Making a wetland

How to Find the Perfect Mobile Home Land for Sale
Mobile dwellings have gained increasing favor as a cost-effective living alternative in recent years. They provide an economical solution for individuals seeking to possess their own dwelling while circumventing the high expenses related to conventional stick-built homes. If you're in the market for a mobile home, locating the ideal territory to position it on is a pivotal step in the process. In this article, we will examine how to locate the perfect mobile home territory for sale.Location is KeyWhen it comes to real estate, the location holds paramount importance. This holds true for mobile home territory as well. The initial step in finding the ideal mobile home territory for purchase is determining the location that best fits your requirements. Assessing factors such as proximity to work, educational institutions, and conveniences, as well as the general environment and community, is essential.If you're intending to purchase land in a rural area, ensure to research local zoning laws and regulations. Certain areas may impose limitations on where mobile homes can be sited, making it vital to conduct thorough research before making any decisions. Also, consider the accessibility of the territory, in addition to the availability of utilities such as water, electricity, and sewage.Budget and Economic FeasibilityAnother pivotal aspect to consider when searching for mobile home territory for sale is your budget and economic feasibility. Prior to commencing your search, establish a realistic amount that you can afford to invest in the territory. This will aid in narrowing down your options and prevent you from becoming enamored with a parcel that ultimately exceeds your financial reach.In addition to the purchase price of the territory, it's equally crucial to factor in other expenses such as property taxes, insurance, and any supplementary fees associated with the land. It is important to bear in mind that the expenditure of preparing the land for a mobile home, such as leveling, installing utilities, and constructing a foundation, should also be considered when budgeting for your acquisition.Territory Size and TerrainThe size and terrain of the land are also critical considerations when seeking the perfect mobile home territory for purchase. Evaluate how much space you will require for your mobile home, as well as any additional amenities such as a garden, garage, or auxiliary structures.Consider the natural characteristics of the land, including its incline, drainage, and any potential risks such as flooding or soil unsteadiness. It's crucial to ensure that the land is suitable for siting a mobile home and that any needed preparations can be undertaken to accommodate your residential needs.Local Rules and LimitationsPrior to investing in mobile home territory for sale, it's imperative to comprehend the local regulations and limitations that may impact your ability to position a mobile home on the property. Certain regions may enforce specific zoning laws that dictate where mobile homes can be sited, alongside any limitations on the age or size of the residence.Furthermore, it's vital to research any homeowner's associations or community regulations that may impose restrictions regarding mobile homes. Familiarizing yourself with these limitations in advance can prevent potential issues or surprises in the future.Utilities and InfrastructureWhen scouting for the perfect mobile home territory for sale, it's indispensable to contemplate the availability of utilities and infrastructure. Before finalizing a purchase, investigate the accessibility of water, electricity, and sewage connections, as well as the expenses associated with connecting these services to the property.If the land doesn't already have utilities in place, factor in the cost and arrangements required for installing these services before making a decision. It's also crucial to assess the condition of the existing infrastructure, such as roads and driveways, to ensure that the land is accessible and practical for your needs.Environmental ConsiderationsEvaluating the environmental aspects of the land is another crucial stage in the search for mobile home territory for sale. Deliberate on potential hazards such as flooding, erosion, and soil pollution, in addition to the overall environmental well-being of the area.Likewise, it's important to be mindful of any environmental conservation or preservation laws that may affect your ability to develop the land. This could encompass restrictions on constructing near wetlands, protected wildlife habitats, or other environmentally sensitive zones.Collaborating with a Real Estate AgentAn esteemed real estate agent specializing in mobile home territory can be an invaluable asset in your quest for the ideal property. A knowledgeable agent can assist you in navigating the local market, identifying potential land prospects, and providing valuable guidance throughout the purchasing process.When selecting a realtor, prioritize someone with expertise in mobile home land sales and a thorough understanding of local regulations and zoning laws. Look for an individual who is proactive in identifying potential properties, possesses a solid reputation, and is responsive to your requirements and apprehensions.Finding a LenderIf you necessitate financing for the acquisition of mobile home territory, it's crucial to identify a lender who specializes in this category of real estate transaction. Mobile home land loans can differ from traditional mortgages, thus engaging a lender experienced in this type of financing can streamline the process significantly.Prior to finalizing a loan agreement, ensure that you comprehend the conditions, interest rates, and any additional charges associated with the loan. Assess multiple lenders to ascertain the most fitting financing options for your specific prerequisites.Inspecting the TerritoryPrior to concluding the purchase of mobile home territory for sale, conducting a comprehensive inspection of the property is crucial. This encompasses surveys to determine property boundaries, soil evaluations to ensure stability, and environmental appraisals to identify any potential hazards or risks.A professional inspection will facilitate the identification of any potential issues with the land and provide you with a lucid understanding of your purchase. If any issues are detected, you may have the opportunity to negotiate with the seller or reconsider your decision before finalizing the acquisition.Making an OfferOnce you have located the perfect mobile home territory for sale, it's time to formulate an offer. This marks the juncture in the process where you will collaborate with your real estate agent to negotiate the terms of the offer, including the purchase price, closing date, and any supplementary conditions.If the seller accepts your offer, you will proceed with the purchasing process, which encompasses finalizing the financing, conducting any additional inspections or assessments, and completing the essential paperwork to transfer ownership of the land.Closing the DealClosing on the purchase of mobile home territory for sale entails finalizing the purchase agreement, transferring funds, and completing any requisite legal and administrative tasks to officially transfer ownership of the land. This process usually involves collaborating with a real estate attorney to ensure that all legal obligations are fulfilled and that the transaction is executed in accordance with local laws and regulations.Upon the completion of the closing process, you will officially become the proprietor of the perfect mobile home territory for sale. Subsequently, you can initiate the process of developing the land to accommodate your mobile home and relish the advantages of homeownership in your personal piece of property.In conclusion, locating the perfect mobile home territory for sale involves conscientious contemplation of location, budget, territory size and terrain, local regulations and limitations, utilities and infrastructure, environmental considerations, and collaborating with reputable real estate professionals. By following these steps and undertaking comprehensive research and due diligence, you can identify the ideal parcel of land to position your mobile home and savor the benefits of cost-effective homeownership.
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Top Tips for Searching for Homes for Sale Near Me with Land
Best Advice for Seeking Dwellings for Purchase Nearby with LandWhen in the pursuit of the perfect dwelling, numerous elements come into play. From location and dimensions to facilities and expenditure, the process of looking for a dwelling can be overwhelming. If you are in the market for a dwelling with land, the search can be even more challenging. Fortunately, with the correct methodology and some valuable advice, finding dwellings for sale in your vicinity with land can become a much simpler and more efficient process. In this piece, we will examine some of the top counsel for seeking dwellings for sale near you with land. Whether you are seeking a rural retreat, a serene suburban property, or an expansive estate, these pieces of advice will aid you in finding the perfect dwelling with the right amount of land to cater to your requirements.Be Familiar with Your Financial PlanOne of the initial and vital steps in seeking a dwelling with land is to establish your financial plan. Understanding how much you can afford will not only narrow down your search but also help you refrain from wasting time inspecting properties that are beyond your financial capability. When contemplating your financial plan, ensure to take into account not only the expenditure of the dwelling itself but also any additional expenses such as property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs.It's also crucial to take into consideration the cost of land when searching for a dwelling with acreage. Larger land parcels generally come with a heftier price tag, so it's imperative to have a clear understanding of the amount of land you can afford.Reflect on Your Way of Life and NecessitiesPrior to commencing your search for a dwelling with land, take some time to ponder on your way of life and necessities. Are you seeking a property with enough land for farming or gardening? Do you have pets or horses that will necessitate space to roam? Or are you simply looking for a substantial backyard for outdoor activities? Comprehending your way of life and needs will aid you in narrowing down your search and finding a property that is well-suited to your predilections.In addition to contemplating your current necessities, it's also important to consider your future aspirations. If you envisage expanding your family, commencing a home-based business, or taking up a new hobby, you'll want to confirm that the property you select has enough land to accommodate these alterations.Work with a Knowledgeable Real Estate AgentFinding dwellings for sale with land is a distinctive and specialized process, hence it's paramount to collaborate with a real estate agent who comprehends the complexities of this type of property. A knowledgeable real estate agent can assist you in navigating the market, locating properties that meet your criteria, and negotiating the most favorable deal feasible.When selecting a real estate agent, be sure to opt for someone with experience in dealing with dwellings and land. Seek an agent who possesses a proven track record of success in vending properties with acreage and who possesses an in-depth understanding of zoning laws, land use regulations, and the distinctive challenges of purchasing and selling land.Utilize Online Resources and ToolsIn today's digital era, there exists a myriad of online resources and tools available to aid you in seeking dwellings for sale near you with land. Websites such as Zillow, Realtor.com, and Trulia enable you to search for properties based on precise criteria, encompassing the amount of land, location, and price range. These websites also furnish comprehensive information about each listing, such as photos, property specifics, and virtual tours.In addition to utilizing online listing platforms, contemplate utilizing satellite mapping tools such as Google Earth to gain a better understanding of the property's location, surroundings, and the arrangement of the land. These tools can provide you with an aerial perspective of the property, allowing you to evaluate its potential and ascertain if it meets your criteria before scheduling a viewing.Get Pre-Approved for a MortgagePrior to actively searching for dwellings for sale with land, it's prudent to obtain pre-approval for a mortgage. A pre-approval letter from a lender will not only furnish you with a clear understanding of how much you can afford to spend but will also demonstrate to sellers that you are a serious and qualified buyer.Obtaining pre-approval for a mortgage will also streamline the home-buying process by equipping you with a clear financial plan and aiding you in refraining from inspecting properties that are beyond your financial capability. Furthermore, holding a pre-approval letter can provide you with a competitive advantage when making an offer on a property, as sellers are more likely to regard your offer earnestly if they are aware that you have already secured financing.Consider the LocationWhen seeking a dwelling with land, the location is a critical element to consider. The proximity to amenities, schools, shopping, and employment centers should all be taken into account. If you hold specific requirements for the location, such as access to outdoor recreation, privacy, or a specific school district, ensure to prioritize these needs when evaluating properties.If you are searching for a rural property, contemplate the accessibility of the property in terms of roads and infrastructure. Additionally, deliberate on the nearby resources such as hospitals, grocery stores, and other essential services. An isolated property may offer seclusion, but it could also present challenges in terms of accessing necessities and emergency services.Be Mindful of Zoning and Land UseWhen seeking dwellings for sale with land, it's essential to be mindful of zoning and land use regulations. Diverse municipalities possess explicit regulations concerning the use of land, such as agricultural, residential, commercial, or industrial, and these can influence how you can use and develop the property.Prior to making an offer on a property, it's indispensable to research the zoning and land use regulations in the area to ascertain that the property aligns with your intended use. You may also need to account for any restrictions, building codes, or environmental regulations that could impact your plans for the land, such as constructing a barn, adding a pond, or raising livestock.Inspect the Property and LandOnce you have identified a property that conforms to your criteria, it's crucial to carry out a thorough inspection of the property and land. In addition to the standard home inspection, deliberate on enlisting the services of a land surveyor to map the boundaries, assess the topography, and identify any potential land issues such as drainage problems, easements, or encroachments.If the property encompasses acreage, contemplate having a soil test conducted to assess the quality of the soil for gardening or farming. Furthermore, if you intend to utilize the land for specific purposes such as livestock grazing, hunting, or recreational activities, it's imperative to evaluate the suitability of the land for these activities.Negotiate the Right PriceWhen it comes to purchasing a dwelling with land, negotiating the right price is imperative. The price of properties with land can fluctuate significantly depending on variables such as location, size, facilities, and the condition of the land. Therefore, it's essential to collaborate with your real estate agent to conduct a comparative market analysis and determine the fair market value of the property.When making an offer, consider the unique factors and features of the land, such as scenic views, water features, or existing infrastructure. These aspects can augment the value of the property and may be worthwhile to incorporate into your negotiations. Be prepared to engage in negotiations with the seller, and ponder on offering terms that are enticing, such as a swift closing or a larger down payment.Consider Future Development PotentialWhen seeking dwellings for sale with land, it's important to contemplate the potential for future development or expansion. Even if you do not hold immediate plans to develop the land, the potential for future growth can enhance the value of the property and furnish you with opportunities for constructing additional structures, subdividing the land, or utilizing it for different purposes.If you are contemplating the potential for future development, it's indispensable to ascertain the feasibility of your plans by researching local land use regulations, zoning requirements, and any constraints that could impact your ability to develop the land. Additionally, contemplate consulting with a land planner or architect to evaluate the potential for development and ensure that your vision for the property aligns with local regulations.Consider Environmental and Conservation FactorsWhen purchasing a dwelling with land, it's essential to contemplate the environmental and conservation factors that may affect the property. If the property encompasses natural features such as wetlands, forests, or bodies of water, you may need to navigate additional regulations and restrictions related to conservation and environmental protection.Prior to purchasing a property with environmental features, it's essential to conduct a comprehensive assessment of any potential environmental matters, such as endangered species, protected habitats, or wetland regulations. Additionally, deliberate on the potential impact of your plans for the land on the environment and collaborate with specialists, such as environmental consultants or conservation organizations, to ensure that your plans are in compliance with local regulations and responsible stewardship practices.ConclusionSeeking dwellings for sale in your vicinity with land necessitates careful consideration of a variety of factors, from financial planning and location to zoning and land use regulations. By adhering to the advice outlined in this article and seeking assistance from knowledgeable professionals, you can navigate the process of finding the perfect dwelling with land with assurance and efficiency.Whether you are seeking a charming farmhouse in the countryside, an expansive estate with panoramic views, or a secluded property surrounded by nature, allocating time to comprehend your needs and conducting thorough research will aid you in finding the ideal property to accommodate your way of life and predilections. With the correct approach, a discerning eye for detail, and the backing of experienced professionals, your search for a dwelling with land can evolve into a gratifying and successful endeavor.
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Will be my first time waxing my car!
Aside from fixing a key scratch mark across two full panels (where I have sanded down, brush painted, high grit wet sanded the area smooth, will then compound, and polish (by hand, with Meguiars 105 and 205)), I plan to simply wash the rest of the car and then apply a wax all around.
For context, the first picture of my car shows the area I have repainted. Not shown is where I have also applied clear coat along the new paint. I plan to wetland the clear coat smooth with 2500 grit. Then move to compound and polish solely along the full repainted scratch.
Question One Here. Should I also polish (Meguiar’s 205) the ENTIRE car before waxing? Should I.. compound (Meguair’s 105) AND polish (Meguair’s 205) the ENTIRE car before waxing? No other substantial scratches on the rest of the car, but there are certainly car wash swirls from when I used to go through car washes. Nothing deep though.
Question Two Here: Would it be better to apply this wax via hand? I would prefer to apply by hand rather than buy other tools if those pictured are not gonna work out. (If the tool is okay but the pad is not, I am not opposed to just getting a different pad for applying the wax). What I have screenshotted is what I currently have access to, but I have not used any of these materials myself personally. And, I have never waxed a car before.
Clearly I am new to this. I want to do it the right way, but I am also not super picky to where it needs to be 10/10 professional grade quality. With that said, I of course want it to look good! And.. I don’t want to make anything worse.
If it makes a difference, I do not have a garage or covered parking. Car is 100% of the time parked outside under the sun on the street.

Art by Bob Nicholls
Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself.
However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene.
However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands.
The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts.
The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene.
Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with.
However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect…
Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment.
Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990).
Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivorous mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage.
Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem.
Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun.
Of course, more so than any other entelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey.
However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme.
However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago.

What to Look for When Shopping for Hobby Farms for Sale Near Me
Are you in search of hobby farmlands for sale in your vicinity? Whether you’re an experienced farmer, an enthusiast, or someone envisioning a simpler, eco-friendly lifestyle, investing in a pastime farmland can be a valuable choice. However, acquiring a hobby farm differs from purchasing a standard residential property. There are specific elements to ponder and features to seek when exploring hobby farmlands for sale near you.In this extensive handbook, we’ll lead you through what to seek when shopping for hobby farmlands for sale nearby. Vital aspects such as position, dimension of the farm, soil excellence, water supply, zoning regulations, infrastructure, and more will be covered. By the conclusion of this article, you’ll have a clear understanding of what to contemplate before making a purchase and be better prepared to discover the ideal hobby farm for you.Location, Location, LocationThe initial and most pivotal aspect to ponder when exploring a hobby farm is the location. The perfect location for a hobby farm can differ based on your precise requirements and aspirations. Certain individuals may favor a farm near a major city for convenient access to markets and amenities, while others may prioritize a more secluded setting for privacy and tranquil living. Reflection upon your priorities and the sort of farming you intend to pursue when assessing location alternatives is prudent.Moreover, deliberate on the climate of the region and its impact on the kind of crops or animals you can cultivate. Varying regions exhibit distinct growing seasons and weather patterns, which can influence your farming pursuits. Ensuring to inspect the climate of the area and determining its compatibility with your farming objectives is essential.Extent of the FarmlandThe expanse of the farm is another crucial factor to weigh when seeking out hobby farmlands for sale. The extent of the farm will hinge on your farming aspirations, accessible resources, and level of dedication. If you aim to commence on a small scale and gradually delve into farming, a petite farm might be the preferable option. Conversely, if you possess extensive agricultural expertise and ambitious farming designs, a more sizable farm might be more fitting.While contemplating the extent of the farm, also factor in the available infrastructure and resources. Larger farms might necessitate more equipment, labor, and financial investment, therefore it’s important to be realistic regarding what you can handle.Soil ExcellenceThe quality of the soil on the potential hobby farm is a pivotal aspect to consider. The fertility of the soil will directly impact the triumph of your farming endeavors. Before procuring a hobby farm, conducting a soil test to assess its pH levels, nutrient content, and overall quality is imperative. This will enable you to comprehend the soil’s potential for cultivating crops and nurturing livestock.In addition to the soil quality, take into account the land’s topography and drainage. Farms with effective drainage and proper topography are less susceptible to flooding and erosion, rendering them more suitable for farming. Factor in the slope of the land, the presence of wetlands or floodplains, and any potential water issues.Water SupplyAccess to a dependable water supply is indispensable for any hobby farm. When searching for a farm, contemplate the availability of water for irrigation, livestock, and household use. Farms with natural water sources such as rivers, ponds, or springs can be beneficial, as they deliver a readily available supply of water for farming activities.If the farm lacks a natural water source, explore the options for installing a well or accessing a municipal water supply. Bear in mind that establishing a water supply can be a significant expense, so integrate this into your decision-making process.Zoning RegulationsPrior to finalizing a purchase, comprehending the zoning regulations and land use stipulations pertinent to the hobby farm is crucial. Zoning regulations can influence the kind of farming activities permitted, the construction of buildings and structures, and the potential for future development. Familiarizing yourself with the local zoning laws and regulations is essential to ensure the farm aligns with your farming plans.Also deliberate on any conservation easements or land use constraints that might impact how the land can be utilized. Certain farms may be subject to limitations on timber harvesting, hunting, or other activities, therefore it’s essential to investigate any potential constraints.InfrastructureThe current infrastructure on the hobby farm is another fundamental consideration when shopping for a property. Evaluate the state of any buildings, barns, fences, and other structures on the farm. Ascertain if the existing infrastructure fulfills your requirements or if it will demand substantial refurbishments or repairs.If you intend to rear livestock, consider the accessibility of animal housing, fencing, and pastureland. For crop farming, evaluate the state of any existing greenhouses, storage facilities, and irrigation systems. Upgrading or establishing new infrastructure can amount to a significant expense, so it’s important to integrate these costs into your budget.Local Community and AmenitiesUltimately, take into account the local community and amenities when exploring hobby farmlands for sale in your vicinity. Reflect upon the proximity to schools, grocery stores, healthcare facilities, and other essential services. Additionally, assess the availability of local markets, agricultural associations, and farming resources in the area. A supportive and thriving farming community can make a substantial difference in your farming experience.To conclude, perusing hobby farmlands for sale nearby necessitates thoughtful consideration of various factors. From the location and extent of the farm to the soil quality, water supply, zoning regulations, and infrastructure, multiple aspects need to be evaluated before making a purchase. By carrying out comprehensive research and due diligence, you can find the ideal hobby farm that resonates with your farming objectives and lifestyle aspirations. With the right farmland, you can embark on an exciting and gratifying journey into sustainable living and agricultural pursuits.
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Art by Bob Nicholls
Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself.
However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene.
However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands.
The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts.
The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene.
Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with.
However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect…
Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment.
Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990).
Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivores mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage.
Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem.
Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun.
Of course, more so than any other ettelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey.
However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme.
However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago.

In the realm of natural wastewater treatment, constructed wetlands have become a preferred choice for their efficiency and eco-friendliness. While both aerated and passive wetlands offer viable solutions, the focus is increasingly shifting towards aerated wetlands for their exceptional benefits. Despite requiring more land, their adoption continues to rise across various sectors.
Why Aerated Wetlands Lead the Way:

1. Innovative Design: Aerated wetlands combine natural vegetation with mechanical diffused aerobic conditions, resulting in an efficient treatment system. This innovative design accelerates the breakdown of organic matter, optimizing the purification process for superior results compared to passive wetlands.
   
2. Versatility: Aerated wetlands can handle varying water loads and pollutants, making them suitable for diverse applications, including domestic, municipal, and industrial effluents. By leveraging natural processes alongside advanced technology, they offer a versatile solution for sustainable wastewater treatment across industries.
   
3. Low Energy Consumption: Unlike conventional treatment plants, aerated wetlands operate efficiently with minimal energy input. Their reliance on natural processes and minimally regulated environments reduces operational costs, making them a sustainable and cost-effective choice for wastewater treatment.
   
4. Land Reclamation: Aerated wetlands can be constructed on degraded lands, reclaiming otherwise unused areas without encroaching on fertile agricultural land. By repurposing degraded lands, we enhance biodiversity, support ecological balance, and contribute to sustainable land management practices.
   

To adopt biological waste water treatment plants for industries visit: https://bluedropwetlands.com/
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I have made a modpack for myself and friends to play on, what mod makes the menu look like bedrock, and how do I disable it?
Modlist:
Additional Additions
Amplified Nether
AppleSkin
Architectury API
Armor Points + +
Armor Stand Editor
Athena
BCLib
Balm
Beneath The Wetlands
Better Archeology
Better End Cities for BetterEnd
Better Smithing Table
BetterEnd
BetterNether
BlocksExpansion
Blockus
Bookshelf
Botarium
CB: Compressed Blocks
CTOV - BYG Compat
CTOV - Chef's Delight Compat
CTOV - Create: Structures
CTOV - Farmer Delight Compat
CTOV - Villagers Plus Compat
Cardinal Components API
Carry On
Cell (Vanilla+)
Charmonium
Chef's Delight
Chipped
Chisel Reborn
ChoiceTheorem's Overhauled Village
Chunky
Cinderscapes
Cloth Config API
Clumps
Comforts
Cooldown Coodinator
Create
Create Big Cannons
Create Crafts & Additions
Create Deco
Create Enchantment Industry Fabric
Create Goggles
Create Slice & Dice
Create Bells & Whistles
Create Big Contraptions
Create Copycats+
Create Design n' Decor
Create Diesel Generators [Fabric]
Create Dreams & Desires
Create Garnished
Create Interiors
Create New Age
Create Numismatics
Create Power Loader (Fabric)
Create Steam 'n' Rails
Create Structures
Decorative Blocks
Diggus Maximus
Drippy Loading Screen
Elytra Slot
Endorium
Enhanced Block Entities
Enriched
Entity Culling
Every Compact (Wood Good)
Exotelcraft
Expanded Delight
Explorer's Compass
FPS - Display
Fabric API
Fabric Language Kotlin
FancyMenu
Farmer's Delight Refabricated
Fastload
Fusion (Connected Textures)
Galosphere
Gamma Utils (Fullbright)
Geckolib
Geophilic
Good Ending
Hearth & Home
ImmediatelyFast
Immersive Ores
Indium
Inmis
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Iron Chest Restocked
Jade
Just Enough Effect Descriptions
JEI
Just Enough Professions
Just Enough Resources
Konkrete
Krypton
Lavender
Lithium
Lithosphere
Melody
Memory Leak Fix
Model Gap Fix
Moonlight Lib
More Mob Variants
Mouse Tweaks
Naturalist
Nature Arise
Nature's Compass
NewWorld
Not Enough Crashes
Omni-Hoppers
Polymorph
Profundis - Seven New Quality Cave Biomes
Rechiseled
Rechiseled Create
Resourceful Lib
Sawmill
Sodium
Spawn
Spelunkery
Stellarity
Subsurface
SuperMartijn642's Config Lib
SuperMartijn642's Core Lib
Supplementaries
Tectonic
TerraBlender
Terralith
Terrestria
Things
Tom's Simple Storage Mod
Tool Stats
Trade Cycling
Traveler's Backpack
Traverse
Trinkets
Trowel
Twigs
Villagers Plus
Waystones
Wilder Wild
Xaero's Minimap
Xaero's World Map

• All of the YUNG's (Whichever Structure) Mods

[Discontinued] Create More Armor
[Deprecated] Farmer's Delight [Fabric]
[Let's Do Addon] Compat
[Let's Do] API
[Let's Do] Bakery
[Let's Do] Beachparty
[Let's Do] BloomingNature
[Let's Do] Brewery
[Let's Do] Candlelight
[Let's Do] HerbalBrews
[Let's Do] Meadow
[Let's Do] NetherVinery
[Let's Do] Vinery
owo lib

5 Things to Consider Before Buying Cheap Land
5 Aspects to Mull Over Before Purchasing Economical PropertyEngaging in real estate can be a profitable endeavor, and procuring economical property is often regarded as a great way to enter the market without exhausting finances. Nevertheless, there are several vital considerations to ponder before acquiring low-cost property. In this article, we will delve into five crucial aspects to contemplate before purchasing economical land.1. SiteThe timeless saying "location, location, location" is as pertinent for land as it is for other varieties of real estate. The positioning of the property you are contemplating acquiring is a pivotal aspect in gauging its potential value and utility. Reflect on the proximity to amenities such as schools, shopping centers, and healthcare facilities. Is the property in a sought-after neighborhood or area? Is it straightforwardly accessible by road? Is it close to major highways or public transportation? These are all significant queries to pose when assessing the site of economical land.In addition, evaluate the comprehensive development and growth potential of the area. Is there potential for the property to appreciate in value over time? Are there any major infrastructure or development projects scheduled for the area? Understanding the potential for growth and development in the location of the economical land can aid in making a more well-informed decision about its long-term value.2. Zoning and Land Use RegulationsPrior to acquiring inexpensive land, comprehending the zoning regulations and land use restrictions pertaining to the property is critical. Zoning regulations dictate how the property can be utilized and what types of buildings or structures can be erected on it. For instance, some areas may be zoned for residential use exclusively, while others may permit commercial or industrial development. Understanding the zoning regulations will help in determining whether the land is suitable for your intended use, whether it involves building a home, launching a business, or simply holding the land as an investment.In addition to zoning regulations, it is crucial to contemplate any land use restrictions that may be applicable to the property. Certain areas may have environmental or conservation restrictions that limit how the land can be developed or used. Comprehending these restrictions will assist in averting any potential legal or regulatory issues in the future.3. Provision of UtilitiesWhen contemplating the purchase of economical land, it is imperative to ponder the availability and cost of utilities such as water, electricity, and sewer. If the property lacks access to these essential services, it may be arduous or expensive to develop or construct upon the property. Prior to making a purchase, it is essential to investigate the availability of utilities in the area and comprehend the potential cost of connecting the land to these services.In addition, contemplate the cost of upholding and operating these utilities over the long term. Some rural areas may entail higher costs for utilities such as well water or septic systems, which should be factored into your overall budget for the land.4. Environmental ConsiderationsPrior to purchasing economical land, it is crucial to mull over any potential environmental factors that may impact the property. This encompasses aspects such as flood zones, soil quality, and natural hazards such as earthquakes or wildfires. Understanding and assessing these environmental factors can aid in making an informed decision about the long-term viability and potential risks of the land.In addition, consider any potential environmental regulations or restrictions that may be applicable to the property. For example, some areas may have rigorous regulations for constructing near wetlands, or may mandate environmental impact assessments for certain types of development. Grasping these potential regulations will assist in evaluating the feasibility and cost of developing the land.5. Long-Term Investment PotentialUltimately, when contemplating the purchase of economical land, it is crucial to contemplate the long-term investment potential of the property. While economical land may appear to be an enticing deal initially, it is essential to ponder its potential for appreciation and income generation over the long term. Reflect on the overall growth and development potential of the area, as well as any potential future infrastructure or development projects that may impact the value of the land.In addition, contemplate the potential for income generation from the land. This could encompass aspects such as leasing the land for agricultural use, renting it out for hunting or recreation, or developing it for residential or commercial purposes. Grasping the potential opportunities for income generation will aid in appraising the long-term value and potential return on investment of the land.In conclusion, while acquiring economical land can appear to be an enticing investment opportunity, there are several vital aspects to ponder before making a purchase. By meticulously evaluating the site, zoning and land use regulations, provision of utilities, environmental considerations, and long-term investment potential of the land, you can reach a more informed decision and circumvent potential pitfalls down the line. As with any real estate investment, it is indispensable to conduct thorough research and due diligence before acquiring economical land to ensure that it aligns with your overall investment goals and objectives.
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