Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City, USA
Experience Unparalleled Comfort and Convenience at Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City
Price Level: $$$$
Hotel Class: 3.5
If you're looking for a hotel that goes above and beyond, look no further than the Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City. With its modern amenities and thoughtful design, this hotel stands out among others in the bustling city. For business travelers, each guest room includes a spacious work desk and free internet access, ensuring you can stay connected even while away from the office. If you're planning an extended stay, you'll appreciate the convenience of an in-room mini fridge, perfect for keeping drinks and snacks on hand. And for those who like to stay active, the hotel offers an in-house fitness room, so you can maintain your workout routine while on the road. As always, the Best Western Plus Hospitality House prides itself on providing superior customer service, just as you would expect from Best Western® Hotels & Resorts.
Amenities of Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City, USA
At Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City, guests can enjoy a wide range of amenities to enhance their stay. The hotel offers complimentary breakfast, ensuring guests start their day off right. With free internet and wifi, guests can stay connected throughout their stay. The kitchenette in each suite allows guests to prepare their own meals, while the refrigerator and microwave provide added convenience. The hotel also offers wheelchair access and facilities for disabled guests, ensuring that everyone can enjoy their stay. Other amenities include a 24-hour front desk, concierge service, and laundry service. The multilingual staff is ready to assist guests in various languages, including English, Chinese, Filipino, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. With non-smoking rooms, air conditioning, and a flatscreen TV, guests can relax and unwind in comfort. Overall, Best Western Plus Hospitality House provides a range of amenities to cater to the needs of all guests.
Contact of Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City, USA
18005688520
145 E 49th St, New York City, NY 10017
https://www.bestwestern.com/de_DE/book/hotel-rooms.33114.html?iata=00171890&ssob=BLBWI0003G&cid=BLBWI0003G:yext:website:33114
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Tips for Staying in Best Western Plus Hospitality House
Ask for room at back of hotel Get to breakfast early; between 7.30 and 8 worked for us! Wear comfortable shoes 2 bedroom units face front (street); C" units/1 king bedroom face the back higher floor (though one wasn't available when we checked in)"
Reviews of Best Western Plus Hospitality House in New York City, USA
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I recently got a 5600 non-X (80€ before VAT on Mindfactory) and spent the past couple of days tuning it. Turns out the RAM that I had since like 2019 is a good overclocker (Micron Rev E) and the IOD on the 5600 too. So this was my first proper attempt at overclocking. The RAM OC gets me about 15% more fps in Project Cars over XMP (3200MHz CL16).
Ryzen 5000 is probably not so relevant anymore on this subreddit, but I am proud of the result and want to share it. It might also help someone trying to OC a similar setup if they happen to find this. Btw do today's Ryzen 5000 IODs overclock better than earlier ones, or was I just lucky?
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The CPU is running with PBO Boost Clock Override +200MHz with curve optimizer, so 4650MHz. The RAM is stable at 4066 CL16 with what looks to me as a beginner like tight timings. The FCLK at 2033MHz is stable too (VSOC is set to 1.175V in the bios), but it was hard to get rid of WHEA 19 errors at 2033MHz FCLK. Unfortunately I still see a single WHEA 19 every once in a while when running prime95 and I can't figure out how to get rid of it. I tried so many voltage combinations. (Edit: Lower CPU temp! Even a little can make a real difference)
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The benchmarks you see in the picture were done in Windows safe mode so background processes don't steal my points. It also gives me very consistent numbers. The difference in AIDA latency between runs is 0.0 to 0.1ns. I also tried 4.9GHz allcore 1.3V for fun (didn't check stability) and it increased the R23 scores significantly and decreased the AIDA memory latency by 1ns.
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daily PBO +200MHz
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4.9GHz allcore 1.3V (probably unstable)

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Just been looking at some of old stuff that my family sent me over the years. Hope to add some more on Saturday.

Plans to coup the government
Last time we established rising tensions in France. Coup plotter started already in November, cooperating with the CIA (with instructions from president elected MacArthur). Since events in February and transformation of SDECE into DGSI anti-communist conspirators suffered major blow. French authorities looked with suspicion towards Gaullists and their allies and weakened their position and foreign connections. Gaullists were preparing their own coup, but simultaneously several generals and veterans of the Indochina war were preparing their own. Both sides did not know about each other. CIA and MI6 aided both groups and considered them both part of the same plot. DGSI managed to uncover parts of Gaullist's plot and did not know about Salan's one. With the destruction of the spy centre in SDECE, plotters were pressured to act quickly, it was only a matter of time, when communists would uncover their activity. Charles De Gaulle was already strictly watched by DGSI. Salan counted with the support of other right-wing elements, his plan was simple: Take power, then restore the presidential republic and install most likely general De Gaulle as puppet head of it.
The Coup
Funeral of Stalin was a major opportunity for putschists. As Thorez together with other high-ranking communists left for Moscow already on 7 March. Salan together with the CIA urged to launch the coup now. Preparations for action itself were thus rushed and in many parts improvised.
3:00-4:00 putschist paratroopers (only weaker and not numerous units, tanks and more units stayed behind Paris) go into Paris, they quickly capture Parliament, the main radio stations, PCF office building (empty at that time) and Élysée Palace. However, they fail to capture communist newspaper office, which proves one of the main mistakes. Salan bases HQ in Élysée Palace. Fights in radio are broadcasted by its workers who refused to give it to the military, they call all for help, shooting it's clearly heard in the last broadcast, leading to widespread belief (later proved false) that these workers were executed.
4:30 Radio and newspaper declaration of the Committee of Public Safety is issued. Salan informs about the creation of a provisional government led by the military to “restore order” and “protect French democracy and constitution” from communist takeover. Together with that, the resignation of President Auriol is announced. In this statement Auriol speaks about “drastic, but necessary moves” and speaks against violence (he actually wants to collaborate with Salan against Thorez)
Early morning: Issue of newspapers, communists and leftist newspapers change their headlines and inform people about the coup while calling people to resist the “violent reactionary coup of Salan’s clique”, similar statements are also issued by free radio, operating from the countryside. Both minister of interior Charles Tillon, minister of defence Laurent Casanova and chief of staff Henri Rol-Tanguy, weren’t captured, because they were not located in places putschists expected them to be, another major failure. The French Army was ordered to fight against putschist forces, as did DSGI. Charles Tillon also called for a popular uprising in the newspaper. Thorez was awakened by this time, and still did not react and instead rushed to Soviets for advice. De Gaulle was sleeping in his home, around 5 in the morning, when he was visited by several men from DGSI as the suspected coup leader. Visibly shocked and confused, the general pledged he is not connected to this in any way. He spoke with Tillon on the phone; communists vaguely offered him cooperation and division of power. Later, he was also contacted by Salan who offered him installation as president. General responded vaguely to both proposals, it is unknown what exactly. Both sides interpreted it as approval.
5:00-7:00 as more and more people wake up; spontaneous demonstrations started and grew more massive. CGT met up around 6:30 and declared an immediate general strike and a statement about clear worker’s loyalty to the Thorez government. During these Putschist soldiers shoot several demonstrators leading to outrage, people start to arm themselves by CGT and PCF (People’s Guards – GP Garde populaire). Fights, violence and bloodshed erupts in Paris, People’s Guards soon vastly outnumber sent garrisons as also parts of police join anti-coup forces.
7:00 Meanwhile, long announced Thorez directives and speech comes. His speech is broadcasted by dissent radio, calling for resistance, he also proclaims himself as acting president. He had to act on his own, because from Soviet leaders he received very confusing and mixed responses. While party leader Nikita Khruschev called for revolution and promised full Soviet backing including military intervention, premier Malenkov advocated caution and wished for a peaceful solution and MGB under Beria called it “internal matter of France”. Internally, Beria opposed any intervention in France and wanted to let it under Western influence to appease them, while Khruschev wished for formation of socialist state. Thorez decides to fly back to France.
Another announcement comes from vice-premier Pierre Mendès France, who calls for peace and negotiations, while leaders of RPF and the Third Force coalition give their reluctant approval for the coup.
7:30 Pro-Salan units prepared near Paris are sent to crush demonstrations. Barricades are set up to prevent their entry. Vast parts of Paris were controlled by resistance. Simultaneously troops loyal to the ministry of defence start to move from the North towards the city and secure control over territories.
8:00 US government recognizes Salan as leader of France, first US military aid arrives in putschist controlled ports, several hours later.
At 9:30 putschist tanks arrive in Paris and start the assault, soon violent clashes at barricades result in many deaths, but they don’t break the barricades at first. In the forenoon Revolutionary Workers and Students Council is formed and takes over political life in Paris, loyal units also arrive to strengthen the barricades. Salan declares martial law.
The Civil War
Ante meridiem chaos spreads countrywide. Worker strikes and communist revolutionaries take over factories and many local governments, in some cities, towns and villages opposite happens and anti-communists purge communists. First fights between opposing militants. The French Anti-Communist Legion is formed (LAF – Légion anticommuniste française), anti-communist paramilitary. Military units are in a state of chaos, officers clash amongst each other, soldiers decide to join opposite factions. Usually, it goes according to units’ allegiance, and several fights erupt. Major events happen in Lyon, where the local council is controlled by communists, who arm locals to rise against the military. Eventually the majority of soldiers rebel against the unit commander and join the communist forces. Vast majority of the navy pledge allegiance to the putschists, only those ships where its sailors take power from the officers, change sides. Widespread railway strikes and barricaded roads are major obstacles for putschist forces, it is hard to move to destination, problems with guerrilla attacks with Molotov cocktails etc. Both sides suffer from friendly fire as both government and putschist forces proudly wave French flags only and have the same uniforms or are civilians with guns. Communist forces started to wear red armbands later on.
Afternoon: Political moves to solve the crisis. Charles De Gaulle re-enters the scene and attempts to install himself as a provisional leader to end the civil war and restore order. He denounces violence and both putschist and communist governments in a radio address. He gained support of the political establishment and part of officers that remained yet undecided. Communists refuse it as they see him as another dictator, while Salan rejects it too as he wants De Gaulle first to recognize his government (and as he is closely linked with the US, Americans support Salan over De Gaulle too). Salan also feels betrayed by this as he counted with De Gaulle joining forces with him. De Gaulle has the support of many Frenchmen and hopes he can at least end this catastrophe; however, it was too late, and this attempt ended in vain. Another proposal was a “unity government” that was rejected by both parties. The strongest fights are in Paris. As also government loyalist troops arrived, it was a full-blown battle that continued also in the night.
In the Evening Thorez arrived in Germany, crossing to France is now risky as territorial control is unclear in the region and French zone in the UNMG. After his arrival he issues the Frankfurt Declaration, stating that “French people have to crush the murderous reactionary clique backed by American imperialists” and also words that would end up being misunderstood and later pretend to be intentional “continue revolutionary tradition of the French people and uphold the democratic and socialist France against reactionary plots.” It is understood as a call to full-blown socialist revolution and the next day people act according to it.
It is a chaotic mess, but to sum it up: The Ministry of Defence controlled by the first day of the civil war mostly these regions: Hauts-de-France and Picardie. Lightly contested government holds: Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Basse-Normandie. Most contested regions with active fights: Ile de France, Rhone-Alpes, Region Sud, Languedoc-Roussillon and Champagne. Putschist forces control: Bretagne, Pays-de-la Loire, Poitou-Charentes, Aquitaine, Lorraine, Saarland. Lightly contested putschist hold: Centre, Bourgogne and Midi-Pyrénées. Areas without any significant presence of either military forces or without active fights between them: Limousin, Auvergne, Franche-Comte and Corsica.
10.3. Fights continue, start of full-blown hot civil war. Government forces launch an offensive in the Grand Est region to secure control of the border with Germany. Thorez declares martial law too. Battle of northeast France is the first major campaign of the civil war; Salan redirects some units from Paris there.
11.3. Key victory of the government forces in Paris and Ille de France. Salan and his government fled to Orléans. Government continues its offensive in the northeast. Thorez is flown to Paris by aircraft in a risky move in the evening. His presence is surprising and boosts morale.
Issue is the French zone in the UN zone. Units there remained unaligned. Both sides play each other and have its sympathisers here, communist utilise Germans for their goal. Thorez in Germany issues a proclamation that uses a loophole in the UN zone institution (that France has sole rights in their zone) and gives territorial control over the UN to Germany. Question whatever this is valid or not. French communists organise German protests for reunification. German Local Committee formed by SED takes over territory (13.3.), French units there give weapons to communists and surrender. Key move to gain access to Soviet aid. Trains full of weapons go to France through.
12.3.-13.3. Communist victory in the battle of northeast France. Frontline stabilises, rival militaries takeover all parts of the country by now. More uprising and local pockets. Major fights in previously contested or non-controlled parts of France (with exception of Corsica, that is secured by putschists), lightly held territories are solidified. Borders with Belgium aren’t still controlled by communists, while putschists gained control over borders with Switzerland, Italy and Spain. US and Italian involvement increase. The Soviet sent more weapons. Khrushchev proposes full intervention, while Beria opposes. These events are also important for Germany, we will get to the international implications later.
14.3. US proposes “French Resolution” it condemns French communists for violence and proposes UN peacekeeping forces to France, led by US and supporting Salan. The Soviet Union vetoed it and then presented their own resolution proposing the opposite on the next day, blocked by the rest of the Security council.
Late March: Solidified frontlines, communists try to push towards south to connect with other units.
After communist advances towards Orléans, Salan moved his government to Bordeaux, a key port and safe military stronghold deep in controlled territories (18.3.). Now styled as “Provisional Government of the French Republic” (GPRF), Salan becomes its prime minister. Majority parts RPF are brought there together with PRL, RGR and parts of MRP in hopes of organising a sort of democratic right-wing government, however, are used just as puppets by the junta. Position of president is (yes again) offered to Charles De Gaulle, who rejects it. Eventually Michel Debré is selected. Simultaneously Pierre Poujade, Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, Jeune Nation and other far-right people join them. PCF and PSIF are banned and declared foreign agents.
After Thorez’s return to Paris, major political reforms happened. Several decrees, major important are: on nationalisation, on land reform, on revolutionary committees (legalisation of previous communist revolutions in various parts of the country), and the most infamous decree on protection of the constitutional revolution (20.3.) that established infamous People’s Revolutionary Tribunals (5 member groups allowed to carry execution without trials) and started massive purges of reactionaries, collaborators and vaguely defined “enemies of the people” from all functions and positions. Change to previous lore there is not yet declaration of the French Socialist Republic, only change in government and they still claim to be the Fourth Republic. Now stylised as “Constitutional-Revolutionary Government of the French Republic '' (GRCRF). 15.3. Thorez is officially inaugurated as president and Tillon becomes the prime minister, with some minor ministerial changes. In May rump parliament was recalled to Paris, consisting only of PCF, PSIF, independents and even some SFIO deputies. Parties aligned with GPRF are banned. This parliament institutionalised government decrees. Reforms are put into effect by the army and militias.
French civil war is brutal, LAF murders any suspected (key word) communists and their families without mercy during their night raids on villages, while Revolutionary Tribunals execute everyone around suspected of being counterrevolutionary or LAF supporter and also landlords and capitalists refusing to give up their property. But large military units engagements are quite rare, rather a lesser skirmishes.
In May, southern and northern GRCRF forces unite and stabilise their territory. Soviet aid increases. The US reacts with sending more undercover troops to France (they wear French uniforms and pretend to be French, but the majority of them don't even understand French).
May Decree and the Algerian National Revolution
Already during the Thorez’s famous after his return to Paris France is declared to be a nation without colonies and promises after the victory of “Forces of Peace, Democracy and Progress” all colonial status will be abolished and also urges colonial people to take their arms against reactionaries. Newspaper announces it everywhere, but authorities censor this message heavily. Start of the first protests and rebellions. 1st of May the “Colonial Liberation Decree” (also as May Decree or Labour Day Decree) is issued by Paris government, it in detail announces decolonisation and gives to all colonies and Algeria independence, with immediate validity. Key moment in the history of the colonial and post-colonial World. Salan junta tries to stop spreading of this information and local colonial authorities declare this Decree immediately null void (due to being from “illegitimate government”). About detailed response to this later, but we need to visit Algeria right now.
Salan’s declaration of martial law also applied in Algeria. Later, 13. In March, promised elections to the local assembly were cancelled. This led to massive anger from locals. As the front in France needed reinforcements, GPRF recalled the majority of garrisons from Algeria during April. After the May Decree, Algerians started planning a massive uprising, they wanted to take advantage of fighting in France and weakness of garrisons, National Liberation Army was formed and joined forces with local communists. Declaration of Independence of Algeria on 1 June 1953 (by FLN) followed by national-wide uprising and attacks. Due to the weak French presence Algerians saw great success and secured large parts of countryside and several major cities. Paris recognised Algeria as an independent country in June. Salan had to relocate a significant number of troops to deal with the uprising, another major blow to his war effort against communists.
Victory of the Revolution
In June GRCRF starts western offensive to push GPRF out. Despite American involvement, GPRF defences are broken by GRCRF and Salan ordered a retreat to Algeria on 12 August 1953.
In the epilogue of the mainland conflict, communist forces invaded and occupied Monaco on 28 August 1953 (Monaco cooperated with TATO in support of the putschists and gave refuge to their soldiers and supporters). Paris demanded Principality to extradite them to Paris, but they refused. As the army marched in the Monacan People’s Committee was formed by local workers with French orders, they declared themselves the legal government and abolished monarchy. In a staged referendum people of Monaco voted for unification with France (30 October 1953) This “People’s Republic of Monaco” existed as a de facto independent state until its official annexation after the French Socialist Republic was formed.
In December (8 to 20) there was an attempt to invade Corsica by airborne troops but failed due to very high military presence and Italian air support.
Humanitarian Catastrophe
Civil War leads to a large humanitarian crisis. Effects of which on specific countries will be specified later. Targets of refugees: Belgium and Switzerland (largest part), Italy, Algeria/Corsica, United Kingdom and Canada. More than 1,000,000 refugees. Since June borders were closed for those without permits.
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AFERMACH (1953-1954)
French Socialist Republic or the “France-Paris”
Situation calms down and normalises during autumn, radical reforms continue, their harsh implementation is mitigated, Revolutionary tribunals are Dismantled (25 September). Revolutionary atmosphere still controls the whole country, various societal changes, and the promotion of socialist realism.
10 November 1953 new constitution was adopted – start of the French Socialist Republic, France is officially a socialist state, PCF obtains leading role, reformed administrative division, ministries and new National Assembly. Flag remains the same tricolour (to keep legitimacy), but a new coat of arms (variation with coat of arms exists and is often used, but it is not the official national flag). Political life and parties are also reformed, all organisations became part of the “National Popular Front” (FPN). PSIF and SFIO unite into the French Socialist Party (PSF), remnants of Gaullists and Christian democrats are allowed to form United Republican Party (UPR). 29 January 1954 election with one ballot.
In 1954, the start of voluntary collectivisation, new trials with supporters of the old regime and war criminals. Reforms of the military (French People’s Army, Air Force and Navy) with Soviet help and focus on militarisation. France joins CMEA.
In Autumn 1953 remnants of Salanist army and ACL were reformed into anti-communist guerrilla and terrorist group Organisation armée secrete (OAS, Organisation of the Secret Army), they are backed and equipped by Spain, Italy and the US. In 1954 the first terrorist attacks in other parts of France started. Continued insurgency and terrorist attacks in the Alps and Pyrenees are relatively strong, and France has to commit many forces to combat them.
French Republic or the “France-Algiers”
Truly one of the countries of the World.
Returning troops mean large problems for Algerians and they have to retreat to better positions, French push them away from major centres, but they keep control over many parts of the countryside. War continues.
Attempt to gain more people as settlers in attempt to solidify Algeria as French settler colony, similarities with Israel. This is mildly successful. However, majorly nonpolitical refugees are not interested in support of Salan and don’t want to move to another warzone and so they went mostly to Belgium, Italy and Switzerland.
25 June 1954: New constitution is adopted; the country is transformed into a presidential republic. Salan is unanimously elected by the Assembly as President. Transition to “civilian rule”. Toa address flag issue: officially only the tricolour is used, however (mostly in socialist bloc and later in popular culture) state flag with letters “RF” is used to represent it, unlike the flag of Socialist Republic, this one was used very rarely by the actual Salan’s regime. Creation of dual citizenship for French (full rights, can vote) and non-French citizens (not full rights, cannot vote or run for office), followed by several séparation laws aimed at Algerians (1954-1957), inspired by South Africa and the American south.
Other reforms brought by the constitution were colonial, the French Union was transformed into the French Community, in which colonies either became a direct part of France (departments or territories) or autonomous colonies (called as associate state). This was done by talks between local and French representatives during the Abidjan Conference (20 April to 21 May 1954)
FRENCH AFRICA
Note: Further autonomy and creation of local territorial governments Loi-cadre Thorez (23 September 1952).
Independentists, occupations
Guinea – In response to the May Decree, local independence-advocate Ahmed Sékou Touré declared independence of Republic of Guinea (26 May 1953), as the first former European colony in Africa. He proclaimed himself acting president, his position was confirmed in a legislative election (still free) in which PDG-RDA won in a landslide (17 October 1953). Touré recognised the Paris government and Guinean troops expelled weak French garrisons. New country aligned with socialist bloc and post-colonial states and became early examples for African independence and Pan-Africanism. Salan of course did not recognise this move, Guinea was even invited to talks about the status of Guinea in the Empire, but Touré rejected it as representative of a sovereign state. France was busy with Algeria and invading Guinea was not priority for them at this time, but Salan was not intending to let them leave, resulting in an attempted invasion (30 March – 2 August 1955) which was repealed by the Guianese military, due to French underestimation of the enemy.
Chad – June 1952, in local election nationalist Chadian Progressive Party, united in alliance with other parties against dominant conservative Chadian Democratic Union, won. Gabriel Lisette became prime minister. He as other African leaders watched events with interest but did not make moves first. French control in Chad was not restored by time of the Constitutional debates, Chad became an associate state, however Lisette declared independence of the Republic of Chad and recognised the Paris government just a day later (26 June 1954) irritating French authorities. France supported a failed coup in 1954 and then financed and directly militarily supported the rebellion led by Islamist Ahmed Hassan Musa since 1955.
Mauritania – Moktar Ould Daddah, leader of Mauritanian Progressive Union, followed a similar pattern as Chad, he attended the Abidjan Conference and then declared Mauritania independent (1 July 1954). He supported Algerians, which was unacceptable for the French, who invaded the country (2-9 October 1954). Daddah’s supporters formed a not so strong guerrilla resistance. N'Diaye Sidi el Moktar was installed as prime minister. Commissioner: Albert Jean Mouragues
Dahomey – In 1952 nationalist Republican Party of Dahomey led by Sourou Migan Apithy won local elections. Dahomey became an associate state and eventually Apithy declared independence of Republic of Dahomey (9 July 1953) and recognised the Paris government. France intervened in the country's politics and would later stage a successful coup in 1957.
Congo – Congolese independence left-wing activist Jean Félix-Tchicaya (Progressive Party of Congo) reacted to May Decree with official recognition of Paris government and declaration of independence of the Republic of Congo (6 June 1953), he was however opposed by substantial part of his party, that ended up splitting. Pro-French part formed UDDIA under Fulbert Youlou, they recognised Salan’s government, wanted to participate in Abidjan Conference, which Tchicaya rejected. Youlou went there, claiming to be Congo representative and called for French intervention, in response to this UDDIA was banned. French forces invaded Congo from Benin (20 September 1954 – 1 October 1954) and quickly occupied it, installing French administration under Fulbert Youlou. Some of Tchicaya supporters formed guerrilla Congo National Liberation Movement (MLNC), starting the Congolese War for Independence. Commissioner: Paul Louis Gabriel Chauvet.
French Sudan->Mali – Modibo Keïta (US-RDA) declared independence of the Republic of Mali in response to the May Decree and the fall of mainland to Thorez government (25 August 1953), however Keïta decided to participate in the Abidjan Conference under French pressure but rejected the associate state status. Mali was invaded by French Senegalese troops and quickly occupied, due to lack of any formal military (14-18 August 1954). Mali was united into the West African Union with Senegal after.
Cameroon – Ruben Um Nyobè, leader of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon declared independence of the Republic of Cameroon after the May Decree (10 May 1953) and recognised the Paris government, denouncing military coup. Start of the Cameroonian Revolution, weak French units were driven out of the country by a popular uprising. Félix-Roland Moumié became the first president and Ruben Um Nyobè head of the council of ministers. Cameroon was declared to be a sovereign and socialist state. A Pro-French government was formed in exile in Gabon led by Ahmadou Ahidjo under the newly formed Cameroon Union party. France invaded the country after the Congo, starting on 20 October 1954 the Cameroonian war of independence. The first invasion was only semi-successful, and Cameroonians retreated to guerrilla warfare. Commissioner: Roland Joanes Louis Pré and replaced by French military leader André Zeller in 1955 (as part of power struggle with Salan).
Madagascar – National uprising (29 March 1947 – February 1949) brutally crushed. Thorez government moved to address this issues and Madagascar achieved local self-governance in August 1952. Local government was composed of PADESM (led by Philibert Tsiranana), AKFM (led by Richard Andriamanjato and one of released leaders of the uprising Joseph Raseta). Raseta served as the prime minister. Factions within the government were divided on how to respond to the new situation. Communist AKFM was closely linked with PCF and managed to convince other to declare “Malagasy sovereignty” (8 June), eventually Malagasy Republic declared independence on 8 May 1954, Raseta became president and Tsiranana leader of the new government. Election was declared for 1954. Madagascar participated in talks with Algiers government, however it ended with Madagascar not recognising them as legitimate French government and declared itself independent, but Madagascar recognised French control over other territories that used to belong French colony. Madagascar was lucky enough not being invaded but was subject to heavy political meddling from both French governments.
“Associated states”
De-facto French colonies, but with some autonomy and limited self-governance. Local prime-ministers and French appointed High Commissioners, who hold the real power.
Ivory Coast – Félix Houphouët-Boigny (PDCI-RDA), a key ally of Salan’s France, became its prime-minister. He was a supporter of the principle of creation of multiple associated states against groups that supported federation. Commissioners: Camille-Victor Bailly to 1954 and since 1954 Pierre Messmer.
Senegal->West African Union – Léopold Sédar Senghor (BDS) was a proponent of federation, but this was not favoured by Salan’s regime. He nevertheless supported maintaining ties with France and with their support managed to gain control over Mali under the West African Union. Senegal was despite his rule controlled de-facto by the French military. Commissioners: Lucien Eugène Geay (Senegal), Maxime Marie Antoine Jourdain of WAU.
Upper Volta – Henri Guissou (Voltaic Union/ UDIHV) became its first prime minister, he wanted to secure the country's separation from Ivory Coast, but had also independence sympathies. But his position was weak, as the country was divided into many political factions. He was viewed with suspicion by the French and was removed by the Commissioner (30 October 1955) and replaced by politician Gérard Kango Ouédraogo.
Togoland – Nicolas Grunitzky (Togolese Party of Progress) became prime minister. He faced opposition from pro-independence Sylvanus Olympio. Governor: Laurent Elysée Péchoux.
Gabon – Pro-French politician Paul Gondjout (Gabonese Democratic Bloc) was made the prime-minister. Commissioner: Yves Digo
Ubangi-Shari – Barthélemy Boganda of MESAN formed a government (30 May) after the May Decree but waited for further development. He participated in the Abidjan conference and advocated against division. He decided to accept this associated status as he thought declaring independence would lead to conflict with the French. Nevertheless, due to his nationalist ideas, he was quickly dismissed by the French Commissioner and replaced by Étienne Ngounio, who however continued to support the former prime minister. Commissioner: Louis Sanmarco
Niger – 1952 election divided between pro-French Union of Nigerian Independents and Sympathisers (UNIS) and leftist pro-independence Sawaba. Georges Condat-led UNIS was dominant in the assembly, so the followed others becoming an associate state, however Sawaba organised large protests for independence starting in May 1954, culminating in widespread riots. French authorities declared a state of emergency, banned Sawaba and sent in limited military forces in August 1955. Commissioner: Jean Ramadier.
North Africa
Morocco and Tunisia were already on their way to independence, so they immediately declared it after the May Decree (both on 2 May 1953). Both countries became constitutional monarchies. Tunisia – prime-minister Farhat Hached (Neo Destour) and king Muhammad VIII al-Amin. Morocco: Sultan Mohammed V. and prime-minister Ahmed Balafrej (Istiqlal).
Indochina already gained independence in 1952.
List of flags in French Africa:
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Hello selling my old books to fund for new books next sem.
I only use pencil and highlighter so you can erase my notes.
Feel free to message me! First come first serve
We can meet up or ill have it sent to you. Shipping to be covered by buyer.
Laguna area for meet up. Thanks!