Examples of personal incidents

different genders, same mind

2012.05.01 21:07 different genders, same mind

[link]


2017.01.30 00:34 Regretting Joe Biden

joegret - regretting it already
[link]


2020.07.05 20:57 mdawgig I Didn't Have Eggs: Terrible recipe reviews

Reviews by people who don't follow a recipe and then complain that it sucks.
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2024.05.15 17:26 UmbralikesOwls How do you think Manfred treated Franziska and Miles?

I've seen a lot of people saying how Manfred was abusive to Franziska and Miles. They would say that he would physically and even sexually abuse Miles. In my personal opinion, I do believe that Manfred did mentally and sometimes emotionally abuse Miles and Franziska. Manfred was obsessed with perfection so it makes sense if he expects the same out of the two. He would mainly push Miles towards perfection as a prosecutor and became his protege.
I've seen stories where Manfred would remind Miles of his father or looking at cases where it triggers Miles's trauma in a way (talking about DL6 or something similar when he thought he killed his own father). With Franziska, I believe she was mostly neglected emotionally because of Manfred treating Miles like his protege instead of her. Yes she became a prosecutor at 13, but in the investigations game (not sure if you consider it cannon), Manfred said he'd think about going to Franziska's first trial which was kind of fucked up. Maybe Miles going forward and not talking to her much after his debut and the neglect, I can see how that resentment towards Miles came to be despite her still caring about him in her own way.
That being said, while I do believe Manfred pushes the two to too high standards and has intentionally or unintentionally mentally abuse them, I do want to believe that on some level, he did care about the two. If we count what we see in the anime as canon, he let Franziska and Miles come see one of his trials and went out of his way to take them to the mall just so Franziska could eat pancakes.
He also stood up for Miles when he was facing off a greedy cow lady (she was dressed in cow attire lol) when he believed things were about to escalate. He also let Miles use his reward money to donate to an animal shelter. I personally liked that they showed a more human side to Manfred when it came to Miles and Franziska. Not to mention he took Miles in after the DL6 incident. It's unclear (although it is said in the anime) rather Manfred took him in out of pity, out of guilt, out of kindness, or out of malicious intent for what happens in Goodbyes, but he still took him after Gregory died
I still hate von Karma after what he put Franziska and Miles (and everyone else who was related with DL6) through and possibly mentally abused them, but I want to think to some extent, he did care about them in his own twisted way (again up until he tried framing Miles for 2 murders).
So...what's your opinion about Manfred von Karma?
submitted by UmbralikesOwls to AceAttorney [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:23 nyuqqOFF I (29M) love my insecure GF (25F), but I don't know how to help her. Can this behavior change?

We've been together with my girlfriend for more than a year now and over the past few months it has become apparent that she is a very insecure type. There are reasons behind her low-self-esteem and its development. According to my girlfriend in a previous relationship she wasn't treated with respect, didn't feel important and didn't receive adequate love. She was cheated on at least once which led to her contracting a sexually transmitted disease on one occasion. Additionally comments were made about her physical attributes by her ex bf that she wasn’t feminine enough which ultimately led her to undergo plastic surgery.
I'll try to summarize some of the important events that have stemmed from her jealousy, insecurity, low self-esteem and overall, the thoughts swirling around these incidents.
Events
1.) After being together for half a year one evening we slept at my place and before going to bed we had dinner that I cooked. She noticed a long, light-colored, blondish piece of hair in my bed. When she asked whose it could be I calmly, jokingly said, "I don't know, probably sat on it somewhere." It seemed like her world collapsed and she didn't believe me. I explained to her that I work in a 500-person office, I attend university with thousands of people and I have three sisters - one of whom has the exact hair color she found - so there could be plenty of possibilities. I live in a small studio apartment where I throw washed clothes on the bed and hang them on a drying rack next to it.
2.) Three months later laying on the bed I was scrolling through my phone while she was behind me seemingly watching TV. The next day she questioned me via a voice message about who I was chatting with on Instagram. She saw what seemed like a new conversation, you know the kind where you still see the other person's profile picture in large size. I looked back at my chat history and I had such a chat with a male friend with whom I played music together in a bar. She told me it's a lie and she distinctly remembers that I was chatting with a girl, meaning I can't consider her crazy or hallucinating in this case. If I were to show her that there was no conversation with another girl, it's because I deleted it – she said.
3.) Two months later while I was cooking dinner she suddenly started crying from three meters away in my bed. It turned out she noticed that there were fewer condoms on the shelf than before and she saw it, then concluded that I must be cheating on her. As additional information it's worth noting that when we had been together for three months she started taking birth control pills, so only one condom from the pack had been used. The rest remained on my shelf, but I noticed they would expire sooner or later, so I gave some away for friends.
4.) A few weeks later it was my friend's (Tom) birthday. Four of us guys planned to go out for the night as I was invited to this scenario. On the day of the event Tom was chatting to a yet uninvited friend of his (Jake), who mentioned that they (Jake + his GF) were planning to go to the same venue, so he (Tom) invited them as well last minute to join four of us, who eventually brought his girlfriend as well. I didn't really enjoy the party, I sat in a chair, had a few drinks, then looked at vinyl records online and followed three old acquaintances on Instagram from the suggestions the social media platform gave me. One of them was a girl. At the club, I met a former female colleague, with whom I used to work in a shopping mall during college, so we exchanged a few words at the party, and since we weren't moving together at the party anymore, I said goodbye and wishing all the best to her on Instagram before I went home. She replied the same, to which I didn't respond at all. She got mad for days and the argument here was:
5.) A few weeks later, I planned for us to go hiking over Easter Saturday. I got sick a week before, then the symptoms came out on her two days late. Since we got sick we didn't talk about the hiking trip that week. On Saturday afternoon, I wasn't feeling well yet, but I pulled myself together and went to visit my mother for lunch and almost postponed sleeping together with my gf that day so I could rest for the next day and have the strength to go to my grandparents in the countryside for lunch as well. She didn't want to come with me to any of the family events, which is not a problem at all, because it’s time consuming, she was sick as well and she usually comes to these events. On Sunday morning before I went to my grandparents, she asked what the plan was for Monday. I had arranged a beach day with my friends for that day 2-3 weeks earlier, and it seemed likely that I would recover by then. She was completely shattered and started crying, saying there was no point in this relationship like this. I make plans with everyone except her, even though we meet three, four, or five times every week, while with my friends and family it's once a month or even less.
6.) The last incident was a few days ago when I bought delayed ejaculation gel, which she noticed and got veeery angry that I didn't tell her right away. I mentioned to her several times before that it would be nice to have a gel sometime in the future, so she can have orgasm more often in case I’m tired, mentally stressed from work and not in the mood. She also noted that since my friend's birthday I always take my phone with me to the restroom and for bathing. She bet it’s because of my former colleague I met and she finds it suspicious that I'm being secretive. Indeed, often the phone is with me and mostly in my pocket. She also pointed out that she thinks I don't use my phone in front of her as often anymore and this is surely deliberate. To be honest, since she imagined that I might be chatting with someone out of thin air, I wouldn't want to give any further opportunities for such nonsense. In summary, there hasn't been any effort on my part to deliberately use my phone less in her presence.
Extra information
+1.) Since the first and fourth event she started seeing a psychologist twice, but after the second run’s fifth occasion she decided it wouldn't help her and it's just a waste of money. We agreed that she needs to figure it out through reading books and maybe listening to podcasts about anxiety and I’ll do my best to assure that she is the most awesome and prettiest girl for me. After that no effort was made for months about this topic by her, so no books and no podcasts. A week ago we had an argument and she subscribed for an audiobook provider, but that’s it.
+2.) One morning, after we woke up she told me about her dream. She dreamt that I have two girlfriends besides her.
+3.) Her mother is also an extremely insecure woman. She covered her partner's shop window so that no other woman could see inside because she became jealous. She asked my girlfriend to call her partner from an unknown number and threaten him to confess that he cheated on her etc.
My thoughts
Is there a way for such a person to change? I fear that it would intensify later in case we move together or something. Perhaps I need to figure this out for myself, but I'm curious about others opinions as well.
We have a lot in common, but I just have the feeling that it might be a ticking bomb and I waste my time as getting closer to my thirties. I had to watch through how my entrepreneur father's life was destroyed by my mother (never had a job) once she felt existentially stable purely from the wealth my Father generated and took more 70% of it.
submitted by nyuqqOFF to relationship_advice [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:23 very-original-user ثِتونج ځوېٓسِنہ ⟨th'Tundj Gwýsene⟩ — How Did We Get Here?

=BACKGROUND=

Gwýseneثِتونج ځوېٓسِنہ⟫ ⟨th'Tundj Gwýsene⟩ /θɛˈtund͡ʒ ˈʝyːzɛnɛ/ (or "the least Germanic Germanic language") is a Germanic language descendant from Old English spoken in Nabataea (modern-day Jordan, Sinai, and northwestern Saudi Arabia). It takes place in a timeline where the Anglo-Saxons get kicked out of Britain by the Celts, therefore they sail all the way to Nabataea (I pride myself on my realism here) and settle there. Most of them eventually convert to Islam, and, as a consequence, Arabic becomes elevated to the language of academia, nobility, and poetry.
"English" as we know it still survives in-timeline as Engliscbasically Middle English with some modifications — spoken as a minority language in southeastern Britain (or Pritani as the Celts call it in-world).
==ETYMOLOGY OF GWÝSENE==
Gwýsene⟩ ⟪ځوېٓسِنہ⟫ is derived from ځوېٓسِن (Gwýsen) + ـہ- (-e, adjectival suffix), the former from Middle Gwýsene جِٔويسّمَن (ɣewissman), a fossilization of جِٔويسّ (ɣewiss, "Geuisse") + مُن (mon, "man"), from Old Gwýsene יוש מן (yws mn, yewisse monn), from Old English Ġewisse monn.
Tundj⟩ ⟪تونج⟫ is loaned from an Arabized pronunciation of Old Gwýsene תנג (tng, tunge) (from which descends the doublet ⟨Togg⟩ ⟪تُځّ⟫ /toɣ(ː)/, "tongue")
The Englisc exonym is ⟨Eizmenasisc⟩ /ɛjzmɛˈnaːsɪʃ/, From Brithonech (in-world Conlang) Euuzmenasech /ˈøʏzmə̃næsɛx/, from Middle French Yœssmanes /ˈjœssmanɛs/ (hence modern in-world French Yœssmanes /jœsman/ and Aquitanian (in-world) ⟨Yissmanes⟩ /ˈiːsmans/), from Middle (High) German \jewissmaneisch (hence modern in-world German *Jewissmännisch** /jəˌvɪsˈmɛnɪʃ/, Saxon Jewissmannisch /jɛˌvɪsˈma.nɪʃ/, and Hollandish Iweesmanis /iˈʋeːsmanɪs/), Ultimately from Middle Gwýsene جِٔويسّمَن (ɣewissman). Doublet of Englisc ⟨iwis mon⟩ /ɪˈwɪs mɔn/ + ⟨-isc⟩ /-ɪʃ/

=PHONOLOGY=

Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal /m/ /n/
Plosive/Affricate /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ /k/ (/g/)²
Fricative /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ (/ç/)³ (/ʝ/)³ /x/ /ɣ/
Tap/Trill /ɾ/ /r/
Approximant /w/ /ɹ/ (/l/)⁴ /j/ /ɫ/
Vowels Front Central Back
Close /i/ // /y/ // /u/¹ /
Near-Close (/ɪ/)⁵ (/ʏ/)⁵
Mid /e/ // /ø/ /øː/ /o/ //
Open-Mid (/ɛ/)⁵ (/ɐ/)⁵ (/ɔ/)⁵
Open /æ/ /æː/ /ɑ/ /ɑː/
  1. Nonnative phonemes
  2. allophone of /k/ inter-vocalically
  3. allophones of /x/ /ɣ/ near front vowels
  4. allophone of /ɫ/ when not near any back vowels and/or velar consonants.
  5. allophones in unstressed syllables
These are the phonemes of Standard Gwýsene, and, expectedly, they differ from dialect to dialect.
==EVOLUTION FROM OLD ENGLISH==
The Phonological evolution from Old English to Old Gwýsene are as follows:
From Old Gwýsene to Middle Gwýsene:
From Middle Gwýsene to Modern Gwýsene:
==DIALECT GROUPS==
Gwýsene has 4 main dialect groupings:
1- Southern Dialects
Spoken around in-world Áglästrélz /ˈɑːɣɫɐˌstɾeːɫz/ [ˈɑːʁɫ(ə)ˌsd̥ɾeːɫz]. Speakers of these dialects tend to pronounce:
Regarded as the oldest dialect by Gwýsens as it encompasses the original "homeland" (if we don't count the Anglo-Saxons that is). They're also considered the most "posh", and the standard accent is loosely based on the southern dialects.
2- Central Dialects
Spoken around in-world Keü-Nüvátra /keʏ ˌnʏˈvɑːtɾɐ/ [kɛɨ ˌnɨˈvɒːtɾɐ]. Speakers of these dialects tend to pronounce:
Central Dialects are considered posh by northerners and westerners, but not by southerners.
3- Western Dialects
Spoken in in-world Ettúr /ɛtˈtuːɻ/ [ətˈtuːɽ]. Speakers of these dialects tend to pronounce:
4- Northern Dialects
Spoken in in-world Ämma̋n /ɐmˈmæːn/ [(ʕ)ɐmˈmæːn]. Speakers of these dialects tend to pronounce:
==LEXICAL DOUBLETS==
The differing analyses of the Old English sequences /xe͜o xæ͜ɑ/ & /je͜o jæ͜ɑ/ when the change from /e͜o æ͜ɑ/ to /iɔ̯ iɐ̯/ was taking place led to:
For example, Old English heofon & geofon evolved into:

=ORTHOGRAPHY=

Gýsene uses the Arabic script natively alongside a romanization
==SCRIPT BACKGROUND==
Since Gýsen use of the Nabataean & then Arabic script preceded the Persians by centuries, the Gýsen Arabic script differs quite a bit from the Indo-Persian system:
  1. Rasm: Gýsens writing in Nabataean (& carrying over to Arabic) tended to follow Aramaic & Hebrew convention for representing consonants, while the Persian convention was derived from the most similar sounding preexisting Arabic consonants, leading to drastic differences in pointing convention (i‘jām). As Islam spread, the 2 conventions spread in their respective halves of the Muslim World: The Indo-Persian-Derived Eastern convention, and the Gýsen-Derived Western convention:
(Loose) Consonant ↓ Western ↓ Eastern ↓
//v// پ و⟫ ǀ ⟪ڤ
//// ڝ چ
//p// ڢ پ
//f// ڧ ف
  1. Vowel Notation: The western convention has a definitive way of expressing vowels when diacritics are fully written, while in the eastern convention diacritics often serve dual-duty due to limitations of Arabic short vowel diacritics.
==Script keys==
Romanization ↓ Arabic ↓ Standard Phoneme ↓
ä ǀ a ◌َ /æ/ (stressed) ǀ /ɐ/ (unstressed)
e ◌ِ /e/ (stressed) ǀ /ɛ/ (unstressed)
o ◌ُ /o/ (stressed) ǀ /ɔ/ (unstressed)
ǀ ◌́ ◌ٓ /æː/ (standalone) ǀ /◌ː/ (coupled with other vowels)
a ا /ɑ/ (stressed) ǀ /ɐ/ (unstressed)
b ب /b/ ǀ /v/ (intervocalically)
g ځ /ɣ/ ǀ /ʝ/
d د /d/ ǀ /z/ (intervocalically)
h ھ /ç/
w ǀ u و /w/ (glide) ǀ /u/ (vocalic)
z ز /z/
ch خ /x/
t ¹ط /t/
y ǀ i ي /j/ (glide) ǀ /i/ (vocalic)
k ک /k/ ǀ /g/ (intervocalically)
l ل /ɫ/
m م /m/
n ن /n/
tj ڝ /t͡ʃ/
- ¹ع /Ø/ ǀ /◌ː/ (post-vocalically)
p ڢ /p/ ǀ /b/ (intervocalically)
s ¹ص /s/
k ¹ق /k/
r ر /ɾ/ ǀ /r/ (geminated) ǀ /ɹ/ (post-vocalically)
s س /s/ ǀ /z/ (intervocalically)
t ت /t/ ǀ /d/ (intervocalically)
y ې /y/ (stressed) ǀ /ʏ/ (unstressed)
f ڧ /f/ ǀ /v/ (intervocalically)
ö ۊ /ø/ (stressed) ǀ /œ/ (unstressed)
- ء ǀ ئـ initial vowel holder
v پ /v/
th ث /θ/ ǀ /ð/ (intervocalically)
tj ¹چ /t͡ʃ/
dj ¹ج /d͡ʒ/
dh ذ /ð/
j ¹ژ /ʒ/
sj ش /ʃ/
dh ¹ض /ð/
dh ¹ظ /ð/
g ¹غ /ɣ/ ǀ /ʝ/
v ¹ڤ /v/
a ǀ ä ²ـى /æ/ (stressed) ǀ /ɐ/ (unstressed)
e ²ـہ /e/ (stressed) ǀ /ɛ/ (unstressed)
'l- لٔـ /‿(ə)ɫ-/
th'- ثِـ /θɛ-/
  1. nonnative
  2. only occur word-finally

=GRAMMAR=

Gýsen grammar is extremely divergent from the Germanic norm, having been brought about by extremely harsh standardization efforts by the ruling class while backed by academia & scholars. It's heavily influenced by Arabic — being the encompassing liturgical, academic, and aristocratic language during the Middle to Early Modern Gýsen periods.
==PRONOUNS==
\this entire segment will use the romanization only]) The Pronouns themselves have remained relatively true to their Germanic origins, apart from the entire set of Arabic 3rd person pronouns & the genitive enclitics. Gýsene still retains the Old English dual forms, but they're only used in formal writing:
1st Person Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ih // wi /wi/ wi /wi/
Accusative mih /miç/ án /ɑːn/ ós /oːs/
Standalone Genitive min /min/ ár /ɑːɣ/ ór /oːɹ/
Enclitic Genitive -min /-mɪn/ -ar /-ɐɣ/ -or /-ɔɹ/
2nd Person Singular Dual Plural
Nominative thách /θɑːx/ gi /ʝi/ gi /ʝi/
Accusative thih /θiç/ in /in/ iw /iw/
Standalone Genitive thin /θin/ ig // iwar /ˈiwɐɹ/
Enclitic Genitive -thin /-θɪn/ -ig /-ɪʝ/ -iwar /-ɪwɐɹ/
3rd Person Masculine Singular Dual Plural
Nominative chá /xɑː/ chama̋ /xɐˈmæː/ chám /xɑːm/
Accusative hin /çin/ chama̋ /xɐˈmæː/ chám /xɑːm/
Standalone Genitive his /çis/ chama̋ /xɐˈmæː/ chám /xɑːm/
Enclitic Genitive -his /-çɪs/ -chama /-xɐmɐ/ -cham /-xɐm/
3rd Person Feminine Singular Dual Plural
Nominative hi /çi/ chana̋ /xɐˈnæː/ chán /xɑːn/
Accusative hi /çi/ chana̋ /xɐˈnæː/ chán /xɑːn/
Standalone Genitive hir /çiɹ/ chana̋ /xɐˈnæː/ chán /xɑːn/
Enclitic Genitive -hir /-çɪɹ/ -chana /-xɐnɐ/ -chan /-xɐn/
==NOUNS==
Middle Gwýsene inherited the Old English nominal declension, but due to merging & reduction of (final) unstressed vowels, all endlings were dropped except for the accusative & dative plurals which were later generalized. Middle Gwýsene also dropped the neuter gender, merging it with the masculine & feminine genders based on endings
Regular Noun Declension Singular Plural
Masculine - -an /-ɐn/
Feminine - -as /-ɐs/
This has been standardized to all nouns, with some ablaut irregulars:
"Man" (man) ǀ "Bách" (book) Singular Plural
Masculine man /mɑn/ menan /ˈmenɐn/
Feminine bách /bɑːx/ bitjas /ˈbit͡ʃɐs/
...and some nouns retain colloquial plural forms more reminiscent of their Old English counterparts:
"Tjylz" (child) ǀ "Chänz" (hand) Singular (Standard) Plural (Common) Plural
Masculine tjylz /t͡ʃyɫz/ tjylzan /ˈt͡ʃyɫzɐn/ tjylro /ˈt͡ʃyɫɾɔ/
Feminine chänz /xænz/ chänzas /ˈxænzɐs/ chänza /ˈxænzɐ/
===Possession===
Gwýsene has two distinct methods of indicating possession dur to the dropping of the genitive case:
1. A loaned version of the Arabic construct state (present in the standard language, urban areas, and most of the Northern and Western dialects). the Arabic definite article (-الـ) was loaned with its use in the construct state into Late Early Modern Gwýsene as a separate "letter form" [-لٔـ] and prescribed by Grammarians ever since as a "genitive" maker. This method also assumes definiteness of the noun it's prefixed to; it must be prefixed to eneg ("any") for indefinite nouns.
Bách 'lgörel /bɑːχ‿ɫ̩ˈʝøɹɛɫ/ ("the boy's book")
bách 'l - görel book ɢᴇɴ.ᴅғ - boy 
2. Use of a prefixed fär (equivalent to English "of", cognate with English "for") (present in rural areas and is generally viewed as a rural or "Bedouin" feature). This method does not assume definiteness, and a definite article is required.
Bách färth'görel /bɑːχ ˌfɐɹðəˈʝøɹɛɫ/ ("the boy's book")
Bách fär - th' - görel book of - ᴅғ - boy 
==ADJECTIVES==
Much like Nouns, adjectives decline for number and gender:
Regular Adjective Declension Singular Plural
Masculine - -an /-ɐn/
Feminine -e //* -as /-ɐs/
\due to its similarity with the common adjectival suffix* -e*, adjectives derived that way would not decline for gender in the singular*
==VERBS==
Gwýsen verbs are the most mangled, both by Arabization and regular phonological development. Gwýsen word order is VSO. Due to pronouns coming after the verb, they merged with the preexisting endings and formed unique endings that were later generalized to standard verb declension (rendering Gwýsene a pro-drop language)
Present Verb Conjugation ---
Infinitive -en /-ɛn/
Present Participle -enz /-ɛnz/
Past Participle ge- -en
Singular Imperative -
Plural Imperative -on /-ɔn/
1ˢᵗ singular -i /-ɪ/
1ˢᵗ plural -swe /-swɛ/
2ⁿᵈ singular -tha /-θɐ/
2ⁿᵈ plural -gge /-ʝʝɛ/
3ʳᵈ singular masculine -scha /-sxɐ/
3ʳᵈ dual masculine -schama /-sxɐmɐ/
3ʳᵈ plural masculine -scham /-sxɐm/
3ʳᵈ singular feminine -sche /-sxɛ/
3ʳᵈ dual feminine -schana /-sxɐnɐ/
3ʳᵈ plural feminine -schan /-sxɐn/
the subjunctive is formed with a prefixed les- (if the verb is consonant-initial) or let- (if the verb is consonant-initial)
A consequence to the fusional suffixes, the preterite suffixes completely merged with the present ones, so weak verbs need an auxiliary to indicate simple past, which segways us to-
===Auxiliary Verbs===
Most auxiliaries have 2 conjugations: an auxiliary conjugation & a standalone conjugation:
Sőn ("to be") Conjugations Auxiliary Standalone
Singular Imperative ső /søː/ ső /søː/
Plural Imperative sőn /søːn/ sőn /søːn/
Singular Subjunctive ső /søː/ les-... /ɫɛs-../
Plural Subjunctive sőn /søːn/ les-... /ɫɛs-.../
1ˢᵗ singular ém /eːm/ émi /ˈeːmɪ/
1ˢᵗ plural synz synzwe /ˈsynzwɛ/
2ⁿᵈ singular érs /eːɹs/ értha /ˈérðɐ/
2ⁿᵈ plural synz /synz/ syngge /ˈsynʝ(ʝ)ɛ/
3ʳᵈ singular masculine ys /ys/ ysscha /ˈyssxɐ/
3ʳᵈ dual masculine synz /synz/ synzchama /ˈsynzxɐmɐ/
3ʳᵈ plural masculine synz /synz/ synzcham /ˈsynzxɐm/
3ʳᵈ singular feminine ys /ys/ yssche /ˈyssxɛ/
3ʳᵈ dual feminine synz /synz/ synzchana /ˈsynzxɐnɐ/
3ʳᵈ plural feminine synz /synz/ synzchan /ˈsynzxɐn/
There are 4 tense-related auxiliaries: Wesan (past auxiliary, "was"), Sőn (participle auxiliary, "be"), Bín (participle auxiliary, "be"), and Víden (future auxiliary, "will"):
Auxiliary Declensions Wesan ↓ Sőn ↓ Bín ↓ Víden ↓
1ˢᵗ singular wes /wes/ ém /eːm/ bí /biː/ va̋ /væː/
2ⁿᵈ singular wir /wiɹ/ érs /eːɹs/ bys /bys/ vés /veːs/
3ʳᵈ singular wes /wes/ ys /ys/ byth /byθ/ véth /veːθ/
dual/plural wiran /ˈwiɹɐn/ synz /synz/ bíth /biːθ/ va̋th /væːθ/
Singular Imperative wes /wes/ ső /søː/ bí /biː/ víz /viːz/
Plural Imperative weson /ˈwezɔn/ sőn /søːn/ bín /biːn/ vídon /ˈviːzɔn/
Singular Subjunctive wir /wiɹ/ ső /søː/ bí /biː/ víz /viːz/
Plural Subjunctive wiren /ˈwiɹɛn/ sőn /søːn/ bín /biːn/ víden /ˈviːzɛn/
===Stong Verbs===
Most of the strong classes remain in Gwýsene, albeit with completely unorthodox ablaut patterns. They've been resorted based on pattern that I've Grammarians have found. Strong verbs also never need the past auxiliary.
Type (Gwýsene) Corr. Type in Old English Present stem vowel Past singular stem vowel Past plural stem vowel Past participle stem vowel
I VII.c é /eː/ í /iː/ í /iː/ é /eː/
II IV e /e/ e /e/ i /i/ a /ɑ/
III.a I ý /yː/ a̋ /æː/ y /y/ y /y/
III.b III.a y /y/ ä /æ/ o /o/ o /o/
IV.a II.a í /iː/ í /iː/ o /o/ a /ɑ/
IV.b II.b a/á /ɑ(ː)/ í /iː/ o /o/ a /ɑ/
IV.c III.b é /eː/ é /eː/ o /o/ a /ɑ/
V.a VI ä /æ/ á /ɑː/ á /ɑː/ ä /æ/
V.b VII.a a̋ /æː/ i /i/ i /i/ a̋ /æː/
V.c VII.e á /ɑː/ í /iː/ í /iː/ á /ɑː/

=TRANSLATIONS=

==NUMBERS==
Number Cardinal Ordinal Adverbial Multiplier
1 A̋n /æːn/ Föress /ˈføɹɛss/ Mer /meɹ/ A̋nfélz /ˈæːnˌveːɫz/
2 Twin /twin/ Áther /ˈɑːðɛɹ/ Merdén /mɛɹˈdeːn/ Twýfélz /ˈtyːˌveːɫz/
3 Thrý /θɾyː/ Thryzz /ˈθɾyzz/ Thrémra̋s /ˌθɾeːˈmɾæːs/ Thryfélz /ˈθɾyˌveːɫz/
4 Fíwar /ˈfiːwɐɹ/ Fíradh /ˈfiːɹɐð/ Fírmra̋s /ˌfiːɹˈmɾæːs/ Fíwarfélz /ˈfiːwɐɹˌveːɫz/
5 Fýf /fyːf/ Fýfedh /ˈfyːvɛð/ Fýfmra̋s /ˌfyːvˈmɾæːs/ Fýffélz /ˈfyːfˌfeːɫz/
6 Sysj /syʃ/ Sysjedh /ˈsyʃɛð/ Sysmra̋s /ˌsysˈmɾæːs/ Sysjfélz /ˈsyʃˌfeːɫz/
7 Sévan /ˈseːvɐn/ Sévadh /ˈseːvɐð/ Sévmra̋s /ˌseːvˈmɾæːs/ Sévanfélz /ˈseːvɐnˌveːɫz/
8 Éht /eːçt/ Éhtadh /ˈeːçtɐð/ Éhmra̋s /ˈeːçˈmɾæːs/ Éhtafélz /ˈeːçtɐˌveːɫz/
9 Nygan /ˈnyʝɐn/ Nygadh /ˈnyʝɐð/ Nygamra̋s /ˌnyʝɐˈmɾæːs/ Nyganfélz /ˈnyʝɐnˌveːɫz/
10 Tőn /tøːn/ Tődh /ˈtøːð/ Tőmra̋s /ˌtøːˈmɾæːs/ Tőnfélz /ˈtøːnˌveːɫz/
==THE COLD WINTER IS NEAR==
‎‫بېث نيٓھ ثِوېٓنتِر ڝِٓلز، پِٓث ڝۊٓمسخى ستارم سنِوى. ڝۊم وِثنَن خُٓمسمين وِٓرم، برآثَرمين. سَلٓم! ڝۊم ھېذ، سېځّ ءَنز شّيٓڧ، ڧرِس ءَنز درېھّ. بېثِّس خُطَّمين. ھِپّسوى وِتِر، ءَنز زۊٓثِن، ءَنز مِٓلخ، بېثِّس ڧِرش ءُٓسڧرى ثِکآ. ءوٓ، ءَنز براث وِٓرم!‬
Byth ních thʼwýnter tjélz, véth tjőmscha starm snewe. Tjöm withnän¹ chósmin wérm, bráthärmin². Säläm³! Tjöm hydh, sygg ænz ssjíf⁴ ⁶, fres⁵ änz dryhh⁶. Bytthes⁷ chottämin⁸. Hevvswe weter, änz zőthen⁹, änz mélch, býtthes fersj ósfrä¹⁰ thʼká. Ó, änz brath!
be.3.ꜱɢ.ᴘʀᴇꜱ near ᴅꜰ-winter cold , ꜰᴜᴛ.3.ꜱɢ come-3.ꜱɢ.ᴍᴀꜱᴄ storm snowy . come.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ in house-1.ꜱɢ.ɢᴇɴ.ᴄʟ warm , brother-1.ꜱɢ.ɢᴇɴ.ᴄʟ . Welcome ! come.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ hither , sing.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ and dance.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ , eat.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ and drink.ɪᴍᴘ.ꜱɢ . be.3.ꜱɢ.ᴘʀᴇꜱ-that plan-1.ꜱɢ.ɢᴇɴ.ᴄʟ . have-1.ᴘʟ water , and beer , and milk, be.3.ꜱɢ.ᴘʀᴇꜱ-that fresh from ᴅꜰ-cow . Oh , and soup !
/byθ niːç θə‿ˈyːnzɛɹ tʃeːɫz veːθ ˈtʃøːmsxɐ stɑɻm ˈsnewɛ/
/tʃøm wɪðˈnæn ˈxoːsˌmɪn weːɹm ˈbɾɑːðɐɹˌmɪn/
/sɐˈɫæm tʃøm çyð syʝʝ‿ɐnz ʃʃiːf fres‿ɐnz dɾyçç/
/ˈbyθθɛs ˈxottɐˌmɪn/
/ˈçevvswɛ ˈwedɛɹ ɐnz ˈzøːðɛn ɐnz meɫχ ˈbyθθɛs feɹʃ ˈoːsfrɐ θəˈkɑː/
/oː ɐnz bɾɑθ/
  1. the words for “in” and “on” merged to än, which was kept for “on”.‬
  2. Gwýsens tend to use “brother” as an informal form of address‬.
  3. Säläm is only used by Muslim Gwysens. Christian Gwysens prefer Pastos /pɐsˈtos/ (from Ancient Greek ‬ἀσπαστός).
  4. comes from Old English hlēapan.
  5. comes from old English fretan.
  6. Drykken & Ssjípan are within a class of verbs that have a differing imperative stems than the usual inflected stems due to sound changes. In this case the usual stems are Drykk- & Ssjíp-, while the imperatives are Dryhh & Ssjíf. In the central and Low Northern dialects this particular /k/ => /ç/ is not present, and the imperative stem is also Drykk.
  7. contracted from of Byth thäs (“that is”)‬.
  8. from Arabic خُطَّة.
  9. from Latin zȳthum.
  10. contraction of old English ūt fra (“out of”).
submitted by very-original-user to germlangs [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:21 _anonymous_acc Does anyone else wish that they could have gotten to see more of Ellis's story?

I am rewatching Grey's for the first time after watching it first in 2020. This time I can see the flaws of the characters better (I was 17 back then) and just see them and the plot from a newer perspective. One of the thing that I really wish to see is more of Ellis's story. Something like that alternate ending episode but more.
For example, Ellis could have been introduced in season 1, without the Alzheimer, like maybe she joined the hospital when she got to know Meredith was interning there or some other way. Then maybe around season 2 or 3, she gets diagnosed with the Alzheimer's and eventually passes away. This way we could have gotten to see how her relationship with Richard has changed. What she thinks of the MAGIC, Derek, Burke, Bailey and other characters that were introduced. The work relationship she forms with them or maybe even mentors someone. What is her relationship with Meredith like now that she is an intern in the same hospital. How is she as character herself, as she is a complex character and we know of her through the lens of someone else's eyes. I think I personally would have enjoyed that storyline a lot.
What about you guys? Any other storyline you wish had happened?
submitted by _anonymous_acc to greysanatomy [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:20 grannybuttdriller What to do with a friend like this?

Changing some details so it's not obvious.
I have a close friend who recently made a new friend. Background about him, he had a traumatic incident happened to him when he was young and a group of us helped him through it. Ever since then, he has always treated his friends closer than family.
Recently he made a friend of the opposite gender and got close real quickly. My friend is attached and has made it known that he's not interested in anything romantic. Problem is this girl constantly lies to him over the smallest things. They will hangout 1 on 1 and the girl would tell him things like she considers him a close friend and complain about others. But when in a group setting, she will act like they barely know each other and would instead act closer to the people she complained about.
Then he notices that she asks him out only when the others are not around, or make plans when no one else can make it, but insists that its not because of that. To the rest of us, its SO obvious that she's stringing him along, but he keeps insisting that because its platonic, there's no reason for her to do that.
A recent example is when they went out as a group. Beforehand they both discussed that they could both splitways halfway to go to a particular place together since the rest weren't so keen. Girl herself suggested that she sits with him in vehicle, but when the day arrives she refuses to do so then keeps asking others to follow them instead of splitting.
Friend is just beyond exhausted at this point but refuses to sever friendship as he doesnt easily make friends and values it a lot. Could you help knock some sense into him?
submitted by grannybuttdriller to askSingapore [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:19 Hestness5 Casual scoring

Curious how everyone scores when they are playing casually with friends? Not for money or even bragging rights at stake, such as in a 2v2 scramble.
For example how many mulligans do you allow yourself? If a ball is a couple feet in the woods/out of bounds do you just take it out if you can find it and not take a penalty? Do you abide by the gallery drop rule?
Since everyone’s gonna say it’s personal preference and not to care, for me I’m not super strict about penalty shots unless it’s clearly out of bounds and you can’t find it or in the water. I try to limit myself to 1 mulligan (or breakfast ball) a round, and I believe heavily in the gallery drop rule to keep the pace of play up. It also depends on how well my round is going, if I think I have a chance at shooting a low score for myself then I’ll be as honest as possible. Otherwise if it’s a high round I don’t care as much.
Honestly just curious what the general take is for the casual golfers. Luckily I haven’t played with any randoms that are PGA rule books.
submitted by Hestness5 to golf [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:18 Budo00 Boomers addicted to TikTok? Know any?

I have been enjoying all your boomer stories and have yet to see one like mine.
It involves 2 things: an unhealthy obsession and hatred for Trump and addiction to TikTok.
I am not here to discuss politics. I am just mentioning that the boomer in my life has gone fully mental about Trump and brings him up when ever any family member talks to her. We all essentially agree, politically but she’s basically morphed every “bad man in her life who ever wronged her” into Trump and given him more power than is deserved.
Trump may be a massive A hole but he was not the man who took you on a date in 1956 then put his hand up your poodle skirt. He’s not the man who said something vulgar to you in New York on the way to church when you were 13.
I hope the reader sees my point. And I was not trying to talk about politics. But have to describe the symptoms.
Ok, so that’s annoying and stupid but here is the 2nd part: she is obsesed with TikTok and we cannot get her off of it.
Here are some examples: My brother and his wife have their 1st baby & boomer sends them TikTok links about SIDs, baby’s choking to death, baby’s drowning, dying stories, TikToks about mom’s with postpartum depression..,
I think you can see where this is going…
One of my brothers is an electrician with the union. And boomer sends him TikToks about wiring up a house.
I got a new place and it’s TikToks about how somebody was murdered by their neighbor.
Another family member does Physical therapy and she sends tiktok videos on a persons journey through PT after a stroke. Like, I think a PT already has know-how and doesn’t need a TikTok how-to on how to do their chosen career!
Of course, theres a steady diet of the latest Trump gossip and how many women he had r*ped today. Theres wild analogies of two totally unrelated things that somehow Trump is responsible for… (last I saw it, he lost nearly 4 years ago. Can we pleeease just move on?! )
A funny one was how she got a “happy mother’s day” card then sends out her latest TikTok masterpiece: a lesson in what gaslighting is and where it came from complete with some scenes from the movie (based on the play)
I guess the paranoid runs so deep that “HMD,” a card & flowers is considered “gaslighting” ?!
Like: no act can be out of kindness or love. “There’s always some anterior motive.” (You probably are just like Trump and want an inheritance!)
submitted by Budo00 to BoomersBeingFools [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:16 THROWRA-2222-2 AITA for not giving ticket to my partner for my graduation (26M) (26F)?

I graduate soon from my professional degree (masters and higher) and there are three ceremonies. The school I go to is a top school and I don’t think I’ll do another degree program again. Very big moment for my life (come from underserved background). My school gives limited tickets so I’m letting my immediate family go to the first two ceremonies. The last one is a ceremony where I can’t even walk and I don’t feel like going as I found out from alumna it isn’t worth it.
My partner (26M) and I have been dating for almost two years (LDR), I do love him but our relationship is hitting a rocky point. As of recent, we’ve been getting in fights about his lack of boundaries with his family. Essentially, we can have plans but the minute his mom snaps her fingers I’m pushed to the side. He’s incredibly indesxive to the point where it affects my day to day (anxiety). One time his aunt (he claims distant aunt but idk) said racist things about those of my background and he didn’t say sorry until after she left! He claims I’m a priority but disappoints me every 4 months. We are in a big fight right now because a work trip for my job was in his city and I asked weeks ago if he was free the reminder of the week (my job is super lax with extending flights ). He confirmed with me then 2 weeks before he says it’s mothers days and he has to leave. I tried to communicate if he can leave Sunday morning but he insisted on leaving Saturday morning (claimed he would consider but he didn’t). My job wouldn’t let me change my flight. I was left alone the whole weekend and felt sad. I could’ve been with my family. His sibling accompanied him so his mother wasn’t alone. This isn’t an isolated incident (recurring theme). He also didn’t invite me along at all. I told him how I felt afterwards and he said he gave me notice. To me, it wasn’t a kind thing since this is the 3rd or 4th time this theme happened.
He really wants to go to my ceremonies but understands that tickets are limited. He knows about the ceremony of the least significance and it’s taking it personally that I haven’t given much planning for him to come. I don’t feel like going to that one at all. 3 ceremonies is a bit much and I don’t walk in that one. I feel I’m bending my boundaries to make him happy. I’m moving away from all my friends from my program and if he comes I’ll be mainly with him and through the weekend (I move away the end of the weekend). I’ll miss out on my final goodbyes with friends and mentors. I also feel bitter about the recent events that happened. Getting into and graduating from this program is something I could never imagine. I love him but I don’t want MY moment to be about him especially after recent events. He has supported me through a lot but as our relationship is getting more serious I think his lack of boundaries with family causes me hesitance to be around Kodak moments of my life. AITA?
TLDR: AITA for not giving my partner a grad ticket as of right now? He feels that I don’t value him but he has shown me otherwise in past events.
submitted by THROWRA-2222-2 to AmItheAsshole [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:16 UniqueLet6977 Ryan Xu hyperfund chatgpt System

Ryan Xu hyperfund chatgpt System
The combination of "Ryan Xu hyperfund" and "ChatGPT System" suggests a hypothetical integration of ChatGPT technology with some aspect of Ryan Xu's "hyperfund" venture or initiative. However, as of my knowledge cutoff in 2024, there is no official information regarding such a specific system.
If we were to speculate about a potential "Ryan Xu hyperfund ChatGPT System," it could potentially refer to a system that utilizes ChatGPT's advanced natural language processing and conversational AI capabilities to enhance some aspect of the hyperfund's operations or services.
https://preview.redd.it/e3fi0ph0xl0d1.png?width=1914&format=png&auto=webp&s=cfe5fc006545a3dd3e697e835a29dbc12d8f5c35
For example, the system could be used to:
  • Provide automated customer support and service through conversational chatbots.
  • Analyze large amounts of text data related to the hyperfund's operations, such as customer feedback or market research, to gain insights and make informed decisions.
  • Generate personalized content or recommendations for hyperfund's users based on their preferences and interests.
https://preview.redd.it/cp6acin6xl0d1.png?width=2252&format=png&auto=webp&s=a1a9c731e24fa7ff030d25ed9bae754282dd3742
Again, this is purely speculative, and there is no official information regarding a "Ryan Xu hyperfund ChatGPT System" at this time. If such a system does exist or is announced in the future, it would likely be detailed on the official websites or press releases of Ryan Xu's hyperfund venture or the ChatGPT technology provider.
submitted by UniqueLet6977 to Ryan_Xuhyperfund [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:15 vaquita_eater OP OCs are not the problem

Downvote me all you want, but powerscaling varies from verse to verse. These so called "OP" ocs that can maybe one shot your entire verse could be just a side character of their verse.
The problem is how the owners go on a power trip by putting them in combat and then run into a stalemate with another powerful character and instead of just stopping, go "No, they oneshot you" without an explanation.
What exactly is it that they do? Why is their punch able to kill someone who cannot be killed by physical means? Does it hurt the soul of the opponent? Does it sap away the life force? Is it something else?
Is there a fix? Yes. A very simply one. If it's a direct combat rp, we could always just equalize the stats and have a match of abilities and skill. Example: I had a character of mine named Aiden fight an OC with a see through stomach region and a robotic mask and limbs the other day and it was an intense fight and the only reason Aiden won is because after establishing both our characters can rip each other's bodies to pieces, I had Aiden jam artificial claws into the opponent and instead of escaping, they mirrored the action, giving me the ability to tank it and behead the opponent. This fight was barely city level all things considered and was a fun one. Me and the other creator even talked later about abilities and stuff... and now for the bomb... Aiden is an Overkill character... and she was nerfed in the RP. Same for most of the times I use characters like Agnes and Ceres. Recently used Ceres to combat u/somthing-somthing134 's character Uriel and it was a fun rp... even if Ceres was nerfed. You could say he oneshotted Azrael, but it was established that it was a puzzle with a timer in an inescapable dimension with all aspects of powers locked away and if it was solved, it could be escaped. Not my fault that they didn't solve it and the timer was up. If you're wondering, yes my characters have also lost battles they were nerfed in. Don't take it to heart, it's simply for fun.
One has to realize when and how to use their characters properly.
Have a powerful character you wanna use in an rp but can't cuz you know you'll solve the entire issue alone or win immediately and end in a boring way? Nerf them as long as their character isn't hampered. In the above examples, I did this with Aiden and Ceres.
Of course there are prompts where you have to be vastly stronger or smarter or versatile such as rescue rps. A good example here would be when InterestingTea posts a prompt where you gotta save Aiko from characters like Akemi, Daiki and Tokinari. I use Ceres there to mainly act as an impenetrable shield instead of just kill Akemi and get done.
Use your characters properly. Don't try to make a statement about your character being superior in every way and you'll be good. If your character is invincible and it's a part of their personality, then please just don't go into death battles as it is stupid. You already know the outcome and it won't be that fun.
This is a place to interact and have fun, not make imaginary enemies. Your characters are not the problem, the way you use them however... could be
That'll be all, I rambled too much
submitted by vaquita_eater to OriginalCharacter_RP [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:13 slowdown1214 Mental Health Resources ~ Reciprocity

Mental Health Resources ~ Reciprocity
When I created this sub, my mind was bouncing around in a lot of places and needed somewhere to land. There's more to it, but that was the stimulus. I needed to find a way to support my mental health.
Blue October has been a support system and life line for me since I came tumbling out of an abusive cult religion as a young adult <18>.
I know some of y'all make jokes about Blue October being a cult and I assure you, y'all have no fucking idea what the fuck you are talking about and it is so repulsive that you use that language with such flippant exchange. It is insulting to those of us who have survived ACTUAL cult experiences.
Not up for discussion. That's a vulnerability that has expired.
I digress.
I always seem to find myself as the outsider of outsiders. If Black sheep 🐑 was a person, that person would befriend me. So I'm not just a black sheep, I feel like a black goat. 🐐 Close, but not quite. Cause even black sheep seem to go back to the flock.
I can't tell you how many people have made fun of my love for the band, or called me or the band names over the years. Just being a woman in the early 2000's in the clubs, people automatically talked shit. After slamming you into a wall or stepping all over you. All my exs would also, and I just told them to stfu and listen. And they did, until they are no longer around. Blue October, still though.
The last interaction was a few months ago, a man commented on my sticker and I knew he was going to mention Metallica as one of his favorites after asking "so you like Blue October?" What tipped you off? The sticker or my jacket? Lmao.
So to honor that idea 💡 which opened this sub and to honor Blue October 💙 I wanted to start the support side and resources that were originally planned.
Soooo.....within the life long journey that is this brain and body.... I tend to educate myself. I find the more I understand and can feel the places in my body that need attention, the more I am able to examine my behaviors and their potential impact on my path.
The body always speaks first and if I listen, I can unpack the experience in a more fulfilling way, even the chaotic times. especially the chaotic times. ⏳️
In moments, not having the language has brought me to a place where I have felt isolated, as if I'm the only one experiencing the "feeling" or "impact".
Then something will inevitably cross my path that is the information I was searching for and ultimately helps nudge the last few puzzle pieces to click. Allowing my brain 🧠 to uncover the answer.
This particular idea of Reciprocity within my relationships helped me to attune my interactions to support my day and daily functions.
A small example would be store employees at H.E.B. (Texas grocery store). To me, even in these seemingly small moments, I have the power to control my experience.
I find my favorite stockers to ask questions .
I will choose a register that has a cashier or bagger I have spoke with and enjoyed it, and especially those who handle my groceries with care
A little bonus has also been becoming a few of the employees favorite person to chat with. I know about their day or animals or kids. Have shared recipes and target sale finds. It was a super sweet unexpected blessing and it means to much to me and now, to them. I know two men that work there and we always notice each others hair. The women they date style them and I love how much they appreciate it. Makes me cry.
Always putting each interaction in my life under this small idea of exchange, brought a big impact.
I find the best way to integrate new information is to put it into practical terms within my daily experience. Then allow it to become a habit that I can migrate to those more difficult places or relationships.
I attached a few images with more information. I did not create the slides and do not know the source. I saw someone share them at one point, but didn't follow the link.
I hope this information finds you well and that it touches a place within that needed some balm.
May your day be beautiful as possible.
This is not a post to talk crap on, you can down vote me for still supporting and loving Blue October.
I will remove anything that is not in alignment with the intention and goal.
Mental Health is important and no one is going to be silenced by implementing odd morality claims and clauses in this sub.
~ Merci 🖤🐦‍⬛
submitted by slowdown1214 to BlueOctoberJustinSF [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:11 ichigosr5 Asa is Fami’s Victim

Asa is Fami’s Victim
After the 2 most recent chapters, I’ve seen a lot of negativity directed towards Asa due to her being so insistent on saving Denji/Chainsaw Man, and that’s she’s trying to force this idea of a “normal life” onto him.
Asa’s been out of the story for a while now, so it’s not surprising that some people may have forgotten. But this idea of giving Chainsaw Man a normal life isn’t something Asa came up with on her own.
From Chapter 135
Fami: “Asa Wants to Help Chainsaw Man. Yoru wants to kill him. It’s possible to choose both. At the moment, Chainsaw Man has given up on fighting Devils to lead an ordinary human life. The problem is that Chainsaw Man’s own heart prevents him from being an ordinary human. Even weakling Devils can become powerful by eating strong Devils - those who are feared. It’s why Devils are constantly after him, trapping him in a cycle of violence.”
Fami: “Many of the Chainsaw Man Church’s followers were saved by Chainsaw Man. We want to save him this time. We’re hunting down all the Devils in town so that he won’t have to fight. If everyone forgets about Chainsaw Man, he’ll grow weak as a Devil - and then he can live an ordinary life.”
Obviously, we know this is a lie. Fami isn’t trying to make Chainsaw Man weaker. Her goal is to make Chainsaw Man and The War Devil stronger to be able to take on Death. But she’s manipulating Asa to do her bidding by preying on her vulnerabilities.
Similar to Denji in Part 1, Asa is young, miserable and very naive. And very similar to Makima, Fami has identified the things in Asa’s life that are making her miserable and is positioning herself in Asa’s life as someone who has the answers to all of her problems.
There are 2 things that Asa desires most, which Fami has promised to be able to grant.

1.) Asa wants to separate herself from Yoru

Initially, Asa was pretty reluctant to do what Yoru wanted and turn someone into a weapon so that she could kill Chainsaw Man. But this all changed after the incident with Yuko.
From Chapter 112
Asa: “Okay. I’ll make you the strongest weapon ever, so hurry up and beat Chainsaw Man already.”
Yoru: “You’re awfully obedient all of a sudden.”
Asa: “I mean…the sooner you’re gone, the better. As long as you’re inside me, not only will I be miserable, the people around me will be too. If it was only me, I could handle being in a terrible situation. But I refuse to drag someone else down with me again! I’d do anything to stop it. Even turn someone into a weapon.”
Asa blames herself for everything that happened with Yuko. She sees herself as someone that constantly causes problems for other people, and that as long as Yoru is holding her body hostage, things like this will keep happening.

2.) Asa wants to be helpful to someone for once

Throughout Asa’s life, she’s tried to do good things, but it always ends in disaster somehow.
When the Typhoon Devil attacked, Asa tried to save a cat, but this resulted in her mother getting killed trying to save her. Asa ended up in an orphanage because of that, and then the cat she saved was killed by the caregiver. And then after Yoru forced Asa to join the Devil Hunter Club, she became friends with Yuko, but then Yuko made a contract with what she thought was the Justice Devil to punish the people who bullied Asa, which resulted in Yuko becoming a Devil herself.
The Falling Devil brought all these memories to the surface, which is what led to Asa embracing death.
From Chapter 127
Asa: “It’s true. I feel so at peace. I won’t have to cause trouble for anyone else or get my feelings hurt anymore. I won’t have to lie in bed thinking about all the things I did wrong as I wait to fall asleep. Oh. But I do have one regret. Even one person…even if it was with only one person, with all my heart, I wish I’d…”
Her thoughts ended there, but it seems like her regret was that she felt like there was never a person in her life that was better off for having known her. She just sees herself as a burden and wants to be useful for once.

Fami’s Opportunity

After Asa was saved by Chainsaw Man for the 2nd time at the end of The Falling Devil arc, she started to like him. But this put her at odds with Yoru. Asa wants to be separated from Yoru so she doesn’t cause trouble for people, but to get rid of Yoru, she needs to kill Chainsaw Man, who is someone that she now cares for and wants to help. Asa had an impossible goal.
This is when Fami appears and promises to make the impossible possible
Fami: “If you want to fight Black Chainsaw Man, you’ll need to turn Red Chainsaw man back into an ordinary human. The Chainsaw Man that Asa wants to save, and the Chainsaw Man that Yoru wants to kill are different beings. Join the Chainsaw Man Church and you can help each other.”
I think all of this is important to remember when evaluating Asa’s actions. She’s in a fairly similar situation to Denji in Part 1. She sees Fami as the person who has all the answers and wants to believe that Fami can lead her to a better life where she doesn’t feel like a burden to everyone. She wants her life to matter.
submitted by ichigosr5 to Chainsawfolk [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:09 neflhim Generator GPT

Generator GPT
https://chatgpt.com/g/g-X2xz2nOOp-builder-for-ai-characters
I worked this up based on groundwork and ideas from another AI system’s users. The goal is to provide a lot of info with possible hooks and ideas. This likely requires a subscription to use.
I set this up for my use mostly, so it assumes a female character, but just specify male and it works just as well. It’s also coded to assume 18+. I have it set to provide a character image automatically, based on the generated description.
GPT has issues getting the ‘third person no pronouns’ bit right. It is pretty good at not assuming everyone is Caucasian. It’s also pretty good at getting all the sections in the screenshots every time. Because it’s GPT, it will bump into their restrictions on images (describing a character using ‘nude lipstick’ blocked creation), but it handles darker themes with a warning.
The example is to show it works with minimal input, but adding details works just as well.
I hope this helps for those of us who need ideas from time to time.
submitted by neflhim to KindroidAI [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:09 Great_Potato123 AITA for not inviting my entitled cousin to a big famous party?

I (25F) and cousin (26F) have been friends since we were a kid. We have a friend group, we'll call them Ali (23M) and Zee (23F).
Let me tell you about cousin. Cousin is a kind of person who's very entitled and wants what she wants. There was this one time, I was with Ali and Zee coz we we're doing a project together. Cousin knows we we're together coz we mentioned it to her. We we're so busy running errands around and she keeps calling us. Since we're already stressed, we didn't answer her calls. She then messaged us and just went on and on that she's our friend, she should be included in things, she wants to do things too. Mind you, this project doesn't include her and it wasn't in the plan.
Another time was we we're riding Zee's car. The AC of her car isn't good so we just opened the windows. She keeps complaining on how Zee should get it fixed and it was so hot. Her makeup is melting and so on. She was very grumpy.
Now you get the gist of her personality, let's move on.
I got a fling from Tinder and we'll name him Sam (28M). He is a hot guy, like HAWT and Handsome! Me and Sam met on 2017 and we had a flirtashionship. We had strong feelings for each other but since he had to work in another country, we kinda drifted apart. My cousin and friends knows about this. When he came back, I was already in a relationship with someone else. Me and Sam remained close friends still. We hang out together with our friend group.
There was this one time, we we're in Ali's house. Just a get together with alcohol and food. Since I don't drink that much alcohol, I wasn't as drunk as my friends were. My cousin sat with Sam while Sam's playing a video game. She was flirting with him, rub her body on him, laying down on him, cupping his face. It was so obvious coz she was loud and drunk. Sam was really uncomfortable but he's just being respectful to just let it be. Me and my friends are just looking at her like what the hell!
That night was terrible for me coz I got kinda feel betrayed by my cousin in some way. I let it slip coz maybe she's just drunk and horny, I don't know. As a girl code, if your friend dates someone, don't flirt or date him too. That kind of ideology.
Another incident, another party, not much alcohol involved. Same friend group and other friend of friends were there. My family was there too. Sam was with me and we were just talking. Cousin came, interrupted our conversation, sat beside Sam and trying to hold his arms. She's like "it's cold". She's NOT drunk. Me and Sam continued our conversation and cousin interrupted again. She's like "let's grab something to eat". Sam look at me and I kinda gave him the nod. So I excused myself, and hangout with my other friends. They noticed that and asked me if I was ok. My friends knew about the history between me and Sam. they kinda feel bad, Cousin's just clinging on to him like a leech. My family even told her to behave and act like a lady. Sam didn't do much coz he's just being respectful not to push a lady away. After the party, I'm just filled with betrayal and jealousy.
Believe me, it is not just those two incidents. There are MORE! She's just trying to push herself on him.
So, there was this big famous party going on in our city. In order to be invited, you have to know someone. I was invited and I can invite 3 people. So I invited Ali and Zee and they were excited. Now I was thinking, should I invite cousin? She had work at that time and at the same time, I'm so fed up with what's going on and her attitude, I'm like nahh I'm done. I invite Sam instead. I asked Ali and Zee if it's ok not inviting cousin and invite Sam instead. They 101% AGREE with my decision. Being with her around is just frustrating. So it's me, Ali, Zee and Sam. We had a blast at the party, we took pictures and posted them on Instagram. She SAW it. She was bombing us with calls and messages, of course we didn't answer coz we're still having a great time. After the party, we read her messages like why didn't you invite me, why didn't you tell me about the party, why wasn't she part of it, it's a big famous party so she should be there yada yada yada. So we are thinking how to reply to her.
WE CAME UP WITH A PLAN, HERE'S WHAT WE DID.
Ali is a pro at Photoshop. So he photoshopped a chat that "supposedly" we sent her the day before but didn't go through coz maybe "internet is not working" so she didn't receive the message at all. Ali changed the chat feed, change the time, pretend we sent her a picture of the invitation but didn't go through. So we just told her, "oh no, the invitation didn't go through. We're sorry for that. Maybe our internet was bad." .. She believed it. We we're kinda glad we nailed that sh*t!!
As a girl code, if your friend dates someone, don't flirt or date him too. It's like getting leftovers or something like that. I don't know. AITA for doing this or feeling this way?
submitted by Great_Potato123 to CharlotteDobreYouTube [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:07 Hopeless-polyglot Envy is making my gay relationship harder, need advice

I am currently seeing a same-gender partner who I have always looked up to and admired.
This person has a lot of qualities that I wish I had. Some of them are obtainable, such as their even temper, competence in school and career, and athleticism. These qualities have increased the intensity of my desire for my partner and motivated me to work on myself. In this case, the envy has had positive results.
The real trouble is that my partner also has qualities which are genetic and unattainable. For example, they have an ideal height for their gender according to typical beauty standards. This triggers the hell out of my dysphoria because I have the exact opposite height in terms of what's considered attractive. I can't even enjoy how perfect and awesome their body is, because it reminds me of what I'll never have.
I also envy their ancestry, because they have genealogical records tracing their ancestry to the 400s CE and are descended from Charlemagne. This makes it harder for me to research my own ancestry, because the whole time I'm thinking about how cool my partner's family tree is compared to mine.
Even though this person is amazing, kind and always treats me well, vaguely hostile thoughts about them are gradually entering my mind. I sometimes catch myself looking for reasons to be mad at them when I have absolutely no reason to do so.
I've previously been advised to just be thankful that I'm dating such an enviable and high-status person. I'm definitely grateful, but this advice has not helped me get over the envy.
How do I decrease my envious feelings before it destroys my relationship?
submitted by Hopeless-polyglot to lgbt [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:06 ImmunoLytics Mold Blindspots Series: Part 8: Understanding “The Body’s Toxic Load”

Mold Blindspots Series: Part 8: Understanding “The Body’s Toxic Load”

Dust, Pollutants, Allergens, and Chemicals Are All Blindspots When A Person Reaches Their Toxic Load

by Cesar Collado
The Toxic Load principle creates a different type of blind spot for both patients and healthcare professionals. Understanding the body’s Toxic Load is important because reaching it can make every particulate in any environment a blind spot. As a primary example, we know that mold and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in all environments, but amplified growth of these microorganisms can be detrimental to health.
People who have reached their Toxic Load become hyper-sensitive to many allergens, pathogens, toxins, VOCs, chemicals and/or organic fragrances. This is sometimes referred to as Multiple Chemical Sensitivity or MCS. People with MCS react in almost any environment. This limits their ability to be in most public and private spaces.
https://preview.redd.it/r30zv53evl0d1.png?width=978&format=png&auto=webp&s=e579ddbce551e8e2923e3138d983db98c9914e79
Toxic Load Explained
submitted by ImmunoLytics to Healing_From_Mold [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:04 ImranKhan10107 Is using Online Tools to Bypass AI Detection for Schools, Offices , writing purposes Halal?

Is it permissible to use tools that help a student or an employee of a firm to Bypass AI detection.
For example if I generate some text with ChatGPT, since its AI Generated Text, I want to avoid getting AI Detected at school or office. So can I use tools that ‘Bypass AI Detection’ by rephrasing/paraphrasing the text?
Note: At this point we can see large growth in using ChatGPT and ‘AI Bypss Tools’ in schools, offices, for personal use as AI is growing every day.
submitted by ImranKhan10107 to islam [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:04 hola-mundo Show ROI to Get Noticed by Employers

I saw someone ask what to put on a resume and how to write it. Figured I can put something here that can get your mind started at it.
It’s all about showing the return on investment (ROI) you bring to the table. Here’s how to do it: (cliche but can't be said enough times)
1. Quantify Your Achievements: Use numbers to highlight your successes. Instead of saying you improved sales, specify by how much. For example, "Increased sales by X% over six months."
- Example: "Implemented a marketing strategy that boosted lead generation by 25%."
2. Highlight Cost Savings: Demonstrate how you saved your previous employer money. For instance, "Saved $X annually by optimising supply chain processes."
- Example: "Reduced operational costs by 20% through improved inventory management."
3. Show Efficiency Improvements: Talk about how you improved productivity. "Implemented a new project management tool that reduced project completion time by X%."
- Example: "Streamlined workflow processes, cutting down project delivery times by 15%."
4. Client and Customer Impact:
Show how you improved client satisfaction or retention. "Increased customer retention by X% through personalized service strategies."
- Example: "Enhanced customer support protocols, resulting in a 10% increase in client retention rates."
5. Use Action Verbs and Specifics:
Be clear and direct. Use terms like "generated," "reduced," "increased," to emphasise your contributions.
- Example: "Generated $2,000 in new business by developing targeted sales campaigns."
A tool like EchoTalent AI can help tailor your resume to highlight these ROI-driven achievements, making you the candidate they NEED. By focusing on these points, you turn your resume into a powerful marketing document that showcases the tangible benefits you bring.
Remember, companies hire based on the value you can provide.
submitted by hola-mundo to resumes [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:04 linkbuildingexperts Wall Baskets: How To Maximise Small Spaces

Transforming a cramped living area into a spacious sanctuary might seem like a tall order, but with the right strategies, it's entirely possible. Whether you're nestled in a cosy Johannesburg apartment or making the most of a compact Cape Town cottage, maximising space in small South African homes is both an art and a science.
From clever furniture choices to innovative storage solutions, there are plenty of ways to create the illusion of space without knocking down walls. In this guide, we'll explore how to declutter, optimise, and reimagine your living space, ensuring every square metre serves a purpose. Get ready to breathe new life into your home, making it a place you and your loved ones can truly enjoy.

Key Takeaways

Understanding the Appeal of Wall Baskets

In the quest to maximise small spaces within a South African context, wall baskets have emerged as a simple yet transformative solution. As you delve into the world of wall decor, it's hard to overlook the versatility and aesthetic appeal of wall baskets for decor. Drawing inspiration from local crafts and contemporary designs, EYA Home Living showcases how these accessories can serve both as storage solutions and artistic expressions.
What are wall baskets, you might ask? Traditionally rooted in African culture, these decorative pieces are intricately woven using sustainable materials. Their charm lies not only in the craftsmanship but also in their functionality. By incorporating EYA wall baskets into your decor, you essentially double the utility of your walls, turning them into focal points that are both beautiful and practical.
Adapting your space with wall decor baskets opens up a realm of possibilities. Imagine converting a bare, unused wall into a stylish storage area or an eye-catching gallery. The beauty of wall baskets is that they come in various sizes, colours, and designs, allowing for an unparalleled level of customisation. Mix and match to create patterns or thematic arrangements that reflect your personality and the vibrancy of South African decor.
Moreover, integrating wall baskets into your living area doesn't only serve aesthetic purposes. It's a clever way to declutter surfaces and optimise your living environment without sacrificing style. From holding magazines and plants to storing kitchen utensils or bathroom essentials, the possibilities are limitless.
As you consider the potential of wall baskets to rejuvenate and organise your space, remember to explore the range available at EYA Home Living. This exploration may just be the first step towards breathing new life into your home, proving that sometimes, the most straightforward solutions are right in front of us, waiting to be hung.

Innovative Ways to Utilise Wall Baskets in Compact Spaces

When you're dealing with limited square footage in your home, every inch counts. In South Africa, where innovative solutions are continually sought to enhance living environments, EYA Home Living emerges as a beacon of creativity for home decor. Wall baskets, particularly those featured in EYA's diverse collection, represent an excellent way to blend functionality with aesthetic appeal. Here's how you can transform your compact spaces using these versatile pieces.

Maximising Vertical Space

Firstly, consider the untapped potential of your vertical spaces. Wall baskets can serve as an ingenious method to Declutter surfaces and counter tops. By affixing baskets of varying sizes and designs, you can create a modular storage system that houses everything from kitchen spices to bathroom essentials. EYA's range of wall decor baskets embodies the perfect amalgam of local artistry and contemporary design, making it simple for you to find options that resonate with your personal style.

Creating Focal Points

Beyond just utility, EYA wall baskets offer you an artistic avenue to personalise your living area. You can curate a vibrant gallery wall using baskets in different patterns and textures, turning a blank wall into the centrepiece of the room. This not only adds depth and character to your space but also showcases a unique blend of South African craftsmanship.

Zone Dividing

In the spirit of Innovation, why not use wall baskets for decor purposes to delineate distinct areas within a single room? By strategically positioning baskets, you can visually separate a workspace from a living area or define a dining nook within a larger room. This approach maintains an open and airy feel, which is crucial in smaller living environments, yet introduces an element of structure and organisation.

Practical Yet Stylish Solutions

For those who cherish aesthetics as much as functionality, incorporating wall baskets into your decor can elevate the look of your home without compromising on utility. EYA Home Living showcases wall baskets that meld with various decor themes, from minimalist to bohemian, ensuring you'll find something that effortlessly enhances your home's character while serving a practical purpose.
As you explore the potentials of Wall Decor Baskets, remember that your creativity is the limit. Each basket you choose is a testament to your personal taste and an ode to inventive South African home styling solutions.

Choosing the Right Wall Baskets for Your Space

When it comes to maximising small spaces, selecting the appropriate wall baskets can transform your area into a beautifully organised and visually striking environment. EYA Home Living presents a vast collection of wall baskets for decor, tapping into the heart of South African home styling solutions.
Firstly, understanding what are wall baskets is crucial. They are not just storage items but also pieces of art that can enhance the aesthetic of any room. Wall decor baskets serve multiple purposes - from holding your essentials to showcasing your unique taste in home decor.
Here's how you can choose the right wall baskets for your space:
Remember, the right wall baskets not only maximise your vertical space but also act as an extension of your personal style. By carefully selecting wall baskets that resonate with your aesthetic and functional needs, you can create a space that feels more open, organised, and uniquely yours.

Real-Life Inspiration

Let's look at an example like the Buhera baskets. They're not mass-produced, soulless items. Each basket is handcrafted by skilled artisans in Zimbabwe, using techniques passed down through generations. These wall baskets are made from Ilala palm, a natural material that adds an organic touch to your interior. And let's not forget the versatility – whether your home is a temple of minimalism or a sanctuary of boho chic, Buhera baskets blend seamlessly, adding texture and depth to any décor style.

Transforming your small space into a stylish and functional area is within reach. With the right wall baskets from EYA Home Living, you can elevate your decor while keeping everything organised. Remember, it's all about making smart choices that reflect your personal style and meet your needs. Let these tips inspire you to turn your compact living areas into beautiful, practical spaces. Start your journey today and enjoy the benefits of a well-thought-out, space-maximising approach.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a 10x10 bedroom small?

Yes, a 10x10 bedroom is considered on the smaller side. Choosing the right furniture and arranging it cleverly is key to maximising the available space.

How can I make my small space look more spacious?

To make a small space appear larger, utilise vertical space, opt for see-through or minimal furniture, introduce more light, use large decorative accents strategically, avoid placing all furniture against walls, maintain a simple colour scheme, consider skipping heavy curtains, and incorporate elements of nature indoors.

How do you maximise a small room space?

Maximising a small room involves avoiding bulky furniture, opting for floating shelves and multipurpose items, adding mirrors to reflect light and space, using metallic finishes for a sense of depth, and taking advantage of vertical space for storage and decoration.

How do you make a small space look less cluttered?

To make a small space look less cluttered, aim for simplicity in your design choices. Seek out furniture with clean lines and slender legs to open up the space. Opt for pieces that lift off the floor, and keep your colour palette and decorations minimal to reduce visual clutter.

How can I make more space in my small house?

Creating more space involves selecting furniture with exposed legs, mounting your TV on the wall, choosing art and decor that complement the room's scale, sticking to a neutral colour palette, building smart storage solutions, opting for a large rug to create the illusion of more floor area, installing magnetic strips for kitchen and bathroom accessories, and utilising open wall spaces for shelves or wall-mounted baskets.
submitted by linkbuildingexperts to u/linkbuildingexperts [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:03 NotElizaHenry Norwegian vs Oceania for Panama Canal?

I posted a while ago about a potential SE Asia trip, but now everybody wants to do the Panama Canal. Alas. We’re fans of smaller ships and the two trips that work with our schedule are with Oceania (Nautica) and Viking (Viking Mars). We’ve cruised with Oceania before on their bigger ships and have really loved it. I’m not sure if the smaller ship will be too small?
Now I’m going to write way too much because I hate it when people ask for advice while giving no information about their preferences:
Passengers would be my partner and I (39 & 41) and my parents (70s). Parents are a retired college professor and retired social worker who enjoy dressing casually, reading, and classical music, in that order. They’re the kind of people who prefer the buffet over a white tablecloth MDR. My stepmom is in the beginning stages of dementia—no severe symptoms, just some confusion and a tendency to get lost, so we appreciate an attentive, proactive crew who are used to dealing with old people. (Oceania has been incredible for this.) I’m an overwhelmed business owner and my priorities are food, having champagne at every meal, and not having to do anything or make any decisions. My partner is an artist who’s into history and exploring new places.
Oceania has been super great but has felt a little “rich old person” at times. (Loads formal crystal chandeliers, classic rich people food in the dining room, etc. I did grow to appreciate fancy breakfast in the MDR, however.) The Norwegian ship is like a breath of fresh air— the design and colors make it seem much more relaxing and less stuffy overall. My main hesitation is just that the service won’t live up to Oceania’s, especially wrt my stepmom, which is my dad’s real main priority.
(Just to be clear, she doesn’t need a babysitter or anything. In the past, we’ve appreciated, for example, staff members noticing if she looks lost and helping her find where she’s going, helping her order off a potentially confusing menu, and just generally being very patient. My dad’s big standout thing was the room steward keeping their ice bucket full after hearing her mention she likes ice in her drinks.)
Sorry this turned into a novel! I just want my parents to have the best vacation possible before things start to get really hard.
submitted by NotElizaHenry to Cruise [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:02 Weird-Possible3540 What do i do? Stay till he is everything i wanted or have self respect and leave? Me 21F, bf 23M

Well, to make a long story short. I had a relationship with a guy for 2 years. Before him, I had a relationship where I was abused. This guy really helped me out of a difficult time and was so good to me. I wasn't in love with him right away, but after a while of dating, there were definitely feelings, and it got serious. After 4 months, I found out he was cheating with his stepsister. He claims they didn't have sex or anything, just sexual text contact. I forgave him for this because I saw that he was remorseful and very insecure. Eventually, we continued our relationship. It was very difficult, but I saw a future husband in him, and he was so sweet and good to me. Since the incident with his stepsister, his stepfather really doesn't like me. There's a tense atmosphere when I'm there, and he doesn't talk to me. Also, my partner has a drinking problem. Not that he drinks every day, but when he does drink, he doesn't know how to stop, and it always ends up in terrible fights.
Two weeks ago, it happened again. We talked it out, and he promised never to drink again. Last week, he was with his friends and started drinking again. Because of this, I broke up with him. I couldn't keep giving him chances and forgiving him for everything. This is the first time in 2 years, after all the fights and chances, that I ended it. And it seems like this time he realizes what he's losing and what he needs to do to prevent it from happening.
There are a few things I'm struggling with. I really love him a lot, but that family issue is a problem. He is a very simple person and not very emotionally intelligent. I am very loving and give him all the love I have, and he gives it to me too, but in a very different way than I would like. I've mentioned this many times, but nothing changes. The only thing holding me back from ending it for good is that I really see him as someone who would be a good father, someone who only has eyes for me. Despite his initial infidelity, I am 100000% sure he would never do that again. I'm just afraid I'm letting someone go and will never find someone like him who is so sweet and only has eyes for me. I'm really at my wit's end and don't know what to do. Also a very important thing is that he is not educated, i myself am almost finishing my bachelors. I forced him to start school again and now that i broke up with him he is finally taking action to go back to school, but still doesnt sit right with me.
submitted by Weird-Possible3540 to relationship_advice [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 17:01 samdane7777 Obscure Constitutional Cases That Would Be Used To Erode Code is Speech--Excerpts from Coincenter

Professional conduct regulation cases do not support the constitutionality of this rulemaking

The existing broker disclosure obligations as applied to customer agents and principals, though never explicitly validated in the courts, may alternatively be found constitutional as a reasonable regulation of professional conduct that incidentally burdens some speech activities of the persons engaged in that regulated conduct. In that interpretation, the conduct being regulated is that of entering into an agency relationship with a customer or else acting as the principal in a sale to the customer. While a written contract is speech, the assumption of a legal relationship that it embodies is doubtlessly conduct and can be the subject of regulation.
As the Court held in United States v. O’Brien, laws affecting speech that are aimed at the regulation of non-expressive conduct are still analyzed under First Amendment jurisprudence, but face a lower level of constitutional scrutiny than laws aimed directly at the regulation of expressive conduct or at speech activities themselves: “a sufficiently important governmental interest in regulating the nonspeech element [of the regulated conduct] can justify incidental limitations on First Amendment freedoms.”47 The compulsion to merely report privately to the IRS and to the taxpayer certain “purely factual and uncontroversial information” about the regulated non-expressive conduct may rightly be framed as an “incidental” limitation on traditional brokers’ otherwise unabridged First Amendment rights.
The O’Brien standard, however, is only applicable if the rule is targeted at regulating non-expressive conduct. Things become more complicated when the rule is targeted at regulating expressive conduct or at speech itself. There is a long though underappreciated line of cases stemming from O’Brien that points toward a reasonably straightforward series of tests for when regulation of professional conduct that burdens speech activities is constitutional. That line has been best illuminated by attorney Robert Kry in his article, “The ‘Watchman for Truth’: Professional Licensing and the First Amendment.”48 Kry, summarizing and synthesizing many cases, finds that
In the case of a broker who is, in fact, an agent of a customer or a principal in a sale to a customer, the regulation is plausibly aimed at the non-expressive component of the professional’s activity. An agent under common law principles is acting on behalf of her customer. When a broker agrees to a sale, she binds the customer to that sale. The reporting requirement, therefore, is merely a requirement to disclose certain facts about one’s sales, i.e. one’s conduct as an agent. As a principal in a sale to a customer, the broker is, once again, engaged in conduct, a sale, and the reporting requirement merely discloses facts about that conduct. Additionally, brokers of this type are in most cases already subject to a licensing or registration requirement under other statutes.50 Those forms of professional conduct are traditionally regulated and the tax laws merely provide for an additional recordkeeping and reporting requirement associated with that conduct. Altogether, the reporting requirement, though compelled speech, appears to be a regulation aimed at the non-expressive component of a professional’s activity. It is therefore likely constitutional.
As described earlier however, the Treasury Department’s proposed rule inappropriately departs from that customer agent or principal standard and seeks to compel speech from persons who are engaged in no such regulated conduct. A mere publisher or maintainer of software, websites, or smart contracts is not in an agency relationship with any customer, nor is she selling anything to any customer apart from, potentially, a license to use her tools or a fee charged for relaying or publishing the user’s data on a communications network or blockchain. Additionally, unlike typical brokerage, these activities do not trigger any licensing or registration requirements under other state or federal statutory schemes.
Indeed, even when such person is relaying actual cryptocurrency transaction messages that, once recorded in the blockchain, will effect a sale of some cryptocurrency, these entities typically have no actual ability to act on behalf of the user and no actual or apparent authority under agency law to act on their behalf. At most, they can choose whether or not to relay the signed transaction message (but so too can an internet service provider); they cannot alter the contents of that message such that the terms of the sale would change. They cannot and do not act as an agent of any customer nor are they a principal in a digital asset sale to any customer.51
These persons may be involved in conduct in other ways, such as paying for web hosting services, paying fees on cryptocurrency networks to record software or data in the blockchain, taking fees from users to relay their messages, or simply paying rent or otherwise maintaining facilities wherein they or their employees do the work of developing software or maintaining communications tools, but all of those activities are aimed at engaging in speech, the publication of software and data, and none of those activities give rise to the type of fiduciary or agency-like financial relationship, i.e. conduct, that justifies third-party tax reporting obligations.
Moreover, these persons have deliberately designed their software, websites, and smart contract tooling such that it can be useful to a trader and capable of facilitating their trades or other desires without the need for any agency relationship or for any legal or trust-based relationship with the publisher or any other party whatsoever. The user can and does do it all themselves. That is the point of cryptocurrency and “decentralized finance.” We can debate the merit of such a design goal,52 but what is not debatable is that this is how these tools are presently designed.53 By demanding that these publishers rewrite their tools such that an agency relationship is established between the author of the tool and its user, such that the name, Social Security number, and other intimate details of the user are entrusted to the alleged “broker,” the regulation is squarely aimed at compelling not merely the disclosure of trading data and taxable gains, but also the compelled creation of significant expressive software and tooling to solicit and collect data in a manner that would otherwise be antithetical to the goals of the software developer. Such an order is so unprecedented that it is difficult to find appropriate metaphors or past examples. It is as if a state—frustrated that it cannot determine who is reading which books—ordered that novelists shall hold in-person book readings during which they must collect and report information about their audience.
Accordingly, when applied to mere publishers and maintainers of software, websites, and smart contracts, these regulations target the expressive activity of the alleged broker. That does not mean, however, that such rules will automatically be unconstitutional. The Court has dealt with several regulatory schemes aimed at expressive professional conduct, such as a lawyer giving legal advice to a client. Throughout these cases the Court has developed a robust series of standards for constitutionality that are focused primarily on “which kinds of advice are licensable based on how closely they resemble forms of communication associated with fiduciary relationships.”54 This leads us to the second question in Kry’s analysis of the First Amendment limits to regulating professional conduct, what he calls the “value neutral test” because it applies irrespective of whether the speech affected is a matter of public concern and irrespective of the motives of the speaker:
Given the in-person and client-specific nature of legal services, there should be no surprise that under these cases the professional regulation of attorneys, including licensing, limits on solicitation and advertising, and—as in this rulemaking—compelled disclosures, typically withstands constitutional scrutiny. In the context of developers of cryptocurrency systems, however, the answer to Kry’s twin questions of characteristic-dependence and person-to-person context is an unqualified “no.” It is taken as written that software, websites, and smart contracts in the cryptocurrency space are built such that they are generic, serving the needs of whoever wants to use them irrespective of the characteristics of that user. It is also a given that these tools are shared widely over the internet and used freely by whoever happens to download them or (in some cases) whoever pays to license the software or pays to have their transactions relayed by the software. As such, they are never “delivered in the context of a person- to-person relationship.”56 Accordingly, regulation of the speech activities of these developers, including compulsions to report and develop expressive software that enables that reporting, would face strict scrutiny by the Court and be found unconstitutional.
While these standards are general principles that are equally applicable to any kind of expressive conduct regulation, it is nonetheless worth noting that several of the cases that first articulated these standards dealt explicitly with speech, including software, that advised and facilitated sales of valuable assets. As such, the speech in question in these cases was very similar factually to the speech that would be burdened under the Treasury Department’s proposed rule. The value-neutral test was developed in Lowe v. SEC, a case involving the unconstitutional application of the Investment Advisers Act to a person merely publishing a public newsletter,57 and it was further reinforced in Taucher v. Born58 and two similar cases59 dealing with the unconstitutional application of the Commodities Exchange Act to the developers of commodities trading software.60
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