveries are “Roman”.
If Anglish tries to be 100% Germanic, Anglese is the exact opposite, being based on 100% Latin-Greek roots, but maintaining a similar morphosyntactic structure and pronunciation with English. Since modern English is already 60% Latin-Greek and in the sphere of sciences it peaks 90%, I thought it would be interesting to fill the other 40/10% to make it a full Romance language. For those familiar with a bit of Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, other neo-Latin languages, and basic knowledge of Greek etymology, there should be no problems in understanding Anglese.
Se l’Anglish prove ad esser 100% Germanique, Anglese es l’exacte opposte, essend based su 100% Latine-Graeque radices, mae mantenend une simile structure morphosyntactique ed pronunce con English. Posque moderne Anglesh es jam 60% Latine-Graeque ed in le sphere de sciences radiunge 90%, Eo pensed que pot’esser interessante completer le 40/10% restante per render isse une Romance lingue. Per tote quelles familiare con une poque de Latine, Italiane, Spaniole, Portuguese, Francese, altre neo-Latine lingues ed une basique cognoscence de Graeque etymologie, non deb’esser une probleme comprender l’Anglese.

Alphabet — Alphabete

• A a a /a/
• B b bi /b/
• C c ci /k/ — /tʃ/
• D d di /d/
• E e e /e/ — /ɛ/
• F f effe /f/
• G g gi /ɡ/ — /dʒ/
• H h acca —
• I i i /i/ — /j/
• J j ji /dʒ/
• K k kappa /k/
• L l elle /l/
• M m emme /m/
• N n enne /n/ — /ŋ/
• O o o /o/ — /ɔ/
• P p pi /p/
• Q q cu /k(w)/
• R r erre / — /ɾ/
• S s esse /s/ — /z/
• T t ti /t/
• U u u — /w/
• V v vu / vi /v/
• X x ics /ks/
• Y y ii /i/
• Z z zeta /ts/ — /dz/

Basic Sentence Constituents

— The cat is on the table — Le catte es su le tabule

1. Noun Phrase — — Article (the/le) — — — Noun (cat/catte)
2. Predicate/Verb Phrase — Verb (is/es)
3. Prepositional Phrase — Preposition (on/su)
4. Nounvo Phrase — Article (the/le) — — Noun (table/tabule)

As we can see, both have the same grammar basics (with Anglese having more freedom in its and a very similar vocabulary, making Anglese easy to learn).
We can also compare the phrase with other languages from different families to see the strict link between then:

• — The cat is on the table
• — Le catte es su le tabule
• — Le chat est sur la table
• — Il gatto è sul tavolo
• — El gato está en la mesa
• — O gato está na mesa
• — El gat està sobre la taula
• — Die Katze liegt auf dem Tisch
• — De kat ligt op tafel

Phrasebook — Phraselibre

— salve — hello (formale)
— halo — hello / hi (informale)
— ave — hail (archaique, militare)
— salutes — greetings
— benvenite — welcome
— come ste tu? — how are thou? (informale)
— come ste vu? — how are you? (formale)
— (Eo) ste bene — I’m good I’m fine
— bene, ed tu? — good, and you?
— male, ed tu? — bad, and you?
— longe tempe non se vide — long time no see
— qual’es tue nome? — what’s your name? (informale)
— mie nome es… — my name is…
— me clame… — my name is… (I’m named…)
— de onde es tu? d’ond’es tu? — where are thou from?
— (Eo) son de… M’es de… — I’m from…
— placere de cognoscer te — nice to meet you pleased
— es une placere — it’s a pleasure
— bone diurne bone die — good morning good day
— bone pomeridie — good afternoon
— bone sere sere — good evening
— bone nocte nocte — good night
— bone fortune — good luck
— salute — cheers
— ad revide — goodbye
— adie — farewell
— per placere — please
— per favore — please
— place — please
— gracie — thanks thank you
— gracie multe gracie mille — thanks a lot thanks a thousand
— multe obligated — much obliged
— si — yes
— no — no
— forse — maybe perhaps
— probabilmente probabilie — probably
— d’accorde bene — alright
— multe bene — very good all right
— tu comprende? comprende tu? — do you understand?
— (Eo) comprende — I understand
— (Eo) non comprende — I don’t understand
— (Eo) sape — I know
— (Eo) non sape — I don’t know
— (Eo) pense de si — I think so
— (Eo) non pense — I don’t think so
— (Eo) habe une idea — I have an idea
— (Eo) non habe idea — I have no idea
— depende — it depends
— (es) vere? — is it true?
— (es) juste? — is it right?
— cos’es queste? — what is this?
— cos’es quelle? — what is that?
— que c’es? — what is it?
— come? — how? what?
— cose? — what?
— perdone? — pardon?
— excuse me? m’excuse? — excuse me?
— (Eo) te ame t’ame — I love you (lover)
— (Eo) te vole bene — I love you (friend)
— (tu) me manque — I miss you
— (tu) me manque multe — I miss you so much
— congratulationes — congratulations
— bone anniversarie — good anniversary birthday
— bone cumpleanne — happy Birthday
— bone Nadie — happy Birthday
— bone appetite — bon appetit enjoy the meal
— bone viage — bon voyage good journey
— aide! adjute! — help!
— es un’emergence! — it’s an emergency!
— attentione! — attention! warning!
— ond’es le bagne? — where’s the bath?
— ond’es le cocine? — where’s the kitchen?
— (Eo) vole sapere… — I want to know…
— es possibile? — is it possible?
— non es possibile — it isn’t possible
— quest’es impossibile — that’s impossible
— poss’haber le possibilitie? — can I have the possibility?
— (Eo) vole… — I want…
— quest’es mie matre — this is my mother
— quest’es mie patre — this is my father
— (Eo) prefere far altre — I prefer to do something else
— fe le cose juste — do the right thing
— (Eo) son felice — I’m happy
— (Eo) son triste — I’m sad
— (Eo) son neutrale — I’m neutral
— que hor’es? quale temp’es? — what time is it?
— ond’es mie libre? — where’s my book?
— (Eo) vole dir a te que… — I want to tell you that…
— quest’es le situatione — this is the situation
— silence! — silence!
— silente! zitte! — silent! shut up!

Articules Determinative

L’articule determinative in Anglese es le, invariabile in genere ed numere. In presence de une vocale, se trunque ed devene l’ (non obligatorie).

• le monde the world
• le cane the dog
• le catte the cat
• le visiones the visions
• le colores the colors
• l’objecte the object
• l’antique the ancient
• l’home the man
• l’artes the arts

Articules Indeterminative

Le articules indeterminative in Anglese son un, un’, une, de (partitive).

• une monde a world
• une persone a person
• un’idea an idea
• un’objecte an object
• de lacte some milk
• de cafe some coffee

Pronomes Subjecte / Subjective

Le pronomes personale subgecte Anglese son le medesime de l’English, plus alcune variantes. Quest’ultime son formes plu precise per capire immediatamente le generes, mae non son obligatorie. In Anglese le subjecte pot’esser semper expressed od non expressed, dependend le contexte.

• Eo I standarde capitale
• Y I informale capitale
• tu thou informale
• vu you formale singulare
• ille he informale
• illa she informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• elle he formale
• ella she formale
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor they plurale
• illes they informal neutre
• illas they informale feminine
• elles they formale neutre
• ellas they formale neutre
• isses they plurale neutre
• issas they plurale feminine

Pronomes Objecte / Objective

Le promome objecte responde ad le demande “que?”, “que cose?”.

• me me standarde capitale
• te thee informale
• ve you formale singulare
• ille him informale
• illa her informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor them plurale

Pronomes Possessive / Adjectives

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• mie my
• tue thy informale
• vue your formale
• sue his/its neutre
• sua heits femenine
• nostre our plurale
• noster our plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• vostre your plurale
• voster your plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• lor their plurale

Pronomes Reflexive

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• me stesse / mestesse myself
• te stesse / testesse myself
• se stesse / sestesse himself / itself
• se stessa / sestessa herself
• nos stesse / nostesse ourselves
• vos stesse / vostesse yourselves

Nomes / Substantives

PLURALES

Le plurale se forme adiungend une -s poste le vocale finale de le nome. Tote le substantives evolved per guarantir une facile formatione plurale.

• home man homes men
• cane dog canes dogs
• arbore tree arbores trees
• donna woman donnas women

GENERES

Le generes in Anglese son neutre, masculine ed femenine, mae in le majore parte de le cases neutre ed masculine son correspondente.

• Le neutre es semper in -e (neutre finale in major cases)
• Le masculine (rare) se pote formar in -o
• Le femenine se forme in -a

VERBES

Le forme infinite de le verbes seque tre conjugationes: -are, -ere, -ire.
Per formar le tempe present indicative, se use -e finale. Per formar le tempe passade, se use -ed finale. Per le future simple, -erer. Per le subjunctive (od conjunctive), -eser. Per le gerunde, -end.

• andare / ande / anded / anderer / andeser / andend
• volere / vole / voled / volerer / voleser / volend
• audire / aude / auded / auderer / audeser / audend
• Eo ande (I go) / Eo anded (I went) / Eo anderer (I will go) / Eo andeser (I would go)
• Eo vole (I want) / Eo voled (I wanted) / Eo volerer (I will want) / Eo voleser (I would want)
• Eo aude (I listen) / Eo auded (I listened) / Eo auderer (I will listen) / Eo audeser (I would listen)

Anglese Subreddit
Modern English is a hybrid language, formed by 60% of Latin and French terms. This makes it a language with a 26% germanic core that relies on an extensive vocabulary of roots from Latin, Greek, and others.
Moderne Anglesh es un hybride lingue, formed ad 60% de Latine ed Francese termines. Queste rende isse une lingue con un 26% germanique core que conte s’un extensive vocabularie de radices del Latine, Graeque ed altres.
This feature makes English a tongue much more connected to Romance languages than other germanic ones like German, Swedish or Dutch.
Queste feture rende l’Anglesh un idiome mul plu connected a Romance lingues que ad altre germanique unes come Germane, Swedese od Nederlandese.
However, at the same time, its irregular pronunciation and other strange characteristics make it difficult to use with fluidity by non-native speakers, and generally, native speakers have problems with foreign languages.
Mae, a le stesse tempe, sue irregulare pronunce ed altre characteristiques rende isse difficile de parlare con fluiditie per non-native parlantes e generalmente, native parlantes habe problemes con forane lingues.
Numerous are the limitations and complications in English morphosyntax, like prefixed adjectives, phrasal verbs, and non-standard rules for past tense.
Numerose son le limitationes e complicationes in Anglesh morphosyntaxe, come adjectives preposte, verbes phrasale e non stendarde regules per tempe passade.
For this reason, I’m developing an alternative language to solve those problems and introduce more variety, but maintaining simplicity.
Per queste rasone, ste developpend un alternative lingue per solvere queste problemes ed introducere plu varietie, mae mantenende le simplicitie.
The result of this research is ANGLESE, the Romance version of English.
Le resulte de queste recerque es ANGLESE*, le Romance versione de l’Anglesh.*

Evolution of Anglese — Evolutione de l’Anglese

Latin — Latine

Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque iuribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et more fraterno iis erga alios se gerendum est.

Britannic Vulgar — Britannique Vulgare

Omne humanes liberi et aequali in dignita ed iuriti sun nate. Ili cum ratione et conscientia sun dotati et uni vers alteri in spiritu de fraternita deben agere.

Middle Anglese — Medie Anglese

Tote humanes esseres sun nated libere ed aequale in dignitie ed dirites. Illis sun doted de ratione ed conscientie ed deben agere une verse altris in spiritie de fraternitie.

Modern Anglese — Anglese Moderne

Tote human esseres son nated liber ed equal in dignitie e dirites. Illes son doted de ration e conscience e deben ager une vers altres in spirite de fraternitie.

Modern English — Moderne Anglesh

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

HISTORY

The Roman Emperor Theodosius I name as heirs (with equal dignity) the two sons Arcadius and Honorius. Upon his death, in 395 p.C., the Empire does not divide. The two heirs decide to rule over the Empire in a Diarchy, joining forces to contrast the Barbaric pression at the borders.
L’Imperatore Romane Theodosius I nomine come heredes (con equale dignitie) le due filies Arcadius ed Honorius. Ad ille morte, in 395 p.C., l’Impere non se divide. Le due heredes decide de gubernar su l’Impere in une Diarchie, unend le forces per contrastar le Barbare pressione ad le confines.
From this moment, the history of the Empire follows a similar evolution to one of our study, but with important differences. All the Provinces remain under the control of political, social, and cultural influence of the Romans, and many regions developed in the centuries a Latin (or Greek for the East) identity, including Britannia, becomin’ a global power after independence in XV century.
De queste momente, le historie de l’Impere seque une simile evolutione ad quelle que nos studie, mae con importante differences. Tote le Provinces remane subte le controlle de l’influence politique, sociale ed culturale de le Romanes, ed multe regiones developpe in secules une Latine (od Graeque in le Est) identitie, includend Britannia, que devene une globale potence poste l’independence in XV secule.
With Anglese, also Latin evolve in a simplified form (remaining the cultural language until the XIX century and an important lingua franca in modern times).
Con l’Anglese, anque le Latine evolve in une simplificated forme (remanend le lingue culturale fin ad le XIX secule ed une importante lingua franca in moderne tempes).

SPQB — Senatus PopulusQue Britannicus

The name Anglese comes from the Angles people. In this alternate history, the Germanic tribes, at some point, become the Foederati (federates), allies of the Romans (who are stronger than ever due to the enduring union) in defending borders or entire Provinces from the other Barbaric invasions.
In exchange for their loyalty, those people are given the progressive administration of Provinces, and so the Angles people receive Britannia as their “headquarter” to defend it from Celtic tribes or Germanic dissidents. Long story short, they establish here their new homeland and assimilate completely to the Latin culture, but maintain their name and some germanic influence on the language.
The result, in the centuries, is first Britannique Vulgare (or simply Britannique Latine) and then modern Anglese (taking its name from the people who developed it in the soil of Britannia, just like Francese for the Franques or Italiane for the Italianes).
The influence of French (and many other languages) take place because of the Norman conquest of England (in the alternate history, Angleterre already tried to separate from the Roman Empire, but a contingent guided by William I on request of the Roman establishment prevents this from happening and in return, the Franques can rule over Britannia and the Anglese people lose their control for this period). England is now called Angleterre (Angle = Eng- / terre = land [the term lande exist too in other uses]), but since Latin is the official administrative language, it maintains (parallelly) the name of Britannia (or Britannie).
The future whole UK will be named United Regne de Grande Britannie ed Irlande and the British Empire Britannique Impere.
It will gain independence during the so-called period of Secession Wars of the XV century from the central Holy Roman Empire (the new name for the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity, but used for the whole, not only for the Germanic one) and the Roman Empire will collapse completely around 1500, starting the Age of Empires, heirs of its political power and spreading the Latin culture across the globe.
The Holy Roman Empire is the 2nd phase of the Roman Empire after the Christianization of the continent, but Rome is still the capital and the Germanic people are still “Romans”.
The Age of Explorations start in the XIV century (after a long series of wars between the secessionist powers) and since the Empire still exists at this point (in minor measure), all the main discoveries are “Roman”.
If Anglish tries to be 100% Germanic, Anglese is the exact opposite, being based on 100% Latin-Greek roots, but maintaining a similar morphosyntactic structure and pronunciation with English. Since modern English is already 60% Latin-Greek and in the sphere of sciences it peaks 90%, I thought it would be interesting to fill the other 40/10% to make it a full Romance language. For those familiar with a bit of Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, other neo-Latin languages, and basic knowledge of Greek etymology, there should be no problems in understanding Anglese.
Se l’Anglish prove ad esser 100% Germanique, Anglese es l’exacte opposte, essend based su 100% Latine-Graeque radices, mae mantenend une simile structure morphosyntactique ed pronunce con English. Posque moderne Anglesh es jam 60% Latine-Graeque ed in le sphere de sciences radiunge 90%, Eo pensed que pot’esser interessante completer le 40/10% restante per render isse une Romance lingue. Per tote quelles familiare con une poque de Latine, Italiane, Spaniole, Portuguese, Francese, altre neo-Latine lingues ed une basique cognoscence de Graeque etymologie, non deb’esser une probleme comprender l’Anglese.

Alphabet — Alphabete

• A a a /a/
• B b bi /b/
• C c ci /k/ — /tʃ/
• D d di /d/
• E e e /e/ — /ɛ/
• F f effe /f/
• G g gi /ɡ/ — /dʒ/
• H h acca —
• I i i /i/ — /j/
• J j ji /dʒ/
• K k kappa /k/
• L l elle /l/
• M m emme /m/
• N n enne /n/ — /ŋ/
• O o o /o/ — /ɔ/
• P p pi /p/
• Q q cu /k(w)/
• R r erre / — /ɾ/
• S s esse /s/ — /z/
• T t ti /t/
• U u u — /w/
• V v vu / vi /v/
• X x ics /ks/
• Y y ii /i/
• Z z zeta /ts/ — /dz/

Basic Sentence Constituents

— The cat is on the table — Le catte es su le tabule

1. Noun Phrase — — Article (the/le) — — — Noun (cat/catte)
2. Predicate/Verb Phrase — Verb (is/es)
3. Prepositional Phrase — Preposition (on/su)
4. Nounvo Phrase — Article (the/le) — — Noun (table/tabule)

As we can see, both have the same grammar basics (with Anglese having more freedom in its and a very similar vocabulary, making Anglese easy to learn).
We can also compare the phrase with other languages from different families to see the strict link between then:

• — The cat is on the table
• — Le catte es su le tabule
• — Le chat est sur la table
• — Il gatto è sul tavolo
• — El gato está en la mesa
• — O gato está na mesa
• — El gat està sobre la taula
• — Die Katze liegt auf dem Tisch
• — De kat ligt op tafel

Phrasebook — Phraselibre

— salve — hello (formale)
— halo — hello / hi (informale)
— ave — hail (archaique, militare)
— salutes — greetings
— benvenite — welcome
— come ste tu? — how are thou? (informale)
— come ste vu? — how are you? (formale)
— (Eo) ste bene — I’m good I’m fine
— bene, ed tu? — good, and you?
— male, ed tu? — bad, and you?
— longe tempe non se vide — long time no see
— qual’es tue nome? — what’s your name? (informale)
— mie nome es… — my name is…
— me clame… — my name is… (I’m named…)
— de onde es tu? d’ond’es tu? — where are thou from?
— (Eo) son de… M’es de… — I’m from…
— placere de cognoscer te — nice to meet you pleased
— es une placere — it’s a pleasure
— bone diurne bone die — good morning good day
— bone pomeridie — good afternoon
— bone sere sere — good evening
— bone nocte nocte — good night
— bone fortune — good luck
— salute — cheers
— ad revide — goodbye
— adie — farewell
— per placere — please
— per favore — please
— place — please
— gracie — thanks thank you
— gracie multe gracie mille — thanks a lot thanks a thousand
— multe obligated — much obliged
— si — yes
— no — no
— forse — maybe perhaps
— probabilmente probabilie — probably
— d’accorde bene — alright
— multe bene — very good all right
— tu comprende? comprende tu? — do you understand?
— (Eo) comprende — I understand
— (Eo) non comprende — I don’t understand
— (Eo) sape — I know
— (Eo) non sape — I don’t know
— (Eo) pense de si — I think so
— (Eo) non pense — I don’t think so
— (Eo) habe une idea — I have an idea
— (Eo) non habe idea — I have no idea
— depende — it depends
— (es) vere? — is it true?
— (es) juste? — is it right?
— cos’es queste? — what is this?
— cos’es quelle? — what is that?
— que c’es? — what is it?
— come? — how? what?
— cose? — what?
— perdone? — pardon?
— excuse me? m’excuse? — excuse me?
— (Eo) te ame t’ame — I love you (lover)
— (Eo) te vole bene — I love you (friend)
— (tu) me manque — I miss you
— (tu) me manque multe — I miss you so much
— congratulationes — congratulations
— bone anniversarie — good anniversary birthday
— bone cumpleanne — happy Birthday
— bone Nadie — happy Birthday
— bone appetite — bon appetit enjoy the meal
— bone viage — bon voyage good journey
— aide! adjute! — help!
— es un’emergence! — it’s an emergency!
— attentione! — attention! warning!
— ond’es le bagne? — where’s the bath?
— ond’es le cocine? — where’s the kitchen?
— (Eo) vole sapere… — I want to know…
— es possibile? — is it possible?
— non es possibile — it isn’t possible
— quest’es impossibile — that’s impossible
— poss’haber le possibilitie? — can I have the possibility?
— (Eo) vole… — I want…
— quest’es mie matre — this is my mother
— quest’es mie patre — this is my father
— (Eo) prefere far altre — I prefer to do something else
— fe le cose juste — do the right thing
— (Eo) son felice — I’m happy
— (Eo) son triste — I’m sad
— (Eo) son neutrale — I’m neutral
— que hor’es? quale temp’es? — what time is it?
— ond’es mie libre? — where’s my book?
— (Eo) vole dir a te que… — I want to tell you that…
— quest’es le situatione — this is the situation
— silence! — silence!
— silente! zitte! — silent! shut up!

Articules Determinative

L’articule determinative in Anglese es le, invariabile in genere ed numere. In presence de une vocale, se trunque ed devene l’ (non obligatorie).

• le monde the world
• le cane the dog
• le catte the cat
• le visiones the visions
• le colores the colors
• l’objecte the object
• l’antique the ancient
• l’home the man
• l’artes the arts

Articules Indeterminative

Le articules indeterminative in Anglese son un, un’, une, de (partitive).

• une monde a world
• une persone a person
• un’idea an idea
• un’objecte an object
• de lacte some milk
• de cafe some coffee

Pronomes Subjecte / Subjective

Le pronomes personale subgecte Anglese son le medesime de l’English, plus alcune variantes. Quest’ultime son formes plu precise per capire immediatamente le generes, mae non son obligatorie. In Anglese le subjecte pot’esser semper expressed od non expressed, dependend le contexte.

• Eo I standarde capitale
• Y I informale capitale
• tu thou informale
• vu you formale singulare
• ille he informale
• illa she informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• elle he formale
• ella she formale
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor they plurale
• illes they informal neutre
• illas they informale feminine
• elles they formale neutre
• ellas they formale neutre
• isses they plurale neutre
• issas they plurale feminine

Pronomes Objecte / Objective

Le promome objecte responde ad le demande “que?”, “que cose?”.

• me me standarde capitale
• te thee informale
• ve you formale singulare
• ille him informale
• illa her informale
• isse it neutre
• issa it feminine
• nos we/us plurale
• vos you plurale
• lor them plurale

Pronomes Possessive / Adjectives

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• mie my
• tue thy informale
• vue your formale
• sue his/its neutre
• sua heits femenine
• nostre our plurale
• noster our plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• vostre your plurale
• voster your plurale (in presence d’une vocale)
• lor their plurale

Pronomes Reflexive

Le promomes possessive habe ad le stesse tempe functione d’adjectives.

• me stesse / mestesse myself
• te stesse / testesse myself
• se stesse / sestesse himself / itself
• se stessa / sestessa herself
• nos stesse / nostesse ourselves
• vos stesse / vostesse yourselves

Nomes / Substantives

PLURALES

Le plurale se forme adiungend une -s poste le vocale finale de le nome. Tote le substantives evolved per guarantir une facile formatione plurale.

• home man homes men
• cane dog canes dogs
• arbore tree arbores trees
• donna woman donnas women

GENERES

Le generes in Anglese son neutre, masculine ed femenine, mae in le majore parte de le cases neutre ed masculine son correspondente.

• Le neutre es semper in -e (neutre finale in major cases)
• Le masculine (rare) se pote formar in -o
• Le femenine se forme in -a

VERBES

Le forme infinite de le verbes seque tre conjugationes: -are, -ere, -ire.
Per formar le tempe present indicative, se use -e finale. Per formar le tempe passade, se use -ed finale. Per le future simple, -erer.

• andare / ande / anded / anderer
• volere / vole / voled / volerer
• audire / aude / auded / auderer
• Eo ande (I go) / Eo anded (I went) / Eo anderer (I will go)
• Eo vole (I want) / Eo voled (I wanted) / Eo volerer (I will want)
• Eo aude (I listen) / Eo auded (I listened) / Eo auderer (I will listen)