French-english dictionary
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2008.07.01 11:34 reddit: n. the front page of the internet
We are a community of word enthusiasts, hobbyists, and friends. We enjoy dictionaries, language learning, word games, and educational tools. Word related posts and questions are encouraged. In particular, please always feel welcome to ask about the meaning of a word or ask for help finding a word for a specific situation. Thank you for being a part of our community!
2011.07.17 13:39 LinuxMage The Anglish Reddit
Anglish is how we might speak if the Normans had been beaten at Hastings, and if we had not made inkhorn words out of Latin, Greek and French.
2009.11.23 04:28 /r/French
Bienvenue sur /French ! We're an inclusive community for those learning the French language. Read the sidebar before posting!
2024.05.16 15:27 Electronic-Metal-412 brain defaults to another language during attack
Just reaching out to see if anyone else has experienced the same as me. I've had migraines since I was a teenager (in my late 20s now). As the title says, whenever I am suffering an attack, right from the aura all the way through, I find it much much more comfortable to speak and somewhat think in another language. When I was a teenager this was German, as it's what I learnt at the time, but now it's French (my partner'sl language). I have put effort into learning it, so I have a good grasp of words, but I still know less than in English. I'm wondering whether: a) My brain reaches for another language as I know less words in that language, so the "dictionary" of words to sift through is less b) the part of my brain that speaks English shuts down or struggles during an attack (I have lost the ability to remember English words in the past).
Has anyone else experienced this or know of any research on the topic?
Thanks!
submitted by Electronic-Metal-412 to migraine [link] [comments]
Has anyone else experienced this or know of any research on the topic?
Thanks!
2024.05.14 19:00 diometrix1515 What should I add to my list of courses (Hoarders collection of language courses)
I have been collecting language materials for over 10 years. I initially did because I wanted to learn a few languages, then I did so to sell for a few years, and now for archival purposes. (If you want any of these send me a message, Ill send it to you.)
Pimsleur
The course I started with. Worked pretty well for me. I used it for Spanish, French, and a bit of Polish.
What should I add? What is the best courses now? I am interested in mainly preserving training material, but I am going to lean one more language for a new trip. (
Spanish (Latin American), German, French, Chinese (Mandarin), Japanese, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Spanish (Castilian), Arabic (Modern Standard), Korean, Greek, Pashto, Hindi, Dari, Albanian, Arabic (Eastern), Arabic (Egyptian), Armenian (Eastern), Armenian (Western), Chinese (Cantonese), Creole (Haitian), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Portuguese (European), Finnish, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish (Gaelic), Lithuanian, Ojbiwe, Persian, Polish, Punjabi, Romanian, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, Twi, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, English Arabic, Cantonese, Farsi, French, German, Haitian, Hindi, Italian 1-2, Korean, Mandarin, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish 1,2,3, Vietnamese,
Rosetta Stone
Pretty popular back in the day, less so now. Doesn't seem to work very well, but some people like having visuals.
Once installed, you can run any of the language packs. The following Language Packs are available:
Arabic, English (American and British), Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Latin, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish (Latin American, and Spain versions), Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, and Turkish
Michel Thomas Seem to be really effective, though I found it to cause people to speak in weird accents.
Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,
Assimil
Really effective, I didn't personally use because I had already used Pimsleur, but I would definitely recommend. Good for faster results.
French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, German, Indonesian, Chinese, Arabic, Yiddish, Norwegian, Serbian-Croatian, Polish, Ancient Greek, Tamil, Japanese, Turkish, Khmer, Hindi, Thai, Vietnamese,
Foreign Service Institute
Well regarded, but I did not use.
Portuguese, Spanish, French, German, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Korean, Swedish, Vietnamese, Italian, Norwegian, Yoruba, Swahili, Shona, Hungarian, Czech, Persian, Lao, Lingala, Cambodian, Finnish, Cantonese, Arabic, Russian, Thai
Linguaphone
I dont know anything about this
English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Irish Gealic, Welsh, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, Finnish, Hebrew, Egyptian Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Swedish,
Learning packs
These are just random language courses, dictionaries, and guides.
Ancient Greek, Swedish, Vietnamese, Thai, Lao, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Latin, Cantonese, Swahili, Portuguese, Korean, Arabic, Icelandic, Tagalog, Old English, Latvian, Malay, Hungarian, Cambodian, Yiddish, Persian, Slovene, Nepali, Tibetan, Slovak, Scottish, Italian, Burmese, Amharic, Kazakh, Albanian, Tajik, Luxembourgish, Polynesian, Serbian, Croatian, Japanese, German, Chinese, Modern Greek, Basque, Macedonian, Faorese, Lithuanian, Malay, Gaelic, European Portuguese, Albanian, Finnish, Bulgarian, Egyptian, Latvian, Akadian, Mongolian, Serban, Bosnian, Croatian, Macedonian
submitted by diometrix1515 to languagelearning [link] [comments]
Pimsleur
The course I started with. Worked pretty well for me. I used it for Spanish, French, and a bit of Polish.
What should I add? What is the best courses now? I am interested in mainly preserving training material, but I am going to lean one more language for a new trip. (
Spanish (Latin American), German, French, Chinese (Mandarin), Japanese, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Spanish (Castilian), Arabic (Modern Standard), Korean, Greek, Pashto, Hindi, Dari, Albanian, Arabic (Eastern), Arabic (Egyptian), Armenian (Eastern), Armenian (Western), Chinese (Cantonese), Creole (Haitian), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Portuguese (European), Finnish, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish (Gaelic), Lithuanian, Ojbiwe, Persian, Polish, Punjabi, Romanian, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, Twi, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, English Arabic, Cantonese, Farsi, French, German, Haitian, Hindi, Italian 1-2, Korean, Mandarin, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish 1,2,3, Vietnamese,
Rosetta Stone
Pretty popular back in the day, less so now. Doesn't seem to work very well, but some people like having visuals.
Once installed, you can run any of the language packs. The following Language Packs are available:
Arabic, English (American and British), Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Latin, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish (Latin American, and Spain versions), Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, and Turkish
Michel Thomas Seem to be really effective, though I found it to cause people to speak in weird accents.
Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,
Assimil
Really effective, I didn't personally use because I had already used Pimsleur, but I would definitely recommend. Good for faster results.
French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, German, Indonesian, Chinese, Arabic, Yiddish, Norwegian, Serbian-Croatian, Polish, Ancient Greek, Tamil, Japanese, Turkish, Khmer, Hindi, Thai, Vietnamese,
Foreign Service Institute
Well regarded, but I did not use.
Portuguese, Spanish, French, German, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Korean, Swedish, Vietnamese, Italian, Norwegian, Yoruba, Swahili, Shona, Hungarian, Czech, Persian, Lao, Lingala, Cambodian, Finnish, Cantonese, Arabic, Russian, Thai
Linguaphone
I dont know anything about this
English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Irish Gealic, Welsh, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, Finnish, Hebrew, Egyptian Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Swedish,
Learning packs
These are just random language courses, dictionaries, and guides.
Ancient Greek, Swedish, Vietnamese, Thai, Lao, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Latin, Cantonese, Swahili, Portuguese, Korean, Arabic, Icelandic, Tagalog, Old English, Latvian, Malay, Hungarian, Cambodian, Yiddish, Persian, Slovene, Nepali, Tibetan, Slovak, Scottish, Italian, Burmese, Amharic, Kazakh, Albanian, Tajik, Luxembourgish, Polynesian, Serbian, Croatian, Japanese, German, Chinese, Modern Greek, Basque, Macedonian, Faorese, Lithuanian, Malay, Gaelic, European Portuguese, Albanian, Finnish, Bulgarian, Egyptian, Latvian, Akadian, Mongolian, Serban, Bosnian, Croatian, Macedonian
2024.05.14 18:47 Kazokav Dump of Danish idioms!
Hi friends, We recently started writing about Danish idioms on our newsletter the Simple Danish Newsletter - I also started posting them here on Reddit, but I have not been great at keeping up, and so now I am 12 weeks behind here on Reddit, and rather than space out 12 different posts, I thought I would do one big post and hopefully get back on track with the postings 😅 So here’s a bunch of Danish idioms for you!
At have det som blommen i et æg
Litterally; to feel like the yolk in an egg. I like this idiom a lot because of how visual it is. It means that you feel good, you feel comfortable, protected, and in the right place.
For example:
A: Se de søde killinger der sover.
B: Åårh, de har sikkert som blommen i et æg.
En heldig kartoffel
Literally, a lucky potato. If someone is especially lucky, in Danish ,you can call them a lucky potato. As far as I can read, the expression comes from an old sailors game, where you would pass a potato around in a circle, and a person in the middle would try to catch it. If the person in the middle could not catch the potato, it was said to be a lucky potato.
For example: A: Jeg har fri på fredag, så jeg kan nyde det gode vejr.
B: Din heldige kartoffel.
A: Har du hørt at Jonas har vundet i lotto? B: Sikke en heldig kartoffel!
En varm kartoffel
Something can also be a hot potato. It is the same expression as in english, where an issue can be a hot potato. Something so hot that it is painful to touch, and so something you would want to avoid. This expression is less used in Denmark, and mostly by newspapers or the older generations.
Lokummet brænder
Litterally: The toilet is on fire.
Either you are in big trouble or you are about to be in big trouble when your toilet is on fire.
Lokum in Danish used to refer to the old shed behind the house, where hole-in-the-ground-with-seat type toilets with no running water were found. Nowadays the word can also refer, with some disgust, to normal toilets.
For example:
Litterally translating to; then the goat is shaved. Means that something is done or solved. You can use it if you got an annoying task out of the way, either by avoiding the task entirely (and then ironically using så er den ged barberet to humorously say that it was easy), or by actually finishing it.
Example 1: Jeg skal lige færdiggøre den sidste del af præsentationen, og så er den ged barberet.
Example 2: FCK scorede et hurtigt mål mod Brøndby, og så var den ged barberet.
Hvor kragerne vender
Where the crows turn around is used to to mean the same as in the middle of nowhere, although I like the illustrativeness of the Danish phrase much more than in the middle of nowhere. It means somewhere so far away, that even the crows don’t dare go there. You can for example say; Rasmus er vokset op på landet. Der hvor kragerne vender. Or if someone asks you what you did this weekend, you can say: jeg var ude at gå en tur, helt derude hvor kragerne vender. Or if people ask you where you are from: jeg er fra en lille by ude hvor kragerne vender.
Den der kommer først til mølle, får først malet
Litterally; The one who arrives first at the mill will get milled first. This is pretty much the the Danish equivalent of first come, first serve, mixed with a bit of the early bird gets the worm. However in everyday life, you pretty much only hear the first part; først til mølle or you might see something like; “efter først til mølle princip” which was recently added to the Danish dictionary. You might see the phrase if you are looking at items being given away for free or being sold online. I can definitely see how the isolated phrase can confuse new learners though: “Selling sneakers. First to the mill.”
So now you know 😊
at spille kong gulerod
At spille kong gulerod, to play king-carrot. You can use this expression if someone is acting arrogant, cocky, or superior in a pretentious way. You can for example say du skal ikke komme her og spille kong gulerod if someone is being pompous around you. The phrase apparently comes from an old french, satirical opera from 1872, where vegetables from the garden take control over France. Or so I’ve heard. Don’t cite me on that.
At købe katten i sækken
Literally meaning to buy the cat in the sack. To buy the cat in the sack, means you got cheated in a trade, or that you were not diligent enough when checking what you were buying and got something not worth a lot. You can change the person or the idiom in the idiom as in jeg har købt katten i sækken meaning you already made the bad deal, or you can say hun køber katten i sækken in the 3rd person future tense if someone is going to make a bad decision. You can use it as a warning to someone Pas på du ikke køber katten i sækken if you think there’s a risk they will not make a good choice later.
At gå som katten om den varme grød
Litterally; to walk like the cat around the hot porridge. We use this idiom when someone hesitates to speak directly about a sensitive subject, when they skirt around the issue. I imagine a cat, interested in eating a nice bowl of hot porridge, but the cat is hesitant because it is afraid of burning its tongue.
Example: I forbindelse med spørgsmålet om klimaforandringer, gik politikerne som katten om den varme grød.
at skyde papegøjen
To shoot the parrot, or to have shot the parrot, means to be very lucky. It can also mean to have gotten hold of a very valuable object or person. It is in a sensee the opposite of having bought the cat in the sack. Here’s a few examples:
Rasmus har skudt papegøjen med hende Antonina. Hun er godt nok sød. Jeg har skudt papegøjen her I weekenden på loppemarkedet.
Det med småt
“that with small/little” or more legibly: the fine print.
Har du læst det med småt? Did you read the fine print? You will often see this when websites are trying to be transparent or quirky about their terms and conditions. So you might encounter a link or a website titled “det med småt” if you are trying to buy something.
That was all for now 😅 I apologize in advance for formatting problems, as I am writing this on mobile as apparently this is the only way Reddit will allow me to post multiple images.
submitted by Kazokav to LearnDanish [link] [comments]
At have det som blommen i et æg
Litterally; to feel like the yolk in an egg. I like this idiom a lot because of how visual it is. It means that you feel good, you feel comfortable, protected, and in the right place.
For example:
A: Se de søde killinger der sover.
B: Åårh, de har sikkert som blommen i et æg.
En heldig kartoffel
Literally, a lucky potato. If someone is especially lucky, in Danish ,you can call them a lucky potato. As far as I can read, the expression comes from an old sailors game, where you would pass a potato around in a circle, and a person in the middle would try to catch it. If the person in the middle could not catch the potato, it was said to be a lucky potato.
For example: A: Jeg har fri på fredag, så jeg kan nyde det gode vejr.
B: Din heldige kartoffel.
A: Har du hørt at Jonas har vundet i lotto? B: Sikke en heldig kartoffel!
En varm kartoffel
Something can also be a hot potato. It is the same expression as in english, where an issue can be a hot potato. Something so hot that it is painful to touch, and so something you would want to avoid. This expression is less used in Denmark, and mostly by newspapers or the older generations.
Lokummet brænder
Litterally: The toilet is on fire.
Either you are in big trouble or you are about to be in big trouble when your toilet is on fire.
Lokum in Danish used to refer to the old shed behind the house, where hole-in-the-ground-with-seat type toilets with no running water were found. Nowadays the word can also refer, with some disgust, to normal toilets.
For example:
- Danskerne er gode til at få psykologisk hjælp når lokummet brænder.
- Når lokummet brænder, ved jeg at jeg altid kan regne med dig.
Litterally translating to; then the goat is shaved. Means that something is done or solved. You can use it if you got an annoying task out of the way, either by avoiding the task entirely (and then ironically using så er den ged barberet to humorously say that it was easy), or by actually finishing it.
Example 1: Jeg skal lige færdiggøre den sidste del af præsentationen, og så er den ged barberet.
Example 2: FCK scorede et hurtigt mål mod Brøndby, og så var den ged barberet.
Hvor kragerne vender
Where the crows turn around is used to to mean the same as in the middle of nowhere, although I like the illustrativeness of the Danish phrase much more than in the middle of nowhere. It means somewhere so far away, that even the crows don’t dare go there. You can for example say; Rasmus er vokset op på landet. Der hvor kragerne vender. Or if someone asks you what you did this weekend, you can say: jeg var ude at gå en tur, helt derude hvor kragerne vender. Or if people ask you where you are from: jeg er fra en lille by ude hvor kragerne vender.
Den der kommer først til mølle, får først malet
Litterally; The one who arrives first at the mill will get milled first. This is pretty much the the Danish equivalent of first come, first serve, mixed with a bit of the early bird gets the worm. However in everyday life, you pretty much only hear the first part; først til mølle or you might see something like; “efter først til mølle princip” which was recently added to the Danish dictionary. You might see the phrase if you are looking at items being given away for free or being sold online. I can definitely see how the isolated phrase can confuse new learners though: “Selling sneakers. First to the mill.”
So now you know 😊
at spille kong gulerod
At spille kong gulerod, to play king-carrot. You can use this expression if someone is acting arrogant, cocky, or superior in a pretentious way. You can for example say du skal ikke komme her og spille kong gulerod if someone is being pompous around you. The phrase apparently comes from an old french, satirical opera from 1872, where vegetables from the garden take control over France. Or so I’ve heard. Don’t cite me on that.
At købe katten i sækken
Literally meaning to buy the cat in the sack. To buy the cat in the sack, means you got cheated in a trade, or that you were not diligent enough when checking what you were buying and got something not worth a lot. You can change the person or the idiom in the idiom as in jeg har købt katten i sækken meaning you already made the bad deal, or you can say hun køber katten i sækken in the 3rd person future tense if someone is going to make a bad decision. You can use it as a warning to someone Pas på du ikke køber katten i sækken if you think there’s a risk they will not make a good choice later.
At gå som katten om den varme grød
Litterally; to walk like the cat around the hot porridge. We use this idiom when someone hesitates to speak directly about a sensitive subject, when they skirt around the issue. I imagine a cat, interested in eating a nice bowl of hot porridge, but the cat is hesitant because it is afraid of burning its tongue.
Example: I forbindelse med spørgsmålet om klimaforandringer, gik politikerne som katten om den varme grød.
at skyde papegøjen
To shoot the parrot, or to have shot the parrot, means to be very lucky. It can also mean to have gotten hold of a very valuable object or person. It is in a sensee the opposite of having bought the cat in the sack. Here’s a few examples:
Rasmus har skudt papegøjen med hende Antonina. Hun er godt nok sød. Jeg har skudt papegøjen her I weekenden på loppemarkedet.
Det med småt
“that with small/little” or more legibly: the fine print.
Har du læst det med småt? Did you read the fine print? You will often see this when websites are trying to be transparent or quirky about their terms and conditions. So you might encounter a link or a website titled “det med småt” if you are trying to buy something.
That was all for now 😅 I apologize in advance for formatting problems, as I am writing this on mobile as apparently this is the only way Reddit will allow me to post multiple images.
2024.05.13 18:49 shaneka69 KEEP GOING
KEEP GOING
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2024.05.13 11:05 CharmingSkirt95 Can French respelling unambiguously show pronunciation?
Can the pronunciation of French words be unambiguously spelt out via respellings intuïtive to Francophones?
In English language practice—dictionaries, Wikipedia, & common folk frequently make use of pronunciation respellings to attempt to show pronunciation of words unambiguously while being intuïtive to Anglophone readers. For example, in Wikipedia's English respelling key, pronunciation would be "prə-NUNN-see-ay-shən".
Frankly, especially when employed by common folk, they're often pretty bad and still ambiguous. My favourite respelling tradition is that of Wikipedia, since it covers all major Englishes well. However, even it has shortcomings that come with English orthography.
submitted by CharmingSkirt95 to French [link] [comments]
In English language practice—dictionaries, Wikipedia, & common folk frequently make use of pronunciation respellings to attempt to show pronunciation of words unambiguously while being intuïtive to Anglophone readers. For example, in Wikipedia's English respelling key, pronunciation would be "prə-NUNN-see-ay-shən".
Frankly, especially when employed by common folk, they're often pretty bad and still ambiguous. My favourite respelling tradition is that of Wikipedia, since it covers all major Englishes well. However, even it has shortcomings that come with English orthography.
- Commᴀ //ə// is indicated by ⟨ə⟩ since there really isn't a way to spell it unambiguously via English orthography.
- Fooᴛ //ʊ// is spelt with the neodigraph ⟨uu⟩ to differentiate it from orthographically identical sᴛʀᴜᴛ //ʌ// (spelt ⟨uh, uCC by Wikipedia⟩.
- ⟨ow⟩ for ᴍoᴜᴛʜ //aʊ̯// may be mistakenly read as ɢoᴀᴛ //oʊ̯// instead, despite arguably being the best available graph.
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2024.05.12 12:37 unpleasent-thought How I can like more to speak and listen and learn the english language
I really don't like speak and listen and learn the english language although I like to listen the rock music that is made entirely in english. But not pop. My native tongue is a romance one and I like all the neolatins language. I feel like the english language has no character and soul. It sounds metallic and cold to my ears. They are literally years that I don't find the stimulus to go over a B2 level (although with elements of both B1 and C1). I like the softness and sweet sound of the french, the passion of the spanish, the musicality of the italian and the portuguese. Everything I wrote here, It has been wrote without the help of Google translate or dictionary consultation.. I ask this because english is now the de facto global language and it's useful to know it well, but not pleasent.
submitted by unpleasent-thought to ENGLISH [link] [comments]
2024.05.11 19:37 Pinkandpurplebanana How do Chinese students who don't speak English very well get into unis and study?
My cousin works in a student accommodation place she says most of them are Chinese and most of them don't speak particularly good English.
How do they manage to get a place in a UK university semi fluent English? Ok maybe if you ate studying mathematics maybe you could, but some are doing medicine where fluency would be paramount. Do they do there work I Chinese then get it translated? I don't see how you could pass if your English isn't that good.
I get that a degree from a foreign university is a status symbol in China (and many other countries). I just don't understand it. Are the unis just letting Chinese in because they cab afford to go? My cousin is based in Glasgow. So I get these Chinese kids will have parents much richer than what's average in China (where millions still get paid £1 a day). But I can't imagine that they will be the grandson of the cousin of the mayor of Shanghia. Oxbridge may have the Chinese nomenklatura as students, but I don't think Glasgow Strathclyde and Caledonia would.
I just don't understand it. I went to uni with Greeks Swedes Latvians Afghans Iraqi Nigerians Ghanians and Indians. They all spoke with near native fluency. Ok they'd maybe struggle with idioms or slang. And they'd mabe not understand if you were eating a dictionary (other than the Africans since they use English every day back home).
So how is it that Chinese are able to get in with sometimes like age 14 English?
How do they pass? do they cheat? If I didn't speak proper fluent French, I'd never get onto a French medical course much less have a hope of passing.
submitted by Pinkandpurplebanana to UniUK [link] [comments]
How do they manage to get a place in a UK university semi fluent English? Ok maybe if you ate studying mathematics maybe you could, but some are doing medicine where fluency would be paramount. Do they do there work I Chinese then get it translated? I don't see how you could pass if your English isn't that good.
I get that a degree from a foreign university is a status symbol in China (and many other countries). I just don't understand it. Are the unis just letting Chinese in because they cab afford to go? My cousin is based in Glasgow. So I get these Chinese kids will have parents much richer than what's average in China (where millions still get paid £1 a day). But I can't imagine that they will be the grandson of the cousin of the mayor of Shanghia. Oxbridge may have the Chinese nomenklatura as students, but I don't think Glasgow Strathclyde and Caledonia would.
I just don't understand it. I went to uni with Greeks Swedes Latvians Afghans Iraqi Nigerians Ghanians and Indians. They all spoke with near native fluency. Ok they'd maybe struggle with idioms or slang. And they'd mabe not understand if you were eating a dictionary (other than the Africans since they use English every day back home).
So how is it that Chinese are able to get in with sometimes like age 14 English?
How do they pass? do they cheat? If I didn't speak proper fluent French, I'd never get onto a French medical course much less have a hope of passing.
2024.05.11 19:13 gopisaran Appraisal Post - Nidification.com
It is an English dictionary word which means to build a nest. Though not used commonly in English, it’s commonly used in French . I also registered the words Nidificate.com which means the same.
submitted by gopisaran to Domains [link] [comments]
2024.05.09 14:57 devintheamateurdevin I made a free alternative to LingQ/ReadLang
Hello everyone!
After 2.5 years of work, I'm happy to finally say, my language learning reading website and free alternative to LingQ/ReadLang is done.
Check it out here:
https://dzelda.com/
There's a demo on the main site so you don't have to sign up to try it. I also made a subreddit: dzelda.
Some anticipated questions:
Which languages are supported?
Currently 10 languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian (Bokmål), Danish, and Portuguese. More will be supported in the future so stay tuned!
Why aren't more languages supported?
I wanted to start with 10 to keep things manageable, but I will add more. However, some languages (like Japanese and Chinese) have writing systems that don't always use spaces to separate between words. That makes it harder to write code to parse them. But the project is open source so if anyone can help me write a Japanese or Chinese tokenizer or point out a free one I can use, I'm happy to support those languages.
Where's the reading material on the website?
You can import it! Import whatever you want to read and read it. You can optionally make it public and it will be shown to others, but please only do so if you have the copyright, or if it's public domain.
Is there a mobile app?
No, but there will be one some day. I am unfortunately really busy right now so I won't do anything beyond maintaining the site for the next few months, but I am planning a desktop and mobile app. It's also open source so if anyone wants to make a mobile app, I'd be happy with that.
Why aren't there more meanings/translations?
The website is still new. The idea behind LingQ and also this website is a crowd-sourced dictionary of meanings, so the more users come, the more meanings and translations there will be for everyone. But at launch it only has machine translations I collected from Google Translate for the most common words, and some definitions from free dictionaries like Wiktionary.
Why is there only one text-to-speech voice per language?
The TTS pronunciations are using the Google Cloud API which costs money. This is a free website developed by a single college student so please understand I can't spend too much on it. It already costs a lot to host the servers.
Is it really free?
Yes! It's completely free, gratis, open source and has no ads. I hate ads too.
I found a bug/the website is not working
Please report that here. I don't have much free time nowadays but I will do my best to maintain the site.
How can I help with this project?
You can use it, and by saving meanings and translations, you make it better for everyone else. If you're a web developer, you can also help with development here and here. One day I might start collecting donations to cover server costs, but for now I'm not.
Please let me know if you have any questions or suggestions.
submitted by devintheamateurdevin to languagelearning [link] [comments]
After 2.5 years of work, I'm happy to finally say, my language learning reading website and free alternative to LingQ/ReadLang is done.
Check it out here:
https://dzelda.com/
There's a demo on the main site so you don't have to sign up to try it. I also made a subreddit: dzelda.
Some anticipated questions:
Which languages are supported?
Currently 10 languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian (Bokmål), Danish, and Portuguese. More will be supported in the future so stay tuned!
Why aren't more languages supported?
I wanted to start with 10 to keep things manageable, but I will add more. However, some languages (like Japanese and Chinese) have writing systems that don't always use spaces to separate between words. That makes it harder to write code to parse them. But the project is open source so if anyone can help me write a Japanese or Chinese tokenizer or point out a free one I can use, I'm happy to support those languages.
Where's the reading material on the website?
You can import it! Import whatever you want to read and read it. You can optionally make it public and it will be shown to others, but please only do so if you have the copyright, or if it's public domain.
Is there a mobile app?
No, but there will be one some day. I am unfortunately really busy right now so I won't do anything beyond maintaining the site for the next few months, but I am planning a desktop and mobile app. It's also open source so if anyone wants to make a mobile app, I'd be happy with that.
Why aren't there more meanings/translations?
The website is still new. The idea behind LingQ and also this website is a crowd-sourced dictionary of meanings, so the more users come, the more meanings and translations there will be for everyone. But at launch it only has machine translations I collected from Google Translate for the most common words, and some definitions from free dictionaries like Wiktionary.
Why is there only one text-to-speech voice per language?
The TTS pronunciations are using the Google Cloud API which costs money. This is a free website developed by a single college student so please understand I can't spend too much on it. It already costs a lot to host the servers.
Is it really free?
Yes! It's completely free, gratis, open source and has no ads. I hate ads too.
I found a bug/the website is not working
Please report that here. I don't have much free time nowadays but I will do my best to maintain the site.
How can I help with this project?
You can use it, and by saving meanings and translations, you make it better for everyone else. If you're a web developer, you can also help with development here and here. One day I might start collecting donations to cover server costs, but for now I'm not.
Please let me know if you have any questions or suggestions.
2024.05.09 01:50 ZephyrBarca America and Why we are not the"best" by Zephyr
Hi, my name is Zephyr, and I want you to understand why I'm writing this. Why did I even decide to do research and take the time to put this together? I do this not to aggrandize myself nor to become a self-proclaimed prophet. That surely knows the end and is here to warn all. This country and the atrocities she's committed are abhorrent. But I am still proud to be an American. I'm pleased to be an American because of the people who live in this country. Regardless of what the media tries to tell you, I firmly believe people want the best. I think modern politics and the media are purposely dividing us. But I wish to change that by informing as many people as possible. Hopefully, one day in my time or yours, that may happen. In this paper, we will talk about American involvement in Guatemala.
America and Why we are not the"best" by Zephyr
Hi, I'm Zephyr, a guitar player who makes a living from music—from busking (street performing) gigs, studio work, etc. But one of my hobbies is studying and reading. Currently, I'm reading the first great English dictionary by Dr. Johnson. But recently, I've submerged myself in literary theory and am learning the Greek language, which surprises most of my friends. They knew I loved history, but never enough to study the language and pick up on it. However, those are simply hobbies I spend most of my time doing. In actuality, I have no credibility to write this at all. I have no degree (currently enrolled at Deree College of Athens), no certificate (one in communications, but that doesn't pertain to this), and my family doesn't have the creds that could back me up writing this, too. So, what gives me the nerve to write this at all? One thing I do is read all the time, more than most people, even some with degrees, actually, according to the Washington Post article. If you read 5 books in a year, you are already in the top 33 percent in America. If you've read 50 books in a year, you're in the top 99 percent. Before you leave and say I'm being cocky, I just spend most of my time reading and chasing conspiracies. I have over 30 journals in which I've written about many topics, especially the American Government. All I do is research, and I do not trust how we operate in today's society if you ask anyone what happened last year, last month, or last week. They won't know what to say. They will likely take a long pause, and the brain might be scrambled for a minute. It's called information overload. The American media and government work hand in hand to overwhelm the people. Most of the time, it's useless garbage. Unless it's some dumb trend or flashy dance, many will not recall it. Many people swipe away in fifteen seconds or less. But it goes with the question: why have we become comfortable? Why are we just surviving?
USA USA USA
Why are we doing just enough to survive as the "greatest country" on earth? Were the greatest on earth, we should be flying cars or teleporting from place to place? As the best country on earth, we can do such things. As the greatest country on earth, we must be the best at education, health, economy, agriculture, and infrastructure. Our Children must lead the world with new ideas and usher in groundbreaking inventions before they can even vote. Our healthcare should be the best in the world; not a person should die before 80 years old, and mothers giving birth are well taken care of. So much so that not one mother should die giving birth. No way a disease that's been around for over a century should still claim the lives of millions, and no one has come up with a cure. Being the greatest country on earth, crime should be nonexistent, everyone should love and get along, and everyone should obey the law. Also, as the greatest country on earth, our military should be everywhere in every country to be "the peacekeeper," spreading democracy and freedom. So that wars will not start over myths that could kill millions of people. Not overthrowing nations because their ideas go against American interests, not cutting food lines and starving other countries unless they do what we want. They are not secretly funding other armies or starting protests and riots that lead to regime changes and are spreading fear to all countries unless they fall in line. We don't do that as the best country on earth, right?
"Third World Countries"
The 20th-century anthropologist and historian Alfred Sauvy first used this term in an article published in a French magazine in 1952. Now, you hear it everywhere in reference to a poor country. Let's unpack a series of events that happened in a "third-world country." The beautiful country of Guatemala, proud people who overthrew their oppressors after centuries of oppression and a series of wars and conflicts, finally Guatemala became fully independent in 1841. Now, this country indeed has had its problems, but which country doesn't? I will not lie or be perfidious to get you to agree with my point. If anything, I want you to challenge me and call me out for whatever mistake you think I made. But in your findings you will find no error except the SUFFERING……. that America has caused. Now, to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century in Guatemala.
Palieraki, E. (2023). The Origins of the 'Third World': Alfred Sauvy and the Birth of a Key Global Post-War Concept. Global Intellectual History, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2023.2166558
Banana Republic
In 1904, O. Henry, an American writer, coined the term "Banana Republic". This means countries that are controlled by a private enterprise that primarily benefits the ruling class. You could say he was speaking metaphorically, but everyone knows he is talking about Guatemala and other countries like it that were being exploited for their natural resources. During the Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime, UFCO (United Fruit Company, now Chiquita Bananas) stepped into the political and economic arena. UFCO quickly took control over vast amounts of land in Guatemala and gave much to the U.S. by Guatemalan President Cabrera, including giving the UFCO tax exemptions, railways, and land grants along the Atlantic coast. His reasoning seemed to be fair and only to help the infrastructure. But this was just not true. He was an evil tyrant who only thought of himself and his masters in the U.S. supporting him. When the workers went on strike against UFCO in 1904, he sent an armed force to open fire on the sleeping quarters of the workers—killing many and injuring more. Over the next 14 years, more revolts and protests continued to happen, with many assassination attempts on Manuel Estrada Cabrera. All failed to remove him until the Tragic Week in April 1920. When revolutionaries of the Union Party gathered together in front of the National Assembly, President Estrada could no longer hold out after a week of fighting. Finally, seeing no other choice, he surrendered to the Unionists and was thrown in Jail, dying four years later. But this was nothing compared to the Banana Massacre of 1928, which killed 2000 people because they refused to work under the poor conditions of UFCO. Guess what the U.S. response was? Communist uprising. Despicable.
https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2022/09/conversation_banana_republic.php
Hitler of South America
In 1931, Jorge Ubico came to power as a dictator general. The Hitler of South America was a massive supporter of fascism and nazism. Now, you can say he helped the economy by cutting salaries and increasing coffee production during the great depression, but he also killed thousands. He employed spies everywhere to make sure they followed his command. You will read about his projects: building roads and seaports or eliminating wholesale corruption. Indeed he did, but eliminating wholesale corruption under an authoritarian dictatorship who controls 100% of the country is FREAKING POINTLESS. When can you and your family be executed for not following orders? (In other words, the pot calling the kettle black) That's the problem with researching online. It's widely known about the evil and atrocities Jorge Ubcio committed. However, according to specific sources, they still try to be evasive, saying, "he did sustain the economy during the great depression," which is only half the truth. The economy has suffered for decades. Because Jorge Ubico's increased coffee production did not help in the grand scheme, people suffered like always.
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/291/
* I would like to mention something of an extreme importance.
When doing research, you must have multiple sources of information. It's to tell what's credible and what's not. Can a dictator do good things? Yes, a dictator can do good things. Like a good man can do evil things. However, in this case, when I searched for information about Guatemala's economy under Jorge Ubico on Google, I was met with partial truth. The average phone user spends most of Its time on social media and has a poor attention span like I used to have. They will see this and turn away, thus completing their research. I have argued with people who only look at the highlighted sentence of the passage. They did not even read the entire paragraph, and they did not read the article. Because of modern technology, we have become more lazy than ever. Instant gratification has ruined the appreciation of anything if not quick, easy and straightforward. If you can't get it right now, many people swipe away. With little resistance, most people will quit. Even those who aren't Gen-Z became so accustomed to this modern world. But there's a way to help that many don't like. Reading can elevate your mind, give you patience, and help you process information faster and even better at maintaining relationships. I hope this truly encourages you. Please click the link to the article below to learn more about the benefits of reading. *
https://www.piedmont.org/living-real-change/health-benefits-of-reading
Forgive me for the rant. I will discuss this in more depth in my next paper. Let's continue, shall we?
Jorge Ubico gave 42% of Guatemalan land to UFCO. Plus, with more tax exemptions (not like they had enough during the last regime), seventy-seven percent of Guatemalan exports went to the USA. UFCO controls the banana production in Guatemala, along with the telephone, telegraph lines, and railways.
After 13 years of killing, we forced labor and pillaged native lands. Jorge Ubico was overthrown during the October Revolution. Now, we're ending, but I hope you understand what I'm saying. The U.S. backed and supported every dictator and company that suppressed the people of Guatemala. What do Guatemalans do to deserve this? Have they not suffered enough? Have they not been through agony and pain? Spain leaves, and we will come in right after. One dictator is overthrown; we (the U.S.) replace it with another. This leads to what America fears the most: socialism/communism. We made the beautiful people of Guatemala hate each other by spreading propaganda and lies, which caused further strife.
Years of oppression from white colonists telling them you're lower than us, you're not more intelligent than us, not as advanced as us. Mainly because "you're darker than us." I do not pull what they call "race cards" ever. But even a racist would agree. Most Americans don't know about what happened in Guatemala or countries like it because we're idiots. No wonder why the world hates America. Don't listen to those Americans you will run into in certain places saying: America has saved more people than any other country else, and capitalism frees people from poverty. Has this happened? Yes........... IN AMERICA. But we kill millions everywhere else and force many countries to embrace communism or authoritarian-style governments. Then, we label them as savages. But communism is not the biggest threat to America, nor has it ever been. America's greed is the biggest threat to America. This is just one of the many examples of American Imperialism.
Delivering Freedom (Gifts from Heaven)
Delivering freedom is some dumb term somebody on Fox News said in the early 2000s during the Iraq war and stuck with American culture ever since. After Jorge Ubico was overthrown In 1944, the first democratically elected President of Guatemala, Juan José Arévalo, took office. A great man, professor of philosophy and political party leader that swept through Guatemala. He allowed free speech for the press, established social security, and established health and education programs for the people. After a few years as president, he chose not to run in the 1950 election. After the votes were cast, the presidency went to Jacopo Árbenz. Jacopo quickly got to work and continued the reforms of his predecessor. In 1952, he drafted a land reform bill titled 900 decree, which redistributed lands back to the people. By the beginning of 1954, 500,000 individuals had received their lands back, which had been stolen by UFCO. Unfortunately, this was the last straw for UFCO.
(Shortly after the October Revolution of 1944, the U.S. began propaganda about the newly elected president Juan José Arévalo. He claimed the Soviets were working with Jacopo and that he must be stopped. This is not true, but with the help of propaganda campaigns by Edward Bernays, many Americans believed and supported a potential intervention.)
The 1954 Coup D'etat
In 1954, the Guatemalan Coup D'etat, AKA PBSUCCESS, led by Col.Castillo Armas (he was made the new president), started. It ended with the deposing of Jacobo ÁrbenZ, killing hundreds in a 9-day-long campaign. 480 CIA soldiers with U.S. air support invaded Guatemala. It was already evil enough invading, killing and bombing innocent people (some only armed with a knife), but the worst thing was the U.S. denied involvement.
After reading all this, you ask why this matters. What does this have to do with today? In 1984, UFCO merged with ELI M. and became Chiquita Bananas after facing financial hardships. Though this may be true, they chose that name to sound more like "SoUTh AmErCIAN" and wanted to get rid of the name that ties them to the atrocities they committed, especially what they did in the 1982 massacre of 70,000 natives that destroyed 600 villages in Guatemala. Once again, we want to keep the workers of UFCO in check. Just for some bananas………..
Chiquita Bananas = Colonialism.
We must stop supporting companies like this NOW!
Once again don’t feel overwhelmed about anything that you read here. This is only for you to be aware. This is for the betterment of society. This is the beginning of the revolution.
To each individual, the world will take on a different connotation of meaning, and the important thing lies in the desire to search for an answer. -T.S Eliot
References
Prince Wilhelm Between Two Continents (Book about his time in Guatemala during Tragic Week)
https://www.collecteurs.com/interview/the-banana-massacre-and-monopolies
https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2022/09/conversation_banana_republic.php
Harvard International Review
https://hir.harvard.edu/the-dark-side-of-bananas-imperialism-non-state-actors-and-powe
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=thesesdissertations
https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/guatemala/violence-and-genocide-guatemala
Other readings
https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/the-guatemala-genocide-case/
submitted by ZephyrBarca to u/ZephyrBarca [link] [comments]
America and Why we are not the"best" by Zephyr
Hi, I'm Zephyr, a guitar player who makes a living from music—from busking (street performing) gigs, studio work, etc. But one of my hobbies is studying and reading. Currently, I'm reading the first great English dictionary by Dr. Johnson. But recently, I've submerged myself in literary theory and am learning the Greek language, which surprises most of my friends. They knew I loved history, but never enough to study the language and pick up on it. However, those are simply hobbies I spend most of my time doing. In actuality, I have no credibility to write this at all. I have no degree (currently enrolled at Deree College of Athens), no certificate (one in communications, but that doesn't pertain to this), and my family doesn't have the creds that could back me up writing this, too. So, what gives me the nerve to write this at all? One thing I do is read all the time, more than most people, even some with degrees, actually, according to the Washington Post article. If you read 5 books in a year, you are already in the top 33 percent in America. If you've read 50 books in a year, you're in the top 99 percent. Before you leave and say I'm being cocky, I just spend most of my time reading and chasing conspiracies. I have over 30 journals in which I've written about many topics, especially the American Government. All I do is research, and I do not trust how we operate in today's society if you ask anyone what happened last year, last month, or last week. They won't know what to say. They will likely take a long pause, and the brain might be scrambled for a minute. It's called information overload. The American media and government work hand in hand to overwhelm the people. Most of the time, it's useless garbage. Unless it's some dumb trend or flashy dance, many will not recall it. Many people swipe away in fifteen seconds or less. But it goes with the question: why have we become comfortable? Why are we just surviving?
USA USA USA
Why are we doing just enough to survive as the "greatest country" on earth? Were the greatest on earth, we should be flying cars or teleporting from place to place? As the best country on earth, we can do such things. As the greatest country on earth, we must be the best at education, health, economy, agriculture, and infrastructure. Our Children must lead the world with new ideas and usher in groundbreaking inventions before they can even vote. Our healthcare should be the best in the world; not a person should die before 80 years old, and mothers giving birth are well taken care of. So much so that not one mother should die giving birth. No way a disease that's been around for over a century should still claim the lives of millions, and no one has come up with a cure. Being the greatest country on earth, crime should be nonexistent, everyone should love and get along, and everyone should obey the law. Also, as the greatest country on earth, our military should be everywhere in every country to be "the peacekeeper," spreading democracy and freedom. So that wars will not start over myths that could kill millions of people. Not overthrowing nations because their ideas go against American interests, not cutting food lines and starving other countries unless they do what we want. They are not secretly funding other armies or starting protests and riots that lead to regime changes and are spreading fear to all countries unless they fall in line. We don't do that as the best country on earth, right?
"Third World Countries"
The 20th-century anthropologist and historian Alfred Sauvy first used this term in an article published in a French magazine in 1952. Now, you hear it everywhere in reference to a poor country. Let's unpack a series of events that happened in a "third-world country." The beautiful country of Guatemala, proud people who overthrew their oppressors after centuries of oppression and a series of wars and conflicts, finally Guatemala became fully independent in 1841. Now, this country indeed has had its problems, but which country doesn't? I will not lie or be perfidious to get you to agree with my point. If anything, I want you to challenge me and call me out for whatever mistake you think I made. But in your findings you will find no error except the SUFFERING……. that America has caused. Now, to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century in Guatemala.
Palieraki, E. (2023). The Origins of the 'Third World': Alfred Sauvy and the Birth of a Key Global Post-War Concept. Global Intellectual History, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2023.2166558
Banana Republic
In 1904, O. Henry, an American writer, coined the term "Banana Republic". This means countries that are controlled by a private enterprise that primarily benefits the ruling class. You could say he was speaking metaphorically, but everyone knows he is talking about Guatemala and other countries like it that were being exploited for their natural resources. During the Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime, UFCO (United Fruit Company, now Chiquita Bananas) stepped into the political and economic arena. UFCO quickly took control over vast amounts of land in Guatemala and gave much to the U.S. by Guatemalan President Cabrera, including giving the UFCO tax exemptions, railways, and land grants along the Atlantic coast. His reasoning seemed to be fair and only to help the infrastructure. But this was just not true. He was an evil tyrant who only thought of himself and his masters in the U.S. supporting him. When the workers went on strike against UFCO in 1904, he sent an armed force to open fire on the sleeping quarters of the workers—killing many and injuring more. Over the next 14 years, more revolts and protests continued to happen, with many assassination attempts on Manuel Estrada Cabrera. All failed to remove him until the Tragic Week in April 1920. When revolutionaries of the Union Party gathered together in front of the National Assembly, President Estrada could no longer hold out after a week of fighting. Finally, seeing no other choice, he surrendered to the Unionists and was thrown in Jail, dying four years later. But this was nothing compared to the Banana Massacre of 1928, which killed 2000 people because they refused to work under the poor conditions of UFCO. Guess what the U.S. response was? Communist uprising. Despicable.
https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2022/09/conversation_banana_republic.php
Hitler of South America
In 1931, Jorge Ubico came to power as a dictator general. The Hitler of South America was a massive supporter of fascism and nazism. Now, you can say he helped the economy by cutting salaries and increasing coffee production during the great depression, but he also killed thousands. He employed spies everywhere to make sure they followed his command. You will read about his projects: building roads and seaports or eliminating wholesale corruption. Indeed he did, but eliminating wholesale corruption under an authoritarian dictatorship who controls 100% of the country is FREAKING POINTLESS. When can you and your family be executed for not following orders? (In other words, the pot calling the kettle black) That's the problem with researching online. It's widely known about the evil and atrocities Jorge Ubcio committed. However, according to specific sources, they still try to be evasive, saying, "he did sustain the economy during the great depression," which is only half the truth. The economy has suffered for decades. Because Jorge Ubico's increased coffee production did not help in the grand scheme, people suffered like always.
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/291/
* I would like to mention something of an extreme importance.
When doing research, you must have multiple sources of information. It's to tell what's credible and what's not. Can a dictator do good things? Yes, a dictator can do good things. Like a good man can do evil things. However, in this case, when I searched for information about Guatemala's economy under Jorge Ubico on Google, I was met with partial truth. The average phone user spends most of Its time on social media and has a poor attention span like I used to have. They will see this and turn away, thus completing their research. I have argued with people who only look at the highlighted sentence of the passage. They did not even read the entire paragraph, and they did not read the article. Because of modern technology, we have become more lazy than ever. Instant gratification has ruined the appreciation of anything if not quick, easy and straightforward. If you can't get it right now, many people swipe away. With little resistance, most people will quit. Even those who aren't Gen-Z became so accustomed to this modern world. But there's a way to help that many don't like. Reading can elevate your mind, give you patience, and help you process information faster and even better at maintaining relationships. I hope this truly encourages you. Please click the link to the article below to learn more about the benefits of reading. *
https://www.piedmont.org/living-real-change/health-benefits-of-reading
Forgive me for the rant. I will discuss this in more depth in my next paper. Let's continue, shall we?
Jorge Ubico gave 42% of Guatemalan land to UFCO. Plus, with more tax exemptions (not like they had enough during the last regime), seventy-seven percent of Guatemalan exports went to the USA. UFCO controls the banana production in Guatemala, along with the telephone, telegraph lines, and railways.
After 13 years of killing, we forced labor and pillaged native lands. Jorge Ubico was overthrown during the October Revolution. Now, we're ending, but I hope you understand what I'm saying. The U.S. backed and supported every dictator and company that suppressed the people of Guatemala. What do Guatemalans do to deserve this? Have they not suffered enough? Have they not been through agony and pain? Spain leaves, and we will come in right after. One dictator is overthrown; we (the U.S.) replace it with another. This leads to what America fears the most: socialism/communism. We made the beautiful people of Guatemala hate each other by spreading propaganda and lies, which caused further strife.
Years of oppression from white colonists telling them you're lower than us, you're not more intelligent than us, not as advanced as us. Mainly because "you're darker than us." I do not pull what they call "race cards" ever. But even a racist would agree. Most Americans don't know about what happened in Guatemala or countries like it because we're idiots. No wonder why the world hates America. Don't listen to those Americans you will run into in certain places saying: America has saved more people than any other country else, and capitalism frees people from poverty. Has this happened? Yes........... IN AMERICA. But we kill millions everywhere else and force many countries to embrace communism or authoritarian-style governments. Then, we label them as savages. But communism is not the biggest threat to America, nor has it ever been. America's greed is the biggest threat to America. This is just one of the many examples of American Imperialism.
Delivering Freedom (Gifts from Heaven)
Delivering freedom is some dumb term somebody on Fox News said in the early 2000s during the Iraq war and stuck with American culture ever since. After Jorge Ubico was overthrown In 1944, the first democratically elected President of Guatemala, Juan José Arévalo, took office. A great man, professor of philosophy and political party leader that swept through Guatemala. He allowed free speech for the press, established social security, and established health and education programs for the people. After a few years as president, he chose not to run in the 1950 election. After the votes were cast, the presidency went to Jacopo Árbenz. Jacopo quickly got to work and continued the reforms of his predecessor. In 1952, he drafted a land reform bill titled 900 decree, which redistributed lands back to the people. By the beginning of 1954, 500,000 individuals had received their lands back, which had been stolen by UFCO. Unfortunately, this was the last straw for UFCO.
(Shortly after the October Revolution of 1944, the U.S. began propaganda about the newly elected president Juan José Arévalo. He claimed the Soviets were working with Jacopo and that he must be stopped. This is not true, but with the help of propaganda campaigns by Edward Bernays, many Americans believed and supported a potential intervention.)
The 1954 Coup D'etat
In 1954, the Guatemalan Coup D'etat, AKA PBSUCCESS, led by Col.Castillo Armas (he was made the new president), started. It ended with the deposing of Jacobo ÁrbenZ, killing hundreds in a 9-day-long campaign. 480 CIA soldiers with U.S. air support invaded Guatemala. It was already evil enough invading, killing and bombing innocent people (some only armed with a knife), but the worst thing was the U.S. denied involvement.
After reading all this, you ask why this matters. What does this have to do with today? In 1984, UFCO merged with ELI M. and became Chiquita Bananas after facing financial hardships. Though this may be true, they chose that name to sound more like "SoUTh AmErCIAN" and wanted to get rid of the name that ties them to the atrocities they committed, especially what they did in the 1982 massacre of 70,000 natives that destroyed 600 villages in Guatemala. Once again, we want to keep the workers of UFCO in check. Just for some bananas………..
Chiquita Bananas = Colonialism.
We must stop supporting companies like this NOW!
Once again don’t feel overwhelmed about anything that you read here. This is only for you to be aware. This is for the betterment of society. This is the beginning of the revolution.
To each individual, the world will take on a different connotation of meaning, and the important thing lies in the desire to search for an answer. -T.S Eliot
References
Prince Wilhelm Between Two Continents (Book about his time in Guatemala during Tragic Week)
https://www.collecteurs.com/interview/the-banana-massacre-and-monopolies
https://sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2022/09/conversation_banana_republic.php
Harvard International Review
https://hir.harvard.edu/the-dark-side-of-bananas-imperialism-non-state-actors-and-powe
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=thesesdissertations
https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/guatemala/violence-and-genocide-guatemala
Other readings
https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/the-guatemala-genocide-case/
2024.05.08 03:27 Illustrious_Scheme58 You have to fight the devil Choose your gear wisely
 | submitted by Illustrious_Scheme58 to NoRules [link] [comments] |
2024.05.06 23:05 mrbeefthighs I have No Idea What I'm Doing (Part 2)
PART 1
I got home from Pedro’s and immediately sat down, pulled out the prosthetic leg and examined it. Up until this point my only experience with prosthetic limbs was when I’d stare down an old war vet in the grocery store, so I didn’t have much to go on whether this was an unusual case. From the knee down it was metal - a titanium or aluminum or something - but the foot and thigh seemed to be a plastic that was wrapped in some sort of strange yellowish leather. One section of the leather had a strange marking on it. I couldn’t fully make it out, it seemed the leather had been repurposed from something else which distorted the image, it almost looked like a heart with the words, “Mommy’s Home” written across it.
The ochre leather felt strange in my hands, I could have sworn I felt it ripple as if it detested my touch. I looked everywhere on the leg for some sort of brand name or serial number but my search came up empty.
I turned to the internet. I googled, Binged and Asked Jeeves, but still no luck. I probably spent 2 hours looking at pictures of prosthetic limbs, as if my search history wasn’t weird enough.
I sat at my kitchen table with the leg laying on the table in front of me, staring off into space thinking about what my next move would be. Should I even pursue this further? As far as I knew, I had taken care of the problem at Pedro’s and all was right in the world.
That reminded me, I checked my PayPal balance – Pedro had paid up. That’s good.
Reinvigorated by my payday I walked over to the fridge and began pouring myself a glass of water. I nearly dropped the glass when I heard a Snap! behind me. I spun around to see the leg, still on the kitchen table, only now it was standing – balancing perfectly on its single foot.
A wave of goosebumps washed over my body. I put down the glass of water and rushed to the table. I picked up the leg and stored it in the gun safe that I kept in my bedroom closet. Once I had locked the leg up, I sat on my bed and thought about how screwed I was. I mean, what the hell was I going to do? I’d been faking all of my knowledge about this stuff for years. The internet couldn’t tell me anything about this book. The only person who had any knowledge about this whatsoever was Pedro!
Then I remembered that as of that morning, Pedro was technically my employee. I gave him a call.
I’ll sum up the call I had with Pedro in one sentence: The only question to which he didn’t reply ‘I don’t know” was ‘Please don’t tell me you’ve forgotten my name already, Pedro?”
I spent the next 15 minutes talking myself off of a ledge. I must have been tricked or drugged somehow. You know what, even if everything I’d experienced that day was 100% real, what are the chances I’d encounter that entity again? Surely, it was all over. A once-in-a-lifetime sort of thing. It’s not like you hear about ghost sightings on the news or anything like that. The leg was safely locked in my gun safe, in the next few days I’d find a way to dispose of it somehow. Until then, I was going to continue with my life as normal.
That night, something woke me from sleep. I laid still in the darkness and wondered what had pulled me from sleep so quickly. A dream I couldn’t remember? A noise? It would have had to have been loud to wake me so suddenly. Maybe I’d farted myself awake? It wouldn’t have been the first time.
Just when I decided it was probably nothing, I heard a noise– footsteps in my living room. I listened as they walked slowly across my creaking hardwood floors and came to a stop just outside of my bedroom door.
Everyone talks about how they'd easily be able to fend off a home invader, but you don’t know how to react until you’re in the situation. What did I do? I froze. I wanted to shout, to jump out of bed and turn the lights on, but I found myself unable to move. I couldn’t make a sound.
Paralyzed, I watched my doorknob slowly turn then release as my door pushed open, its hinges giving their trademark whine.
My heart pounded in my chest as I watched a man-shaped shadow crawl slowly on all fours into my bedroom. It crossed the threshold of the door and stopped. The shadow’s head slowly oscillated back and forth as the creature washed its gaze across the room, it was looking for something. I could hear its raspy breathing.
Synapses and neurons deep within my brain melted under stress and the flood of adrenaline. Try as I might to cry out or run I still couldn’t. I could barely form a coherent thought outside of “Danger!”
The creature advanced. Quietly, it scurried across my bedroom floor like a giant spider, only stopping feet away from me when it came across a splash of moon light that cut the room in half through my bedroom window. The shadow seemed hesitant to cross this barrier, but after a moment, it seemed to steel its courage and continue forward.
A pale hand with long, bony fingers was the first to cross into the illuminated shaft of moonbeam. I could hear the long, dirty fingernails clack against the hardwood floors as it landed.
A forearm followed the hand, pale and scabbed.
The creature’s face followed next. Ashen and gaunt. Scabbed and pockmarked flesh stretched across protruding cheekbones that marked a starvation diet. Dark eyes reflected the moonlight back towards me from deep sunken sockets. Stringy, unwashed and matted hair flowed down to the creature’s shoulders.
I recognized the face immediately and my fear melted away.
“George, get the hell out of my house.” I said quietly, testing out my vocal cords that had been paralyzed just a few seconds ago..
“Huh?” the creature said, pretending not to hear.
“George!” I shouted getting out of bed, “Get the hell out of my house before I call the police! This is ridiculous, we have to have this talk again.”
I flipped on the bedside lamp and George hissed and covered his eyes like a vampire in sunlight. He wasn’t a vampire, he was a crackhead that lived in the abandoned house next door to mine and this wasn’t the first time he’d broken into my house.
The reason he was coming into my bedroom now, was because he’d already stolen the TV in my living room and he knew I had one in my bedroom as well. I’d caught him a few times sitting outside my bedroom window watching whatever I happened to have on.
The funny thing is I had tons of other valuables he could have easily stolen – watches, cash, laptops, gaming consoles, power tools, I even kept my bike just sitting on my front porch – he was just obsessed with stealing TVs for some reason.
“George, get the hell out of my house before I Hulk-out on your ass!” I shouted, grabbing him by the forearm and pulling him to his feet. “I’ve been nice to you, haven’t I? I didn’t make a big deal out of the TV you stole from me. I don’t call the police on you when you and your gross little friends howl at the moon when you're cracked out at 3am. I even gave you all that string cheese last week, remember how much you liked that string cheese?”
“Yeah,” George said weakly. He tried his best to give me puppy-dog eyes but that’s nearly impossible to do under the influence of crack, so he ended up just staring at me with massive crazy eyes, like a squirrel who had just drank a gallon of espresso.
“Ok, so why are you still messing with me?” I was pissed, “What happened to the lemonade stand I thought you were going to open? What happened to being an honest businessman?”
“I’m sorry” George mumbled, “No one wanted to buy lemonade from me.”
He had a point; I wouldn’t buy lemonade from a junkie who is covered in oozing scabs.
We were now on my back porch and I could see the head of his junkie girlfriend, Jill, peeking at us from over the fence that separated my yard from the abandoned structure next door they lived in. “It’s just we’ve had some hard times, is all. With you know….” George closed his eyes for a moment as he desperately scoured the remains of his drug-addled brain for any reason that might excuse his actions, “The economy and stuff.”
An idea hit me like a lightning bolt. Divine inspiration.
“I have something that can help you,” I told George, “Stay right here.”
I came back a few moments later and handed him a shovel.
George looked at me confused for a moment then asked, “Should I use this to rob people?”
“No, George! Absolutely not!” I shouted, then I pulled him in close and said quietly to him, “I don’t know if you want Jill over there to hear about this” I glanced over at Jill as she leered at me from the other side of the fence. She had even less teeth than the last time I’d seen her and she didn’t exactly have a full set then either. I’d say she looked like a jack-o-lantern, but a jack-o-lantern isn’t covered in open sores. She instantly ducked down when she saw me look in her direction.
I continued, “There is a lot of money to be made on that side of the fence, George. I don’t know if you know this, but there is treasure buried in that backyard”
George’s eyes went wide again and he grabbed my shoulder to steady himself, “Are you serious?”
“Yeah man, a few hundred years ago the Spanish explorer Ponce De Leon came through here and buried loads of gold and silver to keep for himself so he wouldn’t have to share with the King. Only thing is he died before he could come back and get it.”
“It’s in my backyard?” George asked, incredulous.
“Yeah, but it's deep, man. I mean, really, really deep. When you think you’re too deep that means your only have way there”
George didn’t say anything else. He looked at the shovel, looked at me, looked over at Jill who was back peering over the fence line, then he ran back over to the abandoned house.
Asshole didn’t even say thank you.
I was happy with myself. I’d learned a while ago the best way to deal with a crackhead is to keep them occupied. Those guys have laser-like focus once you give them a task, it's only once their minds start to wander do you have a problem. Also – they’ll believe pretty much anything. Once I told George they legalized crack in Guatemala and within 24-hours he had robbed a Barnes & Noble of all of their French-to-English dictionaries. He practiced French for a week before I told him they speak Spanish in Guatemala. He gave up pretty soon after that, but still learned a pretty impressive amount of a new language in such a short time.
I figured the treasure hunt would buy me 2 weeks. Enough time to get some new locks, maybe a dog. If I was lucky, those guys would hit a water line and the city would finally be forced to come out and evict them.
The next day I took a peek through a hole in the fence to see George digging, he’d created several small holes all over his backyard, each about knee-deep.
I shouted through the hole in the fence, “It’s buried deep! When you think you’re too deep, that means you’re only halfway there!”
George and Jill leapt to attention at the sound of my voice, both of them gazing up into the clouds. They thought it was God talking to them. I chuckled to myself and thought maybe in a couple days I’d throw a cheap gold ring or necklace into the hole when no one was watching. Give him something to find, give him some motivation – prove to him this was all real. A little taste of the treasure just below his feet if he kept digging.
Over the next few days, I watched George’s progress on the dig through the hole in the fence. Each day I saw less and less of George as he disappeared into the ever-deepening hole in the ground. Reading the papers one morning I saw a local hardware store had been robbed. The following day I looked over the fence to see an entire crew of skinny and pockmarked junkies working on the dig.
A few of the addicts had started their own holes elsewhere in the yard. Another group of crackheads set to work building a pulley system to haul dirt out of the, now incredibly deep, main hole. The operation had become more than I’d planned. A few more days and I’d have to put an end to it. Every day the risk of a cave-in increased and I didn’t want anyone getting hurt because of my lie. I also didn’t want a giant crackhead construction site next door to my house. I mean, that definitely couldn’t be good for my property value.
I was sitting on my back patio sipping my morning coffee when I heard a commotion from next door. Shouts and screams followed by a literal stampede of a dozen skinny junkies hopping over the fence and running off into the surrounding neighborhood.
Another thing to know about junkies – when something goes sideways they scatter like cockroaches. Nothing is worth the risk of their own freedom. Even if they’ve done nothing wrong, just the idea of interacting with a police officer is enough to send them running.
I hopped the fence to survey the scene. A half-dozen holes dotted the yard. Some just barely started, some 6-10 feet deep. One massive hole stood in the center of them all. It was probably 10 feet wide at its mouth and descended into the darkness of an unknown depth. I heard moaning coming from deep within the hole. Someone was hurt.
I rushed back over to my house and grabbed a ladder from the garage before rushing back over. I stood at the base of the hole and dropped the ladder in. The ladder was far too short and vanished into the darkness before landing with a crash. Almost simultaneous to the crash a loud, “OW! FUCK!” reverberated up from the hole.
“Idiot!”, I cursed myself. Panic makes us do stupid things.
I found a length of rope and tied one end of it to a fence post and threw the remainder of the length into the pit. Judging by the slack left in the rope, it was long enough.
I lowered myself into the hole and began to descend into the darkness. The hole was incredibly deep and impressively reinforced with timber struts every few meters – another lesson to never doubt the can-do attitude of a group of crackheads.
Light was becoming scarce. As I descended the darkness below seemed to reach up and grab at me.
Finally, I reached the bottom which was a shitshow of epic proportions. George lay whimpering on the cold earthen floor of the pit, bleeding from a deep gash in his forehead. The pulley system George and his crew had built had failed and crashed down onto him. To make it worse, some asshole threw a ladder down here on him. Poor guy. He was lucky he wasn’t dead. Then again, it is very difficult to kill a crackhead.
“I found it,” George said weakly, tangled up in a mess of rope and broken timbers, “The treasure.”
I looked more closely at him in the dim light and found he was cradling a small box in his arms. Metal, rectangular, no larger than a cigar box. It had a small lock clasping it shut, like the ones you would find on someone’s luggage.
I couldn’t believe it was real. There is no way he could have found something this deep in the earth. The hole was deep enough you were more likely to find something from the Pleistocene than the Age of Exploration.
I threaded the rope through George’s belt loops and climbed out of the hole myself before pulling him up out of the hole then laying his semi-conscious body on the grass next to the pit. I phoned 9-1-1 and requested an ambulance. While I was waiting for emergency services to arrive, I took the small metal box from George’s iron grip and left it on my kitchen table for me to open later.
When the ambulance finally arrived, George awoke from his stupor as if on cue. I watched for a few minutes as George fended off the advancing paramedics with a shovel before he mistakenly fell backwards into the massive hole he’d dug, landing with a crash that was audible from my side of the fence.
Firefighters came and fished him out again before he was taken away in an ambulance. I haven’t seen him since. I hope he’s doing well. He probably is, I’m quite sure he’s indestructible.
After that fiasco I headed back home to deal with the box George had been carrying.
I brought the box out onto my back patio and knocked the cheap lock off of it with a hammer and slowly lifted the lid to see what was inside.
The hair on the back of my neck stood at attention when I saw the contents of the box. My hands shook and I was suddenly overcome with the feeling I was being watched. I stood up and scanned my surroundings, looking for the source of the feeling, then I saw it – the fucking leg! It was standing, unsupported, at my bedroom window. How? I’d locked it in the gun safe?!
I moved a few feet to my right to get a better view of the cursed prosthetic and the leg seemed to turn in place as it was tracking my movement. The god-damned thing was watching me.
I knew what it wanted me to do – I went over to the box and lifted out the contents. It was an envelope – addressed to me.
I opened it and read the note inside. It was only five words.
GIVE ME BACK MY LEG
My heart jumped up into my throat.
“Ok, I wasn’t tripping, this shit is real” I said to myself as I paced back and forth on my back patio, trying to formulate a plan.
I stole a quick glance back over to my bedroom window; the leg was gone.
I quickly waddled off my concrete patio and onto the grass of my backyard, where I dropped to my knees and threw up. I needed a plan.
submitted by mrbeefthighs to nosleep [link] [comments]
I got home from Pedro’s and immediately sat down, pulled out the prosthetic leg and examined it. Up until this point my only experience with prosthetic limbs was when I’d stare down an old war vet in the grocery store, so I didn’t have much to go on whether this was an unusual case. From the knee down it was metal - a titanium or aluminum or something - but the foot and thigh seemed to be a plastic that was wrapped in some sort of strange yellowish leather. One section of the leather had a strange marking on it. I couldn’t fully make it out, it seemed the leather had been repurposed from something else which distorted the image, it almost looked like a heart with the words, “Mommy’s Home” written across it.
The ochre leather felt strange in my hands, I could have sworn I felt it ripple as if it detested my touch. I looked everywhere on the leg for some sort of brand name or serial number but my search came up empty.
I turned to the internet. I googled, Binged and Asked Jeeves, but still no luck. I probably spent 2 hours looking at pictures of prosthetic limbs, as if my search history wasn’t weird enough.
I sat at my kitchen table with the leg laying on the table in front of me, staring off into space thinking about what my next move would be. Should I even pursue this further? As far as I knew, I had taken care of the problem at Pedro’s and all was right in the world.
That reminded me, I checked my PayPal balance – Pedro had paid up. That’s good.
Reinvigorated by my payday I walked over to the fridge and began pouring myself a glass of water. I nearly dropped the glass when I heard a Snap! behind me. I spun around to see the leg, still on the kitchen table, only now it was standing – balancing perfectly on its single foot.
A wave of goosebumps washed over my body. I put down the glass of water and rushed to the table. I picked up the leg and stored it in the gun safe that I kept in my bedroom closet. Once I had locked the leg up, I sat on my bed and thought about how screwed I was. I mean, what the hell was I going to do? I’d been faking all of my knowledge about this stuff for years. The internet couldn’t tell me anything about this book. The only person who had any knowledge about this whatsoever was Pedro!
Then I remembered that as of that morning, Pedro was technically my employee. I gave him a call.
I’ll sum up the call I had with Pedro in one sentence: The only question to which he didn’t reply ‘I don’t know” was ‘Please don’t tell me you’ve forgotten my name already, Pedro?”
I spent the next 15 minutes talking myself off of a ledge. I must have been tricked or drugged somehow. You know what, even if everything I’d experienced that day was 100% real, what are the chances I’d encounter that entity again? Surely, it was all over. A once-in-a-lifetime sort of thing. It’s not like you hear about ghost sightings on the news or anything like that. The leg was safely locked in my gun safe, in the next few days I’d find a way to dispose of it somehow. Until then, I was going to continue with my life as normal.
That night, something woke me from sleep. I laid still in the darkness and wondered what had pulled me from sleep so quickly. A dream I couldn’t remember? A noise? It would have had to have been loud to wake me so suddenly. Maybe I’d farted myself awake? It wouldn’t have been the first time.
Just when I decided it was probably nothing, I heard a noise– footsteps in my living room. I listened as they walked slowly across my creaking hardwood floors and came to a stop just outside of my bedroom door.
Everyone talks about how they'd easily be able to fend off a home invader, but you don’t know how to react until you’re in the situation. What did I do? I froze. I wanted to shout, to jump out of bed and turn the lights on, but I found myself unable to move. I couldn’t make a sound.
Paralyzed, I watched my doorknob slowly turn then release as my door pushed open, its hinges giving their trademark whine.
My heart pounded in my chest as I watched a man-shaped shadow crawl slowly on all fours into my bedroom. It crossed the threshold of the door and stopped. The shadow’s head slowly oscillated back and forth as the creature washed its gaze across the room, it was looking for something. I could hear its raspy breathing.
Synapses and neurons deep within my brain melted under stress and the flood of adrenaline. Try as I might to cry out or run I still couldn’t. I could barely form a coherent thought outside of “Danger!”
The creature advanced. Quietly, it scurried across my bedroom floor like a giant spider, only stopping feet away from me when it came across a splash of moon light that cut the room in half through my bedroom window. The shadow seemed hesitant to cross this barrier, but after a moment, it seemed to steel its courage and continue forward.
A pale hand with long, bony fingers was the first to cross into the illuminated shaft of moonbeam. I could hear the long, dirty fingernails clack against the hardwood floors as it landed.
A forearm followed the hand, pale and scabbed.
The creature’s face followed next. Ashen and gaunt. Scabbed and pockmarked flesh stretched across protruding cheekbones that marked a starvation diet. Dark eyes reflected the moonlight back towards me from deep sunken sockets. Stringy, unwashed and matted hair flowed down to the creature’s shoulders.
I recognized the face immediately and my fear melted away.
“George, get the hell out of my house.” I said quietly, testing out my vocal cords that had been paralyzed just a few seconds ago..
“Huh?” the creature said, pretending not to hear.
“George!” I shouted getting out of bed, “Get the hell out of my house before I call the police! This is ridiculous, we have to have this talk again.”
I flipped on the bedside lamp and George hissed and covered his eyes like a vampire in sunlight. He wasn’t a vampire, he was a crackhead that lived in the abandoned house next door to mine and this wasn’t the first time he’d broken into my house.
The reason he was coming into my bedroom now, was because he’d already stolen the TV in my living room and he knew I had one in my bedroom as well. I’d caught him a few times sitting outside my bedroom window watching whatever I happened to have on.
The funny thing is I had tons of other valuables he could have easily stolen – watches, cash, laptops, gaming consoles, power tools, I even kept my bike just sitting on my front porch – he was just obsessed with stealing TVs for some reason.
“George, get the hell out of my house before I Hulk-out on your ass!” I shouted, grabbing him by the forearm and pulling him to his feet. “I’ve been nice to you, haven’t I? I didn’t make a big deal out of the TV you stole from me. I don’t call the police on you when you and your gross little friends howl at the moon when you're cracked out at 3am. I even gave you all that string cheese last week, remember how much you liked that string cheese?”
“Yeah,” George said weakly. He tried his best to give me puppy-dog eyes but that’s nearly impossible to do under the influence of crack, so he ended up just staring at me with massive crazy eyes, like a squirrel who had just drank a gallon of espresso.
“Ok, so why are you still messing with me?” I was pissed, “What happened to the lemonade stand I thought you were going to open? What happened to being an honest businessman?”
“I’m sorry” George mumbled, “No one wanted to buy lemonade from me.”
He had a point; I wouldn’t buy lemonade from a junkie who is covered in oozing scabs.
We were now on my back porch and I could see the head of his junkie girlfriend, Jill, peeking at us from over the fence that separated my yard from the abandoned structure next door they lived in. “It’s just we’ve had some hard times, is all. With you know….” George closed his eyes for a moment as he desperately scoured the remains of his drug-addled brain for any reason that might excuse his actions, “The economy and stuff.”
An idea hit me like a lightning bolt. Divine inspiration.
“I have something that can help you,” I told George, “Stay right here.”
I came back a few moments later and handed him a shovel.
George looked at me confused for a moment then asked, “Should I use this to rob people?”
“No, George! Absolutely not!” I shouted, then I pulled him in close and said quietly to him, “I don’t know if you want Jill over there to hear about this” I glanced over at Jill as she leered at me from the other side of the fence. She had even less teeth than the last time I’d seen her and she didn’t exactly have a full set then either. I’d say she looked like a jack-o-lantern, but a jack-o-lantern isn’t covered in open sores. She instantly ducked down when she saw me look in her direction.
I continued, “There is a lot of money to be made on that side of the fence, George. I don’t know if you know this, but there is treasure buried in that backyard”
George’s eyes went wide again and he grabbed my shoulder to steady himself, “Are you serious?”
“Yeah man, a few hundred years ago the Spanish explorer Ponce De Leon came through here and buried loads of gold and silver to keep for himself so he wouldn’t have to share with the King. Only thing is he died before he could come back and get it.”
“It’s in my backyard?” George asked, incredulous.
“Yeah, but it's deep, man. I mean, really, really deep. When you think you’re too deep that means your only have way there”
George didn’t say anything else. He looked at the shovel, looked at me, looked over at Jill who was back peering over the fence line, then he ran back over to the abandoned house.
Asshole didn’t even say thank you.
I was happy with myself. I’d learned a while ago the best way to deal with a crackhead is to keep them occupied. Those guys have laser-like focus once you give them a task, it's only once their minds start to wander do you have a problem. Also – they’ll believe pretty much anything. Once I told George they legalized crack in Guatemala and within 24-hours he had robbed a Barnes & Noble of all of their French-to-English dictionaries. He practiced French for a week before I told him they speak Spanish in Guatemala. He gave up pretty soon after that, but still learned a pretty impressive amount of a new language in such a short time.
I figured the treasure hunt would buy me 2 weeks. Enough time to get some new locks, maybe a dog. If I was lucky, those guys would hit a water line and the city would finally be forced to come out and evict them.
The next day I took a peek through a hole in the fence to see George digging, he’d created several small holes all over his backyard, each about knee-deep.
I shouted through the hole in the fence, “It’s buried deep! When you think you’re too deep, that means you’re only halfway there!”
George and Jill leapt to attention at the sound of my voice, both of them gazing up into the clouds. They thought it was God talking to them. I chuckled to myself and thought maybe in a couple days I’d throw a cheap gold ring or necklace into the hole when no one was watching. Give him something to find, give him some motivation – prove to him this was all real. A little taste of the treasure just below his feet if he kept digging.
Over the next few days, I watched George’s progress on the dig through the hole in the fence. Each day I saw less and less of George as he disappeared into the ever-deepening hole in the ground. Reading the papers one morning I saw a local hardware store had been robbed. The following day I looked over the fence to see an entire crew of skinny and pockmarked junkies working on the dig.
A few of the addicts had started their own holes elsewhere in the yard. Another group of crackheads set to work building a pulley system to haul dirt out of the, now incredibly deep, main hole. The operation had become more than I’d planned. A few more days and I’d have to put an end to it. Every day the risk of a cave-in increased and I didn’t want anyone getting hurt because of my lie. I also didn’t want a giant crackhead construction site next door to my house. I mean, that definitely couldn’t be good for my property value.
I was sitting on my back patio sipping my morning coffee when I heard a commotion from next door. Shouts and screams followed by a literal stampede of a dozen skinny junkies hopping over the fence and running off into the surrounding neighborhood.
Another thing to know about junkies – when something goes sideways they scatter like cockroaches. Nothing is worth the risk of their own freedom. Even if they’ve done nothing wrong, just the idea of interacting with a police officer is enough to send them running.
I hopped the fence to survey the scene. A half-dozen holes dotted the yard. Some just barely started, some 6-10 feet deep. One massive hole stood in the center of them all. It was probably 10 feet wide at its mouth and descended into the darkness of an unknown depth. I heard moaning coming from deep within the hole. Someone was hurt.
I rushed back over to my house and grabbed a ladder from the garage before rushing back over. I stood at the base of the hole and dropped the ladder in. The ladder was far too short and vanished into the darkness before landing with a crash. Almost simultaneous to the crash a loud, “OW! FUCK!” reverberated up from the hole.
“Idiot!”, I cursed myself. Panic makes us do stupid things.
I found a length of rope and tied one end of it to a fence post and threw the remainder of the length into the pit. Judging by the slack left in the rope, it was long enough.
I lowered myself into the hole and began to descend into the darkness. The hole was incredibly deep and impressively reinforced with timber struts every few meters – another lesson to never doubt the can-do attitude of a group of crackheads.
Light was becoming scarce. As I descended the darkness below seemed to reach up and grab at me.
Finally, I reached the bottom which was a shitshow of epic proportions. George lay whimpering on the cold earthen floor of the pit, bleeding from a deep gash in his forehead. The pulley system George and his crew had built had failed and crashed down onto him. To make it worse, some asshole threw a ladder down here on him. Poor guy. He was lucky he wasn’t dead. Then again, it is very difficult to kill a crackhead.
“I found it,” George said weakly, tangled up in a mess of rope and broken timbers, “The treasure.”
I looked more closely at him in the dim light and found he was cradling a small box in his arms. Metal, rectangular, no larger than a cigar box. It had a small lock clasping it shut, like the ones you would find on someone’s luggage.
I couldn’t believe it was real. There is no way he could have found something this deep in the earth. The hole was deep enough you were more likely to find something from the Pleistocene than the Age of Exploration.
I threaded the rope through George’s belt loops and climbed out of the hole myself before pulling him up out of the hole then laying his semi-conscious body on the grass next to the pit. I phoned 9-1-1 and requested an ambulance. While I was waiting for emergency services to arrive, I took the small metal box from George’s iron grip and left it on my kitchen table for me to open later.
When the ambulance finally arrived, George awoke from his stupor as if on cue. I watched for a few minutes as George fended off the advancing paramedics with a shovel before he mistakenly fell backwards into the massive hole he’d dug, landing with a crash that was audible from my side of the fence.
Firefighters came and fished him out again before he was taken away in an ambulance. I haven’t seen him since. I hope he’s doing well. He probably is, I’m quite sure he’s indestructible.
After that fiasco I headed back home to deal with the box George had been carrying.
I brought the box out onto my back patio and knocked the cheap lock off of it with a hammer and slowly lifted the lid to see what was inside.
The hair on the back of my neck stood at attention when I saw the contents of the box. My hands shook and I was suddenly overcome with the feeling I was being watched. I stood up and scanned my surroundings, looking for the source of the feeling, then I saw it – the fucking leg! It was standing, unsupported, at my bedroom window. How? I’d locked it in the gun safe?!
I moved a few feet to my right to get a better view of the cursed prosthetic and the leg seemed to turn in place as it was tracking my movement. The god-damned thing was watching me.
I knew what it wanted me to do – I went over to the box and lifted out the contents. It was an envelope – addressed to me.
I opened it and read the note inside. It was only five words.
GIVE ME BACK MY LEG
My heart jumped up into my throat.
“Ok, I wasn’t tripping, this shit is real” I said to myself as I paced back and forth on my back patio, trying to formulate a plan.
I stole a quick glance back over to my bedroom window; the leg was gone.
I quickly waddled off my concrete patio and onto the grass of my backyard, where I dropped to my knees and threw up. I needed a plan.
2024.05.06 18:13 Lemmy-Historian How Elizabeth I made Mary I relive the traumas of Katherine of Aragon
The second part of Mary's and Elizabeth's story. I learned from last time: This is a draft! You will find some of the sources and the literature at the end (I was trained in Germany, we don't differentiate between primary and secondary sources but sources and literature):
I. Introduction
In the spring of 1554, Elizabeth Tudor was in grave danger. Her half-sister, Queen Mary, had imprisoned her in the Tower of London on suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt Rebellion. The insurrection was against the Queen's plan to marry the Spanish crown prince, Philip, who was a staunch Catholic. Elizabeth was forced to live in the same chambers where her mother, Anne Boleyn, had been held before her execution 18 years earlier.
According to Tracy Borman, the Queen's advisers had already written up Elizabeth’s death warrant. All Mary had to do was sign it. As she held the ink-soaked quill that could end her half-sister's life, her hand hovered over the document. However, she ultimately chose not to sign it.
On May 19, 1554, Elizabeth was released from the Tower and placed under house arrest in the old royal hunting mansion at Woodstock. Until then, Elizabeth did not know whether she was to be allowed to live or had to face execution. It wasn't until the anniversary of her mother's execution that her fate was revealed to her.
During her time at the Tower, Elizabeth learned two valuable lessons that would shape the rest of her life: She should never be replaceable, and she should avoid making decisions until they are unavoidable. These principles guided Elizabeth for the rest of her life.
II. Why Elizabeth was saved
Elizabeth had very few people in Mary's government who were on her side. Only William Baron Paget advocated for Anne Boleyn's daughter. On the other hand, Elizabeth had many enemies. Lord Chancellor Bishop Stephen Gardiner, Mary's cousin Emperor Charles V, and the imperial ambassador Simon Renard all believed that Elizabeth's execution was necessary to ensure the Queen's permanent hold on the throne. There were even rumors that Margaret Douglas, Mary's best friend and potential heir, had spoken in favor of Elizabeth's execution.
However, there was a lack of evidence to support such a decision. The government tried everything to find evidence, or at least to fabricate it. The insurgent leader Thomas Wyatt was at the center of these efforts. He had already been sentenced to death before Elizabeth arrived at the Tower. However, the execution had been postponed. Wyatt, who had initially supported Mary even against Lady Jane Grey at the beginning of her reign, was now being pushed to incriminate Elizabeth as much as possible. As a side note, it wasn't Wyatt's first time being involuntarily held at the Tower. During the reign of Edward VI, he had also been imprisoned there for a few days because he had drunkenly smashed windows.
Wyatt, however, refused to name Elizabeth as the head of the rebellion, only stating that she may have known about the plan. His co-conspirator, Sir James Croft, could say more. Wyatt instead heavily incriminated his co-conspirator, Edward Courtenay. He was the real head of the conspiracy.
Mary's interrogators capitulated: April 11, 1554, was designated as the day of Wyatt's execution. As a resident of the Tower, whose name is not known to us, reports in a private chronicle, there were two peculiarities: First, Wyatt asked to be allowed to speak with Courtenay, who had been imprisoned in the Tower since February 12. Second, his last words were to be interrupted.
Wyatt's request was granted. According to the source, he had to be carried to Courtenay, who was imprisoned in the tower above Traitor's Gate. This shows the massive torture he was most likely subjected to. The two men talked for about half an hour. Unfortunately, the exact content of the conversation has not been handed down.
However, Wyatt's last words give an idea about what was said: he not only withdrew his accusations against Elizabeth but also exonerated Courtenay. In doing so, he probably saved two lives. Henry Weston, who oversaw the execution of Wyatt, interrupted the condemned man, which was highly unusual. According to the tower resident, he spoke this sentence:
"Merke this, my masters, eh sayeth hat that which eh hathe showed to hte counsel ni wryting of ymlady Elizaleth and Courtney ys true."
In this way, he confirmed that Wyatt had not lied to protect his reputation in the public eye, which held Elizabeth in high esteem but secretly incriminated her. It's unclear how Mary's advisers responded. It was a remarkable parallel of history: Wyatt's father had been imprisoned in the wake of the allegations against Anne Boleyn on suspicion of having had an affair with the Queen. The only thing that saved him was his friendship with Thomas Cromwell. Weston's father, Francis, was less fortunate. He was beheaded on May 17, 1536. Now the sons of the two men faced each other – and Weston had to supervise the execution on behalf of the Queen.
Mary herself dealt with the fact that Wyatt had exonerated her half-sister in a surprising way: she confiscated Wyatt's estates because he was a convicted traitor. However, she provided his family with a small pension that allowed them to survive. Among Wyatt's descendants was Wallis Simpson, for whom King Edward VIII abdicated his throne. Wyatt himself was beheaded before being quartered. He thus escaped the worst part of his punishment.
Courtenay, who had betrayed the rebellion before it even started, was released from the Tower and exiled to Venice. Mary's government tried for four more weeks to find any incriminating material against the Queen's half-sister but to no avail. The public grew increasingly resentful of the continued imprisonment of the heir to the throne, especially after Wyatt, who had been visibly tortured, cleared her name. Additionally, Mary's judges informed her that her half-sister could not be found guilty under the current laws.
It is not clear what ultimately led to Elizabeth's release from the Tower and her house arrest in Oxfordshire. While some argue that it was due to the Queen's conscience, which emerged just in time, others point out that between 1554 and 1555, people from Elizabeth's household were repeatedly arrested on suspicion of treason. This suggests that the Queen continued to view her half-sister as a threat. Modern historians have described the Queen as "paranoid about Elizabeth.”
Another thesis uses the popularity of Anne Boleyn's daughter as an argument for why Mary spared Elizabeth's life. Even this justification is not entirely convincing: During the Wyatt Rebellion 20,000 Londoners had volunteered to fight for the Queen. She had just successfully crushed the uprising. It had not found the popular support that its leaders had hoped for.
Elizabeth was likely allowed to live for several reasons. The Queen saw the rebellion as an attack by Protestants on their religion, who were allegedly equipped with "a Spanish cloak to cover their pretended purpose," as she wrote in a letter. She couldn't imagine that Catholics could also be against her marriage to the heir to the Habsburg throne. The rise of English nationalism was not a relevant force in her eyes.
Elizabeth had never made any public comments regarding Mary's plans to get married. Even though she appeared to be a Catholic, attending Mass twice a day, she avoided speaking in support of the Catholic faith. She would often cough or clear her throat to excuse herself from speaking at sensitive points during Mass. Mary had been aware that her half-sister was only pretending to be a Catholic since December 1553. In fact, at that time, Mary had even accused Elizabeth of it.
Despite this, Anne Boleyn's daughter was still valuable to Mary as a symbol. The more Elizabeth was seen attending Mass, the less suitable she was as a leader of Protestantism. However, if Mary were to have her half-sister executed, Elizabeth would become a martyr. Therefore, it was more beneficial for Mary to keep Elizabeth alive and permanently convert her to Catholicism.
On top of that, her wedding to Philip was getting closer and closer. The wedding ceremony had already encountered major issues and difficulties. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, was imprisoned for being a heretic. Typically, he would have been the one to conduct the wedding ceremony and crown Philip as the king. However, if Elizabeth remained imprisoned in the Tower during the wedding, it would cast a dark shadow over the connection. Elizabeth was still the heir to the throne. Her execution around the time of the wedding would have been disastrous.
To avoid any potential issues, Elizabeth had to disappear from the public eye. If she wanted to play an active role again, she would have to comply with the Queen's demands. This impression is evident in the sources available. Officially, Mary was done with her half-sister, and Elizabeth's name does not appear in the collection of Mary's State Papers for the rest of the Queen's life. In this situation Mary was a perfect blend of her parents, possessing Katherine's political acumen and Henry's stubbornness.
III. Elizabeth is under house arrest
Mary initially felt vindicated in her decision to keep Elizabeth under house arrest, as it seemed to work in her favor. While over 200 rebel leaders were executed, most ordinary prisoners were pardoned for a fine. This prevented any serious uprisings against Mary for the rest of her reign.
In addition to the emotional significance, Mary's marriage to Philip was also economically beneficial for England. Phillip brought 20 cartloads of American silver to the wedding, which helped to support the weak English economy. The Royal Mint was allowed to mint silver coins for Spain, which marked its first foreign order. Mary proved herself to be a capable ruler in economic matters.
During her reign as Queen of England, Mary made significant strides in modernizing the country, which her predecessors had failed to do. England still adhered to the rules of the late medieval economic system, despite its collapse in the second half of the 15th century. Mary caught up on the overdue reforms, which would benefit her successor for decades to come.
In September 1554, Mary received good news as she gained weight, and her menstruation stopped, leading her doctors and court attendants to believe that she was pregnant. The Queen herself also experienced nausea, which further convinced everyone of her pregnancy. The imperial ambassador even reported back home that there was no doubt that the Queen was carrying a child.
Mary felt empowered and began to take violent action against the Protestants in her kingdom. Just a month after announcing her miraculous pregnancy, she had Bishops Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer burned. Thomas Cranmer, whom she hated, was in prison awaiting his indictment as a heretic.
According to Mary's wishes, Cardinal Reginald Pole was to play a decisive role in this. Her close confidant returned on 23 November 1554 from his exile and assumed the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. Mary's great goal now was for her heir to be born in an England where the Pope would be the head of the Church again.
Parliament supported Mary on this issue. In January 1555, the Second Act of Repeal was passed, which made England a Catholic kingdom again. The law also removed the legal hurdle to prosecute Protestants more severely. Corresponding actions began as early as February 1555.
The unpopular burnings earned the Queen the nickname "Bloody Mary". Nearly 300 of their subjects were to die at the stake. However, historians have debated whether her reputation for cruelty is accurate. The book "Book of Martyrs" by John Foxe, published in 1563, was instrumental in creating the image of Bloody Mary. As a Protestant, Foxe had a strong religious interest in portraying Mary as a monstrous and frightening figure.
Mary viewed the use of burnings as a necessary means to deter Protestants from their faith and was surprised by the number of Protestants who chose death by fire over converting to Catholicism. However, she believed that the most important aspect of her efforts was ensuring that no new Protestant clerics could emerge, hence she strictly monitored seminaries and universities.
During Elizabeth's time of house arrest, she was under the guard of Sir John Williams, who treated her kindly. It is assumed that Elizabeth acted with extreme caution during this time so as not to upset her half-sister. As the announcement of Mary's pregnancy meant that Elizabeth would lose her position in the line of succession, she had to be careful not to do anything that could jeopardize her safety.
IV. Mary's First False Pregnancy and the Fatal Consequences
Mary found herself in a situation similar to her mother's, towards the end of Katherine and Henry's marriage, during the spring of 1555. Mary had a responsibility to produce an heir, as failure to do so would put her position and Catholicism in England at risk. At the time, Mary was fully aware of the potential consequences if Elizabeth was to come to power.
However, it is unclear whether or not the Queen recognized the parallel between her mother's life and her own, or if Mary was trying to break the curse that had plagued her since Anne entered her life. Regardless, Mary followed the customary practice of withdrawing to Hampton Court in the spring of 1555 for the birth of her child. She ordered Elizabeth to be present when her heir to the throne entered the world.
If you want to, you can interpret this order as a gesture of reconciliation between siblings, which must have taken place in 1555, at least on the surface. However, I find it difficult to interpret it as anything other than an attempt to humiliate Elizabeth. The Queen, for instance, stated that the Spanish king, Philip, should be regent for the child, not her half-sister, should she die in childbirth.
As we all know, events took a different turn. The calculated due date came and went, and it was not until July that the Queen resigned amid mocking laughter from the political public. Her abdominal swelling had subsided. The Venetian ambassador, Giovanni Michieli, had recently predicted that the pregnancy would end “in wind”. Philip, much to the Queen's sadness, returned to the mainland just a month later. Most people saw the false pregnancy and Philip's departure as a sign that the Queen would never be able to have children.
Mary was likely struggling with depression during that time. She believed that the events that occurred were "God's punishment" for tolerating heretics in her kingdom. As a result, she took even harsher action against them. One of her most prominent victims was Cranmer, who had renounced Protestantism for fear of being burned at the stake and turned back to Catholicism. Although it was customary for him to be pardoned, Mary did not follow this tradition.
Cranmer was forced to read out his retraction in public shortly before his burning in October 1556. According to reports, he first put the hand into the fire with which he had signed the document by which he turned away from Protestantism. Historians agree that it was primarily an act of personal revenge on the part of the Queen, as Cranmer had annulled her parents' marriage.
V. Philip and Elizabeth
Elizabeth might even have become a threat to Mary’s marriage – at least in the eyes of the monarch. Despite Philip's constant search for new lovers on the continent, there is little doubt that the Queen was truly in love with him. For example, Michieli reported she was "extraordinarily in love."
Philip, however, had already discovered while he was still in England that Elizabeth was, let’s say, of marriageable age. According to Michieli, the Habsburg prince had considered marrying the Queen‘s half-sister in case Mary died giving birth. However, there is some disagreement about how serious these considerations were. In a letter to his brother-in-law Maximilian, Philip expressed doubts about whether Mary was pregnant.
Following the false pregnancy, Philip aimed to establish a positive relationship with Elizabeth, most likely having already supported her while she was under house arrest. Mary’s half-sister was pleased to accept the king's friendship. As per J. E. Neale, she made every effort to integrate herself into Philip's circle of Spanish friends at court.
In October 1555, Elizabeth was permitted to leave Mary's court and return to her household, but it's uncertain whether it was a sign of Queen Mary's confidence in her half-sister. It's more likely that Mary couldn't tolerate Elizabeth's presence anymore. At this point, Mary began focusing on a topic she had never been enthusiastic about: finding a suitable husband for Elizabeth.
Philip advocated for Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and with good reason. Not only would he ensure a Catholic succession, but he was also Philip's trusted proxy in England. After Mary's death, Philibert would be a suitable puppet. In December 1553, Elizabeth had also agreed to have her name linked with Philibert's. This option was more favorable than making Mary, Queen of Scots the heir, even so she was catholic. Mary, promised to the French Dauphin, was too close to the Habsburgs' greatest enemies.
Elizabeth, however, knew that time was on her side. She was safe as heir to the throne after the disaster of the false pregnancy. Even for the Spaniards she was considered a better alternative than her Scottish great-cousin. She refused all marriage requests. Philip's four-month visit to England, beginning in March 1557, was primarily intended to persuade Elizabeth to change her mind. Mary must have been hurt significantly as she had been urging her husband to come back for a long time.
It seems improbable that Parliament would have approved of such a marriage. Consequently, it gradually distanced itself from Mary. In December 1555, the Queen attempted to seize the assets of 100 Protestants in exile, but her request was denied.
Later, Philip reconsidered the idea of marrying Elizabeth himself. After she ascended the throne, he proposed a corresponding match, but the new English monarch declined the offer.
VI. Mary joins Philip's war against France and becomes an enemy of the Pope
Philip became King of Spain in 1556. Mary, as his wife, thus became Queen of Spain. The Habsburg, now finally in power, wanted to eliminate Protestantism by all means. War was included. And that's what happened – but against Catholic France.
France had done Philip the great favor of attacking the Spaniards. Mary rushed to her husband's aid and joined the war. Together, they inflicted a heavy defeat on the French at the Battle of Saint-Quentin in August 1557. But the fortunes of the war turned against the English: Calais, the last English mainland base, was lost in January 1558.
Mary is said to have reacted to this message with the following sentence:
"When I am dead and opened, you shall find Calais engraved on my heart".
Pope Paul IV raged over the war. He needed the French to defend him against the Habsburgs in northern Italy. England's participation had ensured that he could hardly expect any significant support. He therefore demanded the return of Pole to Rome in order to appoint a new Archbishop of Canterbury himself who would bring the Queen under control. Mary refused, going against the authority on which she had hitherto guided all her actions.
Later on, this turned out to be helpful, albeit in a cynical way, for Elizabeth. The Pope had spoken out against Anne Boleyn's daughter inheriting Mary's throne. However, the relationship with the English Catholics had become so strained that this was no longer relevant. It was clear that the future of England lay in Elizabeth, and with that, it was expected that Protestantism would return.
Mary still hoped to prevent this from happening. She believed she was pregnant again in 1557. However, this time, there were no preparations for a birth, apart from the fact that she made her will in the spring of 1558. It is tragic to read this from today's perspective:
"Fyrste, whereas I the said Quene have with the good contentment and pleasure of my said most dere belov'd Lorde and husbande the Kyng's Majesty devis'd & made my said last will and testament, beryng date the 30th day of Marche last past, and by the same, for that as I then thowght myself to be with childe did devise and dispose the Imperiall Crowne of this Realme of Englond and the Crowne of Ireland, with my title to France and all the dependances thereof, and all other honours, Castells, Fortresses, Prerogatives and hereditaments, of what nature, kynde or qualitie soever they be, belongyng to this crowne, unto the heires, Issewe and frewte of my body begotten, & the government, order, and rewle of the said heire and Issewe I recommended unto my said most dere Lord and husband duryng the mynoryte of the said heire, accordynge to the lawes of this Realme in that case provided."
"Thinking myself to be with child in lawful marriage between my said dearly beloved husband and Lord, altho' I be at this present (thankes be unto Almighty God) otherwise in good helthe, yet foreseeing the great danger which by Godd's ordynance remaine to all whomen in ther travel of children, have thought good, both for discharge of my conscience and continewance of good order within my Realmes and domynions to declare my last will and testament"
Mary believed she was pregnant and in good health, and even suggested once more her husband be named as regent for the child. This was unrealistic as England had suffered significant losses in the war, while Habsburg had not. The Spanish king was more unpopular than ever. From 1555 to 1558, Mary's kingdom struggled with severe crop failures, leading to hunger and a severe influenza epidemic in 1558. One of Mary's ladies-in-waiting, Jane Dormer, fell ill but later recovered.
The Queen herself may have also fallen sick. When Mary returned to London at the end of August 1558 after her fake pregnancy, she asked Dormer how she was doing. Dormer replied with "reasonably well", to which Mary said, "So am not I". She then retired to her chambers and never left them again.
VII. Battle for the Crown: Mary Must Accept Elizabeth
Mary's health was deteriorating day by day and she was having fever dreams frequently. According to Dormer's later reports, Mary would sometimes wake up and recount seeing small children playing angelically beside her in her sleep. The Queen used these stories to console her close ones by reminding them that whatever happens, God has allowed it.
However, Mary's will posed a problem as it did not name any heir, except a child that was not born. This made her last will not only impractical but also went against the current law of succession. To resolve this, Mary agreed to add a new passage to her will on October 28, 1558:
"Yf yt shall please Almighty God to call me to his mercye owte of this transytory lyfe without issewe and heire of my bodye lawfully begotten, Then I most instantly desire et per viscera misericordiae Dei, requyre my next heire & Successour, by the Laws and Statutes of this Realme, not only to permytt and suffer the executors of my said Testament and last will and the Survivours of them to perform the same."
Elizabeth was only confirmed by the insertion "by the Laws and Statutes of this Realme". However, this was still not enough as Elizabeth was not officially named despite actively preparing for her reign that very same month. Due to this reason, Mary was pushed further.
The Queen finally sent Dormer to her half-sister with three conditions, which she had to meet in order to be allowed to succeed her:
Mary passed away between 5:00 and 6:00 in the morning on November 17, 1558. Her good friend Reginald Pole survived her by just twelve hours. The diplomat Nicholas Throckmorton was tasked with informing Elizabeth of Mary's death. Six hours after Mary's death, Throckmorton proclaimed Elizabeth as the new Queen. It was then that the coronation ring was brought to Elizabeth, which was extensively checked for authenticity by her ladies-in-waiting.
Mary's funeral was held on December 13, 1558, and her husband was not present. In a letter to his sister Joan, Philip expressed "reasonable regret" over her death. However, there was a scandal during the funeral when Winchester's Bishop John White gave an obituary for Mary and expressed doubts about Elizabeth's abilities as Queen. As a result, Elizabeth had him arrested a day later. With Mary's death and Elizabeth's ascension to the throne, England's generational traumas of Katherine and Anne finally came to an end. Although there were others to follow, such as the "Great Plot" to assassinate Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots. But we will not delve into them today.
Examples for literature and sources used for this text (That’s far from being all. I tried to pick those
you can check online yourself for this list):
Borman, T. (2023). Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I.
Edwards, J. (2007). Mary I: England’s Catholic Queen.
Edwards, J. (2018). Mary I: The Daughter of Time. https://www.amazon.de/Mary-Penguin-Monarchs-Daughter-Time/dp/0141988681
Froude, J. A. (2023). The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry VIII.
Lee, S. (1900). Wyatt, Thomas. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wyatt,_Thomas_(1521%3F-1554))
Lemon, R (1856). Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth and James I, 1547-1625 Preserved in the Stat Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Calendar_of_State_Papers_Domestic_Series/NvsUAAAAQAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=state+papers+domestic+mary+I&printsec=frontcover
Loades, D. (2016). Elizabeth I: A Life.
Loades, D. (2011). Mary Tudor.
Mayer, T. F. (2000). Reginald Pole – Prince & Prophet. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Reginald_Pole/OqaBq2QGrFEC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=reginald+pole&printsec=frontcover
Neale, J. E. (1934). Queen Elizabeth. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208607/mode/2up
Nichols, J. G. (editor) (1850). The chronicle of Queen Jane, and of two years of Queen Mary, and especially of the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyat / Written by a resident in the Tower of London. https://books.google.de/books?id=-cwyHxW4TwEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Whitelock, A. (2016). Mary Tudor: England’s First Queen.
submitted by Lemmy-Historian to Tudorhistory [link] [comments]
I. Introduction
In the spring of 1554, Elizabeth Tudor was in grave danger. Her half-sister, Queen Mary, had imprisoned her in the Tower of London on suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt Rebellion. The insurrection was against the Queen's plan to marry the Spanish crown prince, Philip, who was a staunch Catholic. Elizabeth was forced to live in the same chambers where her mother, Anne Boleyn, had been held before her execution 18 years earlier.
According to Tracy Borman, the Queen's advisers had already written up Elizabeth’s death warrant. All Mary had to do was sign it. As she held the ink-soaked quill that could end her half-sister's life, her hand hovered over the document. However, she ultimately chose not to sign it.
On May 19, 1554, Elizabeth was released from the Tower and placed under house arrest in the old royal hunting mansion at Woodstock. Until then, Elizabeth did not know whether she was to be allowed to live or had to face execution. It wasn't until the anniversary of her mother's execution that her fate was revealed to her.
During her time at the Tower, Elizabeth learned two valuable lessons that would shape the rest of her life: She should never be replaceable, and she should avoid making decisions until they are unavoidable. These principles guided Elizabeth for the rest of her life.
II. Why Elizabeth was saved
Elizabeth had very few people in Mary's government who were on her side. Only William Baron Paget advocated for Anne Boleyn's daughter. On the other hand, Elizabeth had many enemies. Lord Chancellor Bishop Stephen Gardiner, Mary's cousin Emperor Charles V, and the imperial ambassador Simon Renard all believed that Elizabeth's execution was necessary to ensure the Queen's permanent hold on the throne. There were even rumors that Margaret Douglas, Mary's best friend and potential heir, had spoken in favor of Elizabeth's execution.
However, there was a lack of evidence to support such a decision. The government tried everything to find evidence, or at least to fabricate it. The insurgent leader Thomas Wyatt was at the center of these efforts. He had already been sentenced to death before Elizabeth arrived at the Tower. However, the execution had been postponed. Wyatt, who had initially supported Mary even against Lady Jane Grey at the beginning of her reign, was now being pushed to incriminate Elizabeth as much as possible. As a side note, it wasn't Wyatt's first time being involuntarily held at the Tower. During the reign of Edward VI, he had also been imprisoned there for a few days because he had drunkenly smashed windows.
Wyatt, however, refused to name Elizabeth as the head of the rebellion, only stating that she may have known about the plan. His co-conspirator, Sir James Croft, could say more. Wyatt instead heavily incriminated his co-conspirator, Edward Courtenay. He was the real head of the conspiracy.
Mary's interrogators capitulated: April 11, 1554, was designated as the day of Wyatt's execution. As a resident of the Tower, whose name is not known to us, reports in a private chronicle, there were two peculiarities: First, Wyatt asked to be allowed to speak with Courtenay, who had been imprisoned in the Tower since February 12. Second, his last words were to be interrupted.
Wyatt's request was granted. According to the source, he had to be carried to Courtenay, who was imprisoned in the tower above Traitor's Gate. This shows the massive torture he was most likely subjected to. The two men talked for about half an hour. Unfortunately, the exact content of the conversation has not been handed down.
However, Wyatt's last words give an idea about what was said: he not only withdrew his accusations against Elizabeth but also exonerated Courtenay. In doing so, he probably saved two lives. Henry Weston, who oversaw the execution of Wyatt, interrupted the condemned man, which was highly unusual. According to the tower resident, he spoke this sentence:
"Merke this, my masters, eh sayeth hat that which eh hathe showed to hte counsel ni wryting of ymlady Elizaleth and Courtney ys true."
In this way, he confirmed that Wyatt had not lied to protect his reputation in the public eye, which held Elizabeth in high esteem but secretly incriminated her. It's unclear how Mary's advisers responded. It was a remarkable parallel of history: Wyatt's father had been imprisoned in the wake of the allegations against Anne Boleyn on suspicion of having had an affair with the Queen. The only thing that saved him was his friendship with Thomas Cromwell. Weston's father, Francis, was less fortunate. He was beheaded on May 17, 1536. Now the sons of the two men faced each other – and Weston had to supervise the execution on behalf of the Queen.
Mary herself dealt with the fact that Wyatt had exonerated her half-sister in a surprising way: she confiscated Wyatt's estates because he was a convicted traitor. However, she provided his family with a small pension that allowed them to survive. Among Wyatt's descendants was Wallis Simpson, for whom King Edward VIII abdicated his throne. Wyatt himself was beheaded before being quartered. He thus escaped the worst part of his punishment.
Courtenay, who had betrayed the rebellion before it even started, was released from the Tower and exiled to Venice. Mary's government tried for four more weeks to find any incriminating material against the Queen's half-sister but to no avail. The public grew increasingly resentful of the continued imprisonment of the heir to the throne, especially after Wyatt, who had been visibly tortured, cleared her name. Additionally, Mary's judges informed her that her half-sister could not be found guilty under the current laws.
It is not clear what ultimately led to Elizabeth's release from the Tower and her house arrest in Oxfordshire. While some argue that it was due to the Queen's conscience, which emerged just in time, others point out that between 1554 and 1555, people from Elizabeth's household were repeatedly arrested on suspicion of treason. This suggests that the Queen continued to view her half-sister as a threat. Modern historians have described the Queen as "paranoid about Elizabeth.”
Another thesis uses the popularity of Anne Boleyn's daughter as an argument for why Mary spared Elizabeth's life. Even this justification is not entirely convincing: During the Wyatt Rebellion 20,000 Londoners had volunteered to fight for the Queen. She had just successfully crushed the uprising. It had not found the popular support that its leaders had hoped for.
Elizabeth was likely allowed to live for several reasons. The Queen saw the rebellion as an attack by Protestants on their religion, who were allegedly equipped with "a Spanish cloak to cover their pretended purpose," as she wrote in a letter. She couldn't imagine that Catholics could also be against her marriage to the heir to the Habsburg throne. The rise of English nationalism was not a relevant force in her eyes.
Elizabeth had never made any public comments regarding Mary's plans to get married. Even though she appeared to be a Catholic, attending Mass twice a day, she avoided speaking in support of the Catholic faith. She would often cough or clear her throat to excuse herself from speaking at sensitive points during Mass. Mary had been aware that her half-sister was only pretending to be a Catholic since December 1553. In fact, at that time, Mary had even accused Elizabeth of it.
Despite this, Anne Boleyn's daughter was still valuable to Mary as a symbol. The more Elizabeth was seen attending Mass, the less suitable she was as a leader of Protestantism. However, if Mary were to have her half-sister executed, Elizabeth would become a martyr. Therefore, it was more beneficial for Mary to keep Elizabeth alive and permanently convert her to Catholicism.
On top of that, her wedding to Philip was getting closer and closer. The wedding ceremony had already encountered major issues and difficulties. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, was imprisoned for being a heretic. Typically, he would have been the one to conduct the wedding ceremony and crown Philip as the king. However, if Elizabeth remained imprisoned in the Tower during the wedding, it would cast a dark shadow over the connection. Elizabeth was still the heir to the throne. Her execution around the time of the wedding would have been disastrous.
To avoid any potential issues, Elizabeth had to disappear from the public eye. If she wanted to play an active role again, she would have to comply with the Queen's demands. This impression is evident in the sources available. Officially, Mary was done with her half-sister, and Elizabeth's name does not appear in the collection of Mary's State Papers for the rest of the Queen's life. In this situation Mary was a perfect blend of her parents, possessing Katherine's political acumen and Henry's stubbornness.
III. Elizabeth is under house arrest
Mary initially felt vindicated in her decision to keep Elizabeth under house arrest, as it seemed to work in her favor. While over 200 rebel leaders were executed, most ordinary prisoners were pardoned for a fine. This prevented any serious uprisings against Mary for the rest of her reign.
In addition to the emotional significance, Mary's marriage to Philip was also economically beneficial for England. Phillip brought 20 cartloads of American silver to the wedding, which helped to support the weak English economy. The Royal Mint was allowed to mint silver coins for Spain, which marked its first foreign order. Mary proved herself to be a capable ruler in economic matters.
During her reign as Queen of England, Mary made significant strides in modernizing the country, which her predecessors had failed to do. England still adhered to the rules of the late medieval economic system, despite its collapse in the second half of the 15th century. Mary caught up on the overdue reforms, which would benefit her successor for decades to come.
In September 1554, Mary received good news as she gained weight, and her menstruation stopped, leading her doctors and court attendants to believe that she was pregnant. The Queen herself also experienced nausea, which further convinced everyone of her pregnancy. The imperial ambassador even reported back home that there was no doubt that the Queen was carrying a child.
Mary felt empowered and began to take violent action against the Protestants in her kingdom. Just a month after announcing her miraculous pregnancy, she had Bishops Nicholas Ridley and Hugh Latimer burned. Thomas Cranmer, whom she hated, was in prison awaiting his indictment as a heretic.
According to Mary's wishes, Cardinal Reginald Pole was to play a decisive role in this. Her close confidant returned on 23 November 1554 from his exile and assumed the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. Mary's great goal now was for her heir to be born in an England where the Pope would be the head of the Church again.
Parliament supported Mary on this issue. In January 1555, the Second Act of Repeal was passed, which made England a Catholic kingdom again. The law also removed the legal hurdle to prosecute Protestants more severely. Corresponding actions began as early as February 1555.
The unpopular burnings earned the Queen the nickname "Bloody Mary". Nearly 300 of their subjects were to die at the stake. However, historians have debated whether her reputation for cruelty is accurate. The book "Book of Martyrs" by John Foxe, published in 1563, was instrumental in creating the image of Bloody Mary. As a Protestant, Foxe had a strong religious interest in portraying Mary as a monstrous and frightening figure.
Mary viewed the use of burnings as a necessary means to deter Protestants from their faith and was surprised by the number of Protestants who chose death by fire over converting to Catholicism. However, she believed that the most important aspect of her efforts was ensuring that no new Protestant clerics could emerge, hence she strictly monitored seminaries and universities.
During Elizabeth's time of house arrest, she was under the guard of Sir John Williams, who treated her kindly. It is assumed that Elizabeth acted with extreme caution during this time so as not to upset her half-sister. As the announcement of Mary's pregnancy meant that Elizabeth would lose her position in the line of succession, she had to be careful not to do anything that could jeopardize her safety.
IV. Mary's First False Pregnancy and the Fatal Consequences
Mary found herself in a situation similar to her mother's, towards the end of Katherine and Henry's marriage, during the spring of 1555. Mary had a responsibility to produce an heir, as failure to do so would put her position and Catholicism in England at risk. At the time, Mary was fully aware of the potential consequences if Elizabeth was to come to power.
However, it is unclear whether or not the Queen recognized the parallel between her mother's life and her own, or if Mary was trying to break the curse that had plagued her since Anne entered her life. Regardless, Mary followed the customary practice of withdrawing to Hampton Court in the spring of 1555 for the birth of her child. She ordered Elizabeth to be present when her heir to the throne entered the world.
If you want to, you can interpret this order as a gesture of reconciliation between siblings, which must have taken place in 1555, at least on the surface. However, I find it difficult to interpret it as anything other than an attempt to humiliate Elizabeth. The Queen, for instance, stated that the Spanish king, Philip, should be regent for the child, not her half-sister, should she die in childbirth.
As we all know, events took a different turn. The calculated due date came and went, and it was not until July that the Queen resigned amid mocking laughter from the political public. Her abdominal swelling had subsided. The Venetian ambassador, Giovanni Michieli, had recently predicted that the pregnancy would end “in wind”. Philip, much to the Queen's sadness, returned to the mainland just a month later. Most people saw the false pregnancy and Philip's departure as a sign that the Queen would never be able to have children.
Mary was likely struggling with depression during that time. She believed that the events that occurred were "God's punishment" for tolerating heretics in her kingdom. As a result, she took even harsher action against them. One of her most prominent victims was Cranmer, who had renounced Protestantism for fear of being burned at the stake and turned back to Catholicism. Although it was customary for him to be pardoned, Mary did not follow this tradition.
Cranmer was forced to read out his retraction in public shortly before his burning in October 1556. According to reports, he first put the hand into the fire with which he had signed the document by which he turned away from Protestantism. Historians agree that it was primarily an act of personal revenge on the part of the Queen, as Cranmer had annulled her parents' marriage.
V. Philip and Elizabeth
Elizabeth might even have become a threat to Mary’s marriage – at least in the eyes of the monarch. Despite Philip's constant search for new lovers on the continent, there is little doubt that the Queen was truly in love with him. For example, Michieli reported she was "extraordinarily in love."
Philip, however, had already discovered while he was still in England that Elizabeth was, let’s say, of marriageable age. According to Michieli, the Habsburg prince had considered marrying the Queen‘s half-sister in case Mary died giving birth. However, there is some disagreement about how serious these considerations were. In a letter to his brother-in-law Maximilian, Philip expressed doubts about whether Mary was pregnant.
Following the false pregnancy, Philip aimed to establish a positive relationship with Elizabeth, most likely having already supported her while she was under house arrest. Mary’s half-sister was pleased to accept the king's friendship. As per J. E. Neale, she made every effort to integrate herself into Philip's circle of Spanish friends at court.
In October 1555, Elizabeth was permitted to leave Mary's court and return to her household, but it's uncertain whether it was a sign of Queen Mary's confidence in her half-sister. It's more likely that Mary couldn't tolerate Elizabeth's presence anymore. At this point, Mary began focusing on a topic she had never been enthusiastic about: finding a suitable husband for Elizabeth.
Philip advocated for Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and with good reason. Not only would he ensure a Catholic succession, but he was also Philip's trusted proxy in England. After Mary's death, Philibert would be a suitable puppet. In December 1553, Elizabeth had also agreed to have her name linked with Philibert's. This option was more favorable than making Mary, Queen of Scots the heir, even so she was catholic. Mary, promised to the French Dauphin, was too close to the Habsburgs' greatest enemies.
Elizabeth, however, knew that time was on her side. She was safe as heir to the throne after the disaster of the false pregnancy. Even for the Spaniards she was considered a better alternative than her Scottish great-cousin. She refused all marriage requests. Philip's four-month visit to England, beginning in March 1557, was primarily intended to persuade Elizabeth to change her mind. Mary must have been hurt significantly as she had been urging her husband to come back for a long time.
It seems improbable that Parliament would have approved of such a marriage. Consequently, it gradually distanced itself from Mary. In December 1555, the Queen attempted to seize the assets of 100 Protestants in exile, but her request was denied.
Later, Philip reconsidered the idea of marrying Elizabeth himself. After she ascended the throne, he proposed a corresponding match, but the new English monarch declined the offer.
VI. Mary joins Philip's war against France and becomes an enemy of the Pope
Philip became King of Spain in 1556. Mary, as his wife, thus became Queen of Spain. The Habsburg, now finally in power, wanted to eliminate Protestantism by all means. War was included. And that's what happened – but against Catholic France.
France had done Philip the great favor of attacking the Spaniards. Mary rushed to her husband's aid and joined the war. Together, they inflicted a heavy defeat on the French at the Battle of Saint-Quentin in August 1557. But the fortunes of the war turned against the English: Calais, the last English mainland base, was lost in January 1558.
Mary is said to have reacted to this message with the following sentence:
"When I am dead and opened, you shall find Calais engraved on my heart".
Pope Paul IV raged over the war. He needed the French to defend him against the Habsburgs in northern Italy. England's participation had ensured that he could hardly expect any significant support. He therefore demanded the return of Pole to Rome in order to appoint a new Archbishop of Canterbury himself who would bring the Queen under control. Mary refused, going against the authority on which she had hitherto guided all her actions.
Later on, this turned out to be helpful, albeit in a cynical way, for Elizabeth. The Pope had spoken out against Anne Boleyn's daughter inheriting Mary's throne. However, the relationship with the English Catholics had become so strained that this was no longer relevant. It was clear that the future of England lay in Elizabeth, and with that, it was expected that Protestantism would return.
Mary still hoped to prevent this from happening. She believed she was pregnant again in 1557. However, this time, there were no preparations for a birth, apart from the fact that she made her will in the spring of 1558. It is tragic to read this from today's perspective:
"Fyrste, whereas I the said Quene have with the good contentment and pleasure of my said most dere belov'd Lorde and husbande the Kyng's Majesty devis'd & made my said last will and testament, beryng date the 30th day of Marche last past, and by the same, for that as I then thowght myself to be with childe did devise and dispose the Imperiall Crowne of this Realme of Englond and the Crowne of Ireland, with my title to France and all the dependances thereof, and all other honours, Castells, Fortresses, Prerogatives and hereditaments, of what nature, kynde or qualitie soever they be, belongyng to this crowne, unto the heires, Issewe and frewte of my body begotten, & the government, order, and rewle of the said heire and Issewe I recommended unto my said most dere Lord and husband duryng the mynoryte of the said heire, accordynge to the lawes of this Realme in that case provided."
"Thinking myself to be with child in lawful marriage between my said dearly beloved husband and Lord, altho' I be at this present (thankes be unto Almighty God) otherwise in good helthe, yet foreseeing the great danger which by Godd's ordynance remaine to all whomen in ther travel of children, have thought good, both for discharge of my conscience and continewance of good order within my Realmes and domynions to declare my last will and testament"
Mary believed she was pregnant and in good health, and even suggested once more her husband be named as regent for the child. This was unrealistic as England had suffered significant losses in the war, while Habsburg had not. The Spanish king was more unpopular than ever. From 1555 to 1558, Mary's kingdom struggled with severe crop failures, leading to hunger and a severe influenza epidemic in 1558. One of Mary's ladies-in-waiting, Jane Dormer, fell ill but later recovered.
The Queen herself may have also fallen sick. When Mary returned to London at the end of August 1558 after her fake pregnancy, she asked Dormer how she was doing. Dormer replied with "reasonably well", to which Mary said, "So am not I". She then retired to her chambers and never left them again.
VII. Battle for the Crown: Mary Must Accept Elizabeth
Mary's health was deteriorating day by day and she was having fever dreams frequently. According to Dormer's later reports, Mary would sometimes wake up and recount seeing small children playing angelically beside her in her sleep. The Queen used these stories to console her close ones by reminding them that whatever happens, God has allowed it.
However, Mary's will posed a problem as it did not name any heir, except a child that was not born. This made her last will not only impractical but also went against the current law of succession. To resolve this, Mary agreed to add a new passage to her will on October 28, 1558:
"Yf yt shall please Almighty God to call me to his mercye owte of this transytory lyfe without issewe and heire of my bodye lawfully begotten, Then I most instantly desire et per viscera misericordiae Dei, requyre my next heire & Successour, by the Laws and Statutes of this Realme, not only to permytt and suffer the executors of my said Testament and last will and the Survivours of them to perform the same."
Elizabeth was only confirmed by the insertion "by the Laws and Statutes of this Realme". However, this was still not enough as Elizabeth was not officially named despite actively preparing for her reign that very same month. Due to this reason, Mary was pushed further.
The Queen finally sent Dormer to her half-sister with three conditions, which she had to meet in order to be allowed to succeed her:
- It is important for England to remain Catholic.
- Queen Elizabeth should treat Mary's servants well.
- Queen Elizabeth is responsible for paying the Crown's outstanding debts.
Mary passed away between 5:00 and 6:00 in the morning on November 17, 1558. Her good friend Reginald Pole survived her by just twelve hours. The diplomat Nicholas Throckmorton was tasked with informing Elizabeth of Mary's death. Six hours after Mary's death, Throckmorton proclaimed Elizabeth as the new Queen. It was then that the coronation ring was brought to Elizabeth, which was extensively checked for authenticity by her ladies-in-waiting.
Mary's funeral was held on December 13, 1558, and her husband was not present. In a letter to his sister Joan, Philip expressed "reasonable regret" over her death. However, there was a scandal during the funeral when Winchester's Bishop John White gave an obituary for Mary and expressed doubts about Elizabeth's abilities as Queen. As a result, Elizabeth had him arrested a day later. With Mary's death and Elizabeth's ascension to the throne, England's generational traumas of Katherine and Anne finally came to an end. Although there were others to follow, such as the "Great Plot" to assassinate Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots. But we will not delve into them today.
Examples for literature and sources used for this text (That’s far from being all. I tried to pick those
you can check online yourself for this list):
Borman, T. (2023). Anne Boleyn & Elizabeth I.
Edwards, J. (2007). Mary I: England’s Catholic Queen.
Edwards, J. (2018). Mary I: The Daughter of Time. https://www.amazon.de/Mary-Penguin-Monarchs-Daughter-Time/dp/0141988681
Froude, J. A. (2023). The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry VIII.
Lee, S. (1900). Wyatt, Thomas. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wyatt,_Thomas_(1521%3F-1554))
Lemon, R (1856). Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth and James I, 1547-1625 Preserved in the Stat Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Calendar_of_State_Papers_Domestic_Series/NvsUAAAAQAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=state+papers+domestic+mary+I&printsec=frontcover
Loades, D. (2016). Elizabeth I: A Life.
Loades, D. (2011). Mary Tudor.
Mayer, T. F. (2000). Reginald Pole – Prince & Prophet. https://www.google.de/books/edition/Reginald_Pole/OqaBq2QGrFEC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=reginald+pole&printsec=frontcover
Neale, J. E. (1934). Queen Elizabeth. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208607/mode/2up
Nichols, J. G. (editor) (1850). The chronicle of Queen Jane, and of two years of Queen Mary, and especially of the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyat / Written by a resident in the Tower of London. https://books.google.de/books?id=-cwyHxW4TwEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Whitelock, A. (2016). Mary Tudor: England’s First Queen.
2024.05.06 16:43 TraivonsWorld This is why all languages should be eradicated
submitted by TraivonsWorld to Why [link] [comments]
2024.05.06 02:39 lpetrich Why Base Ten?
Many people's (natural) languages have words for numbers built on words for powers of ten, like English one, ten, hundred, thousand. Did different people separately invent those words? Did they copy those words off of each other? ("borrowing") Did they inherit those words from some common ancestor? Using the methods of historical linguistics, we find abundant evidence of all three processes.
Borrowing is very common, especially for words for relatively large numbers. English "million" is borrowed from Old French, in turn from late medieval Italian milione from mille "thousand" -one (augmentative: big version of something): "big thousand". Looking in eastern Asia, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese have Chinese borrowings alongside their native words, and in Thai, the Chinese borrowings displaced most of the native words.
Inheritance is also common, though one has to be careful in cases of multiple descendant forms. Did the ancestor lack a word with the descendants having some invented words? Did the ancestor have a word, with that word getting replaced in many of the descendants? For instance, in the Indo-European language family, 2 to 10, and 100, are very well-preserved, but 1, 11, 20, and 1000 are less stable.
For several families, 1, 10, 100, 1000:
Why base 10? It does not have as many divisors as 12 or 20 or 60: 10 = 2*5, 12 = 2*2*3, 20 = 2*2*5, 60 = 2*2*3*5.
We get a clue by considering that many languages do not have many words for numbers, some of them going up only to 2 or 3 or 4 or 5. That is common in languages of warm-climate hunter-gatherers, people who do not have much that they have to count. But when they want to go further, they count on their fingers and toes and other body parts.
Counting on fingers easily explains base 10, because we have 10 fingers. Counting on fingers and toes explains base 20, because we have 20 of those appendages.
But when one starts farming or herding or storing food, one has a lot that one has to count, so one ends up inventing words for high numbers. That is what people in different places did, doing so independently, but carrying over counting on their fingers.
Sources:
submitted by lpetrich to Metric [link] [comments]
Borrowing is very common, especially for words for relatively large numbers. English "million" is borrowed from Old French, in turn from late medieval Italian milione from mille "thousand" -one (augmentative: big version of something): "big thousand". Looking in eastern Asia, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese have Chinese borrowings alongside their native words, and in Thai, the Chinese borrowings displaced most of the native words.
Inheritance is also common, though one has to be careful in cases of multiple descendant forms. Did the ancestor lack a word with the descendants having some invented words? Did the ancestor have a word, with that word getting replaced in many of the descendants? For instance, in the Indo-European language family, 2 to 10, and 100, are very well-preserved, but 1, 11, 20, and 1000 are less stable.
For several families, 1, 10, 100, 1000:
- Indo-European: *oynos, *dekm ("two hands"?), *kmtom ("big ten"), *gheslom ("heap")
- Turkic: *bîr, *ôn, *yûr', *bïng
- Sino-Tibetan: */it ~ *kat ~ *tjak ~ *gt(jik, *gip ~ ts(j)i(j) ~ *tsjaj , *brgja, *stawng
- Dravidian: *ontu, *paHtu, *nûttu
- Semitic: *\asst- ~ */ahhad-, *\asar-, *mi/at-, */alp- ("herd")
- Egyptian: *wi\jVv, *mûcaw, *shit, *khar
- Austronesian: *asa ~ *esa ~ *isa, *puluq, *RaCus
- Malayo-Polynesian: *asa ~ *esa ~ *isa, *puluq, *Ratus, *Ribu
Why base 10? It does not have as many divisors as 12 or 20 or 60: 10 = 2*5, 12 = 2*2*3, 20 = 2*2*5, 60 = 2*2*3*5.
We get a clue by considering that many languages do not have many words for numbers, some of them going up only to 2 or 3 or 4 or 5. That is common in languages of warm-climate hunter-gatherers, people who do not have much that they have to count. But when they want to go further, they count on their fingers and toes and other body parts.
Counting on fingers easily explains base 10, because we have 10 fingers. Counting on fingers and toes explains base 20, because we have 20 of those appendages.
But when one starts farming or herding or storing food, one has a lot that one has to count, so one ends up inventing words for high numbers. That is what people in different places did, doing so independently, but carrying over counting on their fingers.
Sources:
- Wiktionary, the free dictionary - has many translations and etymologies; was my main source
- Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - PAN Index
- Numeral Systems of the World
- The Numbers List
- Typology of Numeral Systems
- Numeral (linguistics) - Wikipedia)
- Base 10: Decimal - Wikipedia
- Base 20: Vigesimal - Wikipedia
- Other bases with some use: 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 32, 60, 80
- Mesoamerican Long Count calendar - Wikipedia
- [2207.12102] Sexagesimal Calculations in Ancient Sumer
- Finger-counting - Wikipedia - counting on one's fingers
2024.05.05 07:43 Old_North8419 How hard is Japanese & Chinese for native French speakers to learn despite it being very different from European languages altogether absent of Cyrillic and Latin, such as Russian or German?
I mean, the French (language) alone only has 26 letters in total within their alphabet like English (albeit a few extra ones.), while other Latin alphabetical based languages such as German which has 30 letters. (a Cyrillic based language like Russian only has 32 letters) - in all those languages, you read the letters as you see them and correspond to how they sound, as in comparison between Chinese and Japanese:
This causes problems between both languages upon translation, whenever I want to translate lets say from Chinese / Japanese > French, the sentence in Chinese or Japanese remains indifferent whether you are a male or female, but machine translation misunderstand this thus making the meaning vague or gets French people confused to if it is a guy or a woman speaking or addressing them. (as both Japanese あなた or Chinese 你 remains indifferent if you are a man or woman - for example 你 can be an analog of Tu / Vous in French (Sie, Ihr, or Du - German + Вы / Ты - Russian), but machine translation cannot distinguish the right equivalent properly.
Take this sentence from Chinese: 你沒有工作，有很多錢，但沒有時間。你會做些什麼？
EG. From Chinese:
(In Chinese specfically, you can flip the hanzi to inherit a closely related definition and a logical one - which means that flipping the characters changes the connotation of that word now describing the action derived from its meaning. Between Hokkien, Cantonese & Mandarin, in certain words, the definition remains the same despite the characters being flipped.)
EG. From Japanese:
Definitions -
Definitions -
Definitions -
Definitions -
Definitions -
EG. 無視された気がした。
submitted by Old_North8419 to AskFrance [link] [comments]
| 中文 | 日本語 |
|---|---|
| 7,000 - 80,000+ 漢字 (Though some dictionaries state there are about 106,230 hanzi.) | 2,136+ 漢字 + 45 ひらがな + 45 カタカナ (But some people can remember 5,000+ kanji.) |
Put it this way: French - 26 letters, German - 30 letters & Russian - 32 lettersAnother thing between Chinese & Japanese, are they are logographic, instead of alphabetical system, they also don't have gender cases but instead may have untranslatable nuances that often get misunderstood, which is annoying in certain situations, especially puns with kanji or Japanese / Chinese proverbs. (As they get translated literally instead of figuratively.
Chinese: about or over 80k hanzi and counting
Japanese: contrasts of 2,136+ kanji including 45 hiragana / katakana
This causes problems between both languages upon translation, whenever I want to translate lets say from Chinese / Japanese > French, the sentence in Chinese or Japanese remains indifferent whether you are a male or female, but machine translation misunderstand this thus making the meaning vague or gets French people confused to if it is a guy or a woman speaking or addressing them. (as both Japanese あなた or Chinese 你 remains indifferent if you are a man or woman - for example 你 can be an analog of Tu / Vous in French (Sie, Ihr, or Du - German + Вы / Ты - Russian), but machine translation cannot distinguish the right equivalent properly.
Take this sentence from Chinese: 你沒有工作，有很多錢，但沒有時間。你會做些什麼？
- FR: Vous n'avez pas de travail, beaucoup d'argent et pas de temps. Que faites-vous ?
- DE: Sie haben keinen Job, eine Menge Geld und keine Zeit. Was tust du?
- RU: У вас нет работы, много денег и нет времени. Что вы делаете?
As you can see, in Chinese 你 remains the same despite being in different parts of the sentence, French remained consistent with vous, using Vous twice, German started off with Sie then switched to Du, Russian on the other hand used вас then switched to вы.Also, in terms of logographs between Kanji & Hanzi, they can represent an entire word, its like for example 1 character represents a word that in return requires multiple letters in French, Russian or German to spell out (along with the character being classed into multiple definitions and phonologies.) In terms of Chinese, it is tonal while Japanese has multiple readings for one kanji & pitch accents.
EG. From Chinese:
| Tone 1 | Tone 2 | Tone 3 | Tone 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 媽 (mā) "Mère" | 麻 (má) "Chanvre" | 馬 (mǎ) "Cheval" | 罵 (mà) "Gronder" |
| "Mutter" / "Мать" | "Hanf " / "Конопля" | "Pferd" / "Лошадь" | "Schimpfen" / "Ругать" |
You see? By the change of tone (in bold) the meaning of the word changes despite sounding similar to each other.EG. From Japanese:
How difficult is this to distinguish for native French, (German & Russian) speakers to tell them apart on knowing the correct word solely by hearing Chinese being spoken?
| Pitch Accent 1 HL (L) | Pitch Accent 2 LH (H) |
|---|---|
| 雨 (あめ) - Pluie / Regen / Дождь | 飴 (あめ) - Bonbon / Süßigkeiten / Конфеты |
Accent 1 is noted as High Low & Accent 2 is noted as Low High. The pitch accent connotates a different word despite them both sounding similar to one another, as in adjusting the volume of one phoneme upon your pronunciation.In regards to Kanji & Hanzi, they both have a huge bank of characters that can imply multiple definitions depending on how they are used. (In the case of Japanese, the phonology changes all because of how it is used.). eg. take the Kanji:
日 (Jour / Tage / День)
- 訓読み：ひ、び、か
- 音読み：ニチ、ジツ
- 名乗り：あ、あき、いる、く、くさ、こう、す、たち、に、にっ、につ、へ
The Nanori readings are exclusive to people's names, those phonologies only apply if the kanji in question is used within somebody's name.For example take the sentences: (Kanji used: 山)
The Kunyomi readings are native phonologies within Japanese, while Onyomi readings are derivative from Chinese pronunciations.
- 「山頂からは市街地が一望でき、特に夜は眺めが良い。」(山 = さん)
- 「森の中に入って、山に駆け上がったことを後悔していない」と弟は答えた。(山 = やま)
| EG. 1 | EG. 2 |
|---|---|
| FR: Le sommet offre une vue panoramique de la ville, surtout la nuit. | FR: "Je ne regrette pas d'être allé dans la forêt et sur la montagne." répondit le jeune frère. |
| DE: Der Gipfel bietet einen Panoramablick auf die Stadt, besonders bei Nacht. | DE: "Ich bereue nicht, dass ich in den Wald und auf den Berg gegangen bin." antwortete der jüngere Bruder. |
| RU: С вершины открывается панорамный вид на город, особенно в ночное время. | RU: "Я не жалею, что пошел в лес и на гору", - ответил младший брат. |
In this case, despite the Kanji used being the same, the phonology does change depending on where it is placed within the sentence or how it is used within a word.Another unique thing between both Chinese & Japanese is that since they are both logographic, they enable the feature of the character positioning to be flipped, but in doing so the meanings will change altogether.
I mean, how difficult is this concept for native FR, DE & RU speakers to fully grasp and get the hang of? Does an equivalent feature exist within their own languages to start off with?
(In Chinese specfically, you can flip the hanzi to inherit a closely related definition and a logical one - which means that flipping the characters changes the connotation of that word now describing the action derived from its meaning. Between Hokkien, Cantonese & Mandarin, in certain words, the definition remains the same despite the characters being flipped.)
EG. From Japanese:
| 日本語 1 | 日本語 2 |
|---|---|
| 光栄 | 栄光 |
| FR | DE | RU |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Honneur | 1. Ehre | 1. Честь |
| 2. Gloire | 2. Ruhm | 2. Слава |
As you can see, upon flipping the character positioning changes the overall definition of the word.EG 1. From Chinese:
Do you also have this feature in French? (Also in German & Russian?)
| 中文 1 | 中文 2 |
|---|---|
| 房租 | 租房 |
| FR | DE | RU |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Louer | 1. Mieten | 1. Аренда |
| 2. Louer un appartement | 2. Eine Wohnung mieten | 2. Аренда квартиры |
As you can see, upon flipping the character positioning between (1) and (2) now connotates a closely related definition, but keep in mind they don't signify the same thing.EG 2. From Chinese:
Can you do this in French? (Also in German & Russian?)
| 中文 1 | 中文 2 |
|---|---|
| 門鎖 | 鎖門 |
| FR | DE | RU |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Serrure de porte | 1. Türschloss | 1. Замок двери |
| 2. Pour verrouiller la porte | 2. Zum Verschließen der Tür | 2. Чтобы заблокировать дверь |
As you can see, upon flipping the character positioning between (1) - the word itself, while (2) - the meaning is now logical, as in describing the action derived from the meaning.EG 3. Between Cantonese & Chinese:
Can you do this in French? (Also in German & Russian?)
| 廣東話 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| 經已 | 已經 |
| FR | DE | RU |
|---|---|---|
| Déjà | Bereits | Уже |
Between Cantonese & Mandarin - the word retains the same definition, with the only difference being that the hanzi has swapped positions.EG 4. Between Hokkien (Taiwan) & Chinese:
Is this also possible in French? (Also in German & Russian?)
| 臺灣話 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| 偵探 | 探偵 |
| FR | DE | RU |
|---|---|---|
| Détective | Detektiv | Детектив |
Between Taiwanese Hokkien & Mandarin - the word retains the same definition, with the only difference being that the hanzi has swapped positions.Also, Chinese grammar differs from Japanese, since Japanese complies with SOV word order, thus when they form sentences it is reversed from how German, French or Russian sentences are formatted, along with subject omission.
Is this also possible in French? (Also in German & Russian?)
EG. 無視された気がした。
- FR: (Je) me suis sentie exclue.
- DE: (Ich) fühlte mich ausgegrenzt.
- RU: (Я) чувствовал себя обделенным.
私は is omitted from this sentence, as it is already addressed to the person involved in the conversation. I mean can you omit Je in French within a sentence like in Japanese, for example? Like instead of saying: Je m'appelle Pierre >Also, how would you translate 敬語 directly from Japanese into FR, DE or RU (without transliterating it as -san, -sama, -sensei, -senpai, and etc.)Je m'appellePierre [ピエールです] (The same with German Ich and Russian Я?)
Also the placement of 無視 is at the beginning in Japanese, as opposed to European languages, it is placed last like in English. Which is why when translating from Japanese into [insert Euro language here] other than English directly gets lost in translation, like all the time, as their wordings are too different, along with its sentence structure.
- さん
- 様
- 先生
- 殿
- 後輩
- 先輩
- くん
- ちゃん
- たん
EG. 一匹 (いっぴき) / 二分 (にふん)Some examples:
- 部 (No. of copies of a magazine or newspaper)
- 台 (No. of cars, bicycles, machines, mechanical devices)
- 匹 (No. of pets, animals, fish, insects, reptiles)
- 本 (No. of long, thin objects: rivers, roads, train tracks, ties, pencils, etc.)
- 個 (No. of pieces, pty - Food, implying that the item is small and/or round)
- 泊 (No. of nights staying in a hotel, inn - accomodation)
- 挺 (No. of narrow things such as guns, ink sticks, etc.)
(J'ai) acheté une miche de pain.EG 2. 出版社へその本七冊注文してくれませんか。
Pourriez-vous, s'il vous plaît, commander sept exemplaires du livre à l'éditeur ?I mean in French (German & Russian), can you still use counting suffixes and words to indicate on exactly what you are referring to when in regards to counting?
2024.05.05 00:05 catloverrr007 AP latin selfstudy
Hi-- I saw a post before of a beginner in latin asking if it was possible to self study for the AP latin exam, and people shut it down and called him crazy. I know the exam is extremely difficult and hard to prepare for, but I wanted to explain my situation and ask what my chances are for doing well on the AP exam in May 2025.
I'm at the end of my sophomore year right now, took a year of latin in school but have to drop it next year to take the IB program. My teacher was great and we finished the first two books of cambridge latin course. Not to sound cocky, but I found the first year of latin really easy and my teacher offered for me to skip a year or two, which I had to turn down since I'm dropping the class. I'm nearly fluent in french (taken classes for 9 years) and find that a lot of the grammar and vocabulary translates over. So far, this has made learning latin a whole lot easier for me and I hope it will continue to be. My mom took latin in college and can tutor me with grammar but is also willing to do some of the AP reading along with me. I've also already read the Aeneid in english and Book 1 of the Gallic wars in latin (though I used a dictionary along the way), if that's worth mentioning.
Before you say anything, I completely understand the time commitment this will take and I'm motivated and willing to work every day at it. My tentative plan is to spend this summer working extensively on my vocabulary and grammar with CLC Book 3 and Wheelock's latin and then to start the AP readings next fall in alignment with the class. Although I won't be in his class, the latin teacher at my school is willing to help me and point me towards resources for the exam.
So, all of this being said, am I crazy? What are my chances of getting a 5 in 12 months?
submitted by catloverrr007 to latin [link] [comments]
I'm at the end of my sophomore year right now, took a year of latin in school but have to drop it next year to take the IB program. My teacher was great and we finished the first two books of cambridge latin course. Not to sound cocky, but I found the first year of latin really easy and my teacher offered for me to skip a year or two, which I had to turn down since I'm dropping the class. I'm nearly fluent in french (taken classes for 9 years) and find that a lot of the grammar and vocabulary translates over. So far, this has made learning latin a whole lot easier for me and I hope it will continue to be. My mom took latin in college and can tutor me with grammar but is also willing to do some of the AP reading along with me. I've also already read the Aeneid in english and Book 1 of the Gallic wars in latin (though I used a dictionary along the way), if that's worth mentioning.
Before you say anything, I completely understand the time commitment this will take and I'm motivated and willing to work every day at it. My tentative plan is to spend this summer working extensively on my vocabulary and grammar with CLC Book 3 and Wheelock's latin and then to start the AP readings next fall in alignment with the class. Although I won't be in his class, the latin teacher at my school is willing to help me and point me towards resources for the exam.
So, all of this being said, am I crazy? What are my chances of getting a 5 in 12 months?
2024.05.03 23:48 arkticturtle Hello, is there a way to have a French/English dictionary of a sorts installed for translations?
Basically the book I'm reading likes to have bits of dialogue in French despite everything else being written in English. I don't understand French but would like to understand these parts while offline. I got the latest Kindle paperwhite. Is there anything I can do to the effect of translation offline?
submitted by arkticturtle to kindle [link] [comments]
2024.05.02 21:20 This_Woodpecker_9163 Rare Casio talking dictionary watch
 | For those who’ve become bored of seeing the same Casios, here’s one rare model from back when I was in school. My father had bought it for me. With this watch, you would’ve been able to travel to Japanese, Spanish, French, and German-speaking countries when there was no internet or mobile phones. It has translations for all the phrases you would need when traveling ton non-English places. submitted by This_Woodpecker_9163 to watchesindia [link] [comments] It is all-metal and has a small fully functional gas-filled or filament light bulb. It’s pretty beat up and is missing some buttons. Unfortunately, when I was little, I had asked an uncle to get its battery replaced. The idiot repair guy loosened the buttons and lost them, uncle never cared to notice. Honestly, this one is by far one of the best-looking Casio digital watches. Kids back then wouldn’t believe that a watch had dictionary. |
2024.05.02 17:25 boopboopadoopity The Ultimate Reference/Context Guide to Bye Bye Birdie (Part 1)
So I'm in Bye Bye Birdie for the first time. There are SO many references that I feel like I had to do research to figure out. I can't believe how much I miss of the references and context. The only place I found these compiled was this text-based personal website last dated 16 years ago, and even then it's only a few (though really key ones!) and some of them don't show up in my 2024 copy - I wonder if they were pared down. Regardless, figured I'd make a context and reference list based on the copy I have!
I can't fit it all in one post, I exceed the text limit, so we'll start with Act 1 with general context stuff and the second post will be Act 2 only :)
Bye Bye Birdie is famously a direct reference to Elvis Presley getting drafted in 1957 and the stir it caused. But note the musical was written and published in 1958, and went on Broadway in 1960. It's like if a musical went on Broadway this year (2024) about a blonde-haired pop star named Tay-lee Quick (instead of Taylor Swift) who performed a world tour, but didn't initially book any dates in Canada, causing a massive outcry, leading to several Canadian officials and the president "Justice Troodoo" to beg her to stop there and... something else silly happens involving her, then she gets punched by a jealous girlfriend, and silliness ensues.
That is how on-the-nose this musical really is. There are many references to what would have been VERY modern events in this musical. For that reason, I'll try to give some equivalences of how the references in the musical would sound if it was written today.
Elvis' Perception in America
This extensive Wikipedia article does a great job of saying in many words that Elvis was insanely influential and deeply controversial. 1956 was a major year of stardom for Elvis -
Phone Calls
Phones are obviously a huge part of this musical! Wanted to combine all the phone references here.
Kim's Phone Number: Kim's number is, according to Rosie in Act 1, Scene 1, "Capitol 7 - 8820". In the 50s, the previous system which used 6-digit phone numbers started to be replaced by one that used an "exchange prefix" and 5 digits after. (Source) (Source) At the time, phone numbers that didn't connect to anyone were given out for shows like I Love Lucy, so that may be what happened here as well, though I don't know.
One Phone Line to Share: Kim's mother asks her to get off the phone early in the play so she can take a phone call. For a long time before cell phones, each home had a "home number" and you couldn't use it at the same time. This is why Kim's mother is asking her to finish up her call so she can call someone and eventually get a phone call as well.
Picking Kim's Number: Rosie uses a rolodex she randomly flips through to pick Kim - which would have been very standard in the 1950s.
The Operator Trying to Get Through: Calls were pushed through using real people, usually women, plugging lines into a "switchboard" to connect them manually. So when Kim's mom says the operator has been trying to get through for nearly three quarters of an hour, she's been trying to not get a busy signal when manually connecting the lines for 45 minutes! That's dedication!
Mr. MacAfee Frustrated with Long Distance Calls: Cost of international calls at this time was per-minute - so calls to New York, Chicago, Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hong Kong would have cost a pretty penny - over $100 for the first 3 minutes in a similar estimation! It sounds like Conrad and Albert didn't really offer to cover this cost, so you can see why Mr. MacAfee is so cross.
Getting Pinned/Going Steady
"Going steady" referred to, in short, being exclusive with someone. "As Time reported in 1957, "Boys and girls who go steady dance together exclusively (cutting in is frowned upon), sip their sodas, absorb their double features and spin their platters in each other's company or not at all. Steady-going girls indicate their unavailability in various ways, [like] the old-fashioned fraternity pins." (Source) It's mentioned in other sources that this could also be school pins, or rings. Something to show your commitment. One of the heads of my production described it like a "promise ring". It's definitely a firmer promise and commitment then just going out with someone, but not quite an engagement.
However, why, if this is such a sweet gesture of romantic love and commitment, would everyone be freaking out about it, and Kim's parents potentially not reacting well to "getting pinned" or "going steady"? (Kim has a line where she exclaims to her mother that she thinks her dad took the announcement "awfully well"). Truth be told, going steady in high school was actually highly discouraged by adults and especially church at the time. This article/Reddit thread sheds some light. I'll copy the first comment here by u/Gfrisse1. "It was felt that going steady would encourage the relationship to develop into one of physical intimacy, something parents wished to avoid. On the other hand, dating a wider, more diverse number of individuals would give them the experience of being exposed to a greater number of character and personality types, thereby helping to hone their mate-selection skills for later on. In the meantime, the short-term relationships were not expected to get much beyond the first- or second-date stage of intimacy. (One-night-stands, or casual hook-ups were not as common-place as they are today.)"
Cigarettes/Age
There are many references to smoking, cigarettes, and how old you should be in this play. It's complicated, but just know that in the 1950s, EVERYONE smoked. Everywhere. In the early 1950s, though, the first studies were coming out with the link to lung cancer, and tobacco companies used every trick in the book to try to squash that. It's genuinely fascinating (and terrifying) how much money and strategy was poured into this misinformation campaign. Read about it here. Anyway, what this means is in the late 1950s, it's not like most were giving up smoking, but because tobacco companies had started more explicitly advertising to minors, several states were in debate about the smoking age. It varied from 21 to 16, but just know that Kim was not considered old enough to be doing it. (Source.)) However, MANY minors did. Think of it like underaged drinking today as the best analogy. There's some specific cigarette references that will pop up in specific scenes, but just know that's the standard.
Patriotism
Fresh(ish) off of the victory of World War II, which was filled with MASSIVE pushes for increased American patriotism (to the degree that Disney even got in on it!), love for the USA was very culturally acceptable and a way to show you were a good person! It was easy to rally around (especially if you ignored the growing civil rights movement of Black people trying to achieve equality, which many white people at the time were very happy to do until they could no longer ignore it - obviously, not touched on in this musical, but significant. Several racist references have been either removed or are requested to be removed by current versions.) But that's why we hear so many classic American anthems in this play!
Arpege
A five-dollar raise in 1954. Secretaries in metropolitan areas could earn around $75 a week. (Source) A five-dollar raise bringing that to $80 a week would, ironically, be about a 1/16 increase in earnings. Also, Rosie is pointing out in an earlier line she has put in 90 hour weeks and hasn't gotten a raise in four years.
Modern example:
This is related to the prestige of being an English teacher who is helping people learn a scholarly subject vs. the "seedy" music industry.
Ugga Bugga Boo
Geoffrey ChauceWilliam Morris
As for William Morris, this could be two references, possibly combining.
William Morris Agency was an incredibly famous music talent agency that would have likely been known by some audience members in the 1950s. They've represented tons of major talent. This is what I believe is the most likely reference given the song context.
However William Morris was a man also considered a legendary poet during his life, born in the 1830s. However, he also made wallpapers and textiles. After his passing, he became infinitely more famous in the public eye for his wallpaper designs than he did for his poetry. This is could be a dig at that Alfred could be great in the English world, but like Morris, his legacy will be for something "silly" instead. (Important to note that his works, both art and poetry, had great impact - and this may just be a coincidence reference, I don't know)
Bliss! Kiss! That rhymes! I wonder if anyone's ever used it before?
Many people had and have, this is a joke of him being unaware of current trends. Dean Martin had a #1 song in 1955 with this very rhyme for instance that audiences may have remembered at the time.
Dentifrice
A modern example may be "do you use fluoride? No, that's too clinical..."
"What's the story? Morning glory?"
This is most likely a reference to the song "What's Your Story, Morning Glory?" by jazz legend Ella Fitzgerald released in 1958, another topical reference. It's very possible Helen, the teen who says this line, would be aware of the song because Ella Fitzgerald in 1956 had released her "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book" album, her attempt to pull in a non-jazz audience. (Source on Ella's Discography)
"What's the tale, nightingale" is most likely an original line to match the "Morning glory" one, same with the hummingbird line.
"Go to a fancy night club and stay out after ten!"
A nightclub was different from what we think of today. Think tables and chairs, late night musical performances (not the NSFW kind), and in some of the most famous like the Copacabana night club, rubbing elbows with the rich and famous. And drinking, of course! Source on Nightclub Definition
18 in World War II
No Smoking 'Till You're 14
"Go down to Track 12"
Wear your rubbers
A Plain G.I.
Appealing for the Draft
Jerries
2024 equivalent: "Conrad said 'Is there any way I could be placed on Seal Team 6? That way I'll be sure to get that Osama Bin Laden for sure!'" "Albert!" "...Or whoever the terrorist is this time!"
Rosie + Albert's "Origin Stories" for Conrad
Just a few references from Rosie's and Albert's stories in "Healthy Normal American Boy" that may be interesting.
Old Virginie - This may be known as a historical fact for people in Virginia, but Carry Me Back to Old Virginny was popular enough in the state of Virginia that it was the state song starting in 1940. In 1940, the version that became the state song had "Virginia" instead of "Virginny", but people watching the musical would definitely be familiar with the original version as this play was only 20 years later.
Indo-China - An eastern territory that got independence from France claim in 1954, and comprised Cambodia, Laos, and parts of Vietnam. Audiences would have been very aware of what Indochina was - according to Wikipedia, "The events of [Indochina getting independence in 1954 through the Geneva Convention and the political tensions of that between S/N Vietnam and other countries] marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War." (Source) Remember, that's the current war during the events of the play!
Dirty Hong Kong moon - We had a complicated relationship with Hong Kong in the 1950s-60s. Read more here. Though I'm not sure if this is meant to be a mis-insult like when Albert said "dirty Jerries".
A wire to New York
I mean I really feel that girl
Mr. MacAfee's Speech
Just know that this is a lot of great historical references, nothing specific to 1950 - 60.
Ed Sullivan
Ed Sullivan was the nationwide sensation that lead The Ed Sullivan Show, a TV program considered one of the most iconic of all time in US television history. You have to understand just how influential and huge the Ed Sullivan Show was at this time. It's genuinely difficult to think of an equivalent in 2024 - today, people get entertainment from tons of sources on the internet, TV, etc. but in 1960 there were THREE television channels. That was it. THREE. To be fair, there were many, many more radio stations that could deliver information and entertainment, but by 1960 it was a TV nation - as the Library of Congress says, "In 1950 only 9 percent of American households had a television set, but by 1960 the figure had reached 90 percent." The Ed Sullivan Show was well watched and well loved by all of the United States. (And Albert saying that they would appear on Sunday at 8:05 was right, as that's when it aired in real life!)
One reason Ed Sullivan is specifically picked is the absolute bombshell of a privilege to be a normal family on this show beamed in practically every household in the United States. But another is Elvis' relationship with the show. When Elvis finally appeared on the show in 1956, it set a record of the most-viewed TV program ever in the US. In fact, it still holds the record TODAY of having the highest share of TV viewers in all of television history in the US. No other TV program has ever had a higher percentage of people tune in vs. other stations. (I mean, that's helped by the fact that there were only 3 choices, but still!) So yeah - this was a cultural phenomenon that was easy to reference in this show!
Margo out of Shangri-La
Suwannee River
Ruby Keeler
The Touch System
Kodak Ad
Wear it in good health
Dinah Shore
Stay tuned for Part 2! :)
submitted by boopboopadoopity to musicals [link] [comments]
I can't fit it all in one post, I exceed the text limit, so we'll start with Act 1 with general context stuff and the second post will be Act 2 only :)
Context
How Dated Was the Musical When Released?Bye Bye Birdie is famously a direct reference to Elvis Presley getting drafted in 1957 and the stir it caused. But note the musical was written and published in 1958, and went on Broadway in 1960. It's like if a musical went on Broadway this year (2024) about a blonde-haired pop star named Tay-lee Quick (instead of Taylor Swift) who performed a world tour, but didn't initially book any dates in Canada, causing a massive outcry, leading to several Canadian officials and the president "Justice Troodoo" to beg her to stop there and... something else silly happens involving her, then she gets punched by a jealous girlfriend, and silliness ensues.
That is how on-the-nose this musical really is. There are many references to what would have been VERY modern events in this musical. For that reason, I'll try to give some equivalences of how the references in the musical would sound if it was written today.
Elvis' Perception in America
This extensive Wikipedia article does a great job of saying in many words that Elvis was insanely influential and deeply controversial. 1956 was a major year of stardom for Elvis -
Phone Calls
Phones are obviously a huge part of this musical! Wanted to combine all the phone references here.
Kim's Phone Number: Kim's number is, according to Rosie in Act 1, Scene 1, "Capitol 7 - 8820". In the 50s, the previous system which used 6-digit phone numbers started to be replaced by one that used an "exchange prefix" and 5 digits after. (Source) (Source) At the time, phone numbers that didn't connect to anyone were given out for shows like I Love Lucy, so that may be what happened here as well, though I don't know.
One Phone Line to Share: Kim's mother asks her to get off the phone early in the play so she can take a phone call. For a long time before cell phones, each home had a "home number" and you couldn't use it at the same time. This is why Kim's mother is asking her to finish up her call so she can call someone and eventually get a phone call as well.
Picking Kim's Number: Rosie uses a rolodex she randomly flips through to pick Kim - which would have been very standard in the 1950s.
The Operator Trying to Get Through: Calls were pushed through using real people, usually women, plugging lines into a "switchboard" to connect them manually. So when Kim's mom says the operator has been trying to get through for nearly three quarters of an hour, she's been trying to not get a busy signal when manually connecting the lines for 45 minutes! That's dedication!
Mr. MacAfee Frustrated with Long Distance Calls: Cost of international calls at this time was per-minute - so calls to New York, Chicago, Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hong Kong would have cost a pretty penny - over $100 for the first 3 minutes in a similar estimation! It sounds like Conrad and Albert didn't really offer to cover this cost, so you can see why Mr. MacAfee is so cross.
Getting Pinned/Going Steady
"Going steady" referred to, in short, being exclusive with someone. "As Time reported in 1957, "Boys and girls who go steady dance together exclusively (cutting in is frowned upon), sip their sodas, absorb their double features and spin their platters in each other's company or not at all. Steady-going girls indicate their unavailability in various ways, [like] the old-fashioned fraternity pins." (Source) It's mentioned in other sources that this could also be school pins, or rings. Something to show your commitment. One of the heads of my production described it like a "promise ring". It's definitely a firmer promise and commitment then just going out with someone, but not quite an engagement.
However, why, if this is such a sweet gesture of romantic love and commitment, would everyone be freaking out about it, and Kim's parents potentially not reacting well to "getting pinned" or "going steady"? (Kim has a line where she exclaims to her mother that she thinks her dad took the announcement "awfully well"). Truth be told, going steady in high school was actually highly discouraged by adults and especially church at the time. This article/Reddit thread sheds some light. I'll copy the first comment here by u/Gfrisse1. "It was felt that going steady would encourage the relationship to develop into one of physical intimacy, something parents wished to avoid. On the other hand, dating a wider, more diverse number of individuals would give them the experience of being exposed to a greater number of character and personality types, thereby helping to hone their mate-selection skills for later on. In the meantime, the short-term relationships were not expected to get much beyond the first- or second-date stage of intimacy. (One-night-stands, or casual hook-ups were not as common-place as they are today.)"
Cigarettes/Age
There are many references to smoking, cigarettes, and how old you should be in this play. It's complicated, but just know that in the 1950s, EVERYONE smoked. Everywhere. In the early 1950s, though, the first studies were coming out with the link to lung cancer, and tobacco companies used every trick in the book to try to squash that. It's genuinely fascinating (and terrifying) how much money and strategy was poured into this misinformation campaign. Read about it here. Anyway, what this means is in the late 1950s, it's not like most were giving up smoking, but because tobacco companies had started more explicitly advertising to minors, several states were in debate about the smoking age. It varied from 21 to 16, but just know that Kim was not considered old enough to be doing it. (Source.)) However, MANY minors did. Think of it like underaged drinking today as the best analogy. There's some specific cigarette references that will pop up in specific scenes, but just know that's the standard.
Patriotism
Fresh(ish) off of the victory of World War II, which was filled with MASSIVE pushes for increased American patriotism (to the degree that Disney even got in on it!), love for the USA was very culturally acceptable and a way to show you were a good person! It was easy to rally around (especially if you ignored the growing civil rights movement of Black people trying to achieve equality, which many white people at the time were very happy to do until they could no longer ignore it - obviously, not touched on in this musical, but significant. Several racist references have been either removed or are requested to be removed by current versions.) But that's why we hear so many classic American anthems in this play!
References by Order of Appearance (Act 1)
Almaelou Music CorporationThis is the end of Almaelou Music Corporation!Almaelou may very well be a parody of Aldon Music, which would fit due to its major success being in the late 50s, and it's influence in music written for teen girls at the time.
Arpege
Rosie: A five-dollar raise in 1954 and a bottle of Arpege last Christmas.Arpege is a perfume that was released in 1927 and remained the best-selling perfume of well-loved fashion line Levine for decades. (Source) Albert is quoting a commercial tagline tied to the perfume that was very well-known at the time. It continued to be used in commercials for many years. (Commercial example). It was possible to see 1/2 oz bottles at the time (Source), but Albert gave her a laughably small amount at 1/16 of an ounce. You can still buy this perfume today!
A five-dollar raise in 1954. Secretaries in metropolitan areas could earn around $75 a week. (Source) A five-dollar raise bringing that to $80 a week would, ironically, be about a 1/16 increase in earnings. Also, Rosie is pointing out in an earlier line she has put in 90 hour weeks and hasn't gotten a raise in four years.
Modern example:
Rosie: My last raise was four years ago and you got me that jewelry from Kay Jewelers onceMusic Business Bum Vs. English Teacher
Albert: "Every Kiss Begins with Kay", Rosie. Rosie: Not when that "Kay" is a .25 karat discontinued friendship ring!
This is related to the prestige of being an English teacher who is helping people learn a scholarly subject vs. the "seedy" music industry.
Ugga Bugga Boo
"When you wrote Conrad's last hit 'Ugga Bugga Boo' then I knew this was it/You were thru with English forever."Ugga Bugga Boo is a real song released 1947. It's a comedy song, written by voice acting legend and radio host Mel Blanc (voice of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, and many others) for his comedy radio show. I do wonder if Elvis had a song in this vein, as the Jetsons did a similar parody with an Elvis expy a few years later, but I couldn't find one.
Geoffrey ChauceWilliam Morris
"It was goodbye, Geoffrey ChauceHello, William Morris"Geoffrey Chaucer is considered one of the greatest English writers, specifically poets, of all time. Born in the 1400s.
As for William Morris, this could be two references, possibly combining.
William Morris Agency was an incredibly famous music talent agency that would have likely been known by some audience members in the 1950s. They've represented tons of major talent. This is what I believe is the most likely reference given the song context.
However William Morris was a man also considered a legendary poet during his life, born in the 1830s. However, he also made wallpapers and textiles. After his passing, he became infinitely more famous in the public eye for his wallpaper designs than he did for his poetry. This is could be a dig at that Alfred could be great in the English world, but like Morris, his legacy will be for something "silly" instead. (Important to note that his works, both art and poetry, had great impact - and this may just be a coincidence reference, I don't know)
Bliss! Kiss! That rhymes! I wonder if anyone's ever used it before?
Many people had and have, this is a joke of him being unaware of current trends. Dean Martin had a #1 song in 1955 with this very rhyme for instance that audiences may have remembered at the time.
Dentifrice
Albert: Oh one last kiss; it gives so much bliss... what is your dentifrice! No, that's too clinical...Basically, toothpaste. Which is, kind of, related to kissing? It could actually be a paste or powder for cleaning the teeth, though in the 50s it wouldn't have been the default way to refer to what you used it seems from my research, like in this commercial. May be a way to show off that Albert really does have an excellent English teacher level vocabulary!
A modern example may be "do you use fluoride? No, that's too clinical..."
"What's the story? Morning glory?"
This is most likely a reference to the song "What's Your Story, Morning Glory?" by jazz legend Ella Fitzgerald released in 1958, another topical reference. It's very possible Helen, the teen who says this line, would be aware of the song because Ella Fitzgerald in 1956 had released her "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book" album, her attempt to pull in a non-jazz audience. (Source on Ella's Discography)
"What's the tale, nightingale" is most likely an original line to match the "Morning glory" one, same with the hummingbird line.
"Go to a fancy night club and stay out after ten!"
A nightclub was different from what we think of today. Think tables and chairs, late night musical performances (not the NSFW kind), and in some of the most famous like the Copacabana night club, rubbing elbows with the rich and famous. And drinking, of course! Source on Nightclub Definition
18 in World War II
Mr. MacAfee: I am not an old man! I was 18 in World War II.This is one that may get a bit better with time. WWII ended in 1945, but the play is in 1958 at the earliest. It's better to demonstrate with a modern example written for 2024. "I am not an old man! I was 18 when Facebook first launched." Not quite the same impact as WWII, but the timeline is similar. Essentially this is not a flex and just shows he definitely is old to a teenager.
No Smoking 'Till You're 14
Albert: Remember the Conrad Birdie Creed dear. No smoking till you're fourteen.As mentioned in my blurb above, 14 was too young to smoke. A modern version may say "No drinking 'till you're 16" or something. Similar to the line "and stay out of the bar!" later on.
"Go down to Track 12"
Albert: Why don't you girls go down to Track 12 and I'll talk to her.This is one of the many train tracks that must have run through this station. This station is located in New York, so it would make sense for there to be at least 12.
Wear your rubbers
"Keep your money in your inside pocket. Wear your rubbers. And eat a hot lunch..."While "rubber" as slang for a condom definitely did exist in the 1950s, I believe it's far more likely Mae is referring to overshoes due to the context, though to be fair, I can't find a source to this being "official slang" besides casual mention in posts like these. Something tells me Mae is not randomly mentioning condoms lol.
A Plain G.I.
Albert: Proud to be a plain G.I.!Mentioning this because it's faded away from current use and surged in usage most recently at WWII, this is just referring to being a soldier. (Source) Hence, G.I. Joe, if you're old enough to remember that.
Appealing for the Draft
Albert: And that's why he volunteered for...Men were drafted to join the US armed forces until 1973. (Source)
Jerries
Albert: "Say Mr. Peterson," he cried eagerly, "Do you suppose I can get assigned to the front-line trenches? That way I'll be sure to get one of those dirty jerries...""Jerries" is slang for German soldiers and was most popular during WWII. The joke here is that WWII is over at this point - the enemies Conrad would be facing at this time would be the Vietnamese, not the Germans. When Rosie tries to correct him, he just says "whoever's dirty this time!".
2024 equivalent: "Conrad said 'Is there any way I could be placed on Seal Team 6? That way I'll be sure to get that Osama Bin Laden for sure!'" "Albert!" "...Or whoever the terrorist is this time!"
Rosie + Albert's "Origin Stories" for Conrad
Just a few references from Rosie's and Albert's stories in "Healthy Normal American Boy" that may be interesting.
Old Virginie - This may be known as a historical fact for people in Virginia, but Carry Me Back to Old Virginny was popular enough in the state of Virginia that it was the state song starting in 1940. In 1940, the version that became the state song had "Virginia" instead of "Virginny", but people watching the musical would definitely be familiar with the original version as this play was only 20 years later.
Indo-China - An eastern territory that got independence from France claim in 1954, and comprised Cambodia, Laos, and parts of Vietnam. Audiences would have been very aware of what Indochina was - according to Wikipedia, "The events of [Indochina getting independence in 1954 through the Geneva Convention and the political tensions of that between S/N Vietnam and other countries] marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War." (Source) Remember, that's the current war during the events of the play!
Dirty Hong Kong moon - We had a complicated relationship with Hong Kong in the 1950s-60s. Read more here. Though I'm not sure if this is meant to be a mis-insult like when Albert said "dirty Jerries".
A wire to New York
Another Reporter: I'll make sure we've got a wire to New York.This is almost certainly setting up a telegraph communication to New York, which was still happening (though declining in popularity) by 1960. (Source)
I mean I really feel that girl
Conrad: When I sing about a tree/I really feel that tree!/When I sing about a girl,/I really feel that girl,/I mean I really feel sincere!This isn't necessarily specific to the 50s or 60s but I think this joke gets missed because it seems so tame today. A huge part of Elvis' appeal was his explicit sex appeal at the time (in the form of - gasp! - hip thrusts!) so he's slipping in accidentally a reference to "feeling up" a girl%20for%20sexual%20pleasure) here. Yeah, that slang started in the 1930s!
Mr. MacAfee's Speech
Just know that this is a lot of great historical references, nothing specific to 1950 - 60.
Ed Sullivan
Ed Sullivan was the nationwide sensation that lead The Ed Sullivan Show, a TV program considered one of the most iconic of all time in US television history. You have to understand just how influential and huge the Ed Sullivan Show was at this time. It's genuinely difficult to think of an equivalent in 2024 - today, people get entertainment from tons of sources on the internet, TV, etc. but in 1960 there were THREE television channels. That was it. THREE. To be fair, there were many, many more radio stations that could deliver information and entertainment, but by 1960 it was a TV nation - as the Library of Congress says, "In 1950 only 9 percent of American households had a television set, but by 1960 the figure had reached 90 percent." The Ed Sullivan Show was well watched and well loved by all of the United States. (And Albert saying that they would appear on Sunday at 8:05 was right, as that's when it aired in real life!)
One reason Ed Sullivan is specifically picked is the absolute bombshell of a privilege to be a normal family on this show beamed in practically every household in the United States. But another is Elvis' relationship with the show. When Elvis finally appeared on the show in 1956, it set a record of the most-viewed TV program ever in the US. In fact, it still holds the record TODAY of having the highest share of TV viewers in all of television history in the US. No other TV program has ever had a higher percentage of people tune in vs. other stations. (I mean, that's helped by the fact that there were only 3 choices, but still!) So yeah - this was a cultural phenomenon that was easy to reference in this show!
Margo out of Shangri-La
Mrs. Peterson: She looks like Margo when they took her out of Shangri-La.Going to take this one right from that personal website I referenced above!
In the 1937 [movie] "Lost Horizon)" [...] a group of travelers are stuck in a utopia called Shangri-La, somewhere in the Himalayas. One of the residents of Shangri-La is Maria, played by Margo), a Mexican dancer and actress. When the travelers finally escape, Maria insists on going with them. But outside the realm of Shangri-La, her youthful beauty can no longer be maintained and she reverts to her true age, causing her to die and her appearance to transform to the hideously withered, wrinkled features of someone who has lived way beyond a normal life span.You can watch the movie free with ads here, if you're curious! Also, according to the synopsis, Maria never actually escapes Shangri-La. She just dies and "reverts to her true age". AKA looks very very very decrepit. I'm guessing this is more of an easy thing to misremember and better shorthand, though. See the face at 2 hr 3 minutes in abouts!
Suwannee River
Gloria: Mae, can you hum Suwannee River?While this is a nice convenient copyright-free tune, it would definitely have been publicly known at the time. It had been sung at least partially by Bing Crosby, on the Honeymooners, etc. in recent years before the musical premiered. Unsure if this is what they were going for, but the original lyrics are racist - no wonder it was Mae's "favorite selection".
Ruby Keeler
(Stage direction) Gloria tap dances as Mrs. Peterson hums gaily. Sort of Ruby Keeler-ish steps with a lot of feet-slapping.Ruby was a well known actress and dancer in the 1920s-30s (and then later after a break). Here's some footage of her dancing! Interestingly, in her early career she was cast in a musical called Bye, Bye, Bonnie. In a newspaper article review, it seems the plot wasn't very similar to Bye Bye Birdie, though it did involve someone going to jail. (Source)
The Touch System
Mrs. Peterson: I'll find you a typewriter (Exits) Albert: [TO GLORIA] Do you use the touch system? Gloria: Whenever possible.Albert is just referring to the touch system of typing - basically, not looking at the keyboard while you type. Still relevant today, though not with typewriters, which were standard until the 1980s, so that fits here. Of course, Gloria is of course referring to, uh, something a bit more sensual. (Read: She wants to touch him and not like a friend.)
Kodak Ad
Sullivan: So remember: your surest way to the best in color slides is to insist on the new Kodak! And now, the young man you've all been waiting to see.Just like media today, the Ed Sullivan Show certainly included ads. This included ad deals where Ed himself would promote a product, kind of like YouTubers do with "This video is sponsored by...". And, as you can guess, one of those products was Kodak cameras and camera related products. Kodak was still a huge brand at the time (there were not cell phone cameras as competition, so it was way more likely your home owned a camera or two), Kodak absolutely was sponsoring the Ed Sullivan show and had been for a few years (Source). Here's an example from the time period. What you may miss about this ad in the musical is that it's not actually advertising a camera! Cameras at the time required physical film be loaded into them, and wouldn't you know it, Kodak released a new high-speed color film in 1959! (I think this may be a coincidence, as Kodak had been selling color film for quite a bit before this) Yet another reference that's right on the nose of the current times (of the time)!
Wear it in good health
Albert: Who let that kid in here? Rosie: I did Albert. Albert: Rosie! Rosie: It's a sort of farewell present to you and Miss Rasputin. Wear it in good health.Not invented in the 50s by any means, but this phrase really isn't used as much today I think. There's not really a deeper meaning here besides sarcasm that I can find - it's just wishing someone well. Obviously, the sarcasm is dripping here lol.
Dinah Shore
STAGE DIRECTION: ...as Mr. MacAfee throws a tremendous Dinah Shore kiss to the audience.Dinah Shore was an actress and entertainer that had been popular for years at that point. Super interesting career if you want to give it a read. This is referencing her famous "Dinah Shore kiss" that she would give at the end of her show broadcasts and was a huge part of her brand. Here's an example!
Stay tuned for Part 2! :)
2024.04.30 18:39 anansier 150 Hours Input Review
I know I've taken a different route to learning Spanish than staying 100% with DS and wanted to share how things have gone for me. While I've commented on a bunch of posts here about my own experiences, this will be my first proper write-up. I'm actually currently at 186 hours, so this post is a bit overdue, but I was inspired by a YouTube video today by Greg and Lisa Lewis to contribute my own experiences to hopefully help others.
(You can jump down to my Methods section and my General Tips and Experience if my Spanish learning background isn't of interest to you. Also, I'm a technical writer by trade, so I had to do the whole formatting thing to help communicate what I wanted to get across.)
All of that was to give context to my studying of languages.
I also have started going to the local Hispanic grocery chain (Talpa) and just started buying random things that piqued my interest which also in small ways expanded my vocabulary.
Even before I started studying Spanish, I enjoyed Ricky Martin and Enrique Iglesias. Since studying Spanish, I started expanding my Spanish music selection to include Sebastián Yatra, Maria Becerra, Pablo Alborán, and just random music via Apple Music or Amazon Music.
What's also driving me forward is wanting to not just be able to watch or listen to Spanish videos and music as well as converse with Spanish speakers and be able to read, my "eyes on the prize" goal is to be able to watch Siempre Bruja totally in Spanish with no subtitles.
I've also found watching videos on YouTube or reading everyone's successes in this subreddit, I've found the personal stories of YouTube such as Greg and Lisa Lewis and the new channels they recommended of Rue Avenue, Spanish Journey with Mike Lee (Atlanta represent!), bryhn learning spanish, and AJLearnsSpanish (which Greg and Lisa Lewis recommended in their most recent update for hitting 600 hours). Hearing all these success stories helps motivate me when I'm feeling a bit stuck on not understanding as much as I think I should be understanding what I'm watching or listening to.
Duolingo (I don't really recommend)
Duolingo is something I'm primarily sticking with to keep up with my friends. I have found it slightly helpful with reinforcing vocabulary and a bit of structure.
Babbel (Decently helpful)
Before I found DS, I went and took the plunge and bought the lifetime subscription to Babbel last year during Black Friday's sales week last year.
I'm only doing one session a day as well as the review (doing the listening review which helps reinforce the understanding part like I get out of DS). While some of the lessons in past tense or future tense have been a bit helpful when listening to podcasts or a bit of DS, I've really found it is helping me conceptually in understanding Spanish and how it works grammatically which has actually been somewhat helpful with DS and podcasts.
Language Transfer (Recommend it when you have more DS under your belt—maybe 300-600 hours?)
Language Transfer was something I had when I started studying French and it occurred to me to use it for Spanish. Looking back at the 23 lessons I listened to, the first number of episodes helped me in subtle but also tremendous ways (primarily cognates and some other tips).
I'll return to it when I hit somewhere in the 300 to 600 hour range and start from scratch.
Drops (Really appreciate and recommend this app)
Drops is a vocabulary app that has actually been really helpful to me with my comprehending Spanish when listening, watching, or even the little bit of reading I'm doing. I use the free version (5 minute chunks a day) that I use with my daily routine of other forms of learning Spanish other than DS.
Why I recommend Drops is that it teaches vocabulary using illustrations as well as constantly saying the word each time you select it. It's been very helpful in picking up things that I hear or see elsewhere (like in a Hispanic grocery store or hear on a podcast or hear someone say it in DS). The reinforcement of the vocabulary you have learned is also a big help.
The very minor downside is that somehow I went from beginner Spanish to advanced vocabulary (maybe trying one of the short term achievements for a special occasion, holiday, or event?) and realized only recently that there is a ton more beginner friendly (as in the words that are mainly used in Spanish) material, so I moved back to beginner lessons.
Beelinguapp (Haven't used it beyond a few uses, but definitely recommend it when reading comes into the picture for you)
Another thing I bought a lifetime subscription to on sale thanks to Woot! having it on sale.
I tinkered around with a bit and found the combination of native speakers reading text to you (you can have it fully in Spanish or Spanish at the top and English at the bottom of your phone's screen) helps with pronounciation and reading comprehension. There is the standard levels of difficulty from beginner to intermediate to advanced, plus it keeps track of how many words you've read for those people who are also tracking the amount of words you read for comprehensible input.
Spanish Dictionary (¡!) (When I cheat and look up words, it's been amazingly helpful with pronunciation as well as definitions)
Spanish Dictionary has been helpful (I got a subscription to it) when someone says a word
Podcasts and Shows/Videos
Thanks to you all in this subreddit and the wonderful spreadsheet of what people are using for CI, I found some great podcasts that have helped me get more CI into my daily life (like when driving). I will eventually probably listen to podcasts when doing more than just driving some day.
I highly recommend YouTube videos on pronouncing Spanish letters. Seriously, I highly recommend starting with such videos (I've watched a bunch of them). it has really helped me with visualizing what is being said phonetically as well as helped understand what is being said in DS videos, podcasts, and when I've done my bits of reading and trying to say words outloud for my apps.
Cuéntame (Super Beginner) is an amazing first podcast to learn from as a super beginner or beginner if you understand cognates which I'll go into more down below in my Tips section if you aren't familiar with them. This is where the little bit of Duolingo I had done helped get me get the basics when listening to her speak. The cognates helped me put together what she was saying which provided me an incredibly exciting upward spiral in my Spanish studies which helped me some with my comprehension of DS videos which helped me better understand Cuéntame.
Chill Spanish (Beginner) is what I moved over to after finishing Cuéntame. Chill Spanish was a mixed bag for me as a super beginner but was a bit easier the more learning I had once I had moved past 50 hours with DS and CI. Sometimes his podcast was pretty advanced for me and other times I got most of what was being said.
Help Me Learn Spanish Joel (Beginner to Intermediate) is one I have to jump between listening to the podcast at 1x (for the beginner leveled podcasts) and .75x (intermediate leveled podcasts). When he's doing a beginner level podcast, I have been able to understand most of it. When he's doing an intermediate level podcast, slowing it down to .75x speed helped me somewhat continue understanding what's being said, but a bunch of the vocabulary (like what people eat for breakfast (desayuno), lunch (almuerzo), and dinner (cena)) and their customs (costumbre) were things I needed to look up to grasp which is not what Pablo recommends but has helped me understand more vocabulary that I didn't originally get from DS or one of the apps I use.
I also agree with CI's point about comprehension vs. standard learning methods. If you can't understand what's being said, your communication skills (like me listening to French is spotty at best and I can grasp certain words) will be limited. Using DS as my main source of learning and how the teachers will draw or otherwise illustrate what's being said definitely helps solidify the ideas being communicated with builds upon where you hear it being used otherwise.
With my app usage, it's reinforced what I've learned in DS and DS has reinforced what I'm learning in DS or podcasts.
When I'm feeling stuck, I put on videos of other DS learners and listen to them sharing what positives they are getting from using DS or their Spanish speaking experiences and improvements they've noticed. It helps me refocus on my studies which end up helping me notice the improvements.
When you are learning a language which is like conceptually climbing a mountain, you can lose site of how far you've come if you are only looking ahead to how much you still have to go unless you look back. I recommend occasionally going back to easier content like new or even old DS videos of a previous learning tier or listening to podcasts that were tricky long ago and get that big boost from just how much you now do comprehend versus how much you struggled or kind of got what was being communicated.
Most of all, just enjoy the ride which I've found Dreaming Spanish really makes a lot of fun, especially the ridiculous content of all the DS content creators I've watched so far. Pablo's deadpan ridiculous videos with such facts as his body is made up of 85% mango just crack me up and make learning much more enjoyable than other methods or silly videos about Calcetín's adventures, cooking mishaps, or whatever goofy and entertaining things the DS people come up with.
I got a bit of a boost recently at my favorite Mexican restaurant when I asked the waitress if what I thought would be correct in ordering what I ordered was actually right. "Quiero enchilada chipotle sin arroz, pero con frijoles" encouraged her to correct me to refrijoles, and also we started chatting about where she was from. She mentioned she was from El Salvador and from my podcast listening and hearing all about breakfast food choices people make, I asked her about pan dulce for breakfast. She recommended that I check out a El Salvadorean panadería and get a traditional pan dulce from El Salvadoreans—quesadilla salvadoreña which was a really tasty pan dulce to have for breakfast. It also got her excitedly sharing more about her culture which also motivated me to keep learning.
Another bit of exciting Spanish interactions came when I went to El Salvadorean restaurant and asked for atole de elote. One of the women in the kitchen came up to me and was so surprised that I asked for that. She asked how I even heard about that and mentioned that I was learning Spanish and I heard a lot of discussions about various atole that there are out there. It was a very interesting hot drink made with sweet corn which I never would have ordered otherwise.
Thanks for reading however much you actually read and thanks to all on the subreddit for inspiring me to keep on going thanks to the success stories, the silly DS memes, or even talking about how much you love one of the DS content creators. I really appreciate you all and your contributions to this subreddit!
submitted by anansier to dreamingspanish [link] [comments]
(You can jump down to my Methods section and my General Tips and Experience if my Spanish learning background isn't of interest to you. Also, I'm a technical writer by trade, so I had to do the whole formatting thing to help communicate what I wanted to get across.)
How I Got Started
I originally studied 4 years of French in high school, went to an intensive month-long class in France, and then when I got to college, I was lazy enough to study it again for three quarters. After graduating with a degree, I went back for another undergraduate degree and took two or three quarters of Russian, just because. After graduating with my second undergrad degree, I went into the working world and eventually worked for a company that said they would pay for half of an employee's tuition for whatever they were going to college for. So...I went back to the city college near me (in Atlanta so it was Georgia State University) and took undergrad classes. There I studied Japanese for three or four quarters.All of that was to give context to my studying of languages.
Motivation
Spanish was never on my original radar and last year, I got into studying Irish on Duolingo (which was not in the slightest helpful with learning Irish. I decided to shift over to refreshing my French language studies via Duolingo and ended slowly becoming reacquainted with the language. Because I have a penchant for this one local killer Mexican restaurant near me, I decided to include Spanish with my French Duolingo studies since Spanish is all over the place and my studies could actually be potentially helpful in daily life.I also have started going to the local Hispanic grocery chain (Talpa) and just started buying random things that piqued my interest which also in small ways expanded my vocabulary.
Even before I started studying Spanish, I enjoyed Ricky Martin and Enrique Iglesias. Since studying Spanish, I started expanding my Spanish music selection to include Sebastián Yatra, Maria Becerra, Pablo Alborán, and just random music via Apple Music or Amazon Music.
What's also driving me forward is wanting to not just be able to watch or listen to Spanish videos and music as well as converse with Spanish speakers and be able to read, my "eyes on the prize" goal is to be able to watch Siempre Bruja totally in Spanish with no subtitles.
I've also found watching videos on YouTube or reading everyone's successes in this subreddit, I've found the personal stories of YouTube such as Greg and Lisa Lewis and the new channels they recommended of Rue Avenue, Spanish Journey with Mike Lee (Atlanta represent!), bryhn learning spanish, and AJLearnsSpanish (which Greg and Lisa Lewis recommended in their most recent update for hitting 600 hours). Hearing all these success stories helps motivate me when I'm feeling a bit stuck on not understanding as much as I think I should be understanding what I'm watching or listening to.
Methods
While DS is my primary learning tool by far (and so glad I found it thanks to the Reddit languagelearning community), there are some others tools that got me started or impacted me that I am using, did use, or will use in the future. I'll list what I used to get into my Spanish studies in the order that I started using them. I got into DS after about two days after I started using Duolingo, Babbel, and Language TransferDuolingo (I don't really recommend)
Duolingo is something I'm primarily sticking with to keep up with my friends. I have found it slightly helpful with reinforcing vocabulary and a bit of structure.
Babbel (Decently helpful)
Before I found DS, I went and took the plunge and bought the lifetime subscription to Babbel last year during Black Friday's sales week last year.
I'm only doing one session a day as well as the review (doing the listening review which helps reinforce the understanding part like I get out of DS). While some of the lessons in past tense or future tense have been a bit helpful when listening to podcasts or a bit of DS, I've really found it is helping me conceptually in understanding Spanish and how it works grammatically which has actually been somewhat helpful with DS and podcasts.
Language Transfer (Recommend it when you have more DS under your belt—maybe 300-600 hours?)
Language Transfer was something I had when I started studying French and it occurred to me to use it for Spanish. Looking back at the 23 lessons I listened to, the first number of episodes helped me in subtle but also tremendous ways (primarily cognates and some other tips).
I'll return to it when I hit somewhere in the 300 to 600 hour range and start from scratch.
Drops (Really appreciate and recommend this app)
Drops is a vocabulary app that has actually been really helpful to me with my comprehending Spanish when listening, watching, or even the little bit of reading I'm doing. I use the free version (5 minute chunks a day) that I use with my daily routine of other forms of learning Spanish other than DS.
Why I recommend Drops is that it teaches vocabulary using illustrations as well as constantly saying the word each time you select it. It's been very helpful in picking up things that I hear or see elsewhere (like in a Hispanic grocery store or hear on a podcast or hear someone say it in DS). The reinforcement of the vocabulary you have learned is also a big help.
The very minor downside is that somehow I went from beginner Spanish to advanced vocabulary (maybe trying one of the short term achievements for a special occasion, holiday, or event?) and realized only recently that there is a ton more beginner friendly (as in the words that are mainly used in Spanish) material, so I moved back to beginner lessons.
Beelinguapp (Haven't used it beyond a few uses, but definitely recommend it when reading comes into the picture for you)
Another thing I bought a lifetime subscription to on sale thanks to Woot! having it on sale.
I tinkered around with a bit and found the combination of native speakers reading text to you (you can have it fully in Spanish or Spanish at the top and English at the bottom of your phone's screen) helps with pronounciation and reading comprehension. There is the standard levels of difficulty from beginner to intermediate to advanced, plus it keeps track of how many words you've read for those people who are also tracking the amount of words you read for comprehensible input.
Spanish Dictionary (¡!) (When I cheat and look up words, it's been amazingly helpful with pronunciation as well as definitions)
Spanish Dictionary has been helpful (I got a subscription to it) when someone says a word
Podcasts and Shows/Videos
Thanks to you all in this subreddit and the wonderful spreadsheet of what people are using for CI, I found some great podcasts that have helped me get more CI into my daily life (like when driving). I will eventually probably listen to podcasts when doing more than just driving some day.
I highly recommend YouTube videos on pronouncing Spanish letters. Seriously, I highly recommend starting with such videos (I've watched a bunch of them). it has really helped me with visualizing what is being said phonetically as well as helped understand what is being said in DS videos, podcasts, and when I've done my bits of reading and trying to say words outloud for my apps.
Cuéntame (Super Beginner) is an amazing first podcast to learn from as a super beginner or beginner if you understand cognates which I'll go into more down below in my Tips section if you aren't familiar with them. This is where the little bit of Duolingo I had done helped get me get the basics when listening to her speak. The cognates helped me put together what she was saying which provided me an incredibly exciting upward spiral in my Spanish studies which helped me some with my comprehension of DS videos which helped me better understand Cuéntame.
Chill Spanish (Beginner) is what I moved over to after finishing Cuéntame. Chill Spanish was a mixed bag for me as a super beginner but was a bit easier the more learning I had once I had moved past 50 hours with DS and CI. Sometimes his podcast was pretty advanced for me and other times I got most of what was being said.
Help Me Learn Spanish Joel (Beginner to Intermediate) is one I have to jump between listening to the podcast at 1x (for the beginner leveled podcasts) and .75x (intermediate leveled podcasts). When he's doing a beginner level podcast, I have been able to understand most of it. When he's doing an intermediate level podcast, slowing it down to .75x speed helped me somewhat continue understanding what's being said, but a bunch of the vocabulary (like what people eat for breakfast (desayuno), lunch (almuerzo), and dinner (cena)) and their customs (costumbre) were things I needed to look up to grasp which is not what Pablo recommends but has helped me understand more vocabulary that I didn't originally get from DS or one of the apps I use.
General Tips and Experiences
Cognates- Look for the cognates — if you are an English speaker or know one of the Romance languages, cognates are so helpful in jumping ahead in comprehension. Cognates are common words in Romance languages that are similar to each other. Language Transfer's early lessons helped me grasp the concept which made DS and podcasts a lot easier in the beginning.
- I used my own understanding plus TakeLessons.com's breakdown of common cognates to create the below bullet points (giving credit where credit is due and to possibly help others).
- There is a good sized overlap between English and Spanish (as well as French and Italian) words, so if you listen for words that are like what you know in English (sostenibilidad/sustenibilidad does sound like sustainability for example or arból is connected to something like Arbor Day which is celebrating the planting of trees). There are ton of more direct connections like hospital, metro, cereal, horrible, escape, etc...
- Mind you, not all Spanish words will be matches for the English words I use as examples below, but knowing cognates definitely help me leap frog forward in my comprehension.
- Verbs like adopt -> adoptar or limit -> limitar or control -> controlar for example are ones that when I realized "wait, that sounds like a word I know in English..." and might have looked it up for confirmation, it helped me relax more in what I was listening to or watching and trust myself to understand more.
- -mente: When I found out that's putting a word I knew in English into the adverb form (-ly), I realized how much that was being used in podcasts and videos I was taking in.
- -ción: When I realized a bunch of words I knew in English that ended in -tion were the same in Spanish as the ending of -ción, that helped me grasp more Spanish as well. Words such as celebración, ficción, and nación just made sense.
- -idad: It turns a word that sounds like a word I know in English into an -ity word like difficulty -> dificultad or sustainability -> sustenibilidad.
- -oso/osa: Words that end in English with -ous end in -oso/osa in Spanish. For example, curious -> curioso/curiosa or famous -> famoso/famosa.
- As I mentioned above, learning vocabulary through the combination of seeing the word and hearing it (like in some language learning apps like Drops (again, an awesome app for the CI in my opinion) or Beelingua or even Duolingo) will help with reading comprehension or when you are out in the world and come across Spanish text.
- I can't recommend enough if you are starting, you need to watch videos on YouTube about pronouncing the Spanish alphabet. It will help in the long run big time, even if you stay a DS purist because it will eventually translate into more easily reading or picking up on what's said so you can get how it probably looks like spelled out in your brain if you need to.
- Watching videos or reading posts where people share their hitting DS levels and what it's been like has encouraged me to keep going.
- Going to Hispanic grocery stores or restaurants or looking up the lyrics to Spanish-speaking songs I like has also motivated me when I hear or read some words and get what's being said or sung. Big boost to my desire to study more.
- Explore the culture of the language around your neighborhood or city. I buy a lot of random things from the Hispanic grocery store which has taught me a bit more of Spanish than what I've gotten through DS or the apps I used. Going to Mexican restaurants or a tapas restaurant also helps me with increasing my vocabulary. When in New York City, I swung by Spanish Harlem and enjoyed reading advertisements around the neighborhood or on the subway and trying to translate them in my head which helped me feel more confident in my progress.
The Positive Feedback Loop of DS
I'm really glad I found DS and this subreddit, because it supercharged my Spanish studies. Realizing I'm understanding a bit more here and there (usually noticing tiny improvements daily) is really exciting to me.I also agree with CI's point about comprehension vs. standard learning methods. If you can't understand what's being said, your communication skills (like me listening to French is spotty at best and I can grasp certain words) will be limited. Using DS as my main source of learning and how the teachers will draw or otherwise illustrate what's being said definitely helps solidify the ideas being communicated with builds upon where you hear it being used otherwise.
With my app usage, it's reinforced what I've learned in DS and DS has reinforced what I'm learning in DS or podcasts.
When I'm feeling stuck, I put on videos of other DS learners and listen to them sharing what positives they are getting from using DS or their Spanish speaking experiences and improvements they've noticed. It helps me refocus on my studies which end up helping me notice the improvements.
When you are learning a language which is like conceptually climbing a mountain, you can lose site of how far you've come if you are only looking ahead to how much you still have to go unless you look back. I recommend occasionally going back to easier content like new or even old DS videos of a previous learning tier or listening to podcasts that were tricky long ago and get that big boost from just how much you now do comprehend versus how much you struggled or kind of got what was being communicated.
Most of all, just enjoy the ride which I've found Dreaming Spanish really makes a lot of fun, especially the ridiculous content of all the DS content creators I've watched so far. Pablo's deadpan ridiculous videos with such facts as his body is made up of 85% mango just crack me up and make learning much more enjoyable than other methods or silly videos about Calcetín's adventures, cooking mishaps, or whatever goofy and entertaining things the DS people come up with.
I got a bit of a boost recently at my favorite Mexican restaurant when I asked the waitress if what I thought would be correct in ordering what I ordered was actually right. "Quiero enchilada chipotle sin arroz, pero con frijoles" encouraged her to correct me to refrijoles, and also we started chatting about where she was from. She mentioned she was from El Salvador and from my podcast listening and hearing all about breakfast food choices people make, I asked her about pan dulce for breakfast. She recommended that I check out a El Salvadorean panadería and get a traditional pan dulce from El Salvadoreans—quesadilla salvadoreña which was a really tasty pan dulce to have for breakfast. It also got her excitedly sharing more about her culture which also motivated me to keep learning.
Another bit of exciting Spanish interactions came when I went to El Salvadorean restaurant and asked for atole de elote. One of the women in the kitchen came up to me and was so surprised that I asked for that. She asked how I even heard about that and mentioned that I was learning Spanish and I heard a lot of discussions about various atole that there are out there. It was a very interesting hot drink made with sweet corn which I never would have ordered otherwise.
Thanks for reading however much you actually read and thanks to all on the subreddit for inspiring me to keep on going thanks to the success stories, the silly DS memes, or even talking about how much you love one of the DS content creators. I really appreciate you all and your contributions to this subreddit!