Hello everyone, I am totally new to Docker and I have been stuck on this for around 5 days now. I have a web app where my frontend is using react and Node.js and my backend is using C#, aspNet, to run as a server.
I have handled CORS policy blocking as below for my frontend (running on localhost:3000) to communicate with my backend (running on localhost:5268), and they work fine.
The code that handles CORS policy blocking:

var MyAllowSpecificOrigins = "_myAllowSpecificOrigins"; var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args); builder.Services.AddCors(options => { options.AddPolicy(name: MyAllowSpecificOrigins, policy => { policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:3000/") .AllowAnyMethod() .AllowAnyHeader(); }); }); builder.Services.AddControllers(); builder.Services.AddHttpClient(); var app = builder.Build(); app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseCors(MyAllowSpecificOrigins); app.UseAuthorization(); app.MapControllers(); app.Run(); 

However, when I implement Docker into my code and run the command docker run -p 5268:80 App to start Docker of my backend, I received an error on my browser:

Access to XMLHttpRequest at 'http://localhost:5268/news' from origin 'http://localhost:3000' has been blocked by CORS policy: Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. 

I add Krestrel to appsetting.json to change the base service port as below:

 "Kestrel": { "EndPoints": { "Http": { "Url": "http://+:80" } } } 

Here is my Dockerfile:

# Get base SDK Image from Microsoft FROM AS build-env WORKDIR /app ENV ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://+:80 EXPOSE 80 # Copy the csproj and restore all of the nugets COPY *.csproj ./ RUN dotnet restore # Copy the rest of the project files and build out release COPY . ./ RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o out # Generate runtime image FROM WORKDIR /app COPY --from=build-env /app/out . ENTRYPOINT [ "dotnet", "backend.dll" ] 

Here is my launchSettings.json file's content:

{ "_comment": "For devEnv: http://localhost:5268 and for proEnv: https://kcurr-backend.onrender.com", "iisSettings": { "windowsAuthentication": false, "anonymousAuthentication": true, "iisExpress": { "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:19096", "sslPort": 44358 } }, "profiles": { "http": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "https": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "https://localhost:7217;http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "IIS Express": { "commandName": "IISExpress", "launchBrowser": true, "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } } }, } 

I did some research on this and found that I need to use NGINX to fixed it, so I add nginx.conf and tell docker to read nginx.config as well as below:
now my Dockerfile only has:

# Read NGIXN config to fixed CORS policy blocking FROM nginx:alpine WORKDIR /etc/nginx COPY ./nginx.conf ./conf.d/default.conf EXPOSE 80 ENTRYPOINT [ "nginx" ] CMD [ "-g", "daemon off;" ]mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0 

here is nginx.conf:

upstream api { # Could be host.docker.internal - Docker for Mac/Windows - the host itself # Could be your API in a appropriate domain # Could be other container in the same network, like container_name:port server 5268:80; } server { listen 80; server_name localhost; location / { if ($request_method = 'OPTIONS') { add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 1728000; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization,Accept,Origin,DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent, X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Content-Range,Range'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,OPTIONS,PUT,DELETE,PATCH'; add_header 'Content-Type' 'application/json'; add_header 'Content-Length' 0; return 204; } add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization,Accept,Origin,DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent, X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Content-Range,Range'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,OPTIONS,PUT,DELETE,PATCH'; proxy_pass http://api/; } } 

when I build docker by running: docker build -t kcurr-backend . and then running command docker run -p 5268:80 kcurr-backend, no error shown on console as below:

2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.25.5 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 13.2.1 20231014 (Alpine 13.2.1_git20231014) 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 6.6.22-linuxkit 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 7 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 8 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 9 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 10 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 11 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 12 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 13 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 14 

However, I still cannot connect my frontend to my backend and received the same error on the browser as before, I also received a new error on the console as below :

2024/05/14 05:58:42 [error] 8#8: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.65.1, server: localhost, request: "GET /curcurrency-country HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://0.0.20.148:80/curcurrency-country", host: "localhost:5268", referrer: "http://localhost:3000/" 2024/05/14 05:58:42 [error] 7#7: *2 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.65.1, server: localhost, request: "POST /news HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://0.0.20.148:80/news", host: "localhost:5268", referrer: "http://localhost:3000/" 192.168.65.1 - - [14/May/2024:05:58:42 +0000] "POST /news HTTP/1.1" 502 559 "http://localhost:3000/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-" 192.168.65.1 - - [14/May/2024:05:58:42 +0000] "GET /curcurrency-country HTTP/1.1" 502 559 "http://localhost:3000/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-" 

Does anyone know what I should do to fix the CORS policy blocking for my dockerized backend?
please help.

Hello everyone, I am totally new to Docker and I have been stuck on this for around 5 days now. I have a web app where my frontend is using react and node.js and my backend is using C#, aspNet, to tun as server.
I have handled CORS policy blocking as below for my frontend (running on localhost:3000) to communicate with my backend (running on localhost:5268), and they work fine.
The code that handles CORS policy blocking:

var MyAllowSpecificOrigins = "_myAllowSpecificOrigins"; var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args); builder.Services.AddCors(options => { options.AddPolicy(name: MyAllowSpecificOrigins, policy => { policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:3000/") .AllowAnyMethod() .AllowAnyHeader(); }); }); builder.Services.AddControllers(); builder.Services.AddHttpClient(); var app = builder.Build(); app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseCors(MyAllowSpecificOrigins); app.UseAuthorization(); app.MapControllers(); app.Run(); 

However, when I implement Docker into my code and run the command docker run -p 5268:80 kcurr-backend to start Docker of my backend, I received an error on my browser:

Access to XMLHttpRequest at 'http://localhost:5268/news' from origin 'http://localhost:3000' has been blocked by CORS policy: Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. 

I add Krestrel to appsetting.json to change the base service port as below:

 "Kestrel": { "EndPoints": { "Http": { "Url": "http://+:80" } } } 

Here is my Dockerfile:

# Get base SDK Image from Microsoft FROM AS build-env WORKDIR /app ENV ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://+:80 EXPOSE 80 # Copy the csproj and restore all of the nugets COPY *.csproj ./ RUN dotnet restore # Copy the rest of the project files and build out release COPY . ./ RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o out # Generate runtime image FROM WORKDIR /app COPY --from=build-env /app/out . ENTRYPOINT [ "dotnet", "backend.dll" ]mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0 

Here is my launchSettings.json file's content:

{ "_comment": "For devEnv: http://localhost:5268 and for proEnv: https://kcurr-backend.onrender.com", "iisSettings": { "windowsAuthentication": false, "anonymousAuthentication": true, "iisExpress": { "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:19096", "sslPort": 44358 } }, "profiles": { "http": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "https": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "https://localhost:7217;http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "IIS Express": { "commandName": "IISExpress", "launchBrowser": true, "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } } }, } 

I did some research on this and found that I need to use NGINX to fixed it, so I add nginx.conf and tell docker to read nginx.config as well as below:
now my Dockerfile has additional section:

# Get base SDK Image from Microsoft FROM AS build-env WORKDIR /app ENV ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://+:80 EXPOSE 80 # Copy the csproj and restore all of the nugets COPY *.csproj ./ RUN dotnet restore # Copy the rest of the project files and build out release COPY . ./ RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o out # Generate runtime image FROM WORKDIR /app COPY --from=build-env /app/out . ENTRYPOINT [ "dotnet", "backend.dll", "--launch-profile Prod" ] # Read NGIXN config to fixed CORS policy blocking FROM nginx:alpine WORKDIR /etc/nginx COPY ./nginx.conf ./conf.d/default.conf EXPOSE 80 ENTRYPOINT [ "nginx" ] CMD [ "-g", "daemon off;" ] 

here is nginx.conf:

upstream api { # Could be host.docker.internal - Docker for Mac/Windows - the host itself # Could be your API in a appropriate domain # Could be other container in the same network, like container_name:port server 5268:80; } server { listen 80; server_name localhost; location / { if ($request_method = 'OPTIONS') { add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 1728000; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization,Accept,Origin,DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent, X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Content-Range,Range'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,OPTIONS,PUT,DELETE,PATCH'; add_header 'Content-Type' 'application/json'; add_header 'Content-Length' 0; return 204; } add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'Authorization,Accept,Origin,DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent, X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Content-Range,Range'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,OPTIONS,PUT,DELETE,PATCH'; proxy_pass http://api/; } } 

when I build docker by running: docker build -t kcurr-backend . and then running command docker run -p 5268:80 kcurr-backend, no error shown on console as below:

2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.25.5 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 13.2.1 20231014 (Alpine 13.2.1_git20231014) 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 6.6.22-linuxkit 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 7 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 8 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 9 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 10 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 11 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 12 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 13 2024/05/14 05:58:36 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 14 

However, I still cannot connect my frontend to my backend and received the same error on browser as before, I also received a new error on the console as below :

2024/05/14 05:58:42 [error] 8#8: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.65.1, server: localhost, request: "GET /curcurrency-country HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://0.0.20.148:80/curcurrency-country", host: "localhost:5268", referrer: "http://localhost:3000/" 2024/05/14 05:58:42 [error] 7#7: *2 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.65.1, server: localhost, request: "POST /news HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://0.0.20.148:80/news", host: "localhost:5268", referrer: "http://localhost:3000/" 192.168.65.1 - - [14/May/2024:05:58:42 +0000] "POST /news HTTP/1.1" 502 559 "http://localhost:3000/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-" 192.168.65.1 - - [14/May/2024:05:58:42 +0000] "GET /curcurrency-country HTTP/1.1" 502 559 "http://localhost:3000/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36" "-" 

Does anyone know what I should do to fix the CORS policy blocking for my dockerized backend?
please help.

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Hello!
Identity: 24F, asexual, sex repulsed, demiromantic biromantic.
Location: Dominican Republic, I will be pursuing a master's degree in Europe starting this year.
Interests:
Getting lost in music is my favorite way of spending my free time. I like cooking/baking special things when I feel inspired to. Sometimes I get caught up on random rabbit holes of information, I bing read web comics knowing they're incomplete. I like taking pictures, watching the sky and stars; sometimes just standing there, breathing the fresh air at the countryside makes me feel fulfilled. Oh and I write poetry. I also like outdoonature activities such as swimming, running, hiking. It's been years since I had a bike but I want to get back to it.
I don't really play video games anymore. Maybe in the future I'll get back to it. Same with tv shows, I have a long list of things I watched/played in the past, so maybe we could talk about both of these things. And I'd be open to recommendations.
Shows/cartoons I've liked:
Live action: Orphan Black, Teen Wolf, the OA, Sense8, New Girl, Skins, Fleabag, Warrior Nun, Anne with an E, Super Girl;
Animated: Kipo, She-Ra, Inside Job, Arcane, Dragon Prince, Hilda, Violet Evergarden, Edén, The Owl House, Teen Titans, Young Justice, Disenchantment, Harley Quinn, ATLA, LOK, Bocchi the Rock!, Ergo Proxy, Cowboy Bebop, etc.
Games: Life is Strange, The Walking Dead Series, Kirby and Super Mario games, Minecraft, Stardew Valley, GTA, The Sims, Unpacking and Need for speed.
About me:
I'm an ambivert, a private person but I can open up easily, sometimes it happens fast, sometimes it takes time, it depends on the person. I've dealt with anxiety and depression in the past, but nowadays, it's mostly social anxiety that lingers. Still I can function in society and be a good add-on in others lives.
I'm open to talk about things like that and I can be pretty understanding of other's struggles. I don't like being bombed with heavy information without warnings first though.
I don't have my life 100% together, so I don't expect you to be at your "prime" either, but someone with a drive to get and be better would be nice, so we could support and motivate each other to keep thriving. So I can understand if you're struggling or have had in the past. I'm striving for my independence, personal and career growth, and living a peaceful life.
Right now I'm unemployed, I get by trying to be as useful as possible (I live with my family); getting gigs here and there while I find a steady job; I also have various business ideas that I honestly don't know what I'm waiting for to try bring them to life lol; apart from that, I spend time doing things that I like, and every once in a while I enroll in virtual classes, short courses of different things. I live in a sub urban area, and honestly, there's not much to do here besides clubbing (not my thing), eating out, going to the beach or parks. Or maybe there is more and I'm not aware yet lol.
I express my feelings through acts of service, quality time, words of affirmation, compliments and flirts, cuddling and open/honest/healthy communication. I like to communicate and I hate when people leave me hanging on/waiting for answers that never arrive, I like being honest and talking things out, even if it won't work out.
Physically: I'm hispanic, 1.73m tall, average weight. My hair is short but my sense of fashion isn't really masc, nor too femme either lol. I just prefer to dress comfortably, but if things have to get fancy I can get fancy, you'll never see me wearing dresses though. Comfort > looks.
Happy to send pictures and expecting to get them in return, like to put a face to whom I'm talking with, so I would like to exchange pics early on, so if you're too big on anonymity, I don't think we'd be a match. For friends this isn't necessary though but if you want to, I'm fine with it.
Looking for:
you + me 😏🤭 /JK... perhaps?👉🏼👈🏼
I've never been in a relationship but I feel ready to explore that part of myself that I've been neglecting haha. I kind of crave emotional connection and I enjoy cuddling. I put that pink flair but friends are welcomed too.
Friends: anyone between 22-28, sharing things in common or anything at all, I can talk about anything honestly lol.
More than friends: 22-28, who's also looking for something similar; we don't need to have a lot in common, but if we share some interests it would be great; someone who can hold a conversation and communicate openly and with honesty; can get serious or be a silly goose when necessary :v, likes to constantly text/voice chat/video calls. I haven't had any luck finding aces here so I'm open to a LDR, even online for a while, though I would like to close the gap some day, I wouldn't be comfortable with an online relationship forever. Also I will come back to my country for a bit to do some things but I'm open to moving elsewhere depending on a lot of factors, feel free to ask me about this..
I like to communicate and I dislike when people leave me hanging on or waiting for answers that never arrive, specially in the online world. I like being honest and talking things out, even if they don't work out. But I don't chase people who gets hard to reach out to.
Deal-breakers include:

• age range
• toxic positivity
• toxic masculinity
• hate towards lgbt+
• passive aggressiveness
• unhealthy levels of clingyness
• hard drugs , heavily drinking, somking
• Ignoring the age range I have stated above

I'm sorry for the length, I always start writing short bits but I'm the type to give as much information as possible lol. I don't leave anything up for imagination XD
Happy to provide more (more !!!? XD) details privately.
If I caught your attention don't hesitate to dm, comment, pm, send me a pigeon or a smoke signal.
See ya!

I've been playing ada quite a lot because I've been wanting to get her to p2 + i had a lot of party streamers and escape cakes on her, well those bp offerings haven't been particularly useful because every single time i get tunneled out at 5 gens. i even turned anonymous mode on thinking it could help and it did but just barely. eventually i ran out of good bp offerings and started playing whoever had better bp offerings and just like that the hard tunneling from the start pretty much stopped. I've had similar experience when playing as ash, jill and renato, worse is ada though. most times im not even the person found and hooked first, which would be the obvious reason for getting tunneled out first and why i think it's related to the characteskin. there could be another survivor next to me that had been hooked once or twice and did worse in chase while i have less hook stages and they'll ignore them and go for me, proceeding to proxy camp and do everything to make me get two hook stages in one hook when they didn't do that to anyone else. if you main or play a lot as the characters i mentioned please do tell me if the same happens to you, if you don't play as those characters please do tell if you've experienced the same and what character
EDIT: forgot to add, I don't think the reason is the skin being bright or high vis (like renato) either. i play adam with the pixelated glasses and graphic hoodie, which could seem like a troll skin, and never get tunneled.

Hi everyone, this is my first time trying out using docker for my project. I am developing a full stack web application where my frontend is using react (node.js) while only my backend that is, dockerized, using C# (asp.net core).
My problem is when I run "dotnet run" on my backend, my app seems to work fine where my frontend can reach to backend. But when I start running docker command where I need to specified service port, my frontend cannot reach the backend app anymore. I am not sure what can cause the issue here.
Here is the setupProxy.js on the frontend:

const { createProxyMiddleware } = require('http-proxy-middleware'); const devBaseURL = "http://localhost:5268"; const prodBaseURL = "https://kcurr-backend.onrender.com"; module.exports = function(app) { app.use( '/api', // The endpoint on your frontend to be proxied createProxyMiddleware({ target: devBaseURL, // URL of your backend API changeOrigin: true, }) ); }; 

Here is my backend:
Dockerfile:

# Get base SDK Image from Microsoft FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0 AS build-env WORKDIR /app # Copy the csproj and restore all of the nugets COPY *.csproj ./ RUN dotnet restore # Copy the rest of the project files and build out release COPY . ./ RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o out # Generate runtime image FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:7.0 WORKDIR /app COPY --from=build-env /app/out . ENTRYPOINT [ "dotnet", "backend.dll", "--launch-profile Prod" ] 

appsettings.json:

{ "Logging": { "LogLevel": { "Default": "Information", "Microsoft.AspNetCore": "Warning" } }, "AllowedHosts": "*", "Kestrel": { "EndPoints": { "Http": { "Url": "http://+:80" } } } } 

launchSetting.js:

{ "_comment": "For devEnv: http://localhost:5268 and for proEnv: https://kcurr-backend.onrender.com", "iisSettings": { "windowsAuthentication": false, "anonymousAuthentication": true, "iisExpress": { "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:19096", "sslPort": 44358 } }, "profiles": { "http": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "https": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": true, "launchBrowser": true, "applicationUrl": "https://localhost:7217;http://localhost:5268", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } }, "IIS Express": { "commandName": "IISExpress", "launchBrowser": true, "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development" } } }, "Prod": { "commandName": "Project", "dotnetRunMessages": "true", "launchBrowser": true, "launchUrl": "swagger", "applicationUrl": "http://+:80", "environmentVariables": { "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Production" } } } 

• What do I need to fixed so that the frontend can reach the backend? Do I need to dockerize my frontend code as well?
• If I want to put my frontend and backend into cloud such as AWS or Render separately, what do I need to change so that both of them can communicate to each other properly?

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The Electroneum Smart Chain is a distributed network of computers running software (known as nodes) that can verify blocks and transaction data. You need an application, known as a client, on your computer to “run” a node.
Prerequisites
You should understand the concept of a peer-to-peer network and the basics of the EVM before diving deeper and running your own instance of an Electroneum Smart Chain client. Take a look at our Introduction to the Electroneum Smart Chain.
What are nodes and clients?
“Node” refers to a running piece of client software. A client is an implementation of Electroneum Smart Chain that verifies all transactions in each block, keeping the network secure and the data accurate.
You can see a real-time view of the Ethereum network by looking at this map of nodes.
Node types
If you want to run your own node, you should understand that there are different types of node that consume data differently. In fact, clients can run 3 different types of node - light, full and archive. There are also options of different sync strategies which enables faster synchronisation time. Synchronisation refers to how quickly it can get the most up-to-date information on the Electroneum Smart Chain’s state.
Full node

• Stores full blockchain data (although this is periodically pruned so a full node does not store all state data back to genesis)
• Participates in block validation, verifies all blocks and states.
• All states can be derived from a full node (although very old states are reconstructed from requests made to archive nodes).
• Serves the network and provides data on request.

Light node
Instead of downloading every block, light nodes download block headers. These headers only contain summary information about the contents of the blocks. Any other information required by the light node gets requested from a full node. The light node can then independently verify the data they receive against the state roots in the block headers. Light nodes enable users to participate in the Electroneum network without the powerful hardware or high bandwidth required to run full nodes. Eventually, light nodes might run on mobile phones or embedded devices. The light nodes do not participate in consensus (i.e. they cannot be validators), but they can access the Electroneum blockchain with the same functionality as a full node.
The execution client Etn-sc includes a light sync option. However, a light Etn-sc node relies upon full nodes serving light node data. Few full nodes opt to serve light node data, meaning light nodes often fail to find peers.
There are also potential routes to providing light client data over the gossip network. This is advantageous because the gossip network could support a network of light nodes without requiring full nodes to serve requests.
The Electroneum Smart Chain does not support a large population of light nodes yet, but light node support is an area expected to develop rapidly in the near future.
Archive node

• Stores everything kept in the full node and builds an archive of historical states. Needed if you want to query something like an account balance at block #4,000,000.
• Data might represent units of terabytes when the network grows, which makes archive nodes less attractive for average users but can be handy for services like block explorers, wallet vendors, and chain analytics.

Syncing clients in any mode other than archive will result in pruned blockchain data. This means, there is no archive of all historical states but the full node is able to build them on demand.
Why should I run an Electroneum node?
Running a node allows you to trustlessly and privately use the Electroneum Smart Chain while supporting the ecosystem.
Benefits to you
Running your own node enables you to use Electroneum in a truly private, self-sufficient and trustless manner. You don’t need to trust the network because you can verify the data yourself with your client. “Don’t trust, verify” is a popular blockchain mantra.

• Your node verifies all the transactions and blocks against consensus rules by itself. This means you don’t have to rely on any other nodes in the network or fully trust them.
• You won’t have to leak your addresses and balances to random nodes. Everything can be checked with your own client.
• Your dapp can be more secure and private if you use your own node. MetaMask and some other wallets can be easily pointed to your own local node.
• You can program your own custom RPC endpoints.
• You can connect to your node using Inter-process Communications (IPC) or rewrite the node to load your program as a plugin. This grants low latency, which is required to replace your transactions as fast as possible (i.e. frontrunning).

Network benefits
A diverse set of nodes is important for Electroneum’s health, security and operational resiliency.

• They provide access to blockchain data for lightweight clients that depend on it. In high peaks of usage, there need to be enough full nodes to help light nodes sync. Light nodes don’t store the whole blockchain, instead they verify data via the state roots in block headers. They can request more information from blocks if they need it.
• Full nodes enforce the istanbul-byzantine-fault-tolerance consensus rules so they can’t be tricked into accepting blocks that don’t follow them. This provides extra security in the network because if all the nodes were light nodes, which don’t perform full verification, validators could attack the network and, for example, create blocks with higher rewards.

If you run a full node, the whole Electroneum network benefits from it.
Running your own node
Interested in running your own Electroneum Smart Chain client?
If you’re more of a technical user, learn how to spin up your own node with the command line!
Alternatives
If somebody runs an Electroneum node with a public API in your community, you can point your light wallets (like MetaMask) to a community node via Custom RPC and gain more privacy than with some random trusted third party. To clarify what we mean by privacy, there are a few ways of proxying your requests to the network in order to send transactions: A) Run your own node and send your requests through that B) Open up metamask and connect it to a node ran by a member of the public who does not require you to do kyc and simply leaves the node open to anonymous connection (besides ip address) to help out people who don’t have their own node aka good samaritan C) You send your requests via some third party who has a node but requires a signup / kyc/ personal info etc Herein we are referring to option B.
This also means that if you run a client, you can share it altruistically with your friends who might need it.
The Etn-sc client
The Etn-sc client is the official client for the Electroneum Smart Chain, inspired by Geth and maintained by the Electroneum Team.

• GitHub

Synchronisation modes
To follow and verify current data in the network, the Electroneum client needs to sync with the latest network state. This is done by downloading data from peers, cryptographically verifying their integrity, and building a local blockchain database.
Synchronisation modes represent different approaches to this process with various trade-offs.
Overview of strategies
General overview of synchronisation approaches used in Mainnet ready clients:
Full sync
Full sync downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions, and receipts) and generates the state of the blockchain incrementally by executing every block from genesis.

• Minimises trust and offers the highest security by verifying every transaction.
• With an increasing number of transactions, it can take days to weeks to process all transactions.

Fast sync
Fast sync downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions, and receipts), verifies all headers, downloads the state and verifies it against the headers.

• Relies on the security of the consensus mechanism.
• Synchronisation takes only a few hours.

Light sync
Light client mode downloads all block headers, block data, and verifies some randomly. Only syncs tip of the chain from the trusted checkpoint.

• Gets only the latest state while relying on trust in developers and consensus mechanism.
• Client ready to use with current network state in a few minutes.

More on Light clients
Snap sync
Implemented by Etn-sc. Using dynamic snapshots served by peers retrieves all the account and storage data without downloading intermediate trie nodes and then reconstructs the Merkle trie locally.

• Fastest sync strategy developed by Etn-sc, currently its default
• Saves a lot of disk usage and network bandwidth without sacrificing security.

Setup in client
Clients offer rich configuration options to suit your needs. Apart from the synchronisation algorithm, you can also set pruning of different kinds of old data. Pruning enables deleting outdated data, e.g. removing state trie nodes that are unreachable from recent blocks.
Pay attention to the client’s documentation or help page to find out which sync mode is the default. You can define the preferred type of sync when you get set up, like so:
Setting up light sync in ETN-SC
etn-sc --syncmode "full"
For further details, check out the tutorial on running Etn-sc in light mode.
Hardware
Hardware requirements generally are not that high since the node just needs to stay synced. Don’t confuse it with mining, which requires much more computing power. Sync time and performance do improve with more powerful hardware however. Depending on your needs and wants, Electroneum can be run on your computer, home server, single-board computers or virtual private servers in the cloud.
Requirements
Before installing the client, please ensure your computer has enough resources to run it. Minimum and recommended requirements can be found below, however the key part is the disk space. Syncing the Electroneum blockchain is very input/output intensive. It is best to have a solid-state drive (SSD). To run an Electroneum client on HDD, you will need at least 8GB of RAM to use as a cache.
Minimum requirements

• CPU with 2+ cores
• 4 GB RAM minimum with an SSD, 8 GB+ if you have an HDD
• 8 MBit/s bandwidth

Recommended specifications

• Fast CPU with 4+ cores
• 16 GB+ RAM
• Fast SSD with at least 500 GB free space
• 25+ MBit/s bandwidth

Related topics

• Blocks

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What Is UpRock(UPT)?
UpRock is pioneering the democratization of advanced AI web crawling and data synthesis, a privilege previously reserved for large enterprises. By balancing centralized AI with decentralized physical infrastructure, UpRock is architecting a framework for impartial, real-time and personalized insights. This journey transforms decision-making processes and workflows for individuals and organizations, underscoring AI’s crucial role in adapting to emerging consumer behaviors. The AI Insight Exchange (AIX) dashboard is central to UpRock’s innovations, empowering customers with a personal AI web crawler, changing the way we absorb information and make informed decisions aligned with our life and work goals.
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I'm struggling to connect to campus Wi-Fi. Can anyone on linux double-check /etc/NetworkManagesystem-connections/ directory to see how their settings differ from mine for uwosecure-v2?
Edit: Figured it out
Remove entries for anonymous-identity and private-key. It's required by nmtui, but not by nmcli, so use nmcli instead.

[connection] id=uwosecure-v2 uuid=b768524e-22d4-4422-96db-9fb0a3b376ff type=wifi interface-name=wlo1 [wifi] mode=infrastructure ssid=uwosecure-v2 [wifi-security] key-mgmt=wpa-eap [802-1x] anonymous-identity=anonymous ca-cert=/etc/ssl/certs/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem domain-suffix-match=wireless.uwo.ca eap=peap; identity=[userID] password=[account password] phase2-auth=mschapv2 private-key=[account password] # something strange is that there's a '/' just before the password. Removing it didn't change anything and it was automatically generated by nmtui. [ipv4] method=auto [ipv6] addr-gen-mode=default method=auto [proxy]