Barred From Each Other: Why Normative Husbands Remain Married to Incarcerated Wives—An Exploratory Study – page 1
Tomer Einat1, Inbal Harel-Aviram1, and
Sharon Rabinovitz2
Abstract
This study explores men’s motivation and justification to remain married to their criminal, imprisoned wives. Using semistructured interviews and content-analysis, data were collected and analyzed from eight men who maintain stable marriage relationships with their incarcerated wives. Participants are normative men who describe incarceration as a challenge that enhances mutual responsibility and commitment. They exaggerate the extent to which their partners resemble archetypal romantic ideals. They use motivational accounts to explain the woman’s criminal conduct, which is perceived as nonrelevant to her real identity. Physical separation and lack of physical intimacy are perceived as the major difficulties in maintaining their marriage relations. Length of imprisonment and marriage was found to be related to the decision whether to continue or terminate the relationships. Women-inmates’ partners experience difficulties and use coping strategies very similar to those cited by other normative spouses facing lengthy separation.
Keywords
marriage, female inmates, normative spouses, incarceration, romantic accounts
Introduction
One of the most significant “pains of imprisonment” for female inmates is the separation from their husbands (Farkas & Rand, 1999; Severance, 2005a, 2005b). This disconcerting and frustrating deprivation often negatively affects women’s ability to function as wives while in prison and after release (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001; Pollock-Byrne, 1990). When a man is imprisoned, the marriage usually remains intact (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001; Shapiro, 2003; Travis, McBride, & Solomon, 2003), whereas women’s incarceration often results in their abandonment by their partners and termination of their marriage (the term marriage in this study relates to formally wedded couples and common-law couples; Hairston, 1991; Sergin & Flora, 2005).
The abandonment of women prisoners by their spouses has been recognized by researchers and practitioners as a noteworthy component of women-inmates’ subculture (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001) and a significant factor of their rehabilitation and reentry into society (Visher & Travis, 2003). However, relatively few studies have addressed this topic in depth (Dodge & Pogrebin, 2001; MacKenzie, Robinson, & Campbell, 1995; Sobel, 1982). Furthermore, close examination reveals that prisoners’ marital relationships were addressed mainly from the inmates’ point of view (Girshick, 1996; Hairston & Addams, 2001) and focused, almost exclusively, on male inmates (Accordino & Guerney, 1998; Fishman, 1988; Girshick, 1992). In other words, the study of marital relationships between inmates and their spouses’ neglected women inmates, and the few studies examining female inmates overlooked 50% of the individuals involved in these relationships and possibly affected by them—the husbands.
Thus, in the preliminary research for this paper, we could not find a single empirical study that had focused on the rationale behind men’s decision to terminate or maintain their marital relations with incarcerated wives nor on the impact of such a decision on their emotional and behavioral state. The aim of this exploratory study is to fill this literature lacuna and explore the motivations and justification of men to remain married to their criminal wives imprisoned in Neve Tirza prison—the sole prison facility for women in Israel. By examining these topics, the current study seeks to identify and analyze the significance of marital relationships to women-inmates’ spouses and to describe the dynamics of marital relationships between men and incarcerated spouses, both from men’s perspective, a step that previous research has not taken before.
The following sections will provide information about Neve Tirza prison as well as cover topics relating to marital stability among inmates and offender reentry, drawing on the criminological and correctional literatures.
The Neve Tirza Prison
Neve Tirza prison is the sole women’s prison in Israel. The facility is located in the Central District of Israel, next to the city of Ramla in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, the largest metropolitan in Israel. The prison houses 225 criminal (as opposed to security) inmates at full capacity. Yet, at the time of the research, it housed no more than 180 prisoners. Fifty-two percent of the inmates have been previously jailed, and the average incarceration period is 2.7 years (SD = 2.70). Approximately, 58% of the prison population are incarcerated for drug-related crimes (substance abuse, drug dealing, and possession), 16% are incarcerated for violent crimes, 16% for bodily crimes, 45% for fiscal crimes, and 13% for other offences (Einat & Chen, 2012).1
The ethnic ratio of the prison population is 62% Jews and 36% Arabs, who are Israeli nationals, and 2% foreigners. The marital status of the inmates is 63% single (n = 113), 32% (n = 58) divorced, and 5% (n = 9) married (Einat & Chen, 2012)— comparable, albeit not identical, to U.S. and U.K. prisons. In U.S. prisons, 85% of all women in local jails (4% widowed, 13% separated, 20% divorced, 48% never married), 83% in state prisons (6% widowed, 10% separated, 20% divorced, 47% never married), and 71% in federal prisons (6% widowed, 21% separated, 10% divorced, 34% never married) are not married (Greenfeld, & Snell, 2000). In U.K. prisons, 24% of women-inmates are married or lived together with a spouse prior to their imprisonment, 63% are single, and 12% are either widowed, divorced, or separated (Hamlin & Lewis, 2000).
In Israel, 85% of the women-inmates are eligible for a monthly 30-min family visit and a 24/48-hr furlough. Fifteen percent of the prisoners, who are ineligible for home furloughs, are entitled to a monthly, 12-hr conjugal visit (Ben Avraham, 2012). Such furlough/visitation policy differs significantly from other parallel policies in Western and non-Western correctional facilities (for a comprehensive review, see Einat & Rabinovitz, 2013).
Incarceration, Marital Stability, and Inmates’ Reentry
Incarceration prevents meaningful interaction and limits physical and emotional connections among spouses (Booth, Johnson, White, & Edwards, 1984; Sergin & Flora, 2005), and often changes individuals in ways that make them incompatible with their partners (Comfort, 2008; Nurse, 2002; Rindfuss & Stephen, 1990). Physically separated spouses experience deficits of emotional interaction (Hill, 1988), which increases the number of disagreements and lowers marital satisfaction (Booth et al., 1984). In addition, these physical and mental processes negatively affect the emotional status of the inmates inside the prison (Faith, 1993; Jiang & Winfree, 2006; Thompson & Loper, 2005) and harm the likelihood of their successful rehabilitation and reentry into society after release (Gunnison & Helfgott, 2013; Horney, Osgood, & Marshall, 1995; Laub, Nagin, & Sampson, 1998; Vaillant, 1995; Ward, 2001). Ironically, and irrespective of the negative impact of incarceration and separation from spouse on marital stability (Massoglia, Remster, & King, 2011) and of imprisonment and marital dissolution on prisoner reentry (Laub & Sampson, 2001), several enforcement systems raise various barriers that prevent partners (and families) from remaining in contact while a spouse is behind bars. For example, in the United States, more than 60% of state and 80% of federal inmates are imprisoned in facilities located more than 100 miles from home (Mumola, 2000). Wives (as well as other family members) may lack the time and means to travel these long distances with children on a regular basis (Christian, 2005; Christian, Mellow, & Thomas, 2006). Consequently, 57% of male state-prison inmates in the United States had never had a personal visit with their children since their admission to prison and only a quarter of male inmates with families reported weekly contact by phone or postal mail with loved ones (Mumola, 2000). Pelka Slugocka and Slugocki (1980) qualitatively analyzed female inmates’ viewpoints regarding the relationship between incarceration and marital stability. Most of their research participants (86.3%, n = 282) maintained that imprisonment was the sole reason for the destruction of their marriage, whereas 13.7% (n = 45) asserted that it was the combination of husbands’ personalities and their imprisonment. Moreover, the research revealed that the divorce generated feelings of despair and frustration among the female inmates, and harmed their rehabilitation and successful reentry into society.
Hairston’s (1991) review concluded that the stress and strain that male imprisonment imposes on family ties are due, mainly, to denial of sexual relations and inability to engage in and share day-to-day interactions and experiences. As time passes, the spouse at home visits the prisoner less frequently and many marriages fail. Similarly, Kiser (1991) found that most male prisoners perceived their separation from their families—alongside the realization that they themselves had brought undeserved hardship to their families—as the most difficult aspect of doing time. Therefore, encouraging inmates and families to maintain relationships would benefit most inmates, their families, and the prisons.
Bobbitt and Nelson (2004) portrayed the positive aspects of various family involvement programs (i.e., La Bodega de la Familia and the Greenlight Family Reintegration Program) on drug abuse, recidivism rates, family strength, avoidance of illegal activity, possession of jobs, and obtainment of stable housing. The researchers’ main conclusion was that families can be a powerful material and emotional force for positive change for members making the difficult transition from institutional life back to the community . . . and can significantly assist probation and parole officers in their quest to successfully reenter ex-criminals and ex-prisoners to the community. (Bobbitt & Nelson, 2004, p. 8) In support of that conclusion, Horney et al. (1995) found that living with a normative wife limited significantly convicted felons’ involvement in illegal behavior after release from prison.
The importance of marriage to recidivism rates and reentry was discussed in several cornerstone criminal theories. Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory assumes that individuals are prevented from engaging in delinquency by four social bonds: involvement, attachment, commitment, and belief. When these bonds are weak, and the appropriate motivations rise, individuals are more likely to engage in delinquency.
Individuals with high affection and respect (attachment) are less likely to engage in delinquency because they do not want to harm the approval of people they care about. In their age-graded theory of informal social control, Laub and Sampson (1993) emphasize the importance of quality and strength of current social ties (such as strong bonds of attachment to a partner) in adapting to life transitions more than the occurrence or timing of discrete life events. Hence, marriage by itself may not increase social control, but close emotional ties and mutual investment increase the social bond between individuals and can decrease criminal behavior. Although this issue has been a source of controversy (e.g., Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), Farrington and West (1995) also concluded that a stable marriage was nevertheless related to adult social conformity, even in adults who were identified at high-risk as children. Whereas these theories emphasize emotional ties and support, the cognitive transformation theory focuses on the conscious transformation of one’s identity in the process of desistance from crime (Giordano, Cernkovich, & Rudolph, 2002). Thus, through associations
with a spouse who sees them as noncriminals, inmates are exposed to and receive reinforcement for socially approved attitudes and behaviors (Agnew, 2005) and are likely to receive support for not only avoiding illegal behavior but also developing normative self-perceptions.
In summary, identification of various problems faced by men married to incarcerated spouses with regard to the preservation of marital relationships may significantly promote the understanding of the impact of incarceration on marital continuation/dissolution and assist in developing effective policies directed at their maintenance. Such policies appear to be highly important due to the existence of a (correlative or casual) link between continuation of stable romantic relations among normative men and incarcerated spouses, reduction of the negative effects of various “pains of imprisonment” (Faith, 1993; Jiang & Winfree, 2006; Thompson & Loper, 2005), and inmates’ successful reentry and desistance from crime after release (Horney et al., 1995; Ward, 2001)
Method
Research Tool
We used a flexible research design (Briggs, 1986). This methodology enables access to unpredicted subject matter and helps examine it from the perspective of the research sample (Silverman, 1993). Flexible design enabled us to incorporate unexpected contents, accommodating data as they emerged, thereby enhancing the quality and authenticity of the findings (Stake, 1995). The qualitative semistructured interview, based on guidelines that ensure that all interviewees are subject to similar stimuli and create a common basis for data analysis (Maruna, 2001), was found most appropriate for this study. To ensure reliability, all interviews were conducted by the researchers only.
While the semistructured interview maintains a subjective framework, it enables the interviewer and the interviewee to correct misunderstandings or vagueness during the course of the interview (Rubin & Rubin, 1995). This flexibility contributes to the quality and credibility of the interview (Briggs, 1986; Suchman & Jordan, 1990).
Each interview began with a similar open-ended broad question: “Could you please tell us about your romantic relationship with your spouse prior to her incarceration?” Only after the interviewees had answered the question, did we initiate a series of questions on the main difficulties of maintaining romantic relationships with an incarcerated spouse and the strategies used to do so: “How would you define your current romantic relationships with your spouse?” “How do you maintain romantic relationships with your incarcerated spouse?” “Does your spouse’s conviction and incarceration affect your mutual romantic relations?” “What are/were the main romantic crises you experience/d with her and how do/did you deal with them?” “What is your main motivation for maintaining marital relationships with your spouse; do you experience moments where you want to end your marriage?” “Do you experience any regrets as regards to your decision to maintain marital relationships with your spouse?”
Participants
Out of 180 prisoners incarcerated in the single Israeli female incarceration facility, Neve Tirza Prison, only 9 (5%, of whom 8%-4.4% agreed to take part in the study) maintained stable romantic relationships longer than 3 years. One male partner declined to participate in the study after being informed by his incarcerated spouse about the purpose of the study and its procedures, resulting in a final sample size of eight men and a response rate of 88.9%. Thus, the research sample includes almost all partners of female inmates who maintained stable romantic relationships for 3 years and more in Israel.
The participants were eight husbands—six were married to prisoners and two kept stable, romantic—although nonmarital—relations with their imprisoned spouses for more than 3 years (years of relationships range—3.5-35; M = 17.06, SD = 10.14, median = 17.5). Hence, the latter were acknowledged by the Israeli Prison Service (IPS) and by the Israeli ruling as common-law husbands (Israel Prison Service, 2012). Six of the eight couples had mutual children (compared with 61% of the prison population; Einat & Chen, 2012).
The ethnic distribution of the research sample (as well as the participants’ incarcerated spouses) was 75% (n = 6) Jews and 25% (n = 2) Muslim-Arab, all of whom were Israeli citizens. This ratio resembles the ethnic distribution of the general Israeli female inmates’ population (62% Jews; 36% Arabs; Einat & Chen, 2012). Participants had a mean of 9.6 years of education (SD = 1.4); the mean age of the participants is 48.9 (SD = 9.0). The distribution of the socioeconomic status of the research participants—as perceived and described by them—is high (37.5%; n = 3), moderate (12.5%; n = 1), and poor (50%; n = 4). Eighty-seven percent (n = 7) of the participants had no criminal record and 12.5% (n = 1) have been jailed. All participants were legally employed and maintained secured normative housekeeping. The women whose husbands we interviewed have been incarcerated for 21.8 months (M; SD = 9.42, compared with 27 months in the general prison population) and convicted to serve 41.4 months (M; SD = 43.1, compared with 31 of the prison population; Ibid). Twenty-five percent of the women have been previously jailed (compared with 52% of the prison population; Ibid), and 25% were drug abusers (as opposed to 65% drug abusing inmates out of Neve Tirza Prison’s general population). Hence the women whose husbands participated in this study differ substantially from the general female inmate population.
Content analysis revealed five major themes about marital relationships between normative men and their incarcerated wives: (a) perceptions of marital relations with incarcerated wife, (b) perceptions of wife’s criminal conduct, (c) difficulties in marital relationships with incarcerated wife, (d) preconditions for the continuation of marital relationships between normative men and incarcerated wives, (e) ways of preserving the marital relationships with incarcerated wives.
Perceptions of Marital Relations With Incarcerated Wives
Commitment and motivation. Research has repeatedly shown that commitment and motivation are the basis for a good and stable marriage, one which successfully tackles situations of crisis (Hawkins, Carroll, Doherty, & Wiloughby, 2004; Mace, 1982; Sabatelli & Cecil-Pigo, 1985). Commitment and motivation, which reflect the mutual responsibility of the couple to the preservation of their marriage (Clements & Swensen, 2000), are also identified as the best predictors of the quality of such relationships (Sabatelli & Cecil-Pigo, 1985; Surra, Arizzi, & Asmussen, 1988). Similarly, the findings of the present study indicate that the incarceration of their partners led the participants to recognize their obligation to the women and to their marital relations:
All in all, it [the wife’s imprisonment] connected us together as a couple and united our family. That’s the way we behave in our family—when there’s a problem we become united. (I., a 47-year-old Muslim husband, married to an inmate sentenced to 14 months)
During the incarceration, I felt as if I become a part of her, as if we became one. During this time, our romantic relationships grew stronger and stronger. We went through hell and it made us stronger. It intensified our love. (D., a 34-year-old Jewish common-law husband, romantically-related to a prisoner sentenced to a period of 3.1 years)
We overcame all our problems together, and we will overcome all obstacles, including the incarceration, together. It [the imprisonment] even made our romantic relationships grow stronger, made us show how committed we are to each other. (C., a 37-year-old Muslim husband, married to an inmate sentenced to 1.5 years prison.
Nonetheless, and somewhat in contrast to these statements, our findings also suggest that the imprisonment of female spouses generated major dyadic crisis, which, at least temporarily, destabilized the romantic relations. Specifically, all participants noted that the incarceration raised frustration, tension, and lack of trust, which led them to consider and reconsider their motivation to preserve the marital relationship:
There was a lot of tension and pressure the moment they arrested her. We had lots of
arguments, did a lot of shouting and cursing. (T., a 52-year-old Jewish husband, married to an ex-addict sentenced to prison for 14 months)
I love her very much and can’t deny it. But her arrest caused a lot of chaos between us, a lot of stress and arguments. I even remember a moment where I wanted to hit her. (A., a 43-year-old Jewish husband, married to an inmate sentenced to a period of 22 years).
I. expressed a similar viewpoint:
I was quiet disappointed and I stopped trusting her. The fact that she did not share her behavior with me was more disappointing than the acts themselves. I can’t say that she betrayed me . . . after all she did it for the sake of both of us so it’s not a matter of unfaithfulness. But she didn’t tell me right at the beginning, and this is a shame.
Love. Love is one of the most significant elements in the preservation of and long-lasting marital relationships (Mackey & O’Brien, 1995; Sharlin, 1996) and is attributed greatly to successfully dealing with short- or long-term romantic crises. Love is also a meaningful element in partners’ mutual acceptance and support (Meeks, Hendrick, & Hendrick, 1998; Sokolski & Hendrick, 1999). In accordance, the findings of this study reveal that the participants perceive love as a noteworthy character of their marriage and an important factor in their decision to preserve marriage relationships:

Barred From Each Other: Why Normative Husbands Remain Married to Incarcerated Wives—An Exploratory Study – page 4
References
Accordino, M. P., & Guerney, B., Jr. (1998). An evaluation of the relationship enhancement®
program with prisoners and their wives. International Journal of Offender Therapy and
Comparative Criminology, 42, 5-15.
Adams, J. M., & Jones, W. H. (1997). The conceptualization of marital commitment: An inte-
grative analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1177-1196.
Agnew, R. (2005). Why do criminals offend? A general theory of crime and delinquency. Los
Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Bahr, S. J., Harris, L., Fisher, J. K., & Armstrong, A. H. (2010). Successful reentry. International
Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 667-692.
Beck, A., & Shipley, B. (1989). Recidivism of prisoners released in 1983. Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Ben Avraham, H. (2012). Prisoners’ conjugation. Retrieved from http://www.shabas.gov.il/
Nrdonlyres/765524A8-206E-43BC-A197-1B49E488D3D1/0/etyakdotasirim.pdf
Bobbitt, M., & Nelson, M. (2004). The front line: Building programs that recognize families’
role in reentry. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, State Sentencing and Corrections
Program.
Booth, A., Johnson, D. R., White, L., & Edwards, J. N. (1984). Women, outside employment,
and marital instability. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 567-583.
Boswell, G., & Wedge, P. (2002). Imprisoned fathers and their children. London, England:
Jessica Kingsley Publishing.
Bradley, J. (1993). Methodological issues and practices in qualitative research. Library
Quarterly, 63, 431-449.
Braman, D. (2004). Doing time on the outside: Incarceration and family life in urban America.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Briggs, C. L. (1986). Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the inter-
view in social science research. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bruner, J. (2003). Making stories: Law, literature, life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Burr, G. (1998). Contextualizing critical care family needs through triangulation: An Australian
study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14, 161-169.
Christian, J. (2005). Riding the bus barriers to prison visitation and family management strate-
gies. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 31-48.
Christian, J., Mellow, J., & Thomas, S. (2006). Social and economic implications of family con-
nections to prisoners. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 443-452.
Chui, W. H. (2010). Pains of imprisonment: Narratives of the women partners and children of
the incarcerated. Child & Family Social Work, 15, 196-205.
Clements, R., & Swensen, C. H. (2000). Commitment to one’s spouse as a predictor of marital
quality among older couples. Current Psychology, 19, 110-119.
Comfort, M. (2007). Punishment beyond the legal offender. Annual Review of Law & Social
Science, 3, 271-296.
Comfort, M. (2008). Doing time together: Love and family in the shadow of the prison. Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press.
Delgado, M. (2012). Prisoner reentry at work: Adding business to the mix. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers.
Dodge, M., & Pogrebin, M. R. (2001). Collateral costs of imprisonment for women:
Complications of reintegration. The Prison Journal, 81, 42-54.
Dorval, M., Guay, S., Mondor, M., Mâsse, B., Falardeau, M., Robidoux, A., & Maunsell, E.
(2005). Couples who get closer after breast cancer: Frequency and predictors in a prospec-
tive investigation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 3588-3596.
Eggenberger, S. K., & Nelms, T. P. (2007). Being family: The family experience when an adult
member is hospitalized with a critical illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1618-1628.
Einat, T., & Chen, G. (2010). To be silent or not to be silent—this is the question: Gossip and
informers among female-prison inmates. Glimpse to Prison, 13, 15-31.
Einat, T., & Chen, G. (2012). Female inmates’ perspectives toward consensual same-sex sex-
ual relationships in an Israeli prison. International Journal of Comparative and Applied
Criminal Justice, 36, 25-44.
Einat, T., & Rabinovitz, S. (2013). A warm touch in a cold cell: Inmates’ views on conjugal
visits in a maximum-security women’s prison in Israel. International Journal of Offender
Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 1522-1545.
Enticott, G. (2011). Techniques of neutralising wildlife crime in rural England and Wales.
Journal of Rural Studies, 27, 200-208.
Faith, K. (1993). Unruly women: The politics of confinement and resistance. Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada: Press Gang Publishers.
Farkas, M. A., & Rand, K. R. L. (1999). Sex matters: A gender-specific standard for cross-
gender searches of inmates. Women & Criminal Justice, 10, 31-55.
Farrington, D. P., & West, D. (1995). Effects of marriage, separation and children on offending
by adult males. In J. Hagan (Ed.), Current perspectives on aging and the life cycle, Vol.
4: Delinquency and disrepute in the life course (pp. 249-281). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Fishman, L. T. (1988). Prisoners and their wives: Marital and domestic effects of telephone
contacts and home visits. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology, 32, 55-65.
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Kerr, P. S. G. (2010). Through the eyes of love: Reality and illusion in
intimate relationships. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 627-658.
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close
relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mecha-
nism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 527-542.
Geller, A., Garfinkel, I., & Western, B. (2011). Paternal incarceration and support for children
in fragile families. Demography, 48, 25-47.
Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance:
Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 990-
1064.
Girshick, L. B. (1992). Stand by your man: A study of wives of prisoners (Doctoral dissertation).
Boston College, MA.
Girshick, L. B. (1996). Soledad women: Wives of prisoners speak out. Westport, CT: Praeger
Publishers.
Goffman, A. (2009). On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto. American Sociological
Review, 74, 339-357.
Goffman, E. (1961). Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. New
York, NY: Anchor Books.
at PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 12, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded from
Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. Qualitative
Report, 8, 597-607.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Greenfeld, L., & Snell, T. (2000). Women offenders. Washington, DC: US Department of
Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Greer, K. R. (2000). The changing nature of interpersonal relationships in a women’s prison.
The Prison Journal, 80, 442-468.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
Gunnison, E., & Helfgott, J. (2013). Offender reentry: Beyond crime and punishment. Boulder,
CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, com-
munities, and prisoners. Crime and Justice, 26, 121-162.
Hairston, C. F. (1991). Family ties during imprisonment: Important to whom and for what.
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 18, 87-104.
Hairston, C. F., & Addams, J. (2001). Prisoners and families: Parenting issues during incar-
ceration. Chicago: University of Illinois.
Hamlin, B., & Lewis, D. (2000). Women prisoners: A survey of their work and training experi-
ences in custody and on release (Home Office Research Study No. 208). London, England:
Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
Hawkins, A., Carroll, J., Doherty, W., & Wiloughby, B. (2004). A comprehensive framework
for marriage education. Family Relations, 53, 547-558.
Hensley, C., Tewksbury, R., & Koscheski, M. (2002). The characteristics and motivations
behind female prison sex. Women & Criminal Justice, 13, 125-139.
Hill, M. S. (1988). Marital stability and spouses’ shared time: A multidisciplinary hypothesis.
Journal of Family Issues, 9, 427-451.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Holt, N., & Miller, D. (1972). Explorations in inmate-family relationships. Sacramento:
California Department of Corrections.
Horney, J., Osgood, D. W., & Marshall, I. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term:
Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American
Sociological Review, 60, 655-673.
Huston, T. L., Caughlin, J. P., Houts, R. M., Smith, S. E., & George, L. J. (2001). The connubial
crucible: Newlywed years as predictors of marital delight, distress, and divorce. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 237-252.
Israel Prison Service. (2012). Legal strategies. Retrieved from http://www.shabas.gov.il/
Shabas/ODOT/Strategic+justice
Jiang, S., & Winfree, L. T., Jr. (2006). Social support, gender, and inmate adjustment to prison
life insights from a national sample. The Prison Journal, 86, 32-55.
Johnson, B. R. (1997). Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education, 118,
282-292.
Kiser, G. C. (1991). Female inmates and their families. Federal Probation, 55, 56-63.
Klenowski, P. M., Copes, H., & Mullins, C. W. (2011). Gender, identity, and accounts: How
white collar offenders do gender when making sense of their crimes. Justice Quarterly, 28,
46-69.
Kurlychek, M., & Kempinen, C. (2006). Beyond boot camp: The impact of aftercare on offender
reentry. Criminology & Public Policy, 5, 363-388.
Langan, P., & Cunniff, M. (1992). Recidivism of felons on probation, 1986-1989. Washington,
DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Langan, P., & Levin, D. (2002). Recidivism of prisoners released in 1994. Washington, DC: US
Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending:
Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, 225-238.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1993). Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to
the study of crime. Criminology, 31, 310-325.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. In M. Tonry
(Ed.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 28, pp. 1-69). Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
La Vigne, N., Visher, C., & Castro, J. (2004). Chicago prisoners’ experiences returning home.
Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
Lopoo, L. M., & Western, B. (2005). Incarceration and the formation and stability of marital
unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 721-734.
Mace, D. R. (1982). Close companions: The marriage enrichment handbook. New York, NY:
Continuum.
MacKenzie, D. L., Robinson, J. W., & Campbell, C. S. (1995). Long-term incarceration of female
offenders: Prison adjustment and coping. In T. A. Flanagan (Ed.), Long term imprisonment:
Policy, science, and correctional practice (pp. 128-137). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Mackey, R. A., & O’Brien, B. A. (1995). Lasting marriages: Men and women growing together.
Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Maner, J. K., Rouby, D. A., & Gonzaga, G. C. (2008). Automatic inattention to attractive
alternatives: The evolved psychology of relationship maintenance. Evolution and Human
Behavior, 29, 343-349.
Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
Maruna, S., & Toch, H. (2005). The impact of imprisonment on the desistance process. In
J. Travis & C. Visher (Eds.), Prison reentry and crime in America (pp. 139-178). New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Massoglia, M., Remster, B., & King, R. D. (2011). Stigma or separation? Understanding the
incarceration-divorce relationship. Social Forces, 90, 133-155.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy and the life story: Personological inquiries into iden-
tity. New York, NY: Guilford.
McGowan, B. G., & Blumenthal, K. L. (1978). Why punish the children? A study of children of
women prisoners. Hackensack, NJ: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
Meeks, B. S., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1998). Communication, love and relationship
satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 755-773.
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003). The existential function of close rela-
tionships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology
Review, 7, 20-40.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new meth-
ods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Mumola, C. J. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children (Bureau of Justice Statistics
Special Report). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996a). The benefits of positive illusions:
Idealization and the construction of satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 70, 79-98.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996b). The self-fulfilling nature of positive
illusions in romantic relationships: Love is not blind, but prescient. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 71, 1155-1180.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Nurse, A. M. (2002). Fatherhood arrested: Parenting from within the juvenile justice system.
Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Pelka-Slugocka, M., & Slugocki, L. (1980). The impact of imprisonment on the family life of
women convicts. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,
24, 249-259.
Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press.
Pogrebin, M. (2002). Qualitative approaches to criminal justice: Perspectives from the field.
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Pollock-Byrne, J. M. (1990). Women, prison, and crime. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.
Rindfuss, R. R., & Stephen, E. H. (1990). Marital noncohabitation: Separation does not make
the heart grow fonder. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 259-270.
Rodriguez, N., & Brown, B. (2003). Preventing homelessness among people leaving prison.
New-York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.
Rubin, I. S., & Rubin, H. J. (1995). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Cecil-Pigo, E. F. (1985). Relational interdependence and commitment in
marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47, 931-937.
Scott, M. B., & Lyman, S. M. (1968). Accounts. American Sociological Review, 33, 46-62.
Sergin, C., & Flora, J. (2005). Family communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Severance, T. A. (2005a). The prison lesbian revisited. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social
Services, 17, 39-57.
Severance, T. A. (2005b). You know who you can go to: Cooperation and exchange between
incarcerated women. The Prison Journal, 85, 343-367.
Shapiro, C. (2003, September). Families: A critical resource for New Jersey’s prisoner reentry
strategy. A paper prepared for the New Jersey Institute of Social Justice, Newark.
Sharlin, S. A. (1996). Long-term successful marriages in Israel. Contemporary Family Therapy,
18, 225-242.
Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text, and inter-
action. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Sobel, S. B. (1982). Difficulties experienced by women in prison. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 7, 107-118.
Sokolski, D. M., & Hendrick, S. S. (1999). Fostering marital satisfaction. Family Therapy, 26,
39-49.
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). Terror management theory of self-
esteem. In C. R. Snyder & D. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology:
The health perspective (pp. 21-40). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Stanton, A. M. (1980). When mothers go to jail. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Stenbacka, C. (2001). Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management
Decision, 39, 551-555.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures
and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
at PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 12, 2016ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded from
Suchman, L., & Jordan, B. (1990). Interactional troubles in face-to-face survey interviews.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 232-241.
Surra, C. A., Arizzi, P., & Asmussen, L. A. (1988). The association between reasons for com-
mitment and the development and outcome of marital relationships. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 5, 47-63.
Swisher, R. R., & Waller, M. R. (2008). Confining fatherhood incarceration and paternal
involvement among nonresident white, African American, and Latino fathers. Journal of
Family Issues, 29, 1067-1088.
Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency.
American Sociological Review, 22, 664-670.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. New York, NY: The
Palmer Press.
Tewksbury, R. (2005). Collateral consequences of sex offenders registration. Journal of
Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 67-81.
Thompson, C., & Loper, A. B. (2005). Adjustment patterns in incarcerated women: An analysis
of differences based on sentence length. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 714-732.
Travis, J., McBride, E. C., & Solomon, A. L. (2003). Families left behind: The hidden costs of
incarceration and reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2012). Redefining relationships: Countervailing consequences of
paternal incarceration for parenting (Working Paper). New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Vaillant, G. E. (1995). The natural history of alcoholism revisited. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding indi-
vidual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.
Von Fremd, M. (2006). Katrina babies crowd New Orleans hospitals: Potential baby boom
noted by doctors nine months after hurricane hit. ABCNews.com. Retrieved from http://
abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id_2248604
Walker, N. (1983). Side-effects of incarceration. British Journal of Criminology, 23, 61-71.
Ward, L. (2001). Transition from custody to community: Transitional support for people leaving
prison. A Report Paper for the Office of the Correctional Services Commissioner. Victoria,
Australia: Office of the Correctional Services Commissioner.
Weber, R. P. (2001). Basic content analysis (Vol. 49). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
Western, B., & Wildeman, C. (2009). The black family and mass incarceration. ANNALS of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621, 221-242.
Wildeman, C., Schnittker, J., & Turney, K. (2012). Despair by association? The mental health
of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers. American Sociological Review,
77, 216-243.

Despite the typo in the title, this is the second part of my list for Missouri's execution roster. As stated in the first part, character count limitations forced me to split it into two separate posts. For the link to part 1, please click here.
The currently executed 98 offenders, cases 50 to 98:
50. Samuel Smith (1979-2001, lethal injection): In 1979, Smith bound and strangled a physician, 28 year old Zachary Moraitis, to death while robbing his apartment. He was charged and convicted for second degree murder, and given a 12 year sentence for it. 8 years later, a group of inmates, which included 24 year old Marlin May, attacked another inmate. Smith intervened, got into a knife fight with May, and stabbed him to death.
51. Jerome Mallett (~1985-2001, lethal injection): Mallett shot and killed James Froemsdorf, a 35 year old state trooper that pulled him over for speeding, with his own handgun when he tried to arrest him. He fled the scene with a handcuff stuck on his left wrist, which was still on him when Mallett was captured two days later. As a child, Mallett suffered an injury that deformed his right hand, which enabled to slip it out of the cuffs during the botched arrest. At the time of Froemsdorf's murder, Mallett was wanted for robbery and parole violations.
52. Michael Roberts (1994-2001, lethal injection): Roberts tricked his neighbor, 56 year old Mary Taylor, into letting him hang out at her house with the intentions of pulling a robbery. They watched television together for several hours until Taylor decided to hush out of the door. He then pounced on her with a hammer he snuck inside, and inflicted 19 blows to her head. Roberts also poured boiling water on Taylor's face, choked her with a telephone cord, and stabbed her with her own butcher knife. A total of $200 and other undisclosed valuables were stolen and most of it was spent on cocaine.
53. Stephen Johns (1982-2001, lethal injection): During a gas station robbery, Johns and his accomplices shot and killed the clerk, 17 year old Donald Voepel, and took $248 from the register.
54. James Johnson (1991-2002, lethal injection): Johnson got into an argument with his wife and daughter in their home and tried to evict them both at gunpoint. The police were called, and Johnson shot and killed the responding officer, 27 year old Leslie Roark. He drove to the home of another police officer, and fired on his family while they were having a Christmas party. The officer's wife, 38 year old Pam Jones, died in the shooting. Johnson then attacked other policemen in their homes, and fatally shot 54 year old Sheriff Charles Smith in one assault, wounded an officer in another, and gunned down a deputy sheriff, 42 year old Sandra Wilson, when she tried to respond to his rampage. He took a female hostage in a standoff with police, but Johnson released her and surrendered after a day of negotiations.
55. Michael Owsley (1993-2002, lethal injection): Owsley and his accomplice double crossed their dealers, 18 year old Elvin Iverson and Ellen Cole (age unknown), during a drug deal and tied them up at gunpoint. The pair beat and strangled their captives in the hope of extorting money from them. Iverson was shot point blank in the head while Cole managed to escape their captors.
56. Jeffrey Tokar (~1983-2002, lethal injection): Tokar and his girlfriend drove into a remote countryside in search of empty houses and farms to rob. The couple picked a farm house owned by 35 year old Johnny Douglass as their target. While they were burglarizing the property, Douglass returned home from an errand with his 8 year old son and 4 year old daughter. The family ran into the couple when they went inside, and Tokar held them at gunpoint. Despite Douglass' daughter pleading for her father's life and Douglass' own pleas, Tokar shot him dead. He had a long history of burglaries, and was released from prison after serving 3 years for burglary just months before the murder. His other previous convictions include DUI and assault.
57. Paul Kreutzer (1992-2002, lethal injection): Kreutzer bound and raped 36 year old Louise Hemphill in her own home. Hemphill was stabbed in the neck, beaten with a baseball bat, and strangled to death with a belt. Her purse, along with other incriminating items such as duct tape, bloodied gloves, and a bb gun, was discovered in Kreutzer's possession.
58. Daniel Basile (1992-2002, lethal injection): Basile was hired to kill 28 year old Elizabeth DeCaro by her husband, who wanted to collect a life insurance policy. He carried out the murder by shooting Elizabeth dead in her kitchen.
59. William Jones Jr. (1986-2002, lethal injection): Jones was dating a much older man, 49 year old Stanley Albert. He shot and killed Albert "execution style" in his apartment, wrapped him in a blanket, and dumped his body in a forest. Although Jones claimed that he acted to protect himself from a sexual assault, prosecutors postulated that the murder was motived by his desire to steal Albert's car (which he was captured speeding in).
60. Kenneth Kenley (~1984-2003, lethal injection): In the last of a day long string of robberies, Kenley stormed a tavern and shot a customer, 27 year old Ronnie Felts, dead. He kidnapped the tavern's owner, but she managed to escape from him in the parking lot. Kenley also abducted a woman during a convenience store robbery earlier that day, and sexually assaulted and shot her. She managed to jump out of his car window and survived her injuries. He was released from a 4 year prison sentence for theft just months before his rampage.
61. John Smith (1997-2003, lethal injection): Smith stabbed his ex girlfriend, 22 year old Brandie Kearnes, and her stepfather, 51 year old Wayne Hoewing, to death in their home. Kearnes wrote Smith's name in her own blood as she was dying from her injuries.
62. Stanley Hall (1987-2005, lethal injection): Hall carjacked 44 year old Barbara Wood to use her car in a planned drive by shooting and tossed her into the Mississippi river from a bridge in front of responding police officers. Years before, Hall shot and wounded a 4 year old girl while trying to kill a man he had been chasing, and had been on parole for that crime at the time of Wood's abduction and murder.
63. Donald Jones (1993-2005, lethal injection): Jones walked inside the home of his grandmother, 68 year old Dorothy Knuckles, to beg for money. They got into an argument over his cocaine addiction and alcoholism, and he stabbed her to death with a butcher knife from the kitchen. He then stole an undisclosed amount of money, a VCR set, and her car. Jones used both the money he gained from renting the car and selling the VCR set and the money he stole from Knuckles for cocaine.
64. Vernon Brown (~1973-2005, lethal injection): Brown raped, strangled, and fatally stabbed 19 year old Synetta Ford in her apartment. A year later, he enticed 9 year old Janet Perkins into his home. He then sexually abused and strangled her to death with rope. Brown forced his 11 year old, 9 year old, and 7 year old stepsons to help him dispose of Perkins' body. A lifelong sexual predator, he had a prior conviction of assaulting a 12 year old girl and molested his stepsons. Authorities also suspected that he was involved with the murders of 9 year old Kimberly Campbell and a still unidentified Jane Doe, but he was never charged for them.
65. Timothy Johnston (1989-2005, lethal injection): Johnston beat his wife, 27 year old Nancy, with a chair and kicked her to death in front of her 11 year old stepson (from a previous relationship) over his suspicions of her infidelity. According to the stepson, Johnston physically abused her several times in their marriage. He was part of a biker gang and also had charges of burglary and assault pending at the time of the killing. As a side note, Nancy's stepson was living with the couple, as his biological mother went missing and his biological father committed suicide in the boy's presence a year before the murder.
66. Marlin Gray (1991-2005, lethal injection): Gray and 3 accomplices kidnapped two sisters, 20 year old Julie and 19 year old Robin Kerry, in front of their 19 year old cousin. The sisters were gang raped together and thrown off a bridge. Their cousin was also tossed off the bridge, but he survived his injuries.
67. Dennis Skillicorn (1979-2009, lethal injection): In 1979, Skillicorn and some accomplices shot and killed 81 year old Wendell Howell in his home and stole his television set. He was given a relatively lenient sentence of 35 years for agreeing to testify against the other shooters and was paroled in 1992. A few years after his release, Skillicorn recruited another felon, Allen Nicklasson, and a teenage boy they befriended, and went on another robbery spree. In the process, they fatally shot 31 year old Paul Hines, 47 year old Richard Drummond, 47 year old Joseph Babcock, Joesph's 38 year old wife Charlene, and possibly an unidentified woman in Mexico. The gang found themselves stranded on roads and highways several times due to poor driving, and Drummond and the Babcocks were both abducted and murdered when they tried to help them out.
68. Martin Link (~1982-2011, lethal injection): A chronic sexual predator, Link abducted 11 year old Elissa Self-Braun while she was walking home from school. Self-Braun was raped and strangled to death with a cord. He had several previous convictions of sexual assaults against young girls and grown women between the ages of 13-71, and was caught in a prostitution sting operation. Many of Link's victims testified in the murder trial and partially secured his death sentence.
69. Joseph Franklin (~1977-2013, lethal injection): In a rampage that spanned across several states, Franklin shot 15 to 20 victims between the ages of 13-45 in mostly sniper attacks, and firebombed a synagogue. Most of his victims were killed, but a few such as pornographer Larry Flynt (36 years old at the time of the shooting) and and Civil Rights attorney Vernon Jordan (45 years old at the time of the shooting) survived their injuries. Franklin was a white supremacist, and mostly targeted Blacks, Jews, civil rights activists, and interracial couples.
70. Allen Nicklasson (~1980s-2013, lethal injection): Nicklasson assisted the above mentioned Dennis Skillicorn in the robbery murders of Paul Hines, Richard Drummond, Joseph and Charlene Babcock. He had a history of petty crimes starting as a child, but my sources were scant on the details.
71. Herbert Smulls (~1994-2014, lethal injection): While robbing a jewelry store with an accomplice, Smulls shot and killed the owner, 57 year old Stephen Honickman, and stole some jewelry. He had 11 previous convictions of robbery and theft, and was tied to another robbery committed in similar circumstances.
72. Michael Taylor (1989-2014, lethal injection): Taylor and Roderick Nunley kidnapped 15 year old Ann Harrison while she was waiting for a school bus. They dragged her inside their car and drove Harrison to the home owned by Nunley's mother. She was gang-raped by the pair in the house's garage and stabbed to death.
73. Jeffrey Ferguson (1988-2014, lethal injection): Ferguson and an accomplice snatched 17 year old Kelli Hall from a service station she worked at. She was taken to a barn, where she was raped and strangled to death. Hall's body was dumped on the property. Ferguson had an assault conviction that pertained to an incident of him shooting and injuring a friend in a dispute over a woman. That same woman also claimed that Ferguson sexually assaulted and physically abused her numerous times while they lived together.
74. William Rousan (1993-2014, lethal injection): Rousan, his teenage son, and his brother attacked a farm owned by a married couple, 67 year old Charles and 62 year old Grace Lewis. Under his orders, Rousan's son shot and killed both of the Lewis'. The Rousans stole the couple's truck, a VCR set, two cows, jewelry, and a saddle in the robbery.
75. John Winfield (1996-2014, lethal injection): Winfield was enraged that his ex girlfriend started dating another man and confronted her about it at her apartment. Two friends of her, 23 year old Shawnee Murphy and 20 year old Arthea Sanders, were also present with them. In a fit of anger, Winfield shot all three of the women multiple times each. Murphy and Sanders died at the scene, while the ex girlfriend survived with severe facial disfigurements and was permanently blinded.
76. John Middleton (~1990s-2014, lethal injection): Middleton was a meth dealer whose operations had been increasingly compromised by police raids. In an attempt to root out the potential informants, he armed himself with an SKS rifle, and shot and killed three of his associates, 39 year old Randy Hamilton, 29 year old Alfred Pinegar, and 21 year old Stacey Hodge. He disposed of the bodies with the help of his girlfriend. A rival meth dealer had also accused Middleton of raping and beating his girlfriend to death with a baseball bat, but he wasn't prosecuted for that crime.
77. Michael Worthington (1995-2014, lethal injection): Worthington cut through the window screen of a neighboring condo, and sexually assaulted the tenant, 24 year old Melinda Griffin. He strangled her to death with a cord and his bare hands when she tried to fight back. Griffin's car, jewelry, and credit cards were stolen by Worthington, and he used the card to buy drugs.
78. Earl Ringo Jr. (1998-2014, lethal injection): Ringo and his accomplice ambushed a delivery driver, 45 year old Dennis Poyser, and a manager trainee, 22 year old JoAnna Baysinger, as they were walking into a Ruby Tuesday restaurant. He shot and killed Poyser upon entry, and forced Baysinger to pull out $1,400 from the restaurant's safe. Despite her compliance, Ringo shot Baysinger in the head.
79. Leon Taylor (~1975-2014, lethal injection): In 1975, Taylor and some accomplices fatally stabbed 62 year old Jesse Howartzer while burglarizing his apartment. He was given a second degree murder conviction and was released sometime before the 1990s. In 1994, Taylor and his half siblings forced a gas station attendant, 53 year old Robert Newton, to pull out $400 from the register and shot him dead. Newton's 8 year old stepdaughter was also present to keep him company, and Taylor moved to kill her as well. The girl's life was only spared when his gun jammed. After the robbery, he expressed his regrets of not "choking the little bitch" to his siblings.
80. Paul Goodwin (1998-2014, lethal injection): Goodwin was removed from a boarding home, and he blamed his neighbor, 63 year old Joan Crotts, for it. His habit of harassment towards her intensified, and he repeatedly shouted vulgarities and threats on her front porch, tossed beer bottles and eggs at her lawn and house, and fed her dog chicken bones. It escalated to the breaking point when Crotts invited Goodwin inside her home in an attempt to have the issue peacefully resolved. Goodwin instead forced Crotts to perform oral sex on him and bludgeoned her to death with a hammer. His execution was controversial, as Goodwin allegedly had a cognitive disability.
81. Walter Storey (1990-2015, lethal injection): Storey climbed up the balcony of his apartment complex, and entered a neighboring flat. He stabbed the tenant, 36 year old Jill Frey, 12 times with his kitchen knife and broke 6 of her ribs in a beating. Frey's pocketbook, keys, and car were stolen in the robbery.
82. Cecil Clayton (1996-2015, lethal injection): Clayton got into an altercation with his estranged girlfriend at a store, and shoved her a number of times. The employees notified the police, and a few officers were sent to the scene. They spoke with Clayton and he agreed to return to his home while the police escorted the shaken girlfriend back to hers. In the following night, Clayton tried to break into her house, and she called the police. One of the dispatched officers, 29 year old Christopher Castetter, was shot dead in the ensuring confrontation.
83. Andre Cole (1998-2015, lethal injection): Cole broke a window and entered the home of his ex wife to confront her about debts relating to child support payments for their two children. His ex wife's boyfriend, 38 year old Anthony Curtis, tried to usher him out the door, but was stabbed to death for his troubles. Cole also attacked his ex wife, but she survived her injuries.
84. Richard Strong (~1999-2015, lethal injection): Strong fatally stabbed his girlfriend, 23 year old Eva Washington and her 2 year old daughter, Zandrea Thomas, in their apartment. Both of the bodies were mutilated almost beyond recognition. He had assaulted Washington numerous times in their relationship. Many of the episodes were taken to the courts. One choking incident required him to be in anger management classes and Washington pushed a restraining order that she later withdrew in another.
85. David Zink (~1980s-2015): Zink kidnapped 19 year old Amanda Morton after ramming her car with his own on the freeway. He bound Morton to a cemetery tree and raped her. She was beaten to death, and her body was found with over 100 blunt trauma related injuries. Zink had just been released after serving 20 out of a 33 year sentence for sexual assault at the time of the abduction and murder.
86. Roderick Nunley (1989-2015, lethal injection): As mentioned under Michael Taylor's section, Nunley partook in the abduction, rape, and murder of Ann Harrison.
87. Earl Forrest II (2002-2015, lethal injection): Forrest was in the home of 51 year old Harriet Smith trying to negotiate a deal involving her buying him a lawn mower and a trailer in exchange for a source of meth. An argument broke out, and Forrest fatally shot Smith and her housemate, 41 year old Michael Wells. He stole $25,000 worth of meth and fled to his home. A squad of responding police officers confronted him there and Forrest opened fire on them. Sharon Barnes, a 48 year old deputy, was killed, and Sheriff Bob Wofford and Forrest's girlfriend Angela Gamblin were wounded by him in the exchange.
88. Mark Christeson (1998-2017, lethal injection): Christeson and his cousin abducted 37 year old Susan Brouk, and her two children, 12 year old Adrian and 9 year old Kyle, from their home at gunpoint. The pair raped Susan, slashed her throat, and drowned her and her children together in a pond. Several items such as the family's shotguns, television set, VCR, car stereo, video game controller, and checkbooks were stolen from the home, and sold for money to sustain themselves as fugitives.
89. Russell Bucklew (1996-2019, lethal injection): Bucklew was infuriated that his ex girlfriend, Stephanie Ray, broke off their relationship and started dating 27 year old Michael Sanders. He began by beating Ray in her trailer, cut her jaw with a knife, and threatened to kill her if she stepped foot in Sanders' trailer. The attack had the opposite effect of its' objective, and instead terrified Ray to the point of moving in with Sanders for protection. Weeks later, Bucklew "borrowed" his brothers' handcuffs and guns, and stormed Sanders' trailer. He shot and killed Sanders, shot at his 6 year old son, and kidnapped Ray. Bucklew bound her with the handcuffs, dragged her into his car, and raped her. She was rescued by police officers, who wounded and subduded Bucklew in a shootout. However, Bucklew briefly escaped, and attacked Ray's mother and her boyfriend with a hammer before he was recaptured. His execution was contested, as Bucklew allegedly had a medical condition that would've made the lethal injection "inhumane."
90. Walter Barton (1991-2020, lethal injection): Barton was condemned for the fatal attack on his landlady, 81 year old Gladys Kuehler in her trailer. She was raped and stabbed over 50 times. A page from Kuehler's checkbook was taken, which was used to transfer $50 to Barton's account. Blood found on his clothes were also linked to Kuehler by a DNA test. Kuehler and Barton were reportedly close and many accounts report that he assisted her in walking and did chores around her home. However, she had him evicted due to falling far behind on rent days before the murder. Barton, his attorneys, and supporters in Missouri’s Innocence Project pushed that the blood on his clothes was from posthumous contact with Kuehler’s body while allegedly discovering it. From such concerns, his execution was a source of controversy.
91. Ernest Johnson (~1990s-2020, lethal injection): Johnson held a retail store at gunpoint. In retaliation for the employees destroying the safe key, Johnson shot 3 employees, 58 year old Fred Jones, 57 year old Mable Scruggs, and 46 year old Mary Bratcher. When the victims survived the initial shootings, he beat and stabbed them to death with a hammer and a screwdriver. He had previous convictions of robbery and burglary, and was released from prison a year before the murders. His execution was contested, as Johnson had brain surgery to remove a tumor in 2014. According to his attorneys, the operation rendered him cognitively disabled, and therefore was ineligible for execution.
92. Carman Deck (1996-2022, lethal injection): Deck, his sister, and their mother's boyfriend invaded the home of a couple, 69 year old James and 67 year old Zelma Long. They shot and killed the Longs, and stole jewelry, checks, and a total of $200 from the house.
93. Kevin Johnson Jr. (~2000s-2022, lethal injection): Johnson was heavily involved with robberies and other crimes as a teenager, and spent much of his time in and out of prison. In 2005, local law enforcement suspected Johnson of violating the terms of his probation, and raided his family home. His 12 year old brother died of a seizure during the search, and Johnson and the family blamed the officers involved. He hunted down one of the officers, 43 year old William McEntee, and shot and killed him while he was on patrol.
94. Scott/Amber McLaughlin (~1992-2023, lethal injection): McLaughlin abducted their girlfriend, 45 year old Beverly Guenther, from her office as she was getting off from a shift. They raped and stabbed Guenther to death, and dumped her body in a neighborhood. Guenther’s family recounted that McLaughlin was extremely abusive during their relationship, and harassed Guenther when she left them. The harassment included several incidents of burglarizing Guenther’s home. McLaughlin was also a registered sex offender with a conviction of molesting a 14 year old girl. They received national attention for being the first known transsexual to be executed in the United States. Biologically male during their offenses and transitioned to female on death row.
95. Leonard Taylor (2004-2023, lethal injection): Taylor shot and killed his girlfriend, 28 year old Angela Rowe, and her 3 children, 10 year old Alexus, 6 year old AcQreya, and 5 year old Tyrese, in their home. He had several unrelated sexual offenses against a former stepdaughter and other unidentified women, and was involved with drug trafficking. Despite his history and the other damning evidence against him (including testimony of his brother mentioning that he confided about committing the murder and traces of Angela's blood being found on his glasses), Taylor was popular among Missouri Innocence Project organizations for his daughter's alleged claims of him calling her 2,000 miles away from the crime scene.
96. Michael Tisius (2000-2023, lethal injection): In an attempt to break a friend out of a rural jail, Tisus shot and killed two guards, 33 year old Leon Egley and 36 year old Jason Acton. However, he was driven away by police reinforcements, and forced to flee the jail emptyhanded with his accomplice, the friend's girlfriend. They were captured in Kansas when their car broke down. Tisus was previously held in the targeted jail for an unspecified misdemeanor, and became acquainted with his friend while they were cellmates.
97.Johnny Johnson (2004-2023, lethal injection): Johnson was sleeping over at a friend's house where 6 year old Cassandra Williamson was also staying with her father. In the middle of the night, Johnson lured Williamson into an abandoned factory, and raped her. When she tried to fight back, he crushed her skull with a brick. At the time of the murder, Johnson was a transient with a criminal history, but I couldn't find any specifics regarding his past convictions. Johnson's execution was a source of controversy, as he was previously diagnosed with schizophrenia.
98.Brian Dorsey (~2006-2024, lethal injection): Dorsey was on the run from a drug related debt to his dealers and retreated to his cousin, 25 year old Sarah Bonnie, and her husband, 28 year old Benjamin, for sanctuary. In their home, he shot the couple dead in front of their 4 year old daughter and performed acts of necrophila on Sarah's body.

My mom passed along this booklet that belonged to my grandmother when we were expecting. Figured I would share it here before discarding it. The Girl Name list is already posted 😊 Enjoy!
WHAT'S IN A NAME
Don't let the meanings concern you. Think instead of how the name will fit the child, when the child is grown, or known. Choose the name with care. It's very important to your baby-all through life. Here are some guides: - Say each name aloud, along with your own family name, to check rhythm and sound. - Use soft first names with sharp-sounding family names. - Use multi-syllable first names with short family names. - Avoid using a first name that ends with the same sound that starts the last name, such as "Jane Nevins." - Avoid "famous combinations" such as "Abraham" and "Lincoln." - Watch out for initials that spell out familiar letters, like “S. O. S”
if it's a BOY
A AARON.. Exalted ABBOTT.. Fatherly ABEL.. Proud ABELARD. . Noble ABNER. . Full of light ABRAHAM.. Great Father ABSALOM.. Peaceful ACHILLES.. Brave ADAM.. Man, manly ADDISON.. Son of Adam ADELBERT.. Bright ADLAI.. Just ADOLF.. Noble animal ADONIS.. Lord, lordly ADRIAN.. Courageous AENEAS.. Praiseworthy ALAN, ALLEN.. Swift, cheerful ALARIC.. Ruler over all ALASTAIR.. Worthy defender ALBERT.. Illustrious ALBIN.. Fair ALBION.. Name for England ALDEN.. Friend ALDO.. Experienced, skilled ALDRED.. Wise counselor ALDRIC. Wise ruler ALDRICH.. See Aldric ALDWIN.. Wise friend ALEXANDER.. Aid to men ALEXIS.. Helper ALFRED.. Good counselor ALGERNON.. Wise ALLISON.. Holy fame ALLISTER.. See Alastair ALOYSIUS.. Famous ALONSO, ALONZO, ALPHONSE, ALPHONSO Good Warrior ALVIN.. Friendly AMBROSE.. Immortal AMIEL.. God's helper AMORY.. Loving AMOS.. Reliable ANATOLE. . Sunrise ANDERS.. Strong ANDERSON.. Manly son ANDRE.. See Andrew ANDREW.. Manly, strong ANGELO.. Saintly messenger ANGUS.. Virtuous ANSELM.. Warrior of God ANSON.. Born of God ANTHONY, ANTON, ANTONIO.. Thriving ARCHER.. Bowman ARCHIBALD.. Valiant ARDEN. . Fervent ARGUS.. Watchful ARIEL.. Lion of God ARISTIDE.. The best ARMAND.. Brave ARNO.. Eagle-eyed ARNOLD.. Eagle-strong ARTHUR.. High, noble ASA.. Healer ASHER.. Fortunate ASHLEY.. Ash meadow ATWATER.. Near the water ATWELL.. Near the spring ATWOOD.. Near the forest AUBREY .. Fair-haired ruler AUBURN.. Red-haired AUGUST, AUGUSTINE, AUGUSTUS.. Imperial AUSTIN.. See August AVERIL.. Courageous AVERY.. See Averil AXEL.. Heaven blessed AYLMER.. Famous
B BAILEY.. Officer of the law BAINBRIDGE.. Short bridge BALDWIN.. Bold friend BALFOUR.. Pasture BANCROFT.. Bean field BANNING.. Newsworthy BANNISTER.. Fruitful BARCLAY. . Birch meadow BARD, BAIRD.. Minstrel BARLOW.. Brave BARNABAS, BARNABY, BARNEY.. Consoler BARNARD.. See Bernard BARNETT.. Commands BARRETT. Mighty BARRY.. Diligent BARTH.. Sacred BARTHOLOMEW.. Guardian of the plough BARTON.. Homestead BARUCH.. Blessed BASIL.. Kingly BAXTER.. Baker BAYARD.. Wise BEAUFORD.. Good crossing BEAUFORT.. Good fort BEAUMONT.. Good hill BELLAMY.. Good friend BELMONT.. Good hill BEN.. Son BENEDICT.. Blessed BENITO.. See Benedict BENJAMIN.. Favorite son BENNETT.. See Benedict BENSON.. Son of Ben BENTLEY.. Meadow BENVENUTO.. Welcome BERKELEY ..See Barclay BERN. Strong as a bear BERNARD.. Bold as a bear BERTHOLD.. Bright ruler BERTRAM.. Bright as a raven BERTRAND.. See Bertram BERWYN.. Famous friend BEVERLY.. Beaver meadow BEVIS.. Bow BION.. Energetic BJORN.. Bear BLAINE.. Slim BLAIR.. Plain dweller BLAKE.. Dark complexioned BLAKELY.. Dark meadow BLYTHE.. Light-hearted BOAZ.. Agile BONIFACE.. Fortunate BOOTH.. Sheltered place BORIS. . Spirited BOWEN.. Son BOWMAN.. Archer BOYCE.. Woodland BOYD.. Blond BRADEN.. Broad minded BRADFIELD.. Broad field BRADFORD.. Broad crossing BRADLEY.. Broad meadow BRADSHAW.. Broad forest BRADSTREET.. Broad street BRADY.. Spirited BRAND, BRANT.. Fiery BRENDEN.. Fiery BRENT.. Hill dweller BRET, BRETT.. A Breton BREWSTER.. A brewer BRIAN, BRYAN.. Strong BRIGHAM.. Home near a bridge BRISBANE. Horseman BROOK, BROOKS.. Stream BRUCE.. Ruler BRUNO.. Dark complexioned BRYCE.. Swift BURGESS.. Freeman BURKE.. Stronghold BURL.. Castle BURLEIGH.. Castle meadow BURTON.. Fine BYRNE.. Armor-protection BYRON.. Clear vision
C CADMAR.. Valiant. CADMUS.. Adornment CADWALLADER.. Strategist CAESAR.. Emperor CALDWELL.. Cold spring CALEB. . Faithful CALVERT.. Head man CALVIN.. Bold CAMERON. . Scottish nobility CAMPBELL. . Scottish nobility CANUTE.. See Knut CAREW.. Castle moat CAREY, CARY.. Beloved CARL.. Manly CARLETON.. Country town CARLYLE.. Country tower CARMICHAEL.. Stronghold CAROLL.. See Carl CARSON.. Beloved son CARTER.. Driver CARVEL.. Song CARVER.. Sculptor CASEY.. Valorous CASIMIR.. High prince CASPAR.. Horseman CASSIDY.. Inventive CASTOR.. Purity CAVANAUGH.. Cavalier CECIL.. Misty-eyed CEDRIC.. General CHAD.. See Chadwick CHADWICK.. Country home CHANDLER.. Candle-maker CHANNING.. Cannon-like CHARLES.. Strong CHAUNCEY.. Chancellor CHENEY.. Forest dweller CHESTER.. Camp CHEYNEY .. Strong as an oak CHRISTIAN.. Follow the Lord CHRISTOPHER.. Christ-bearer CICERO. . Farmer CLARE, CLARENCE.. Illustrious CLARK.. Scholar CLAUDE.. Delicate CLAUS.. Victory CLAY.. Mortal CLAYTON.. English CLEMENT.. Merciful CLIFFORD.. Cliff crossing CLINTON.. Hill town CLIVE.. Cliff CLYDE.. Strong COLBY. . Coal town COLIN.. Triumph COLVIN.. Dark-haired friend CONAN, CONANT.. Wisdom CONRAD.. Wise counselor CONROY.. Wise ruler CONSTANTINE.. Steadfast CONWAY.. Wise COOPER.. Barrel maker CORBET, CORBIN, CORBY.. Little raven CORDELL.. Binding cord COREY.. Chosen CORNELIUS.. Crowned CORNELL.. Sturdy CORRIE.. Glen dweller CORT.. Courageous orator CORWYN.. Gentle friend COSMO.. Orderly COURTNEY.. Farm dweller COWAN.. Mason CRAIG.. Steadfast rock CRISPIN.. Curly-haired CULVER.. Peaceful CURRAN.. Romantic hero CURTIS.. Courteous CUTHBERT.. Famous, bright CYRIL.. Lordly CYRUS.. The sun
D DAGOBERT.. Sword bearer DALE.. Valley DAMON.. Conquering DAN.. A judge DANA, DANE.. Arbiter DANIEL.. God is my judge DARIUS.. Ruler DARRELL, DARRYL, DARYL.. Dear little one DARWIN.. Brave friend DAVID. Beloved DEAN.. Churchman DEEMS.. Judge of men DELAND.. Dark-eyed DEMETRIUS.. Of the earth DENIS, DENNIS.. Joyous DERRICK.. Ruler DESMOND.. World power DEWEY.. Like the dew DEXTER.. Fortunate DIETRICH.. Ruler DION. See Denis DICKSON, DIXON. Strong DMITRI. See Demetrius DOMINIC, DOMINICK.. Belonging to the Lord DONALD.. Proud chief DORAN.. A gift DOREMUS.. We shall give DORIAN.. Conquering hero DOUGLAS.. Dark-haired DOYLE.. Dark stranger DREW .. Adept, gifted DRUMMOND.. Lover DUANE.. Hill dweller DUDLEY .. Fair meadow DUFF.. Dark-haired DUKE.. Leader DUNCAN.. Dark-haired DUNSTAN. . Dark stone DURAND.. Enduring DURWIN .. Dear friend DUVAL.. From the valley DWIGHT.. Wise fellow
E EARL.. Noble EBEN, EBENEZER.. Strong EDAN.. Bright as flame EDBERT.. Blessed EDELBERT.. Illustrious EDGAR.. Fair protector EDISON.. Blessed son EDMUND.. Blessed peace EDRED.. Blessed counselor EDSEL.. Profound EDWALD.. Powerful EDWARD.. Blessed guardian EDWIN.. Blessed friend EGBERT.. Bright as a sword EGMONT.. Protector EINAR.. Battle chiet ELBERT.. Illustrious ELDEN, ELDON.. Old friend ELDRED, ELDRID.. Wise ELDWIN.. Wise friend ELEAZER.. God has helped ELI, ELIAS, ELLIS.. High ELIHU.. God is He ELIJAH..The Lord is God ELIOT, ELLIOTT.. Hunter ELISHA.. God is salvation ELLERY.. Strong as a tree ELLSWORTH.. Nobility ELMAR, ELMER.. Famous ELMO.. Congenial ELROY.. Royal blood ELTON.. Town dweller ELY.. See Eli EMANUEL.. God is with us EMERSON.. Nobly born EMERY, EMORY.. Leader EMIL.. Follows the good EMMETT.. Industrious ENNIS. Praiseworthy ENOCH.. Dedicated ENOS.. Man ENRICO.. See Henry EPHRAIM.. Productive ERASMUS.. Lovely ERASTUS.. Beloved ERIC.. Heroic ERNEST.. Zealous ERNST.. See Ernest ERROL.. Adventurer ERWIN.. Triumphant ESME.. Esteemed ESMOND.. Protector ETHAN.. Strength ETHELBERT.. Illustrious EUCLID.. Famous EUGENE.. Well born EUSTACE.. Sturdy EVAN.. Young fighter EVELYN.. Youth EVERARD.. Strong as a boar EVEREST, EVERETT.. Bold EWART.. Strong EZEKIEL.. God makes strong EZRA.. Help
F FABIAN.. Farmer FAIRFAX.. Fair-haired FARLEY.. Sturdy FEDERICO.. See Frederick FELIX.. Happy FENTON. Marsh town FEODOR.. Gift of God FERDINAND.. Bold in peace FERGUS.. Fierce chief FIELDING.. Lad of the fields FINDLAY.. Competent FIORELLO.. Little flower FISK. . Faith FLETCHER.. Arrow maker FLORIAN.. Flourishing FLOYD.. Brown-haired FORREST.. Woodland FOSTER. . Forester FRANCHOT.. Free FRANCIS.. See Franchot FRANK.. See Francis FRANKLIN.. Freeholder FRASER, FRASIER FRAZER.. Curly-haired FREDERICK,.. Peaceful ruler FREEMONT.. Peaceful guard FRITZ.. See Fred FULTON.. Big town
G GABRIEL.. Man of God GAILLARD.. Lively one GAMALIEL.. Reward of God GARDELL.. Protector GARDNER.. Garden keeper GARETH, GARTH.. Garden GARRET.. Honored GARRICK.. Fighter king GARRISON, GARRY.. Protector GARVEY.. Soldier GARY.. See Garvey GASTON.. From Gascony GAVIN, GAWAIN.. Battle hawk GAYLORD.. Lively master GAYNOR.. Lively head GEOFFREY.. Peace-loving GEORGE.. Farmer GERALD.. Spear wielder GERARD, GERHART.. Strong with spear GERVAIS.. Warlike GIDEON.. Hewer GIFFORD.. Merciful GILBERT.. Bright servant GILES.. Shield GILFORD.. Wide crossing GILROY.. King's servant GIORDANO.. See Jordan GLENN.. Valley GODFREY.. God's peace GODWIN.. God's friend GORDON.. Strong, upright GRAHAM.. Serious GRANT.. Great GRANTLAND. . Deeded land GRANVILLE.. Great city GRATTAN. . Fenced land GRAYSON.. Gray's son GREGG.. Flourishing GREGORY.. Vigilant GRENVILLE.. See Granville GRIFFITH.. Faithful GRISWOLD. Gray woods GROSVENOR.. Great hunter GROVER.. Grove dweller GUS, GUSTAVE.. Good staff GUTHRIE.. Military sage GUY, GUIDO.. Leader GUYON .. Soldier
H HAAKON..Spearsman HALBERT.. Bright stone HALDANE, HALDEN.. Valley home HAMILTON.. Hill town HAMLET.. Village HAMLIN, HAMLYN.. Home HANK.. See Henry HANLEY.. Wide meadow HANS.. See John HARDY.. Enduring HARLAN.. Warrior-born HARLEY.. Of the meadow HAROLD.. Army leader HARRISON.. Son of Harry HARRY .. See Harold, Henry HARTLEY.. Stag meadow HARVEY.. Noble warrior HARWOOD.. Wood dweller HAVEN.. Refuge HAYWOOD.. Hedged wood HEATH.. Open land HECTOR.. Dependable HEINRICH.. See Henry HENRY.. Home ruler HERBERT.. Bright soldier HERCULES.. Chosen one HERMAN.. Army man HERSCHEL.. See Henry HEYWOOD. See Haywood HEZEKIAH.. Might of God HILARY.. Happy, merry HILDEBRAND.. War sword HIRAM.. Noble HOBART.. See Hubert HOLDEN.. Good HOLMES.. Meadow HOMER.. Promise HORACE, HORATIO.. Keen HOSEA.. Salvation HOWARD.. Castle guard HOWELL.. Lordly HOYT.. Joyous HUBERT.. Bright in spirit HUCK.. See Henry HUGH, HUGO.. Lofty HUMBERT.. High and bright HUMPHREY.. Peaceful HUNTER.. One who hunts HYMAN. . Long life
I IAN.. See John IGNATIUS.. Fiery IMMANUEL.. See Emanuel IRA.. Watchful IRVING.. Leader IRWIN.. See Erwin ISAAC.. Laughter ISIDORE.. Gift of Isis ISAIAH.. Salvation of Lord ISRAEL.. Soldier of God IVAN.. See John IVAR, IVER, IVOR.. Archer
J JACINTO.. Born to the purple JACK.. See Jacob, John JACOB.. One who replaces JACQUES.. See Jacob JAMES.. See Jacob JAN.. See John JARED.. Descent JARVIS, JERVIS.. Challenger JASON.. Healer JASPER.. Treasurer JAY.. Lively JEAN.. See John JEFFREY. . See Geoffrey JEREMIAH, JEREMY, JERRY.. Exalted of the Lord JEROME.. Holy JESSE.. Wealthy JESUS.. Saviour JETHRO.. Excellence JOAB.. The Lord is my father JOACHIM, JOAQUIM.. The Lord will judge JOB.. Patient JOCK.. See Jack JOEL.. The Lord is God JOHN.. God is gracious JONAH, JONAS.. Peace dove JONATHAN.. Gift of God JORDAN.. Garden JOSEPH.. Prosperous JOSHUA.. God is salvation JOSIAH.. God supports JOYCE.. Merry JUAN.. See John JUDAH, JUDE.. Praised JUDSON.. Son of praise JULES, JULIAN, JULIUS.. Soft-haired JUNIUS.. Roman JUSTIN, JUSTUS..Just
K KANE.. Exacting KARL. . See Carl KASPER.. Precious KEANE, KEENAN.. Sharp KEITH.. Windy place KELLY. Fighter KELVIN ..Army friend KEMP.. Champion KENDALL.. Valley chief KENNARD.. Great lover KENNETH.. Handsome KENT.. Chief KENTON. . Chief town KENYON.. White-haired KERBY, KIRBY.. Church town KERMIT.. Great warrior KERRY.. Mysterious KERWIN.. Good friend KEVIN.. Handsome, kind KIM.. Leader, chief KING.. Ruler KIT.. See Christopher KNUT, KNUTE.. Weapon KONRAD.. See Conrad KURT.. Concise
L LACHLAN.. Courageous LAIRD.. Lord LAMBERT.. Bright land LANCE, LANCELOT.. Warrior LANDERS, LANDIS.. Son of the plains LARRY.. See Laurence LARS.. Lord LATHAM.. Low village LAUREN, LOREN, LORIN.. Sign of victory LAWRENCE.. Victor LAWTON.. Praiseworthy LAZARUS.. See Eleazer LEANDER.. Reknowned LEE, LEIGH.. Meadow LELAND. Meadow land LEMUEL.. Dedicated to God LENNOX.. Quiet stream LEO, LEON.. Lion LEONARD.. Bold as a lion LEONIDAS.. Lion-like LEOPOLD.. Lion of the people LEROY.. The king LESLIE.. Low meadow LESTER.. Meadow camp LEVI.. United LEWIS.. Bold warrior LINCOLN.. Deep stream LINDLEY.. Linden meadow LINDSAY, LINDSEY.. Gentle LINUS.. Flaxen-haired LIONEL.. Young lion LISLE, LYLE.. The islander LLEWELLYN.. Lightning LLOYD.. Brown-haired LOCKWOOD.. Enclosed forest LORENZO.. See Lawrence LORING.. Famed warrior LOTHAIR, LOTHARIO, LOWTHER.. Fighter LOUIS.. See Lewis LOWELL. Low spring LOYALL. . Faithful LUCIAN, LUCIUS.. Light LUDLOW.. Humble man LUDOVIC, LUDOWICK, LUDWIG.. See Lewis LUKE.. See Lucian LUTHER.. Famed warrior LYMAN.. Manly LYNN.. Lake LYSANDER.. Emancipator
M MACAULAY.. Stalwart son MACE.. Sceptre MADDOX.. Power MAGNUS.. Great MAHON.. Chief MALACHI.. God's messenger MALCOLM.. Servant of (St.) Columba MANFRED.. Great peace MANLEY, MANLY.. Strong MANUEL.. See Emanuel MARC, MARK.. See Marcus MARCELLUS.. From Mars MARCUS.. War-like MARMADUKE. . See Duke MARSHALL.. Groom MARTIN.. War-like MARVIN.. High hills MATTHEW, MATTHIAS.. Gift of God MAURICE.. Dark-haired MAURY.. Twilight MAXIM, MAXIMILIAN, MAX.. Of the greatest MAXWELL.. Fair son MAYNARD.. Mighty MEAD.. Meadow MELVILLE, MILVIN.. Chief MEREDITH.. Sea guardian MERLIN. Hill by the sea MERRILL.. Fragrant MERRIT.. Worthy MERTON.. See Martin MERVIN.. Raven of the sea MEYER.. Steward MICHAEL, MICAH.. God-like MILES, MYLES.. Soldier MILLARD.. Grinder MILO.. Warrior MILTON.. Mill town MITCHELL.. See Michael MONROE.. Mt. on River Roe MONTAGUE.. Of the mount MONTE.. From the mountain MONTGOMERY.. Hunter MORGAN.. Coastal dweller MORRIS.. See Maurice MORTIMER.. Place by sea MORTON.. Big hill MOSES.. Blessed leader MOSS.. See Moses MURDOCH.. Sailor MURRAY.. Great water MYRON.. Incense bearer
N NAPOLEON.. Strong ruler NAT, NATHAN, NATHANIEL.. Gift of God NEAL, NEIL.. Champion NED.. See Edmund, Edward, Edwin NEHEMIAH.. Comfort of God NELSON.. Son of Neal, Neil NERO.. Powerful NESTOR.. A rememberer NEVILLE.. New city NEWCOMB.. Newcomer NEWELL.. New spring NEWTON..New town NICHOLAS.. Conqueror NIGEL. . Dark-haired NILS.. Victorious NIMROD.. Great hunter NOAH.. Rest NOEL, NOWELL.. Christmas NOLAN.. Well-known NORMAN.. Man from North
O OAKLEY.. Oak meadow OCTAVIUS.. Eighth (born) OGDEN.. Dell of oaks OLAF.. Champion OLIVER.. Bearer of peace OMAR, OMER.. Better ORAN, ORIN.. White-haired ORLANDO.. See Roland ORRICK.. Golden king ORSINO, ORSON.. Little bear ORTON.. Golden town ORVILLE.. Golden city OSBERT.. Divine brightness OSBORN.. Divine bear OSCAR.. Leaping warrior OSGOOD.. Godly OSMOND.. Protection of God OSRIC.. Divine power OSWALD.. Divine ruler OTIS.. Keen of hearing OTTO.. Mountain OWEN.. High-born
P PABLO.. See Paul PADDY.. See Patrick PADRAIC.. See Patrick PAOLO.. See Paul PARKER.. Park keeper PASCAL.. Easter PATRICK.. Noble, a patrician PAUL.. Little one PAYTON, PEYTON.. Noble PEARCE, PIERCE. See Peter PERCY, PERCIVAL.. Keen-eyed PERRIN, PERRY.. See Peter PETER..Firm as a rock PHELAN.. Wolf PHILANDER.. Lover of people PHILBERT.. Outstanding PHILEMON.. Loving PHILIP.. Lover of horses PHINEAS.. Frank, candid PIERRE.. See Peter PIP.. See Philip PIUS.. Pious, filial PRENTICE, PRENTISS.. Learner PRESCOTT.. Church PRESTON.. Of the church PRIMUS.. First (born) PROCTOR.. Officer PUTNAM.. Watering town
Q QUENTIN, QUINN, QUINTIN, QUINTUS.. Fifth (born) QUILLER.. Fledgling QUINCY.. Fifth son Worshipper of God
R RADCLIFF.. Red cliff RADFORD.. Red ford RALPH.. See Randolph RAMSAY, RAMSEY.. Island RANDALL, RANDOLPH.. Protected by the wolf RANGER.. Forest guard RAOUL.. See Ralph, Rudolph RAPHAEL.. Healed by God RASTUS.. See Erastus RAY.. See Raymond RAYMOND.. Quiet protector RAYNARD.. Sound judge REDMOND.. Adviser REED.. Red-haired REGAN.. Noble man REGINALD.. Strong ruler RENARD.. See Raynard RENE, RENATO.. Reborn REUBEN.. Behold, a son! REUEL.. God is his friend REX.. King REXFORD.. King's crossing REYNOLD.. See Reginald RHYS.. Chieftain RICHARD.. Bold fighter RIDGELEY.. Ridge meadow RIORDAN.. Royal singer RITCHIE.. Stern leader ROBERT, ROBIN.. Illustrious RODERICK. . Famous king RODMAN.. Surveyor RODNEY.. Famous in counsel ROGER.. Famous with spear ROLAND.. Glory of the land ROLF, ROLFE.. See Randolph ROLLO.. See Randolph ROMEO.. Man of Rome RONALD.. See Reginald RORY.. See Roderick ROSCOE.. Swift as a steed ROSS.. Gallant as a steed ROY.. King ROYAL, ROYCE.. Kingly RUDOLPH.. Famous RUFUS.. Red-haired RUPERT.. See Robert RUSSELL.. Red-haired RUTHERFORD.. Meadow
S SALVADOR.. Saviour SAMSON.. Like the sun SAMUEL.. Asked of God SANDER(S), SANDOR, SAUNDERS.. See Alexander SANFORD.. Sand crossing SAUL.. Asked of God SAWYER.. Woodcutter SAXON.. Swordsman SCHUYLER.. Learned SCOT, SCOTT.. Northman SEABROOK.. Sea spring SEAN.. See John SEARL, SERLE.. Armed SEBASTIAN.. Majestic SEBOLD.. Bold conqueror SEDGWICK.. Victorious SELIG.. Blessed SELWYN.. Royal friend SETH. . Appointed SETON.. Countryman SEWARD.. Sea warden SEWELL.. Sea spring SEXTUR.. Sixth (born) SEYMOUR.. Like St. Maur SHAUN, SHAWN.. See John SHELBY.. Shell city SHELDON.. Shield bearer SHELLEY.. Of the meadow SHERMAN.. A cutter SHERWIN.. Bright friend SHERWOOD.. Bright wood SHIRLEY.. County meadow SIDNEY, SYDNEY.. Joyous SIEGFRIED.. Conqueror SIGMUND.. Victor SIGURD.. Ruler SILAS.. Woodsman SILVAN.. Of the forest SILVESTER.. Forester SIMEON, SIMON.. Hearkening SINCLAIR.. Ilustrious SOLOMON.. Peaceable SPENCER.. Steward STACEY, STACY.. Steady STAFFORD.. Staff crossing STANISLAUS.. Praiseworthy STANLEY. Stone meadow STANTON. Stone town STEPHEN, STEVEN.. Crown STERLING.. Little star STEWART.. One in charge STROTHER, STRUTHER, STRUTHERS.. Stream(s) SUMNER.. Summoner STUART.. See Stewart SVEN.. Youth, swain SYLVESTER.. See Silvester
T TAD.. See Theodore TALBOT.. Hunter TAYLOR.. Tailor TED, TEDDY.. See Theodore TERENCE, TERRY.. Tender THADDEUS.. Praise THANE.. Aid THATCHER.. Roof maker THAYER.. Strong THEOBALD.. For the people THEODORE.. Gift of God THEODORIC.. Ruler of people THEOPHILUS.. Dear THOMAS.. Twin THORNE.. Thorn tree THORPE.. Village THURSTON.. Stone of Thor TIMOTHY.. Honoring God TITUS.. Protected TOBIAH, TOBIAS.. The Lord is good TOD, TODD.. Thick foliage TOM, TOMMY.. See Thomas TONY.. See Anthony TRACEY, TRACY.. Leader TRAVERS, TRAVIS.. Traveller TREMONT.. Three-hilled TRENT.. Thirty (French) TREVOR.. Prudent TRISTAN.. Romantic TURNER.. Acrobat TYBALT.. See Theobald TYLER.. Tile maker
U UDOLPH.. Fortunate noble ULRIE, ULRICH.. Noble lord ULYSSES.. Greek God UPTON.. Hill dweller URBAN.. Of the city URIAH.. Light of God
V VALENTINE.. Valiant VALERY.. Strong, worthy VAN.. Advance VARDEN.. Hill dweller VAUGHAN, VAUGHN. . Small VERGIL, VIRGIL.. Flourishing VERN, VERNON.. Green country VICTOR.. Conqueror VINCENT.. Conquering VIVIAN .. Full of life VLADIMIR.. Glory of princes
W WADE.. Wanderer WADSWORTH.. Traveler WALCOTT.. Stone cottage WALDEMAR.. Famed power WALDEN.. Powerful WALDFORD.. Mighty ford WALDO.. See Waldemar WALLACE.. Scottish hero WALT, WALTER.. Leader WARD.. Guardian WARE.. Keen-witted WARING.. Watchful WARNER, WERNER.. Protector WARREN.. Park WARRICK, WARWICK.. Fighting king WASHINGTON.. Town on The Wash (Thames estuary) WAYLAND.. Traveler WAYNE.. Wagon-maker WEBSTER.. Weaver WENDELL.. Wanderer WESLEY.. West meadow WHITELAW.. White hill WHITNEY.. White island WILBUR.. Forest dweller WILFRED.. Lover of peace WILL, WILLY.. See William WILLARD.. Strong of will WILLIAM.. Protector WILLIS.. Shield WILLOUGHBY.. Willow town WILMAR, WILMER.. Resolute WINFRED.. Peace maker WINSTON.. Friendly town WINTHROP.. Friendly Village WOLVERTON.. Town of good peace WOODROW.. Officer of the forest WRIGHT.. Worker WYNDHAM.. Windy village WYNNE.. Gain
X XAVIER.. Glorious XERXES.. King
Y YARDLEY.. Meadow yard YATES.. Gate dweller YVAIN, YWAIN.. Young warrior
Z ZACHARIAH, ZACHARY.. Whom God remembers ZEBEDIAH.. The gift of God ZEKE.. See Ezekiel ZENO, ZENOS.. Gift of Zeus ZIGMOND.. Winning

I've made 100 entries so far in my list of top 300 comics! Time to look back at the comics I've listed -- any surprises on the list? Anything you want to know about any of them, or say about any of them?
(Dates given are date of original publication, as far as I can work them out)
(Links to specific entries here)

1. Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition/Who's Who by Mark Gruenwald and a cast of thousands (1985)
   
2. Understanding Comics by Scott McCloud (1993)
   
3. Meat Cake Bible by Dame Darcy (1993)
   
4. MAD by Harvey Kurtzman and the usual gang of idiots (1958)
   
5. All-Star Squadron #50-#56 (the Crisis crossover issues) by Roy Thomas, Mike Clark, Arvell Jones et al (1985)
   
6. Fuzz and Pluck by Ted Stearn (1999)
   
7. Here by Richard McGuire (1989)
   
8. 100%/Heavy Liquid by Paul Pope (1999)
   
9. Various superhero comics by Marcos Martin (2003)
   
10. The Goon by Eric Powell (1999)
    
11. Various superhero comics by Javier Rodriguez (2010)
    
12. Captain Marvel by CC Beck, Mac Raboy, Otto Binder et al (1939)
    
13. New Mutants by Bret Blevins (1987)
    
14. The World of Edena by Moebius (1983)
    
15. The Wrenchies by Farel Dalrymple (2014)
    
16. Keith Giffen ripping off Munoz on Legion of Superheroes by Keith Giffen, Paul Levitz and an uncredited and unaware Jose Munoz et al (1983)
    
17. Madman by Mike Allred (1990)
    
18. Mickey (Collection Disney/Glenat) by Lewis Trondheim, Alexis Nisme, Regis Loisel, Nicolas Keramidas, Cosey et al (2016)
    

282, Hawkman in The Brave and the Bold by Joe Kubert, Gardner Fox et al (1961)

1. Adventures in Oz by Eric Shanower (1986)
   
2. Blankets by Craig Thompson (2003)
   
3. The Heart of Thomas by Moto Hagio (1974)
   
4. Culture Corner, and other works, by Basil Wolverton (1946)
   
5. Donald Duck/Uncle Scrooge by Don Rosa (1987) (in hindsight, this is too low in the list)
   
6. The Left Bank Gang, and other works, by Jason (2006)
   
7. Sandman by Neil Gaiman, Dave McKean, Dave Vozzo, Todd Klein and lots of other people (1989)
   
8. Fables by Mark Buckingham, Bill Willingham, Steve Leialoha, Daniel Vozzo, Todd Klein, James Jean et al (2002)
   
9. Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. by Jack Kirby, Jim Steranko et al – *Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage and Law-Enforcement Division (1965)
   
10. Clue: Candlestick, and other works, by Dash Shaw (2020)
    
11. Bacchus/Alex Box Set by Eddie Campbell (1984)
    
12. Blue Teeth, and other works, by Uno Moralez (2017)
    
13. The Cowboy Wally Show/Why I Hate Saturn, and other works, by Kyle Baker (1988)
    
14. Shade the Changing Man by Steve Ditko et al. (1977)
    
15. The Chaos Effect, by Enki Bilal and Pierre Christin, and other works by Bilal (1979)
    
16. Detroit Metal City by Kiminori Wakasugi (2005)
    
17. Even a monkey can draw manga by Koji Aihara and Kentaro Takekuma (1989)
    
18. War comics by Garth Ennis and various collaborators (2001)
    
19. A Week of Kindness/A Little Girl Dreams of Taking the Veil by Max Ernst (1930)
    
20. Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental and Warts and All by Drew Friedman, with Josh Friedman (1980s)
    
21. Vice Squad by Jordi Lafebre and Zidrou (2014)
    
22. Comics for Creepy, and other works, by Richard Corben (1970)
    
23. Bringing up Father (aka Maggie and Jiggs) by George McManus and assistants (1913)
    
24. Abandon the Old in Tokyo/The Pushman/Goodbye by Yoshihiro Tatsumi (1957)
    
25. Tijuana Bibles ed by Bob Adelman (1920s)
    
26. Gil Jourdan by Maurice Tillieux (1956)
    
27. Giant Days by John Allison, Max Sarin and Lissa Treiman (2015)
    
28. Tristram Shandy by Martin Rowson and Laurence Sterne (1996)
    
29. Pin-up by Philippe Berthet and Yann (1999)
    
30. Blake and Mortimer by Edgar P Jacobs (1950)
    
31. Batman Year One by David Mazzucchelli, Frank Miller et al (1987)
    
32. Aaron by Ben Gijsemans (2021)
    
33. X-9 Secret Agent Corrigan by Al Williamson and Archie Goodwin (1967)
    
34. Strips for The Guardian, New Scientist and elsewhere by Tom Gauld (2005)(-ish)
    
35. Gon by Masashi Tanaka (1991)
    
36. Punisher MAX by Garth Ennis et al (2004)
    
37. Social Fiction by Chantal Montellier (1974)
    
38. Secret of the Stone Frog by David Nytra (2012)
    
39. Preacher by Garth Ennis, Steve Dillon, Glenn Fabry et al (1995)
    
40. I am a Hero by Hengo Hanazawa (2009)
    
41. Dead Dead Demon’s Dededede Destruction by Inio Asano (2009)
    
42. Hawkman/Atomic Knights/inks over Carmine Infantino by Murphy Anderson (1960)
    
43. The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery, adapted by Joann Sfar (2008)
    
44. Concrete by Paul Chadwick (1986)
    
45. Pim and Francie by Al Columbia (2009)
    
46. Quatre Soeurs by Cati Baur and Malika Ferdjoukh (2011)
    
47. Flash/Adam Strange by Carmine Infantino, Murphy Anderson et al (1956)
    
48. Asterios Polyp by David Mazzucchelli (2009)
    
49. Modesty Blaise by Peter O’Donnell, Jim Holdaway, Enrique Badia Romero et al (1963)
    
50. Orc Stain, and other works, by James Stokoe (2010)
    
51. Death Note by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata (2003)
    
52. Red Ketchup by Real Godbout and Pierre Fournier (1988)
    
53. Sugar and Spike by Sheldon Mayer (1956)
    
54. His Face All Red, and other works, by Emily Carroll (2010)
    
55. Berserk by Kento Miura (1989)
    
56. Jonas Fink by Vittorio Giardino (1994)
    
57. The Sub-Mariner by Bill Everett (1939)
    
58. Amphigorey and its sequels by Edward Gorey (1953)
    
59. Dr Strange/Spider-Man by Steve Ditko with dialogue and captions by Stan Lee, et al. (1962)
    
60. A.L.I.E.E.N. by Lewis Trondheim (2004)
    
61. Ralph Azham by Lewis Trondheim (2011)
    
62. Alley Oop by VT Hamlin (1932)
    
63. Philemon by Fred (1972)
    
64. Dork by Evan Dorkin (1993)
    
65. Achewood by Chris Onstad (2001)
    
66. Feiffer, and other works, by Jules Feiffer (1956)
    
67. Introducing Kafka, aka Kafka, by R. Crumb and David Zane Mairowitz (1993)
    
68. My Favorite Thing Is Monsters by Emil Ferris (2017)
    
69. Prison Pit by Johnny Ryan (2009)
    
70. Flight of the Raven/Matteo by Jean-Pierre Gibrat (2002)
    
71. Dementia 21 by Shintaro Kago (2011)(I think?)
    
72. Kona, Monarch of Monster Isle by Sam Glanzman, Don Segall et al (1962)
    
73. Little Tulip/The Magician’s Wife/New York Cannibals/Billy Budd KGB, by Francois Boucq and Jerome Charyn (1986)
    
74. 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa (1999)
    
75. Various opera adaptations by P Craig Russell (1984)
    
76. Little Tommy Lost/Black Rat by Cole Closser (2013)
    
77. Empowered by Adam Warren (2007)
    
78. Louis by Metaphrog (2000)
    
79. Planetes by Makoto Yukimura (1999)
    
80. Alack Sinner by Jose Munoz and Carlos Sampayo (1977)
    
81. Castle Waiting by Linda Medley (1996)
    

Here is the list of the currently 73 inmates executed by the state of Alabama that I wrote for my post Furman death penalty project. Alabama has set plans to carry out additional executions in the next few months, and this list might be reposted with the updated information if they happen as scheduled.
Something that should also be clarified is the dates given here are an approximate timeline of their earliest known criminal activities to their executions rather then time spent on death row. Many of the cases here are quite graphic by nature, and I don't shy away from it in my descriptions. Please read at your own risk.
The states I have left are Georgia, Florida, Missouri, Virginia, Oklahoma, and the still in progress Texas. I'll probably post my list for Georgia next whenever I have time next week.
The currently executed 73 offenders:
1. John Evans III (~1976+-1983, electric chair): A year after Evans was paroled, he and another ex convict, Wayne Ritter, went on a two month long crime spree that involved 30 armed robberies, 9 kidnappings, and 2 extortion incidents. Their rampage ended when they shot dead 34 year old Edward Nassar in front of his daughters while robbing his pawn shop. Evans' execution was controversial, as it took 24 minutes and three pulls of the switch to electrocute him. Any information on his crimes before his 1977 spree is unavailable to me.
2. Arthur Jones (1981-1986, electric chair): Jones gunned down Vaughn Thompson, a 21 year old storekeeper, and William Waymon, a 72 year old cab driver, in two robberies.
3. Wayne Ritter (1976-1986, electric chair): Ritter was the accomplice of the above mentioned John Evans. After being released from prison, he assisted him in several robberies, abductions, and the murder of Edward Nassar. Like Evans, Ritter's earlier criminal history wasn't disclosed in the sources on hand.
4. Michael Lindsey (1981-1989, electric chair): Lindsey broke in the home of 64 year old Rosemary Rutland. After tying her up, he shot and stabbed Rutland to death, and stole her Christmas presents.
5. Horace Dunkins Jr. (1980-1989, electric chair): Dunkins abducted 26 year old Lynn McCurry, bound her to a tree, and raped her. He stabbed McCurry 66 times, and left her body on the tree she was tied to. His execution was a source of controversy, as Dunkins was allegedly cognitively disabled.
6. Herbert Richardson (1977-1989, electric chair): Richardson threw a pipe bomb into the home of one of his ex girlfriend's family members in retaliation for her breaking up with him. Her niece, 11 year old Rena Callins, was killed in the attack.
7. Arthur Julius (1972-1989, electric chair): In 1972, Julius beat his boss, 74 year old Herbert Chisenhall, to death during an argument over his wages. He was given a life sentence, but was able to leave custody in 1978 on a one day release. Julius took advantage of his leave to rape his cousin, 29 year old Susie Sanders, in her home. She was strangled to death during the assault.
8. Wallace Thomas (1976-1990, electric chair): Thomas and a partner abducted 21 year old Quenette Shehane from a convenience store. She was raped, robbed, and shot to death.
9. Larry Heath (1981-1992, electric chair): Out of a desire to marry another woman, Heath orchestrated the kidnapping of his 21 year old wife Rebecca (who was 9 months pregnant with their child) with the help of some men he hired. She was abducted from their home and shot in the head.
10. Cornelius Singleton (~1972-1992, electric chair): Singleton was condemned for the robbery of a Catholic monastery that ended with the fatal strangulation of a nun, 51 year old Ann Hogan. His execution was hotly contested by his lawyers and supporters, who have alleged misconduct in the trial and investigation. Despite the controversy, Hogan's stolen watch was found in Singleton's possession. Singleton was previously convicted for a 1972 incident involving arson and burglary.
11. Willie Clisby Jr. (1979-1995, electric chair): Clisby broke into the home of 58 year old Fletcher Handley, beat him to death with an ax handle, and left with $80 in hand.
12. Varnell Weeks (1981-1995, electric chair): Weeks abducted and carjacked 24 year old Mark Batts. He bound Batts, placed a pillowcase on his head, and shot him through it. While driving Batts' stolen car in Ohio, he was flagged down by police officers, and Weeks fired on them in the confrontation. In the shootout, Weeks was captured without any causalities to the responding officers. His execution was controversial, as his lawyers claimed that he was a paranoid schizophrenic.
13. Edward Horsley Jr. (~1976-1996, electric chair): After escaping from prison with Brian Baldwin, Horsley abducted 16 year old Naomi Rolon while she was hitchhiking. Horsley raped and dismembered Rolon with an ax, and ran her body over. Although Horlsey's culpability is an overwhelming certainty, the extent of Baldwin's alleged involvement is a significant source of contention. Horsley was previously convicted of a string of robberies that ended up with a non-fatal shooting of a police officer.
14. Billy Waldrop (1982-1997, electric chair): Waldrop snuck into the home of 72 year old Thurman Donahoo and shot him in the head. He then stole $130 and a 5-carat diamond ring. To destroy any evidence of his crime, Waldrop burned the house down, and fled to California. While in hiding, he was detained by the local law enforcement for a DUI and extradited back to Alabama to face trial.
15. Walter Hill (~1952-1997, electric chair): As a teenager in the early 50s, Hill beat Sam Atmore (age unknown) to death. He was given a 10 year sentence for that murder, and took part in an escape attempt that was temporarily successful because of the watchman's negligence. After his release, Hill became a career criminal and was involved with several abduction robberies, and wound up in a cycle of repeatedly being in and out of prison. During one of his incarcerations, Hill stabbed an unidentified inmate to death, but was cleared of any charges on the grounds of self defense. In 1977, Hill started an illicit "relationship" with a 13 year old girl, and sought the permission of her stepmother, 60 year old Willie Hammock, to marry but she refused. Out of anger, Hill shot Hammock, her 34 year old daughter Lois Tatum, and Lois' 36 year old husband John dead in their home, and abducted the girl and her 16 year old adopted brother. The brother managed to escape, but Hill kidnapped a motorist he encountered in Georgia. The man escaped captivity in North Carolina, and reported Hill and the abducted girl to the local police.
16. Henry Hays (1981-1997, electric chair): Hays was a member of a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, and the son of one of the most prominent KKK leaders in Alabama. In the area, the sentencing of a black man, who was accused of murdering a white policeman, kept on getting delayed due to a string of mistrials. Hays and other members of the KKK chapter interpreted it as a sign that blacks will be able to get away with murdering whites, and sought revenge by lynching a black person at random. The unfortunate victim was 19 year old Michael Donald, who was abducted while walking home from a gas station. Donald was beaten with a tree stump, strangled with a rope, and his throat slit by Hays and his fellow Klansmen. His body was hung on a nearby tree.
17. Steven Thompson (1984-1998, electric chair): Thompson abducted 25 year old Robin Balarzs, a friend's fiancee, from her home. After he tied up and gagged her, Thompson raped Balarz and penetrated her with a knife, shaved her head, and dragged her to death with his car over a distance of 3,000 feet. He stole Balarz's wedding ring and a dollar from her purse, and sexually mutilated her body.
18. Brian Baldwin (~1977-1998, electric chair): Baldwin was the accused accomplice of the above mentioned Edward Horsley, and allegedly helped him with the sex murder of Naomi Rolon after they escaped from prison together. As mentioned in Horsley's section, Baldwin's involvement with Rolon's killing remains hotly contested to this day, and he and his supporters alleged that he was set up by institutionalized racism and tortured into confessing by investigating police officers. He was previously in prison for stealing a car.
19. Victor Kennedy (~1980-1999, electric chair): Kennedy, a career burglar, and an accomplice, Darrell Grayson, broke into the home of 86 year old Annie Orr to search for money. They bound, beat, raped, and suffocated her with a pillow case. When they failed to find any money, Kennedy and Grayson left the residence empty handed.
20. David Duren (1983-2000, electric chair): Duren and an accomplice kidnapped 16 year old Kathleen Bedsole and her date, 17 year old Charles Leonard, and stole $20 that was given to them by Bedsole's father. The couple were tied together, and locked in the trunk for several hours. When Duren stoped his car, he shot both of the teenagers. Bedsole was killed, while Leonard managed to survive and escape.
21. Freddie Wright (1977-2000, electric chair): Wright was convicted of robbing a store owned by couple, 40 year old Warren and 37 year old Lois Green, with 3 other men. The Greens were tied together, dragged into a backroom, and shot to death. Their watches and $900 were stolen in the robbery. His execution was controversial, as his attorneys and supporters push that he was convicted both out of racism and the participants allegedly naming him to avoid death sentences.
22. Robert Tarver Jr. (1984-2000, electric chair): Tarver fatally shot 63 year old Hugh Kite, while he and an accomplice were robbing him outside of his store. Kite was just done closing his store when he was attacked, and had $80 taken from him.
23. Pernell Ford (1983-2000, electric chair): Ford forced himself into the home that 70 year old Willie Griffin shared with her 42 year old daughter Linda. He stabbed both of them to death after a struggle. Several undisclosed items were stolen from the Griffin home, and Ford used their car to flee to Illinois.
24. Lynda Block (1992-2002, electric chair): Block, her common law husband, George Sibley, and her 9 year old son were sitting in car that was parked in a Walmart parking lot. A passerby was concerned by Block's son apparently looking distressed, and reported them to the police. When a police officer, 38 year old Roger Motley, came to question them, Block and Sibley shot him to death. The couple was previously involved in assaulting and stabbing Block's ex husband in a dispute over their home, a crime they were on the run from at the time of Motley's murder.
25. Anthony Johnson (1984-2002, lethal injection): While Johnson and two unidentified men were robbing a jewelry store, they engaged in a gun-battle with the owner, 51 year Kenneth Cattrell, and killed him. Although Johnson's wasn't directly responsible for Cattrell's death and only acted as a lookout, he was the only member of the gang to be captured, and thus bore the brunt of the judicial retributions when he refused to testify against them.
26. Michael Thompson (1984-2003, lethal injection): During a nighttime convenience store robbery, Thompson kidnapped the clerk, 57 year old Maisie Gray. Thompson forced Gray into his car, drove her to a well, and tossed her inside it. He then shot a trapped Gray to death with his married girlfriend holding a torch for him. His girlfriend had a longstanding record for armed robberies, and Thompson's defense tried to use the argument that she goaded him into the killing or did it herself.
27. Gary Brown (1996-2003, lethal injection): Brown and a few other men went to the home of Jack McGraw, a 59 year old Korean War veteran, to "party." On numerous previous occasions, McGraw had paid them for sex acts. They planned on robbing McGraw's house after he passed out drunk, but he refused to drink as he had work the next morning. Undeterred, Brown and his accomplices attacked McGraw, and stabbed him a combined total of 78 times. More specifically, McGraw's back was stabbed 59 times, his throat and neck were slashed 16 times, and he had 3 cut wounds on his head. The group then stole $67 and a VCR set from his home.
28. Thomas Fortenberry (1984-2004, lethal injection): Fortenberry fatally shot four people, 51 year old Wilbur Nelson, 43 year old Robert Payne, Robert's 29 year old wife Nancy, and 21 year old Ronald Guest, while attempting to rob a gas station.
29. James Hubbard (~1957-2004, lethal injection): In 1957, Hubbard shot and killed 28 year old Carl Dockery in what was described as a "domestic disturbance." He was paroled in 1976 with the help of 62 year old Lillian Montgomery, a woman he befriended behind bars. Hubbard repaid the favor by shooting and killing her while robbing a store she owned in the following year. He stole $500 and her diamond watch, and tried to stage Montgomery's death as a suicide despite the fact that he shot her in the face, head, and shoulder.
30. David Hocker (1998-2004, lethal injection): Hocker was living in a motel and didn't have a car at hand. Thus, he asked his boss, 47 year old Jerry Robinson, to drive him around for an errand. When they were in the car together, Hocker stabbed Robinson to death, stole his credit card, and withdrew $400 from it to buy cocaine. Hocker had an extensive criminal history, but the specifics weren't given in my sources.
31. Mario Centobie (1995-2005, lethal injection): Centobie and another prisoner escaped from a Georgia prison during his 40 year sentence for the double kidnappings of his ex wife and son. They fled to Alabama, and were pulled over by local policemen. Centobie opened fire on them and killed Keith Turner, a 29 year old officer, and wounded another. The pair were recaptured in Georgia near the home of Centobie's ex wife. While awaiting trial, Centobie yet again escaped by seducing a guard, but was quickly recaptured.
32. Jerry Henderson (1984-2005, lethal injection): On his sister-in-law's payroll, Henderson lured her husband, 33 year Jerry Haney, outside of his house and shot him dead.
33. George Sibley Jr. (1992-2005, lethal injection): Sibley was the common law husband of the above mentioned Lynda Block, and assisted her in the killing of officer Roger Motley. He also took part in the assault of her ex husband.
34. John Peoples Jr. (1983-2005, lethal injection): Enraged that 34 year old Paul Franklin refused to sell him his car that he coveted, Peoples broke into his home, and beat him to death with a rifle. Peoples stole the car and abducted Paul's wife, 34 year old Judy, and their 10 year old son John. They were also beaten to death with Peoples' rifle.
35. Larry Hutcherson (1992-2006, lethal injection): Hutcherson broke into the home of 89 year old Irma Gray, and slit her throat. He stole her air conditioner and microwave in the robbery.
36. Aaron Jones (1978-2006, lethal injection): After being fired by them, Jones and his partner invaded the home of their former employers, 61 year old Carl and 45 year old Williene Nelson. They shot Carl and Willene dead and chopped their bodies into several pieces. The pair also shot their 3 children, 21 year old Tony, 13 year old Brenda, and 10 year old Charlie, and Carl's mother, 85 year old Annie, but they all managed to survive their injuries.
37. Darrell Grayson (1980-2007, lethal injection): Grayson was the accomplice of the previously mentioned Victor Kennedy, and partook in the rape and murder of Annie Orr and the burglary of her home.
38. Luther Williams (1988-2007, lethal injection): While John Kirk, a 63 year old WW2 veteran, was driving home from work, his truck broke down. He was found and abducted by Williams and 2 other men, and shot to death by them. The trio then stole money from Kirk's body and his truck.
39. James Callahan (1982-2009, lethal injection): Callahan kidnapped 26 year old Becky Howell, while she was walking from a club her fiance was performing to switch laundry that she left at a laundromat. Howell was raped and strangled to death.
40. Danny Bradley (1983-2009, lethal injection): When his wife was hospitalized, Bradley was left to care for his stepdaughter, 12 year old Rhonda Hardin, and his stepson. After he put his stepson to bed, Bradley sodomized Hardin and choked her to death with his bare hands.
41. Jimmy Dill (~1983-2009, lethal injection) Dill shot his dealer, 33 year old Leon Shaw, in the head during a deal gone bad, and stole $200 and a few bags of cocaine. Shaw was left comatose and died of his injuries 9 months later. Dill had an extensive criminal record for theft and drug possession.
42. Willie McNair (1990-2009, lethal injection): McNair and an accomplice went to the home of his occasional employer, 68 year old Ella Riley, to ask for some money. When Riley declined to give them any, McNair tricked her into letting him inside by asking for a drink of water. After walking in, he stabbed Riley in the neck and strangled her to death. The pair then fled with her purse.
43. Jack Trawick (~1972-2009, lethal injection): Trawick was convicted or credibly confessed to a minimum of 3 murders. His verified victims consist of 27 year old Aileen Pruitt, 21 year old Stephanie Gach, and 17 year old Betty Richards. In his known murders, he forcibly abducted his victims from public locations, and raped and tortured them. They were then stabbed and beaten to death with a hammer. Trawick bragged in graphic details about committing other murders on a website made for death row inmates, which he also used to taunt the victims' families. However, investigations into the alleged additional killings brought no results, and are now believed to have been fictionalized by Trawick for clout.
44. Max Payne (1992-2009, lethal injection): Payne robbed a store at gunpoint, and kidnapped the owner, 58 year old Braxton Brown. He took Brown to his sister's house and tried forcing him into giving them money. When his sister objected, Payne dragged Brown to a bridge, shot him in the head, and dumped his body in the nearby creek. A total of $1,085 in cash and many of Brown's belongings were stolen, which included bank deposit checks, rings, cigarettes, food stamps, and a handgun.
45. Thomas Whisenhant (~1963-2010, lethal injection): At the age of 16, Whisenhant fatally shot 72 year old Lexie Haynes in one incident and robbed an unidentified blind woman in another. For uknown reasons, the charges were dropped against him, and he was able to join the air force. A few years later, he assaulted Rose Covington, a 22 year old WAF servicewoman, with an ashtray, and was discharged and sentenced to 20 years of hard labor for the attack. Whisenhant was granted parole in 1972. Another couple years later, he went on a crime spree, and abducted 3 women that worked in convenience stores he robbed. His victims, 44 year old Venora Hyatt, 28 year old Patricia Hitt, and 23 year old Cheryl Payton, were all raped and shot in the head.
46. John Parker (1988-2010, lethal injection): Parker and his accomplice Kenneth Smith was hired to kill 42 year old Elizabeth Sennett, by her husband, who wanted to use her life insurance policy to fund his ministering. Her husband was also Parker's landlord. The pair tricked Sennett into letting them inside the house by pretending to be hunters inquiring about for a hunting spot, and stabbed her to death. Sennett's husband then gave Parker and Smith their stereo and video cassette recorders to make it look like a robbery.
47. Michael Land (~1990-2010, lethal injection): Land kidnapped 30 year old Candace Brown from her apartment after he cut her telephone line. He raped Brown, shot her in the head, and stole her purse. Land had prior convictions of burglaries and receiving stolen goods, and previously met Brown in prison when she ministered to him.
48. Holly Wood (~1981-2010, lethal injection): In 1994, Wood shot his ex girlfriend, 34 year old Ruby Gosha, at point blank range in front of her children at her mother's home. He had also (non-fatally) shot another ex girlfriend from outside her bedroom window several years before Gosha's murder. His criminal history was extensive, and had 18 different felonies on his record. Some of the charges pertained to incidents of assault.
49. Phillip Hallford (~1978-2010, lethal injection): Hallford was jealousy enraged that his 15 year old daughter, whom he had been sexually abusing since she was 7, was dating 16 year old Charles Shannon. He forced her to lure Shannon to a bridge, gunned him down, and stole his wallet. With the coerced help of his stepson, Hallford dumped Shannon's body into a river. As a memento, Hallford forced his daughter to wear a necklace with the shell casing used in the murder.
50. Leroy White (1988-2011, lethal injection): White shot his estranged wife, 35 year old Ruby, dead while she was visiting her sister out of anger at their upcoming divorce. Ruby's sister was wounded in the shooting. White had also previously shot and injured Ruby's leg during an argument.
51. William Boyd (1986-2011, lethal injection): Boyd and a partner broke into the home of married couple, 76 year old Fred and 41 year old Evelyn Blackmon, and duped them into thinking that Evelyn's daughter (whom Boyd previously dated against her mother's wishes) was kidnapped. They made the couple believe that they had to pay a $3,000 ransom for her safe return. The couple were then both tied up, forcibly separated into their captors' cars, and beaten and shot to death.
52. Jason Williams (1992-2011, lethal injection): Under the influence of cocaine, Williams shot his roommate, 46 year old Gerald Paravicini dead in the trailer they shared. William then walked over to his neighbors, the Barber family (consisting of parents, 50 year old Freddie and 45 year old Linda, and their sons, 22 year old Bryan and 16 year old Brad) and intruded into their home. He shot and killed Freddie, Linda, and Bryan, and wounded Brad. Cash and credit cards were taken and Williams fled in the family van.
53. Eddie Powell III (~1990s-2011, lethal injection): Powell broke into the home of 70 year old Mattie Wesson, and repeatedly sexually assaulted her. Wesson was beaten and shot in the attack, but she managed to drag herself to a neighbor's house for help before she succumbed to her injuries. Powell had several previous convictions for burglary, theft, and assault.
54. Derrick Mason (1994-2011, lethal injection): Mason held up a convenience store, and forced the clerk, 25 year old Angela Cagle to turn off the cameras and undress. However, he shot Cagle in the head before any assault could occur. He then tried to open the register, but ran off when he failed to open it.
55. Christopher Johnson (2005-2011, lethal injection): To avoid paying child support and to spite his estranged wife, Johnson smothered his 6 month old son Eilas with his fingers, and struck him in the head.
56. Andrew Lackey (2005-2013, lethal injection): After being told about the existence of a vault inside the home of Charles Newman, a 80 year old WW2 veteran, by Newman's grandson, Lackey decided to steal it from him. He invaded Newman's house, and shot and stabbed him 70 times in the ensuring confrontation. Despite Lackey waiving his appeals and actively petitioning for his own execution, his death sentence attracted controversy due to him being diagnosed with Asperger's.
57. Christopher Brooks (1992-2016, lethal injection): Brooks snuck into the apartment of 23 year old Jo Campbell. He sexually assaulted Campbell in her bedroom, and bludgeoned her to death with a barbell. Several items, including a credit card, were stolen from the scene.
58. Ronald Smith Jr. (1994-2016, lethal injection): Smith and some accomplices robbed a convenience store, and fatally shot the clerk, 26 year old Casey Wilson. According to Smith's attorneys, Smith and Wilson were allegedly involved in a love triangle with a local stripper. If such accounts are to be believed, he shot him dead in a dispute over her, and Smith staged it as a robbery to avoid embarrassing his parents. However, the stripper strongly denied having any connections with both men. His execution sparked controversy, as witnesses reported him coughing and heaving for 13 minutes during it.
59. Thomas Arthur (1982-2017, lethal injection): Arthur's married girlfriend hired him to kill her husband, 35 year old Troy Wicker, for his insurance policy. He gunned down Wicker while he was sleeping in his bedroom. To mislead investigators, Wicker's wife claimed that an intruder broke into her home, shot her husband dead, and raped her.
60. Robert Melson (1994-2017, lethal injection): Melson and his partner held up a Popeyes store at gunpoint. They rounded up the employees, 23 year old Darrell Collier, 18 year old Tamika Collins, 17 year old Nathaniel Baker, and 17 year Bryant Archer, into a freezer, and shot them. Archer was the sole survivor, and identified Melson's accomplice, a former employee, to the police. Although Melson's accomplice was initially given a life sentence due to him being a minor at the time, he was later also sentenced to death for killing a cellmate, and is currently awaiting execution.
61. Torrey McNabb (1997-2017, lethal injection): McNabb skipped bail when he was facing charges for receiving stolen property and drug possession. He was tracked down by a bondsman sent to bring him back to court, but he shot at him when he appeared at his doorsteps. The bondsman then called the police for support. One of the responding officers, 30 year old Anderson Gordon, was killed in the standoff with McNabb.
62. Michael Eggers (2000-2018, lethal injection): Eggers and his ex employer, 67 year old Bennie Murray, were in talks about him returning to his former job at her carnival. While Murray was driving Eggers and his 15 year old son, they got into an argument. During the fight, Murray slapped Eggers, which enraged him. He beat and choked her with his hands until she went unconscious, and tossed Murray out of her car. Eggers continued to beat and kick Murray, and crushed her throat with a tree branch. After she was killed, Eggers stole money from Murray's purse, and drove away in her car.
63. Walter Moody (~1972-2018, lethal injection): In 1972, Moody was building a bomb to kill an auto dealer that repossessed his car. However, the bomb exploded prematurely, and critically injured Moody's then wife instead. Although Moody was cleared of charges relating to the construction of the bomb, he was still convicted of it being in his possession. His appeals were thrown away, which gave him a resentment against the justice system. After Moody was released from prison, he murdered a federal judge, 58 year old Robert Vance, and a civil rights attorney, 42 year old Robbie Robinson, and injured Vance's wife, in two separate bombings. To disguise his attacks, Moody sent bombs and hate letters to various NAACP targets.
64. Domineque Ray (1992-2019, lethal injection): Ray shot and killed two brothers, 18 year old Ernest and 13 year old Reinhard Mabins, for refusing to join his gang. In the following year, Ray and his gang members kidnapped 15 year old Tiffany Harville from her home and raped her. Her throat was slit and she was dumped in a remote cotton field.
65. Michael Samra (1997-2019, lethal injection): During an argument over a pick up truck, Samra and his teenage friend shot and killed his friend's father, 39 year old Randy Duke, and step mother, 29 year old Dedra Hunt. The pair also slit the throats of Dedra's two children, 7 year old Chelsea and 6 year old Chelisa.
66. Christopher Price (~1990-2019, lethal injection): Price invaded the home of Bill Lynn, a 57 year old pastor, while he was busy wrapping Christmas presents for his grandchildren. He stabbed Bill 30 times with a sword and injured his wife Bessie when they confronted him. Despite being only 19 at the time, Price had an extensive criminal history that involved trespassing, auto theft, and "criminal mischief."
67. Nathaniel Woods (~2004-2020, lethal injection): A squad of 4 police officers, 58 year old Carlos Owen, 40 year old Harley Chisholm III, 37 year old Michael Collins, and 33 year old Charles Bennett, were searching a drug house that Woods, a long time dealer, had been operating in. As they were arresting Woods, one of his associates opened fire on them and killed Chisholm, Bennett, and Owen. Collins was wounded, but managed to flee to safety. Wood's execution was extremely controversial, as he wasn't the triggerman in the shootings. His supporters and the shooter himself claimed that he was an entirely innocent party, while the prosecutors pushed that he deliberately lured the officers to their deaths.
68. Willie Smith III (1991-2021, lethal injection): Smith kidnapped 22 year old Sharma Johnson at gunpoint near a bank, and forced her to withdraw $80 from an ATM machine. He locked Johnson in the trunk of her own car, and shot her dead while she was trapped in it. The car was then burned to destroy the evidence.
69. Matthew Reeves (1996-2022, lethal injection): Reeves and two other men pretended to be hitchhikers on a remote highway as a ruse to lure motorists. The target they ensnared was 38 year old Willie Johnson Jr. They robbed Johnson of $360 when he stopped to pick them up, and Reeves shot him to death with a shotgun. Reeves then attended a party reportedly still covered with Johnson's blood, and celebrated by pretending to pump the gun and mockingly mimicked his death throes to the other guests.
70. Joe James Jr. (1993-2022, lethal injection): James tracked down his ex girlfriend, 26 year old Faith Hill, at her friend's apartment. She was in the company of her children, her friend, and her friend's children. The friend shielded the children from James with her body, while Hill tried desperately to calm him down. Despite her efforts, she was shot dead. His execution sparked controversy for it taking over 3 hours to complete, and caused the state of Alabama to delay executions until 2023. James was previously arrested and reported several times for harassing Hill's family, which included an incident of him burglarizing her grandmother's home.
71. James Barber (2001-2023, lethal injection): Barber assaulted 75 year old Dorothy Epps, who was both his ex girlfriend's mother and a former employer, with a claw hammer in her home. Despite her efforts at fighting him off, Epps was beaten to death, and Barber stole her purse.
72. Casey McWhorter (1993-2023, lethal injection): McWhorter conspired with a 15 year old friend and a 16 year old friend to kill 34 year old Edward Williams, the father of the 15 year old. The group tried to force Williams to had over a safe, but he tried to fight back. They shot him a total of 11 times with a .22 rifle equipped with a makeshift silencer in his home and took his truck, wallet, and an undisclosed amount of money. The stolen truck was destroyed in order to sell the parts for scrap metal.
73. Kenneth Smith (1988-2024, nitrogen hypoxia): Smith assisted John Parker in the contract killing of Elizabeth Sennett on the behalf of her husband. His case attracted controversy when he survived a botched execution in 2022, and received international attention for being the first inmate in history to be executed with the controversially experimental nitrogen hypoxia method.

Free Audiobook with a free trial of Audible

1. The Coddling of the American Mind How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure By: Jonathan Haidt, Greg Lukianoff

Learn Spanish with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art Sample 2. Learn Spanish with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course By: Paul Noble Weapons of Mass Instruction Audiobook By John Taylor Gatto cover art 3. Weapons of Mass Instruction A Schoolteacher's Journey Through the Dark World of Compulsory Schooling By: John Taylor Gatto Grit Audiobook By Angela Duckworth cover art 4. Grit The Power of Passion and Perseverance By: Angela Duckworth Manifest Now Audiobook By Idil Ahmed cover art 5. Manifest Now By: Idil Ahmed Prepared Audiobook By Mike Glover, Jack Carr - foreword cover art 6. Prepared A Manual for Surviving Worst-Case Scenarios By: Mike Glover, Jack Carr - foreword Get Out of Your Head Audiobook By Jennie Allen cover art 7. Get Out of Your Head Stopping the Spiral of Toxic Thoughts By: Jennie Allen Defining Moments in Black History Audiobook By Dick Gregory cover art 8. Defining Moments in Black History Reading Between the Lies By: Dick Gregory Sale ends in 22d 13h 35m 4s Financial Feminist Audiobook By Tori Dunlap cover art 9. Financial Feminist Overcome the Patriarchy’s Bullsh*t to Master Your Money and Build a Life You Love By: Tori Dunlap On Writing Audiobook By Stephen King cover art 10. On Writing A Memoir of the Craft By: Stephen King Verbal Judo, Updated Edition Audiobook By George J. Thompson PhD, Jerry B. Jenkins, Lee Fjelstad - foreword, Pam Thompson - f 11. Verbal Judo, Updated Edition The Gentle Art of Persuasion By: George J. Thompson PhD, Jerry B. Jenkins, Lee Fjelstad - foreword, Pam Thompson - foreword Think Ahead Audiobook By Craig Groeschel cover art 12. Think Ahead 7 Decisions You Can Make Today for the God-Honoring Life You Want Tomorrow By: Craig Groeschel Allen Carr's Easy Way to Quit Smoking Audiobook By Allen Carr cover art 13. Allen Carr's Easy Way to Quit Smoking By: Allen Carr Bird by Bird Audiobook By Anne Lamott cover art 14. Bird by Bird Some Instructions on Writing and Life By: Anne Lamott The 16 Undeniable Laws of Communication Audiobook By John Maxwell cover art 15. The 16 Undeniable Laws of Communication Apply Them and Make the Most of Your Message By: John Maxwell Learn French with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 16. Learn French with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Los cuatro acuerdos (Narración en Castellano) [The Four Agreements (Castilian Narration)] Audiobook By Janet Mills, Do 17. Los cuatro acuerdos (Narración en Castellano) [The Four Agreements (Castilian Narration)] Una guía práctica para la libertad personal [A Practical Guide for Personal Freedom] By: Janet Mills, Don Miguel Ruiz Make It Stick Audiobook By Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel cover art 18. Make It Stick The Science of Successful Learning By: Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel Never Enough Audiobook By Jennifer Breheny Wallace cover art 19. Never Enough When Achievement Culture Becomes Toxic—and What We Can Do About It By: Jennifer Breheny Wallace Learn Spanish: How To Speak Conversational Spanish Like a MF: 3 Books in 1 Audiobook By Patrick Jackson cover art 20. Learn Spanish: How To Speak Conversational Spanish Like a MF: 3 Books in 1 Adults Only Bundle By: Patrick Jackson The Self-Driven Child Audiobook By William Stixrud PhD, Ned Johnson cover art 21. The Self-Driven Child The Science and Sense of Giving Your Kids More Control over Their Lives By: William Stixrud PhD, Ned Johnson Learn Italian with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 22. Learn Italian with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Learn Spanish While You Sleep & Learn Spanish While Driving in Your Car Audiobook By Patrick Jackson cover art 23. Learn Spanish While You Sleep & Learn Spanish While Driving in Your Car Over 50 Hours of Learning Spanish Lessons from Beginner or Basic Spanish to Intermediate Conversational Spanish Pimsleur Spanish Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Audiobook By Pimsleur cover art 24. Pimsleur Spanish Level 1 Lessons 1-5 By: Pimsleur Learn Japanese with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 25. Learn Japanese with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat Audiobook By Samin Nosrat cover art 26. Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking By: Samin Nosrat The Science of Storytelling Audiobook By Will Storr cover art 27. The Science of Storytelling By: Will Storr How to Tell a Story Audiobook By The Moth, Meg Bowles, Catherine Burns, Jenifer Hixson, Sarah Austin Jenness, Kate Tellers, P 28. How to Tell a Story The Essential Guide to Memorable Storytelling from The Moth By: The Moth, Meg Bowles, Catherine Burns, Jenifer Hixson, Sarah Austin Jenness, Kate Tellers, Padma Lakshmi, Chenjerai Kumanyika Cultish Audiobook By Amanda Montell cover art 29. Cultish By: Amanda Montell Talk Like TED Audiobook By Carmine Gallo cover art 30. Talk Like TED The 9 Public Speaking Secrets of the World's Top Minds By: Carmine Gallo A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Audiobook By Betty Smith cover art 31. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn By: Betty Smith There's No Such Thing as Bad Weather Audiobook By Linda Åkeson McGurk cover art 32. There's No Such Thing as Bad Weather A Scandinavian Mom's Secrets for Raising Healthy, Resilient, and Confident Kids (from Friluftsliv to Hygge) By: Linda Åkeson McGurk The Art of Learning Audiobook By Josh Waitzkin cover art 33. The Art of Learning An Inner Journey to Optimal Performance By: Josh Waitzkin The Montessori Toddler Audiobook By Simone Davies cover art 34. The Montessori Toddler By: Simone Davies Next Steps in Spanish with Paul Noble for Intermediate Learners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 35. Next Steps in Spanish with Paul Noble for Intermediate Learners – Complete Course Made to Stick Audiobook By Chip Heath, Dan Heath cover art 36. Made to Stick Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die By: Chip Heath, Dan Heath The Cat in the Hat and Other Dr. Seuss Favorites Audiobook By Dr. Seuss cover art 37. The Cat in the Hat and Other Dr. Seuss Favorites By: Dr. Seuss Smart Brevity Audiobook By Jim VandeHei, Mike Allen, Roy Schwartz cover art 38. Smart Brevity The Power of Saying More with Less By: Jim VandeHei, Mike Allen, Roy Schwartz Columbine 25th Anniversary Memorial Edition Audiobook By Dave Cullen cover art 39. Columbine 25th Anniversary Memorial Edition By: Dave Cullen 5 out of 5 stars1 rating (ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide 9th Edition Audiobook By Mike Chapple, 40. (ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide 9th Edition By: Mike Chapple, James Michael Stewart, Darril Gibson How to Read a Book Audiobook By Mortimer J. Adler, Charles Van Doren cover art 41. How to Read a Book The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading By: Mortimer J. Adler, Charles Van Doren The Library Book Audiobook By Susan Orlean cover art 42. The Library Book By: Susan Orlean Learn German with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 43. Learn German with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Difficult Conversations Audiobook By Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, Sheila Heen cover art 44. Difficult Conversations How to Discuss What Matters Most By: Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, Sheila Heen Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain Audiobook By Zaretta Hammond cover art 45. Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain Promoting Authentic Engagement and Rigor Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students By: Zaretta Hammond Learn Spanish for Beginners and Adults Audiobook By Patrick Jackson, Valentino Blanco cover art 46. Learn Spanish for Beginners and Adults Learning Spanish Like Crazy Level One–New and Improved Version (Lessons 1 to 30) By: Patrick Jackson, Valentino Blanco CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Eleventh Edition (Exams 220-1101 & 220-1102) Audiobook By Travis A. Evere 47. CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Eleventh Edition (Exams 220-1101 & 220-1102) By: Travis A. Everett, Andrew Hutz, Mike Meyers - editor On Writing Well: Audio Collection Audiobook By William Zinsser cover art 48. On Writing Well: Audio Collection By: William Zinsser The Call of the Wild and Free Audiobook By Ainsley Arment cover art 49. The Call of the Wild and Free Reclaiming the Wonder in Your Child’s Education, A New Way to Homeschool By: Ainsley Arment Win Every Argument Audiobook By Mehdi Hasan cover art 50. Win Every Argument The Art of Debating, Persuading, and Public Speaking By: Mehdi Hasan 51. Island of the Blue Dolphins By: Scott O'Dell Series: Island of the Blue Dolphins, Book 1 Permission to Feel Audiobook By Marc Brackett cover art 52. Permission to Feel Unlocking the Power of Emotions to Help Our Kids, Ourselves, and Our Society Thrive By: Marc Brackett I Hate the Ivy League Audiobook By Malcolm Gladwell cover art 53. I Hate the Ivy League Riffs and Rants on Elite Education By: Malcolm Gladwell CompTIA Security+ All-in-One Exam Guide Exam SY0-601 (Sixth Edition) Audiobook By Wm. Arthur Conklin, Greg White cover art 54. CompTIA Security+ All-in-One Exam Guide Exam SY0-601 (Sixth Edition) By: Wm. Arthur Conklin, Greg White Pre-Suasion Audiobook By Robert B. Cialdini cover art 55. Pre-Suasion Channeling Attention for Change By: Robert B. Cialdini A Swim in a Pond in the Rain Audiobook By George Saunders cover art 56. A Swim in a Pond in the Rain In Which Four Russians Give a Master Class on Writing, Reading, and Life By: George Saunders How to Write Best-Selling Fiction Audiobook By James Scott Bell, The Great Courses cover art 57. How to Write Best-Selling Fiction By: James Scott Bell, The Great Courses CDL Study Guide 2023-2024 Edition Audiobook By Anthony Pierce cover art 58. CDL Study Guide 2023-2024 Edition Ultimate Preparation Book with Questions and Detailed Answers to Pass the CDL Exam on Your First Attempt By: Anthony Pierce Pimsleur Italian Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Audiobook By Pimsleur cover art 59. Pimsleur Italian Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Series: Pimsleur Italian, Book 1 Frog and Toad Audio Collection Audiobook By Arnold Lobel cover art 60. Frog and Toad Audio Collection By: Arnold Lobel Series: Frog and Toad, Book 1-4 TED Talks Audiobook By Chris Anderson cover art 61. TED Talks The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking By: Chris Anderson Say What You Mean Audiobook By Oren Jay Sofer, Joseph Goldstein cover art 62. Say What You Mean A Mindful Approach to Nonviolent Communication By: Oren Jay Sofer, Joseph Goldstein Story Audiobook By Robert McKee cover art 63. Story Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting By: Robert McKee Private Pilot License Checkride Oral Exam Guide: The Most Common Questions Audiobook By Noel Benford cover art 64. Private Pilot License Checkride Oral Exam Guide: The Most Common Questions Over 260 Commonly Asked PPL Oral Exam Questions with Detailed Answers & Tips By: Noel Benford Learn Mandarin Chinese with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble, Kai-Ti Noble cover art 65. Learn Mandarin Chinese with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course By: Paul Noble, Kai-Ti Noble Who Gets in and Why Audiobook By Jeffrey J. Selingo cover art 66. Who Gets in and Why A Year Inside College Admissions By: Jeffrey J. Selingo Visual Thinking Audiobook By Temple Grandin PhD cover art 67. Visual Thinking The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions By: Temple Grandin PhD The Tale of Despereaux Audiobook By Kate DiCamillo cover art 68. The Tale of Despereaux Being the Story of a Mouse, a Princess, Some Soup and a Spool of Thread By: Kate DiCamillo A Parent's Guide to High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, Second Edition Audiobook By Sally Ozonoff, Geraldine Dawson, J 69. A Parent's Guide to High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, Second Edition How to Meet the Challenges and Help Your Child Thrive By: Sally Ozonoff, Geraldine Dawson, James C. McPartland 70. Learn Spanish While Sleeping Mind Hacking Happiness Volume I Audiobook By Sean Webb cover art 71. Mind Hacking Happiness Volume I The Quickest Way to Happiness and Controlling Your Mind By: Sean Webb Series: Mind Hacking Happiness, Book 1 Sale ends in 22d 13h 34m 45s Sincerely, Your Autistic Child Audiobook By Emily Paige Ballou, Sharon daVanport, Morénike Giwa Onaiwu, Autistic Women 72. Sincerely, Your Autistic Child What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity By: Emily Paige Ballou, Sharon daVanport, Morénike Giwa Onaiwu, Autistic Women and Nonbinary Network Dumbing Us Down Audiobook By John Taylor Gatto cover art 73. Dumbing Us Down The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling Spanish in 60 Days Audiobook By La Cucaracha Sara cover art 74. Spanish in 60 Days By: La Cucaracha Sara Pimsleur Spanish Level 1 Lessons 6-10 Audiobook By Pimsleur cover art 75. Pimsleur Spanish Level 1 Lessons 6-10 Speed Reading Audiobook By Kam Knight cover art 76. Speed Reading Learn to Read a 200+ Page Book in 1 Hour (Mental Performance) By: Kam Knight Teaching from Rest Audiobook By Sarah Mackenzie cover art 77. Teaching from Rest A Homeschooler's Guide to Unshakable Peace By: Sarah Mackenzie Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? Audiobook By Beverly Daniel Tatum cover art 78. Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? And Other Conversations About Race By: Beverly Daniel Tatum Teaching to Transgress Audiobook By bell hooks cover art 79. Teaching to Transgress Education as the Practice of Freedom By: bell hooks Healing Trauma Audiobook By Peter A. Levine cover art 80. Healing Trauma Restoring the Wisdom of the Body By: Peter A. Levine Pimsleur Korean Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Audiobook By Pimsleur cover art 81. Pimsleur Korean Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Series: Pimsleur Korean, Book 1 Wired for Story Audiobook By Lisa Cron cover art 82. Wired for Story The Writer's Guide to Using Brain Science to Hook Readers from the Very First Sentence By: Lisa Cron Ella Enchanted Audiobook By Gail Carson Levine cover art 83. Ella Enchanted By: Gail Carson Levine Learn Intermediate Spanish Bundle: The Ultimate Learning Intermediate Spanish Bundle Audiobook By Patrick Jackson cover art 84. Learn Intermediate Spanish Bundle: The Ultimate Learning Intermediate Spanish Bundle Lessons 31 to 60 from Learning Spanish Like Crazy Level Two Pimsleur French Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Audiobook By Pimsleur cover art 85. Pimsleur French Level 1 Lessons 1-5 Series: Pimsleur French, Book 1 Making Sense Audiobook By Sam Harris cover art 86. Making Sense Conversations on Consciousness, Morality, and the Future of Humanity By: Sam Harris 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary Audiobook By Dan Strutzel cover art 87. 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary The 500 Words You Need to Know to Transform Your Vocabulary...and Your Life By: Dan Strutzel The Fast Track to Your General Class Ham Radio License Audiobook By Michael Burnette, Kerry Burnette cover art 88. The Fast Track to Your General Class Ham Radio License Comprehensive Preparation for All FCC General Class Exam Questions July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2027 By: Michael Burnette, Kerry Burnette Reset Audiobook By Debra Fileta, Christine Caine - foreword cover art 89. Reset Powerful Habits to Own Your Thoughts, Understand Your Feelings, and Change Your Life By: Debra Fileta, Christine Caine - foreword Uncommon Sense Teaching Audiobook By Barbara Oakley PhD, Beth Rogowsky EdD, Terrence J. Sejnowski cover art 90. Uncommon Sense Teaching Practical Insights in Brain Science to Help Students Learn By: Barbara Oakley PhD, Beth Rogowsky EdD, Terrence J. Sejnowski The Knowledge Gap Audiobook By Natalie Wexler cover art 91. The Knowledge Gap The Hidden Cause of America's Broken Education System--and How to Fix it By: Natalie Wexler Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 50th Anniversary Edition Audiobook By Paulo Freire, Myra Bergman Ramos - translator, Donaldo Maced 92. Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 50th Anniversary Edition By: Paulo Freire, Myra Bergman Ramos - translator, Donaldo Macedo - foreword, Ira Shor - afterword The Art of Explanation Audiobook By Ros Atkins cover art 93. The Art of Explanation How to Communicate with Clarity and Confidence By: Ros Atkins The Mis-Education of the Negro Audiobook By Carter Goodwin Woodson cover art 94. The Mis-Education of the Negro By: Carter Goodwin Woodson El arte de hablar en público [The Art of Public Speaking] Audiobook By Dale Carnegie, Joseph Esenwein cover art 95. El arte de hablar en público [The Art of Public Speaking] By: Dale Carnegie, Joseph Esenwein Essential Poker Math, Expanded Edition Audiobook By Alton Hardin cover art 96. Essential Poker Math, Expanded Edition Fundamental No-Limit Hold'em Mathematics You Need to Know By: Alton Hardin Next Steps in French with Paul Noble for Intermediate Learners – Complete Course Audiobook By Paul Noble cover art 97. Next Steps in French with Paul Noble for Intermediate Learners – Complete Course 98. Learn Japanese - Ultimate Getting Started with Japanese Box Set, Lessons 1-55 Absolute Beginner Japanese #7 Shifting the Balance Audiobook By Jan Miller Burkins, Kari Yates cover art 99. Shifting the Balance 6 Ways to Bring the Science of Reading Into the Balanced Literacy Classroom By: Jan Miller Burkins, Kari Yates Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12 Audiobook By Peter Liljedahl cover art 100. Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12 14 Teaching Practices for Enhancing Learning By: Peter Liljedahl 1. American Dreamer: Who Was Jay Gatsby? By: Blanchard House Included in Plus membership How to Say It: Words That Make a Difference Audiobook By Allison Friederichs Atkison, The Great Courses cover art 2. How to Say It: Words That Make a Difference By: Allison Friederichs Atkison, The Great Courses How to Release Anxiety Audiobook By Gabrielle Bernstein cover art 3. How to Release Anxiety By: Gabrielle Bernstein Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Audiobook By Jason M. Satterfield, The Great Courses cover art 4. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques for Retraining Your Brain By: Jason M. Satterfield, The Great Courses Series: The Great Courses: Better Living The Abolition of Man & The Great Divorce Audiobook By C. S. Lewis cover art 5. The Abolition of Man & The Great Divorce By: C. S. Lewis Lies My Teacher Told Me, 2nd Edition Audiobook By Dr. James Loewen cover art 6. Lies My Teacher Told Me, 2nd Edition By: Dr. James Loewen Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B Audiobook By Federal Aviation Administration cover art 7. Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B Federal Aviation Administration By: Federal Aviation Administration Easy Spanish Step-by-Step Audiobook By Barbara Bregstein cover art 8. Easy Spanish Step-by-Step By: Barbara Bregstein Complete Spanish Step-by-Step Audiobook By Barbara Bregstein cover art 9. Complete Spanish Step-by-Step The Art of Dark Feminine Seduction: Secrets of Male Psychology - How to Avoid Male Manipulation and Create Obsession Through Virtual Voice Sample 10. The Art of Dark Feminine Seduction: Secrets of Male Psychology - How to Avoid Male Manipulation and Create Obsession Through Being a High-Value Woman The Art of Dark Feminine Seduction By: Astrid Star Pivot and Pursue It Audiobook By Coach Pamela Mitchell cover art 11. Pivot and Pursue It An inspirational intensive to jumpstart your reinvention. By: Coach Pamela Mitchell Public Speaking for Success Audiobook By Dale Carnegie cover art 12. Public Speaking for Success By: Dale Carnegie Art & Fear Audiobook By David Bayles, Ted Orland cover art 13. Art & Fear Observations on the Perils (and Rewards) of Artmaking By: David Bayles, Ted Orland The Things Our Fathers Saw Audiobook By Matthew A. Rozell cover art 14. The Things Our Fathers Saw The Untold Stories of the World War II Generation from Hometown, USA - Voices of the Pacific Theater By: Matthew A. Rozell Series: The Things Our Fathers Saw Series, Book 1 Guns, Germs, and Steel Audiobook By Jared Diamond cover art 15. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies By: Jared Diamond Smart but Scattered Audiobook By Peg Dawson, Richard Guare cover art 16. Smart but Scattered The Revolutionary 'Executive Skills' Approach to Helping Kids Reach Their Potential By: Peg Dawson, Richard Guare Beyond Good and Evil Audiobook By Friedrich Nietzsche cover art 17. Beyond Good and Evil Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future By: Friedrich Nietzsche English Grammar Boot Camp Audiobook By Anne Curzan, The Great Courses cover art 18. English Grammar Boot Camp By: Anne Curzan, The Great Courses ADD-Friendly Ways to Organize Your Life: Second Edition Audiobook By Judith Kolberg, Kathleen G. Nadeau PhD cover art 19. ADD-Friendly Ways to Organize Your Life: Second Edition Strategies That Work from an Acclaimed Professional Organizer and a Renowned ADD Clinician By: Judith Kolberg, Kathleen G. Nadeau PhD Lies My Teacher Told Me Audiobook By James W. Loewen cover art 20. Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By: James W. Loewen Habits for Action Podcast By Dr Tim Sharp cover art 21. Habits for Action How to Stop the Excuses and Do What You Know You Should 12 Principles for Raising a Child with ADHD Audiobook By Russell A. Barkley PhD cover art 22. 12 Principles for Raising a Child with ADHD By: Russell A. Barkley PhD Airplane Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-3B Audiobook By Federal Aviation Administration cover art 23. Airplane Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-3B Becoming Fluent Audiobook By Richard Roberts, Roger Kreuz cover art 24. Becoming Fluent By: Richard Roberts, Roger Kreuz Remember It! Audiobook By Nelson Dellis, Sanjay Gupta MD - foreword cover art 25. Remember It! The Names of People You Meet, All of Your Passwords, Where You Left Your Keys, and Everything Else You Tend to Forget By: Nelson Dellis, Sanjay Gupta MD - foreword The Death of Expertise Audiobook By Tom Nichols cover art 26. The Death of Expertise The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why It Matters By: Tom Nichols Medical Terminology for Dummies, 3rd Edition Audiobook By Beverley Henderson CMT-R HRT, Jennifer L. Dorsey PhD cover art 27. Medical Terminology for Dummies, 3rd Edition By: Beverley Henderson CMT-R HRT, Jennifer L. Dorsey PhD How to Win an Argument Audiobook By Marcus Tullius Cicero, James May cover art 28. How to Win an Argument An Ancient Guide to the Art of Persuasion By: Marcus Tullius Cicero, James May Series: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Readers What Do You Care What Other People Think? Audiobook By Richard P. Feynman, Ralph Leighton cover art 29. What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character By: Richard P. Feynman, Ralph Leighton Homeschool Bravely Audiobook By Jamie Erickson cover art 30. Homeschool Bravely How to Squash Doubt, Trust God, and Teach Your Child with Confidence By: Jamie Erickson The Elements of Style (Recorded Books Edition) Audiobook By William Strunk Jr., E. B. White cover art 31. The Elements of Style (Recorded Books Edition) By: William Strunk Jr., E. B. White What Great Teachers Do Differently Audiobook By Todd Whitaker cover art 32. What Great Teachers Do Differently 17 Things That Matter Most, Second Edition By: Todd Whitaker Find Out Anything from Anyone, Anytime Audiobook By James Pyle, Maryann Karinch cover art 33. Find Out Anything from Anyone, Anytime Secrets of Calculated Questioning from a Veteran Interrogator By: James Pyle, Maryann Karinch Mastering Logical Fallacies Audiobook By Michael Withey, Henry Zhang - foreword cover art 34. Mastering Logical Fallacies The Definitive Guide to Flawless Rhetoric and Bulletproof Logic By: Michael Withey, Henry Zhang - foreword No Calculator? No Problem! Audiobook By Art Benjamin, The Great Courses cover art 35. No Calculator? No Problem! Mastering Mental Math By: Art Benjamin, The Great Courses The Story of King Arthur and His Knights Audiobook By Howard Pyle cover art 36. The Story of King Arthur and His Knights By: Howard Pyle Series: Round Table, Book 1 Better Vocabulary in 30 Minutes a Day Audiobook By Edie Schwager cover art 37. Better Vocabulary in 30 Minutes a Day Better English Series By: Edie Schwager Einstein Never Used Flash Cards Audiobook By Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Roberta Golinkoff cover art 38. Einstein Never Used Flash Cards How Our Children Really Learn--and Why They Need to Play More and Memorize Less By: Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Roberta Golinkoff Fifty Famous Fairy Tales Audiobook By Rosemary Kingston - editor cover art 39. Fifty Famous Fairy Tales By: Rosemary Kingston - editor The Capture Audiobook By Kathryn Lasky cover art 40. The Capture Guardians of Ga'Hoole, Book One By: Kathryn Lasky Series: Guardians of Ga'Hoole, Book 1 When Love Strikes: Reading and Writing Romance Audiobook By Laurelin Paige, The Great Courses cover art 41. When Love Strikes: Reading and Writing Romance By: Laurelin Paige, The Great Courses Eagle Strike Audiobook By Anthony Horowitz cover art 42. Eagle Strike An Alex Rider Adventure By: Anthony Horowitz Series: Alex Rider, Book 4 Ivanhoe Audiobook By Sir Walter Scott cover art 43. Ivanhoe By: Sir Walter Scott Series: Waverly, Book 5 So You Want to Be a Wizard Audiobook By Diane Duane cover art 44. So You Want to Be a Wizard Young Wizard Series, Book 1 By: Diane Duane Series: Young Wizards, Book 1 Proust and the Squid Audiobook By Maryanne Wolf cover art 45. Proust and the Squid The Story and Science of the Reading Brain By: Maryanne Wolf Beekeeping for Dummies, 4th Edition Audiobook By Howland Blackiston cover art 46. Beekeeping for Dummies, 4th Edition By: Howland Blackiston Zen in the Art of Writing Audiobook By Ray Bradbury cover art 47. Zen in the Art of Writing By: Ray Bradbury The Collapse of Parenting Audiobook By Leonard Sax MD PhD cover art 48. The Collapse of Parenting How We Hurt Our Kids When We Treat Them Like Grown-Ups By: Leonard Sax MD PhD Networking for Dummies, 11th Edition Audiobook By Doug Lowe cover art 49. Networking for Dummies, 11th Edition By: Doug Lowe Free-Range Kids Audiobook By Lenore Skenazy cover art 50. Free-Range Kids How Parents and Teachers Can Let Go and Let Grow By: Lenore Skenazy 51. The Emotional Craft of Fiction How to Write the Story Beneath the Surface By: Donald Maass The Art of Coaching Audiobook By Elena Aguilar cover art 52. The Art of Coaching Effective Strategies for School Transformation By: Elena Aguilar The Art of Training Your Dog Audiobook By The Monks of New Skete, Marc Goldberg cover art 53. The Art of Training Your Dog How to Gently Teach Good Behavior Using an E-Collar By: The Monks of New Skete, Marc Goldberg There Are No Children Here Audiobook By Alex Kotlowitz cover art 54. There Are No Children Here The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America By: Alex Kotlowitz Anthem Audiobook By Ayn Rand cover art 55. Anthem By: Ayn Rand How to Write Copy That Sells Audiobook By Ray Edwards cover art 56. How to Write Copy That Sells The Step-by-Step System for More Sales, to More Customers, More Often By: Ray Edwards How to Speak Effectively in Any Setting Audiobook By Molly Bishop Shadel, The Great Courses cover art 57. How to Speak Effectively in Any Setting By: Molly Bishop Shadel, The Great Courses Dog Training for Dummies Audiobook By Wendy Volhard, Mary Ann Rombold-Zeigenfuse cover art 58. Dog Training for Dummies 4th Edition By: Wendy Volhard, Mary Ann Rombold-Zeigenfuse Dialogues of Plato Audiobook By Plato cover art 59. Dialogues of Plato By: Plato Coaching for Equity Audiobook By Elena Aguilar cover art 60. Coaching for Equity Conversations That Change Practice The Journalist and the Murderer Audiobook By Janet Malcolm cover art 61. The Journalist and the Murderer By: Janet Malcolm Thinking Like a Lawyer Audiobook By Colin Seale cover art 62. Thinking Like a Lawyer A Framework for Teaching Critical Thinking to All Students By: Colin Seale The Courage to Teach Audiobook By Parker J. Palmer cover art 63. The Courage to Teach Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher's Life By: Parker J. Palmer "I Give You My Body..." Audiobook By Diana Gabaldon cover art 64. "I Give You My Body..." How I Write Sex Scenes By: Diana Gabaldon The Princess and Curdie Audiobook By George MacDonald cover art 65. The Princess and Curdie By: George MacDonald Series: Princess Irene and Curdie, Book 1 Being at Your Best When Your Kids Are at Their Worst Audiobook By Kim John Payne MED cover art 66. Being at Your Best When Your Kids Are at Their Worst Practical Compassion in Parenting By: Kim John Payne MED Llewellyn's Complete Book of Chakras Audiobook By Cyndi Dale cover art 67. Llewellyn's Complete Book of Chakras Your Definitive Source of Energy Center Knowledge for Health, Happiness, and Spiritual Evolution By: Cyndi Dale Modern Etiquette Made Easy Audiobook By Myka Meier cover art 68. Modern Etiquette Made Easy A Five-Step Method to Mastering Etiquette By: Myka Meier Prepper's Home Defense Audiobook By Jim Cobb, Jerry Ahern - foreword cover art 69. Prepper's Home Defense Security Strategies to Protect Your Family by Any Means Necessary By: Jim Cobb, Jerry Ahern - foreword Critical Thinking Skills for Dummies Audiobook By Martin Cohen cover art 70. Critical Thinking Skills for Dummies By: Martin Cohen Raven's Gate Audiobook By Anthony Horowitz cover art 71. Raven's Gate The Gatekeepers, Book 1 Series: The Gatekeepers, Book 1 The Writing Revolution Audiobook By Judith C. Hochman, Natalie Wexler, Doug Lemov - foreword cover art 72. The Writing Revolution A Guide to Advancing Thinking Through Writing in All Subjects and Grades By: Judith C. Hochman, Natalie Wexler, Doug Lemov - foreword Will in the World Audiobook By Stephen Greenblatt cover art 73. Will in the World How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare By: Stephen Greenblatt A Lie Too Big to Fail Audiobook By Lisa Pease, James DiEugenio - introduction cover art 74. A Lie Too Big to Fail The Real History of the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy By: Lisa Pease, James DiEugenio - introduction Castaways of the Flying Dutchman Audiobook By Brian Jacques cover art 75. Castaways of the Flying Dutchman By: Brian Jacques Series: Castaways of the Flying Dutchman, Book 1 Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight Audiobook By Alexandra Fuller cover art 76. Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight An African Childhood By: Alexandra Fuller THE NORSE BIBLE Audiobook By Marie Persephone cover art 77. THE NORSE BIBLE Tree Of Creation to Ragnarök End - Learn About Norse Mythology By: Marie Persephone Speak Like Churchill, Stand Like Lincoln Audiobook By James C. Humes cover art 78. Speak Like Churchill, Stand Like Lincoln 21 Powerful Secrets of History's Greatest Speakers By: James C. Humes The Craft of Scene Writing Audiobook By Jim Mercurio cover art 79. The Craft of Scene Writing Beat by Beat to a Better Script By: Jim Mercurio Writing Fiction, Tenth Edition Audiobook By Janet Burroway, Elizabeth Stuckey-French, Ned Stuckey-French cover art 80. Writing Fiction, Tenth Edition A Guide to Narrative Craft By: Janet Burroway, Elizabeth Stuckey-French, Ned Stuckey-French Never Say Never Audiobook By Abiegail Rose cover art 81. Never Say Never An Enemies to Lovers College Romance By: Abiegail Rose Hacking School Discipline Audiobook By Nathan Maynard, Brad Weinstein cover art 82. Hacking School Discipline 9 Ways to Create a Culture of Empathy and Responsibility Using Restorative Justice (Hack Learning Series) By: Nathan Maynard, Brad Weinstein Learning How to Learn Audiobook By Tesia Marshik, The Great Courses cover art 83. Learning How to Learn By: Tesia Marshik, The Great Courses An Early Start for Your Child with Autism Audiobook By Sally J. Rogers PhD, Geraldine Dawson PhD, Laurie A. Vismara PhD cover 84. An Early Start for Your Child with Autism Using Everyday Activities to Help Kids Connect, Communicate, and Learn By: Sally J. Rogers PhD, Geraldine Dawson PhD, Laurie A. Vismara PhD The 7 Principles of Public Speaking Audiobook By Richard Zeoli cover art 85. The 7 Principles of Public Speaking Proven Methods from a PR Professional By: Richard Zeoli Stein on Writing Audiobook By Sol Stein cover art 86. Stein on Writing A Master Editor Shares His Craft, Techniques, and Strategies By: Sol Stein You Are Your Child's First Teacher, Third Edition Audiobook By Rahima Baldwin Dancy cover art 87. You Are Your Child's First Teacher, Third Edition Encouraging Your Child's Natural Development from Birth to Age Six By: Rahima Baldwin Dancy Culturize Audiobook By Jimmy Casas, Salome Thomas-EL cover art 88. Culturize Every Student. Every Day. Whatever It Takes. By: Jimmy Casas, Salome Thomas-EL Rainbow Valley Audiobook By L.M. Montgomery cover art 89. Rainbow Valley By: L.M. Montgomery Series: Anne of Green Gables, Book 7 Mathematics for Human Flourishing Audiobook By Francis Su, Christopher Jackson - contributor cover art 90. Mathematics for Human Flourishing By: Francis Su, Christopher Jackson - contributor The Copywriter's Handbook Audiobook By Robert W. Bly cover art 91. The Copywriter's Handbook A Step-By-Step Guide to Writing Copy That Sells, 4th Edition By: Robert W. Bly What Great Principals Do Differently Audiobook By Todd Whitaker cover art 92. What Great Principals Do Differently 18 Things That Matter Most, Second Edition Brainwashed Audiobook By Ben Shapiro, David Limbaugh - foreword cover art 93. Brainwashed How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth By: Ben Shapiro, David Limbaugh - foreword Mathematical Mindsets Audiobook By Jo Boaler, Carol Dweck - Foreword cover art 94. Mathematical Mindsets Unleashing Students' Potential Through Creative Math, Inspiring Messages and Innovative Teaching By: Jo Boaler, Carol Dweck - Foreword Habits for Happiness at Work Podcast with Dr Tim Sharp cover art 95. Habits for Happiness at Work 10 Steps for Living Your Happiest Work Life Drop the Rock Audiobook By Bill P., Todd W., Sarah S. cover art 96. Drop the Rock Removing Character Defects, Steps Six and Seven (2nd. ed.) By: Bill P., Todd W., Sarah S. Crossroads of Freedom Audiobook By James M. McPherson cover art 97. Crossroads of Freedom Antietam By: James M. McPherson Aviation Instructor's Handbook: FAA-H-8083-9B Audiobook By Federal Aviation Administration cover art 98. Aviation Instructor's Handbook: FAA-H-8083-9B Speak to Win Audiobook By Brian Tracy cover art 99. Speak to Win How to Present with Power in Any Situation By: Brian Tracy The Greek Way Audiobook By Edith Hamilton cover art 100. The Greek Way By: Edith Hamilton Product List American Dreamer: Who Was Jay Gatsby? Audiobook By Blanchard House cover art The Coddling of the American Mind Audiobook By Jonathan Haidt, Greg Lukianoff cover art 2. The Coddling of the American Mind 3. Learn Spanish with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course 4. How to Say It: Words That Make a Difference 5. Prepared 6. Grit 7. How to Release Anxiety 8. On Writing 9. Manifest Now 10. Get Out of Your Head 11. Allen Carr's Easy Way to Quit Smoking 12. Learn French with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course 13. Financial Feminist 14. Think Ahead 16. Frog and Toad Audio Collection 17. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 18. Never Enough 19. Los cuatro acuerdos (Narración en Castellano) [The Four Agreements (Castilian Narration)] 20. Learn Italian with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course 21. Make It Stick 22. Learn Spanish: How To Speak Conversational Spanish Like a MF: 3 Books in 1 23. The Abolition of Man & The Great Divorce 24. Lies My Teacher Told Me, 2nd Edition 25. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 26. Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B 27. Verbal Judo, Updated Edition 28. Easy Spanish Step-by-Step 29. The Cat in the Hat and Other Dr. Seuss Favorites 30. Pimsleur Spanish Level 1 Lessons 1-5 31. Bird by Bird 32. Pre-Suasion 33. The Self-Driven Child 34. Learn Japanese with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course 35. Learn German with Paul Noble for Beginners – Complete Course 36. The Art of Learning 37. Talk Like TED 38. Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat 39. The Montessori Toddler 40. A Swim in a Pond in the Rain 41. Complete Spanish Step-by-Step 42. Learn Spanish While You Sleep & Learn Spanish While Driving in Your Car 43. Smart Brevity 44. The Art of Dark Feminine Seduction: Secrets of Male Psychology - How to Avoid Male Manipulation and Create Obsession Through Being a High-Value Woman 45. The Tale of Despereaux 46. Next Steps in Spanish with Paul Noble for Intermediate Learners – Complete Course 47. Weapons of Mass Instruction 48. Defining Moments in Black History Sale ends in 22d 13h 33m 20s Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle Audiobook By Betty MacDonald cover art 49. Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle By: Betty MacDonald Series: Mrs. Piggle Wiggle 50. Made to Stick 51. I Hate the Ivy League Pippi Longstocking Audiobook By Astrid Lindgren cover art 52. Pippi Longstocking By: Astrid Lindgren Fudge-a-Mania Audiobook By Judy Blume cover art 53. Fudge-a-Mania By: Judy Blume Series: Fudge, Book 4 54. CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Eleventh Edition (Exams 220-1101 & 220-1102) 55. Pivot and Pursue It 56. Pimsleur Italian Level 1 Lessons 1-5 A Bear Called Paddington Audiobook By Michael Bond cover art 57. A Bear Called Paddington By: Michael Bond Series: Paddington, Book 1 58. Story Sackett: The Sacketts Audiobook By Louis L'Amour cover art 59. Sackett: The Sacketts A Novel By: Louis L'Amour Series: The Sacketts, Book 8 The Wee Free Men Audiobook By Terry Pratchett cover art 60. The Wee Free Men By: Terry Pratchett Series: Discworld, Book 30, Discworld: Tiffany Aching, Book 1, Discworld: For Kids, Book 2 61. Who Gets in and Why 62. CompTIA Security+ All-in-One Exam Guide Exam SY0-601 (Sixth Edition) 63. How to Tell a Story 64. Public Speaking for Success Island of the Blue Dolphins Audiobook By Scott O'Dell cover art 65. Island of the Blue Dolphins 66. There's No Such Thing as Bad Weather 67. Dumbing Us Down 68. Art & Fear Save the Cat! Writes a Novel Audiobook By Jessica Brody cover art 69. Save the Cat! Writes a Novel The Last Book on Novel Writing You'll Ever Need By: Jessica Brody Series: Save the Cat! 70. Win Every Argument 71. Permission to Feel 72. The Things Our Fathers Saw 73. Guns, Germs, and Steel 74. (ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide 9th Edition 75. The Call of the Wild and Free The Trumpet of the Swan Audiobook By E. B. White cover art 76. The Trumpet of the Swan By: E. B. White 77. The Science of Storytelling 78. How to Read a Book 79. Smart but Scattered 80. Beyond Good and Evil 81. Teaching from Rest 82. Difficult Conversations 83. English Grammar Boot Camp 84. Pimsleur French Level 1 Lessons 1-5

Here is my list for Ohio's executions that I made for my personal death penalty project. As a fair warning, many of the listed crimes are extremely depraved by nature, and I don't shy away from any of that in my entries. I'll probably do Delaware tomorrow.
The executed 56:

1. Wilford Berry Jr. (1990-1996, lethal injection): Berry and his accomplice shot dead their employer, 52 year old Charles Mitroff, while robbing a bakery they worked at.
2. Jay Scott (~1961-2001, lethal injection): Scott robbed a Deli at gunpoint, and fatally shot the owner, 74 year old Vinnie Price. He also took part in the robbery that killed a security guard, 66 year old Alexander Jones. While on death row, Scott had stabbed another inmate, held two guards hostage with two other death row inmates William Zuern and John Byrd, and set his cell on fire. His childhood was troubled, and had theft convictions dating back to when he was 9 years old.
3. John Byrd (1983-2002, lethal injection): Byrd and his partner robbed a convenience store, and kidnapped the night clerk, 40 year old Monte Tewksbury. Tewksbury was robbed of his wedding ring, wallet, and watch. The pair stabbed him and left Tewksbury for dead as they ran off with the entire register. While mortally wounded, Tewksbury called his wife. She and a customer tended to him until an ambulance arrived, and he succumbed to his injuries en route to the hospital. As mentioned under Jay Scott's section, Byrd assisted him and another death row inmate, William Zuern, in abducting two guards to force demands from the prison staff.
4. Alton Coleman (~1960s-2002, lethal injection): Coleman and his girlfriend went on a nationwide crime spree that involved the abduction murders of at least 8 mostly females and a few males. His verified and speculated victims include 79 year old Eugene Scott, 44 year old Marlene Walters, 30 year old Virginia Temple, 25 year old Donna Williams, 15 year old Tonnie Storey, 9 year old Vernita Wheat, Virginia's 9 year old daughter Rochelle, and 7 year old Tamika Turks. Walters' 45 year old husband and Turks' 9 year old aunt survived the attacks that killed their wife and niece respectively. Most of the killings were done through strangulations and beatings with blunt objects. The murders were very diverse, and they ranged from home invasion robberies, carjackings, abductions through force, and enticements. Before embarking on his killing spree, Coleman had several burglary, theft, and sexual misconduct convictions. Also sentenced to death in the states of Illinois and Indiana.
5. Robert Buell (1981-2002, lethal injection): Buell abducted, raped, and strangled at least three girls, 12 year old Tina Harmon, 11 year old Krista Harrison, and 10 year old Deborah Smith to death. All three of them were lured or pulled into his van by force while walking alone on the sidewalk. Only convicted of Harrison's murder and satisfactorily credited with Smith's death in his lifetime, Buell was posthumously linked to Harmon's murder by a DNA test in 2010. In addition to his 3 verified murders, Buell had sexually assaulted at least two women.
6. Richard Fox (~1983(?)-2003, lethal injection): Fox lured 18 year old Leslie Keckler with the promise of a job interview for his restaurant. He made an attempt to rape Keckler, but strangled and stabbed her 6 times when she fought back. Fox had several complaints of sexual harassment from his staff, a conviction of assaulting another women in circumstances similar to Keckler's murder, and is suspected in the suspicious "suicide" of his estranged wife Kim.
7. David Brewer (1985-2003, lethal injection): Brewer lured Sherry Byrne, the 21 year old wife of a college friend, into a motel room with the promise of selling her stero speakers. He raped Byrne, stabbed her 15 times, and hung her body with a necktie.
8. Ernest Martin (1983-2003, lethal injection): While robbing a drug store with his girlfriend, Martin shot and killed the owner, 70 year old Robert Robinson, with a gun he pickpocketed from a security guard a month earlier.
9. Lewis Williams Jr. (1983-2004, lethal injection): Williams broke into the home of 76 year old Leoma Chmielewski, shot her dead, and stomped on her body. He than ransacked it for anything of value, but none of the reports on hand to me mentioned any items that were stolen.
10. John Roe (1984-2004, lethal injection): Roe abducted 21 year old Donette Crawford in the parking lot of a convenience store, shot her in the back of the head, and drove off with her car and purse.
11. William Wickline (~1971-2004, lethal injection): Wickline strangled and dismembered a married couple, 28 year old Christopher and 25 year old Peggy Lerch, in a dispute over a drug debt. He also was confirmed to have strangled and decapitated a rival drug dealer, 34 year old Charles Marsh, in West Virginia, but was unable to be charged for it due to his death sentence in Ohio. Wickline has been suspected in several other murders, and had previous convictions for burglary, drug dealing, and pimping.
12. William Zuern Jr. (1984-2004, lethal injection): Zuern shot and killed 24 year old Gregory Earls for testifying against his father that was convicted of drug dealing. As he was awaiting trial for Earls' murder, Zuern stabbed Phillip Pence, a 26 year old corrections officer, to death while he was searching his cell for weapons. While on death row, Zuern assisted the above mentioned Jay Scott and John Byrd in kidnapping two guards to extort concessions from the prison staff.
13. Stephen Vrabel (1989-2004, lethal inection): Vrabel fatally shot his 29 year old girlfriend Susan Clemente and their 3 year old daughter Lisa, and stuffed their bodies in a refrigerator for a month. He turned himself and the remains over to the police after confiding his crimes to a priest.
14. Scott Mink (2000-2004, lethal injection): Enraged that his parents, 79 year old William and 72 year old Sheila, stole his car keys to prevent him from seeking out drugs, Mink beat, stabbed, and strangled them with a claw hammer, kitchen knives, and an electrical cord. He then stole their credit cards and used them to buy cocaine.
15. Adremy Dennis (1994-2004, lethal injection): Dennis and his accomplice robbed 29 year old Kurt Kyle of $15 outside a bar and shot him to death.
16. William Smith (1987-2005, lethal injection): Smith and 47 year old Mary Bradford were out dancing at a bar together, and decided to spend the night at her home. Although they initially engaged in consensual sex, Smith raped and stabbed Bradford 10 times when he discovered his cocaine missing. He left Bradford to die of her injuries on her bed, and stole 2 televisions and a stereo set from the home.
17. Herman Ashworth (1996-2005, lethal injection): Ashworth was drinking at a bar with 40 year old Daniel Baker, and the pair walked out together into alley. After Baker allegedly made sexual advances, Ashworth beat him with a board. Baker was kicked to death in the attack, and over $40 was stolen from his wallet.
18. William Williams Jr. (~1976-2005, lethal injection): With the help of his underaged girlfriend, her brother, and two other teenagers, Williams abducted 4 rival drug dealers, 23 year old William Dent, 23 year old Theodore Wynn, 21 year old Alfonda Madison, and 20 year old Eric Howard. The victims were bound, strangled, and shot. After Williams was arrested, he and 3 other men broke out of jail and tried storming the juvenile jail that his accomplices were held at in an attempt to kill them for testifying against him. Although Williams and his accomplices took hostages, they surrendered without issue. Williams also had past convictions of bank robbery, assault, breaking and entering, and cocaine trafficking.
19. John Hicks (1985-2005, lethal injection): In search of money for cocaine, Hicks robbed his mother in law, 56 year old Maxine Armstrong, of $300 and her credit cards, and strangled her to death with his bare hands and clotheslines. To eliminate any witnesses, he smothered his stepdaughter, 5 year old Brandy Green, with a pillow, duct tape, and his hands, and dismembered her body.
20. Glenn Benner II (~1985-2006, lethal injection): Over the course of several months in late 1985 and mid 1986, Benner kidnapped two women, 26 year old Cynthia Sedgwick and 21 year old Trina Bowser, that he was acquainted with. Sedgwick and Bowser were both raped and strangled to death with their own clothes. Benner was also responsible for the non fatal abductions and sexual assaults of at least 3 other women. Two were attacked while jogging and biking, and the third was victimized in her own home.
21. Joseph Clark (~1960-2006, lethal injection): Clark shot dead two clerks, 23 year old David Manning and 21 year old Donald Harris, in the robberies of a convenience store and a gas station. His execution was controversial, as it took the executioners 90 minutes to find his veins. Clark also had an extensive criminal record that dated back to when he was 14 years old, and his previous arrests include burglary, theft, autotheft, and assisting a sexual assault.
22. Rocky Barton (~1991-2006, lethal injection): Barton shot and killed his fourth wife, 44 year old Kimbirli, in front of his daughter and uncle during an argument and turned the gun on himself. He survived with facial disfigurements. Barton had a long history of extreme domestic abuse. In one incident, Barton beat one of his previous wives with the butt of his shotgun, stabbed her, and cut her throat. The former wife survived and Barton served 8 years of incarceration for attempted murder for the attack.
23. Darrell Ferguson (2001-2006, lethal injection): Ferguson stabbed his step-uncle, 61 year old Thomas King, to death and stole two television sets and a radio that were sold to buy cocaine. The next day, Ferguson broke into the home of a couple, 69 year old Mae and 68 year old Arile Fugate, that were his former neighbors, and stabbed and stomped on them to death.
24. Jeffrey Lundgren (1989-2006, lethal injection): Lundgren controlled a splinter group of what is now the Community of Christ church. He orchestrated the abductions of the Avery family (consisting of parents, 49 year old Denis and 46 year old Cheryl, and 3 children, 15 year old Trina, 13 year old Rebecca, and 7 year old Karen), his followers that fell out of Lundgren's favor to due to disputes over finances. The Averys were all lured into a barn, tied up, gagged, and shot in the head as part of a ritualistic sacrifice. Lundgren and his followers also made plans to seize the Kirtland temple from their parent church, but backed out after they embezzled $40,000 for the scheme.
25. James Filiaggi (1993-2007, lethal injection): Filiaggi and his ex wife, 27 year old Lisa Huff, divorced after only 9 months of marriage. He targeted her and her new fiance in a prolonged harassment campaign, which included threats over the telephone and acts of vandalism. The harassment escalated when he assaulted Huff's fiance while he was visiting their daughters. Two days later, Filiaggi chased down Huff from her home to a neighbor's house and shot her dead. He also made an attempt on her stepfather's life as well, but he was fended off with pepper spray.
26. Christopher Newton (2001-2007, lethal injection): Newton was originally incarcerated for burglarizing his father's home. In prison, Newton strangled and asphyxiated his cellmate, 27 year old Jason Brewer, with a sheet and a cloth gag in a fight over a chess game they were playing. Allegedly, Newton licked Brewer's blood off his hands, a detail that he bragged to investigators about. Brewer was also serving time for burglary when he was murdered. Due to Newton's obesity, the executioners had a difficult time finding the veins to administer the fatal drugs to, and thus his execution took over 2 hours to complete.
27. Richard Cooey II (1986-2007, lethal injection): Cooey's teenage friend was throwing concrete off a bridge, and one piece struck a car that two college students, 21 year old Wendy Offredo and 20 year old Dawn McCreery, were riding in. Cooey, the teenage friend, and another friend drove by Offredo and McCreery's wrecked car, and enticed the two women into their vehicle with the promise of helping them. Cooey held the pair at knifepoint and tied them both up. He and his teenage accomplice raped, stabbed, and beat Offredo and McCreery with a billy club over the course of a 3 hour long assault, while his third friend backed out. The attack ended when Cooey and his accomplice strangled Offredo and McCreery to death with their shoelaces.
28. Gregory Bryant-Bey (1992-2008, lethal injection): Bryant-Bey stabbed 48 year old Dale Pinkelman in the chest while robbing his Collectibles store, and murdered 61 year old Peter Mihas while robbing his restaurant in a similar fashion. He stripped both Pinkelman and Mihas of their pants and socks, and stole Pinkelman's car.
29. Daniel Wilson (1991-2008, lethal injection): Wilson abducted a friend, 24 year old Carol Lutz, while they were drinking at a bar together. According to prosecutors, the kidnapping was motivated by Wilson's anger at Lutz rejecting his advances. He locked her in the trunk of his car, and set it on fire with Lutz trapped inside it.
30. John Fautenberry (1984-2009, lethal injection): Across the states of Alaska, New Jersey, Ohio, and possibly Oregon, Fautenberry murdered 4 men, 47 year old Don Nuttley, 45 year old Joseph Daron, Jr., 39 year old Jeff Diffee, and 27 year old Gary Farmer, and one woman, 32 year old Christine Guthrie. The victims were all individuals that Fautenberry picked up as he was working as a truck driver. Most of his killings were done through shootings, but one victim was stabbed 18 times. Fautenberry then robbed their bodies, usually taking money, but his theft of an ATM card proved to be his downfall when he used it after a victim was reported missing.
31. Marvallous Keene (1992-2009, lethal injection): In a 3 day crime spree, Keene and his accomplices murdered 6 people between the ages of 16 to 38. Half of the victims, 38 year old Sarah Abraham, 34 year old Joseph Wilkerson, and 18 year old Danita Gullette, were shot dead in robberies. The remaining half, 19 year old Richmond Maddox, 18 year old Marvin Washington, and 16 year old Wendy Cottrill were shot and killed by Keene's gang out of fear of them being police informants.
32. Jason Getsy (~1992-2009, lethal injection): Gesty and 2 other men were hired by a landscaping contractor to kill a business rival. They tracked down the rival in his home, and shot him and his mother, 66 year old Ann Serafino. Serafino died on the scene, while her son survived his injuries. Getsy also had a negligent homicide conviction when a 14 year old friend was killed playing Russian Roulette with him.
33. Kenneth Biros (1991-2009, lethal injection): While partying at a bar with her uncle, 22 year old Tami Engstrom became heavily intoxicated, and Biros offered to give her a ride to help sober up. He took advantage of an inebriated Engstrom, and beat and strangled her to death. Biros then sexually mutilated and dismembered her body. Pieces of it were scattered all across Northeastern Ohio and Northwestern Pennsylvania.
34. Vernon Smith (1993-2010, lethal injection): Smith and his accomplices held up a convenience store and forced the owner Sohail Darwish, a 28 year old Palestinian immigrant, to open the register. Despite Darwish complying with his demands, Smith shot him dead. He and his accomplices stole $400 in cash and $50 in food stamps.
35. Mark Brown (1994-2010, lethal injection): Brown and a partner walked into a store owned by a family of Arab immigrants to buy cigarettes. They shot the two shopkeepers present, 32 year old Hayder Al Tuyrk and 30 year old Isam Salman, dead.
36. Lawrence Reynolds (1994-2010, lethal injection): Reynolds broke into the home of 67 year old Loretta Foster while he was drunk. He tied her up, beat her with a tent pole, and made an attempt to rape her. Foster was then strangled to death with rope, and Reynolds stole $40 and a blank check from her home. Foster had previously babysat some of Reynolds' younger siblings.
37. Darryl Durr (~1988-2010, lethal injection): Durr kidnapped 16 year old Angel Vincent from her home while her parents were away. Vincent was tied up, raped and strangled to death with a dog chain. Durr was a serial sex offender, and had two other rape convictions that enabled the investigators to link him to Vincent's murder.
38. Michael Beuke (~1983-2010, lethal injection): Beuke abducted and robbed 3 men that picked him hitchhiking. He shot all 3 of his victims, but only 27 year old Robert Craig was immediately killed. Another victim, 28 year old Gregory Wahoff, was crippled for life, and died in 2006 from complications relating to his injuries. Allegedly, Beuke committed the robberies to pay for a lawyer for a then upcoming trial against drug trafficking charges.
39. William Garner (1992-2010, lethal injection): Garner was robbing the home of a woman who undergoing treatment at the emergency room. Her children, 13 year old Rodriczus Mack, 12 year old Denitra Satterwhite, 10 year old Deondra Freeman, and 8 year old Mykkila Mason, her niece, 11 year old Markeca Mason, and Rodriczus' friend, 11 year old Richard Gaines, were all sleeping in their beds. To eliminate witnesses, Garner used the electronic outlets to set the house on fire. Almost all the children, save for Rodriczus, were burned to death.
40. Roderick Davie (1991-2010, lethal injection): Davie stormed a veterinary company that he was fired from months earlier. He fired on 3 of this coworkers, and killed one, 38 year old John Coleman, and wounded another. When he ran out of bullets, he grabbed a folding chair, and used it to beat another coworker, 21 year old Tracey Jefferys, to death. The wounded third coworker was beaten and poked in the eye with a stick, but was spared when Davie fled the scene.
41. Michael Benge (1993-2010, lethal injection): Benge beat his girlfriend, 38 year old Judith Gabbard, to death with a tire iron while they were arguing. In an attempt to deflect attention from himself, he gave her ATM card to some random men, and told investigators that she was robbed and killed by them.
42. Frank Spisak Jr. (1982-2011, lethal injection): An aspiring Neo Nazi, Spisak shot 3 black men and boys and a white man he mistook for being Jewish, in his personal campaign to cleanse minorities. 3 of the victims, 57 year old Horace Rickerson, 50 year old Timothy Sheehan, and 17 year Brian Warford were killed, and the 4th victim, 55 year old John Hardaway survived his injuries. Spisak also fired on a woman for making derisive comments about the Nazi party, but she escaped unharmed.
43. Johnnie Baston (1982-2011, lethal injection): During an armed robbery of a sporting goads store, Baston shot the owner Chong-Hoon Mah, a 53 year old South Korean immigrant, dead and emptied the cash register.
44. Clarence Carter (~1983-2011, lethal injection): Carter shot and killed Michael Hadnot (age unknown), a drug user that stole drugs and incriminating documents, on the behest of his drug gang. While awaiting trial for Hadnot's murder, Carter got into a fight with another inmate, 33 year old Johnny Allen, and beat and stomped on him to death. Carter had a violent criminal history, which included several assault charges.
45. Daniel Bedford (1984-2011, lethal injection): Furious at her rejections of rekindling their former relationship, Bedford fatally shot his ex girlfriend, 25 year old Gwen Toepfert, and her boyfriend, 27 year old John Smith, in their apartment.
46. Reginald Brooks Sr. (1982-2011, lethal injection): To get back at his estranged wife for filing for divorce, Brooks shot their 3 sons, 17 year old Reginald Jr., 15 year old Vaughn, and 11 year old Niarchos as they were sleeping in their beds. Family accounts mentioned that Brooks was often violent with his sons and ex wife. In one reported incident just two weeks before the murders, Brooks got into an altercation with two of his sons over homework, and he threatened their lives after they subdued him.
47. Mark Wiles (~1983-2011, lethal injection): Wiles worked as a part time farm hand for couple Charles and Carol Klimas. He was fired after they suspected him of stealing $200. A year after he was let go, Wiles broke into their farm to rob it, and found himself confronted by Mark, the Kilmas' 15 year old son. He stabbed the boy 24 times, stole $240 from the home, and left the body for his parents to find. Wiles served a 4 to 24 year sentence for an unrelated burglary after he was fired by the Kilmas, but was released shortly before he murdered Mark.
48. Donald Palmer (1989-2012, lethal injection): Palmer had set his sights on robbing 43 year old Charles Sponhaltz, a former boyfriend of his ex wife. As he and his accomplice were staking out Sponhaltz's house, his accomplice ran into Sponhaltz's car as he was pulling in. The three got into an argument and shot him dead. Palmer also fatally shot a random driver, 41 year old Steven Vargo, when he pulled over to see what the commotion was all about.
49. Brett Hartman (1997-2012, lethal injection): Hartman had a sexual relationship with 46 year old Winda Snipes. When she refused intercourse at her apartment, he bound Snipes to her own bed, stabbed her 138 times with a butcher knife, and cut her hands off.
50. Frederick Treesh (1994-2013, lethal injection): Treesh and his accomplices carried out a heist on an Ohio adult bookstore. As they were binding the customers and employees, the security guard, 58 year old Henry Dupree resisted and was shot dead by them. A second victim, the cashier, was also hit by gunfire, but he managed to live through his wounds. Days earlier, they held up a Michigan video store owned by 39 year old Ghassan Danno and his brother, a pair of Iraqi immigrants. The group shot both of the brothers during the robbery. Danno was killed and his brother survived his injuries. Treesh's crime spree also included several bank robberies and sexual assaults.
51. Steven Smith (1998-2013, lethal injection): In his apartment, Smith raped Autumn Carter, his girlfriend's 6 month old daughter, and suffocated her with a pillow.
52. Harry Mitts Jr. (1994-2013, lethal injection): Mitts was enraged that his black neighbor, 28 year old John Bryant, was seeing a white woman, and shot him to death in front of his girlfriend when they returned home from grocery shopping. He also shot and killed a police officer, 40 year old Dennis Glivar, that responded to the scene. Glivar's colleagues wounded and subdued Mitts in the following shootout.
53. Dennis McGuire (1989-2014, lethal injection): McGuire kidnapped a pregnant woman, 22 year old Joy Stewart, as she was walking to visit the home of a friend's mother, and sodomized her. He strangled and cut Stewart's throat, and dumped her body in the woods where it was found by hikers. His execution was controversial, as witnesses recounted him gasping for air and that his death lasted for 25 minutes rather than the planned 8 minutes. McGuire had other convictions unrelated to Stewart's murder, but the details were kept vague in my sources.
54. Ronald Phillips (1993-2017, lethal injection): Philips molested and physically assaulted Sheila Evans, his girlfriend's 3 year old daughter, on numerous occasions. The girl's mother assisted him in the abuse and even pinned her down to be raped in a few of the incidents. Evans was killed when her head was slammed against a wall.
55. Gary Otte (1992-2017, lethal injection): In the span of a day, Otte broke into the apartments of 61 year old Robert Wasikowsk and 45 year old Sharon Kostura, and shot them dead. He stole a combined total of $470 dollars, Kostura's car keys, and her checkbook.
56. Robert Van Hook (~1975-2018, lethal injection): Van Hook went to a bar popular among Cincinnati's gay residents, and seduced 25 year old David Self. He convinced Self to take him back to his apartment on the pretenses of hooking up. When they were inside, Van Hook strangled Self, sliced open his body with a kitchen knife, stuffed the weapon and a cigarette butt inside it, and took off with Self's jewelry. Van Hook had been robbing and assaulting homosexual men since he was 15, which undermined his gay panic defense for Self's murder.

After I covered California and Illinois in this sub this week, I decided to post my already written execution rosters for every sates that were made for my personal project on post 1970s death penalty cases in the United States. In this post, I'm going to combine every state that has executed less then 10 offenders (New Mexico, Connecticut, Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, Montana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Nebraska, Washington, Maryland, South Dakota, and Utah), as they don't have enough content to warrant their own separate pages.
New Mexico

1. Terry Clark (2001, lethal injection): Clark kidnapped 9 year old Dena Gore while she was out ridding her bike to a connivence store. Clark shot Gore after sexually abusing her, and then dumped her body in a ranch he worked. He was previously charged with the abduction and rape of a 6 year old girl, and was out on bond for that crime when he abducted Gore. Due to waiving his appeals, Clark was the only New Mexican death row inmate to have their sentence carried out before the state abolished capital punishment in 2009.

Connecticut

1. Micheal Ross (2005, lethal injection): Ross murdered 8 teenage girls and women, Dzung Ngoc Tu [a 25 year old Vietnamese immigrant], 23 year old Debra Taylor, 19 year old Robin Stavinsky, 17 year old Tammy Williams, 17 year old Wendy Baribeault, 16 year old Paula Perrera, 14 year old April Brunais, and 14 year old Leslie Shelley, after kidnapping them through force or picked up while hitchhiking. After their abductions, his victims were raped and strangled to death. Ross was the sole offender to be executed by Connecticut before the state's 2012 repeal of the death penalty due to volunteering.

Colorado

1. Gary Davis (1997, lethal injection): Davis and his wife abducted their neighbor, 34 year old Virginia May, in front of May's children. They took her to a remote and deserted field to be raped. He then shot May 14 times with his rifle. Davis was a long standing sexual predator and petty criminal, and by his own admission, he abused over 15 women. He also had several fencing, harassment, and burglary convictions. His wife was also a registered sex offender and was given a life sentence for her involvement in the murder.

Wyoming

1. Mark Hopkinson (1992, lethal injection): Hopkinson tossed a bomb into the home of Vincent Vehar, a 67 year old attorney he was feuding over water rights with. The attack killed Vehar, his 51 year old wife Beverley, and their 18 year old son John. He also abducted a former accomplice, 21 year old Jeffrey Green, burned his eye out and other parts of his body 140 times with a cigarette lighter, and shot him to death. Prior to his own death at Hopkinson's hands, Green was suspected of taking part in the killing of a 15 year old girl.

Oregon:

1. Douglas Wright (1992, lethal injection): Wright's first murders was when he gunned down 71 year old Margaret Rosenberry, and her granddaughter 27 year old Gail Snelling, and abducted Snelling's 5 year old son. Despite molesting the boy, he released him, and surrendered to authorities. After he was paroled, Wright went on to kidnap 10 year old Luke Tredway while he was walking home from a friend's house. Wright brought Tredway to his apartment, raped him, and shot him dead. He also lured 4 homeless men, 37 year old William Davis, 31 year old Anthony Nelson, 27 year old Anthony Barker, and 23 year old William Marks with the promise of work and alcohol, and shot them all in the head. Wright volunteered for execution and thus one of two offenders that Oregon has executed prior to its moratorium.
2. Harry Moore (1997, lethal injection): Moore went to the residences of his half sister, 53 year old Barbara Cunningham, and her ex husband, 60 year old Thomas Lauri, and shot them dead. Cunningham and Lauri's daughter was also Moore's estranged wife, and he feared that the former couple would take her to Los Vegas for a life of prostitution. Like Wright, Moore volunteered for execution.

Montana

1. Duncan McKenzie (1995, lethal injection): McKenzie abducted Lana Harding, a 23 year old school teacher, and murdered her by beating and asphyxiation. He is also suspected in the murder of 15 year old Debra Prety and had prior convictions of assaulting women.
2. Terry Langford (1998, lethal injection): Langford broke in the home of married couple, 48 year old Celene and 46 year old Ned Blackwood. He tied both of them up, shot Ned in the head, shot Celene in the ear and slit her throat with a bowie knife, and stole their truck as a getaway vehicle. While incarcerated, Langford stabbed an unidentified inmate to death during a prison riot.
3. David Dawson (2006, lethal injection): Dawson abducted the Rodstein family (consisting of parents, 39 year old David and 39 year old Monica, and two children, 15 year old Amy and 11 year Andrew) at gunpoint. He forced them into their hotel room, bound and gagged the family with duct tape, and stole money from their wallets. Over the course of a two day captivity, Dawson fatally strangled David, Monica, and Andrew, and left Amy as the sole survivor.

Kentucky

1. Harold McQueen Jr. (1997, electric chair): McQueen, his brother, and his girlfriend held up a Mini Mart store after a day long drug and drinking binge. Despite the clerk, 22 year old Rebecca O'Hearn, following his demands of emptying the cash register, McQueen shot her in the face twice at point blank range.
2. Edward Harper (1997, lethal injection): To collect their life insurance policies, Harper shot and killed his adoptive parents Alice (age unknown) and Edward Sr. (age unknown) in their own home.
3. Marco Chapman (2008, lethal injection): Chapman arrived at the home of his married girlfriend, 37 year old Carolyn Marksberry, and she let him inside. Upon entry, Chapman robbed Carolyn of her credit cards at knifepoint, and bound her to her bed. Chapman raped Carolyn and stabbed her 15 times in the stomach. He redirected his attention towards her children, and stabbed her 7 year old daughter Chelbi and 6 year old son Cody to death, and wounded her 10 year old daughter Courtney. Both Carolyn and Courtney survived the attack by playing dead. Chapman was also a career criminal, and had a bank robbery conviction prior to the Marksberry murders.

Pennsylvania

1. Keith Zettlemoyer (1995, lethal injection): Zettlemoyer abducted his friend 29 year old Charles DeVetsco, who was planning on testifying against him in a robbery trial. He brought DeVetsco in a remote wooded area, and shot him 5 times in the presence of nearby police officers.
2. Leon Moser (1995, lethal injection): Moser had a long history of being physically abusive to his ex wife, 35 year old Linda Moser. A year after their divorce, he got into a heated argument with Linda when she was dropping off their daughters, 14 year old Donna and 10 year old Joanne, for a visit at his house. Moser wanted to take his daughters to his parents', which Linda adamantly opposed. In act of rage, Moser shot all 3 of them dead.
3. Gary Heidnik (1999, lethal injection): To fulfill his fantasies of having a "harem" of submissive sex slaves, Heidnik abducted 6 women between the ages of 18 to 25, and kept them all in his basement. Most of Heidnik's victims were prostitutes he lured with the promise of payment or disabled women he groomed. Heidnik tortured his prisoners relentlessly with electric shocks, screw drivers, and beatings, as he believed that torture was the key to "teaching" women obedience. Two of the victims, 24 year old Sandra Lindsay and 23 year old Deborah Dudley, succumbed to their injuries, and their bodies were dismembered, and allegedly fed to other captives. Heidnik had a long history of domestic abuse and sexual predations, and was previously institutionalized for abducting and raping a sister of one of his ex girlfriends. He also shot and lightly wounded a man, one of his tenants, in a minor dispute over noise.

Idaho

1. Keith Wells (1999, lethal injection): Wells broke into a pub and beat two of the workers, 23 year old John Justad and 20 year old Brandi Rain, to death with a baseball bat. When asked about his motives for the killings, Wells simply replied that "it was time for them to die." He had an extensive record for theft, vandalism and drug possession, and was first arrested at the age of 15.
2. Paul Rhoades (2011, lethal injection): Rhoades was responsible for the abductions of at least two women, 34 year old Susan Michelbacher and 21 year old Stacy Baldwin, and one man, 20 year old Nolan Haddon. His victims were shot to death after they were robbed. One victim in particular, Michelbacher, was raped by Rhoades while she was alive and he engaged in necrophila with her corpse. Authorities believe that Rhoades might have also committed 3 other killings in Utah and Wyoming, but his involvement in those cases have yet to be verified.
3. Richard Leavitt (2012, lethal injection): Leavitt broke into the apartment of 31 year old Danette Elg, and assaulted her while she was in bed. He stabbed Elg 15 times, and mutilated her vagina.

Nebraska

1. Harold Otey (1994, electric chair): Otey forced his way into the home that 26 year old Jane McManus shared with her sister. He attempted to rape her, but McManus fought back. During the struggle, Otey stabbed McManus and overpowered her. Once she surrendered to him, Otey raped MacManus, forced her to pull money out of her drawers, and then stabbed, bludgeoned with a hammer, and strangled her with a belt.
2. John Joubert (1996, electric chair): Joubert ambushed three boys, 13 year old Danny Eberle, 12 year old Christopher Walden, and 11 year old Richard Stetson, while they were walking alone in parks and streets. All the victims were bound with shoe laces and rope, and their bodies showed signs of sexual assault, stranglations, stabbings, and had bite marks on them. Being a sexual sadist, Joubert had a long history of violence before his killing sprees. As a young boy, he non fatally stabbed a 13 year old girl and a 27 year old woman.
3. Robert Williams (1997, electric chair): Over the course of a 3 day rampage, Williams kidnapped 4 women, 51 year Virginia Rowe, 25 year old Catherine Brooks, 25 year old Patricia McGarry, and an unidentified railroad worker from their homes and work. All 4 women were raped and shot, and only the railroad worker survived the attacks.
4. Carey Moore (2018): Moore and his younger brother carjacked a cab driver, 47 year old Reuel van Ness, and tried to rob him. van Ness reached for his gun, and Moore reacted by shooting him to death. He and his brother drove away in van Ness' cab. Shortly afterwards, Moore waved down Maynard Helgeland, another 47 year old cab driver. To test his "bravery", Moore also gunned down Helgeland.

Washington

1. Westley Dodd (1993, hanging): Dodd was a prolific pedophile who started molesting children in his early teens. Over the course of his life, his crimes grew more and more violent, and escalated to the boiling point when he abducted two brothers, 11 year old Cole and 10 year old William Neer while they were playing in a park. He bound the boys to a tree, sodomized them both, and stabbed the pair to death. He then abducted 4 year old Lee Iseli, molested him in his apartment, and hung the boy with a rope. A month after Iseli's murder, Dodd tried to kidnap a 6 year old boy from a movie theater, but was subdued by the boyfriend of the would be victim's mother.
2. Charles Campbell (1994, hanging): In 1974, Campbell broke into the home of then 23 year old Renae Wicklund. He forced her to perform sex acts on him by threatening to kill her (at the time) infant daughter Shannah. Although Campbell was immediately arrested and sentenced to 40 years for the assault on Wicklund, he was able to be released from prison on good behavior in 1981. After his release, Campbell yet again broke into Wicklund's home, and he stabbed her, the now 8 year old Shannah, and a neighbor, 51 year old Barbara Hendrickson, to death. On the same day of his killing spree, Campbell also attempted to rape another woman.
3. Jeremy Sagastegui (1998, lethal injection): Sagastegui molested, beat, stabbed, and drowned 3 year old Kievan Sarbacher in the bathtub while he was babysitting him. He then waited for the boy's 21 year old mother Melissa and her friend, 27 year old Lisa Vera-Acevedo, to return to the residence, and shot them both dead.
4. James Ellerdege (2001, lethal injection): Elledge was a long time career criminal who had a history of robberies and abductions, and was incarcerated and paroled several times in his life. His first murder was in 1974, when he beat his landlady, 63 year old Barbara Lush, with a ball point hammer in a dispute over a bill. His second occured in 1998, a few years after he was released from prison. Elledge lured 47 year old Eloise Fitzner and her 39 year old friend into a church with promise of a bible study, and tied them both up. He strangled and stabbed Fritzner in the neck, but spared her friend after a sexual assault.
5. Cal Brown (2010, lethal injection): Brown kidnapped 21 year old Holly Washa from a hotel parking lot. He brought Washa to a nearby motel room, bound her to the bed, and raped and abused her over the course of a two day period. The attack ended when Brown stabbed and slit Washa's throat, and left her to die in the trunk of her car that was abandoned in another parking lot.

Maryland

1. John Thanos (1994, lethal injection): Thanos, while he was out on parole, went on a crime spree. He began by robbing several gas stations and cab drivers. His crimes escalated when Thanos waved down 18 year old Greg Taylor while he was out hitchhiking. Thanos intended to tie Taylor to a tree to steal his car, but Taylor resisted and got shot 3 times in the head. After killing him, he stole Taylor's car and identity, and left his body near the side of the road. Thanos went to a convenience store, and entrusted the clerk, 16 year old Billy Winebrenner, with his father's watch while he was robbing another convenience store. During the first convenience store robbery, he shot the clerk, though the man survived his injuries. When he returned to Winebrenner's store, Thanos was enraged that the boy lost the watch, and shot both him and his girlfriend, 14 year old Melody Pistorio, twice in the head after forcing them to withdraw money from the register. Thanos had a history of sexual misconduct towards women, which included a 1969 rape conviction and several incidents of indecent exposures. He was also in and out of prison for various petty crimes ever since he was a child.
2. Flint Hunt (1997, lethal injection): Hunt fatally shot a police officer, 25 year old Vincent Adolfo, who pulled him over for stealing a car.
3. Tyrone Gilliam Jr. (1998, lethal injection): Gilliam, his brother, and a friend carjacked and abducted 21 year old Christine Doerfler. They forced her to withdraw money from an ATM, and then shot her in the head.
4. Steven Oken (2004, lethal injection): Oken's first victim was 20 year old Dawn Garvin, whom he raped with a condiment bottle and shot in the head in her own bedroom. He left the body for Garvin's father to find. His second victim was his wife's sister, 43 year old Patricia Hirt. Oken raped and shot her dead when Hirt stopped by his home for a visit. He dumped Hirt's corpse near a highway pass, and fled with her car. While on the run, he raped and shot 25 year old Lori Ward at a motel were she worked as a desk clerk.
5. Wesley Baker (2005, lethal injection): Baker held 49 year old Jane Tyson in a mall parking lot at gunpoint while she was getting into her car with her grandchildren. He demanded Tyson to hand over her purse to him, but he shot her in the head before she was able to respond.

South Dakota

1. Elijah Page (2007, lethal injection): Page and two accomplices abducted their "friend", 19 year old Chester Poage, at gunpoint while robbing his family home when Poage's mother and sister were away on vacation. They beat Poage, tied him to a chair, and poured acid down his throat. Deciding that they didn't want any witnesses, the trio forced Poage into his car, and drove him to a remote creek. He was then beaten, stabbed, partially drowned, and finally killed by a blow to the head with a rock. One of Page's two accomplices was also condemned, and he currently remains as South Dakota's only death row inmate.
2. Eric Robert (2012, lethal injection): In an attempt to escape from the South Dakota State Penitentiary, Robert and Rodney Berget jumped a corrections officer, 62 year old Ronald Johnson. Johnson was beaten with a pipe and suffocated with plastic wrapping tied around his head. Robert was previously incarcerated for the abduction of an 18 year old girl.
3. Donald Moeller (2012, lethal injection): Moeller accosted 9 year old Becky O'Connell while she was walking to a grocery store alone and lured her into his truck. He then molested the girl and slit her throat. Moeller was a chronic sexual predator, and had a history of victimizing women and boys alike. Some of those incidents date back to his early teens. He also had a handful of convictions for theft.
4. Roger Berget (2018, lethal injection): Berget was an accomplice to the previously mentioned Eric Robert, and he assisted him in beating and suffocating Johnson to death in a prison breakout attempt. He had a long history of thefts, assaults, and attempted kidnappings prior to Johnson's murder. His older brother Roger was also executed for murder by the state of Oklahoma
5. Charles Rhines (2019, lethal injection): After he was fired from a donut shop, Rines decide to rob his former workplace. As he was clearing the register, an employee, 22 year old Donnivan Schaefer, walked in on him. Rines stabbed Schaefer in the stomach, and the latter tried making a deal that he will keep silent on the crime in exchange for being taken to the hospital. Scheafer's pleas were ignored, as Rines tied him up and continued stabbing him until he was dead. His execution sparked some controversy, as Rhines claimed that he was condemned by the state solely for his homosexuality.

Utah

1. Gary Gilmore (1977, firing squad): Gilmore robbed a gas station and a motel, and killed an employee present at each attack. A gas station attendant, 24 year old Max Jensen, and the motel's manager, 25 year old Bennie Bushnell, were both forced by Gilmore to lay on the ground. Bushnell and Jensen were then murdered by a gunshot to the head. Gilmore is a crucial figure in the history of American death penalty laws, as it was his legendary campaigning for his own execution that contributed to the reinstatement of capital punishment after its nationwide ban in 1972. He is also the first person to be executed after the death penalty was relegalized. He had a long criminal history starting at the age of 14, and was arrested several times for theft and armed robbery.
2. Dale Pierre (1987, lethal injection): One of the Hi Fi killers, Pierre and two other Airmen took 3 employees of a Hi Fi store (20 year old Stanley Walker, 18 year old Sherry Ansley, and 16 year old Byron Naisbitt) and two of their family members (Stanley's 43 year old father Orren and Byron's 52 year old mother Carol) hostage. He and his accomplices tortured their captives with pen stabbings into ears, shoved drano down their throats, and then shot them repeatedly. One hostage, Ansley, was raped by Pierre before being murdered by him. 3 of the hostages (Stanley, Ansley, and Carol) succumbed to gunshot and torture wounds, while the survivors (Byron and Orren) suffered from lifelong debilitations from their injuries.
3. Arthur Bishop (1988, lethal injection): A habitual child predator, Bishop abducted, molested, and murdered 5 boys, 13 year old Graeme Cunningham, 11 year old Claude Peterson, 6 year old Troy Ward, 4 year old Alonzo Daniels, and 4 year old Danny Davis. Bishop killed his victims through beatings, drownings in bathtubs, and shootings.
4. William Andrews (1992, lethal injection): The second Hi Fi killer, Andrews assisted Pierre in the torture and killings of 3 employees and their family members, and crippling the 2 remaining survivors while robbing a Hi-Fi store.
5. John Taylor (1996, firing squad): Taylor broke into the apartment of 11 year old Charla King, and raped and strangled her with a telephone cord in her own bedroom. He had a long history of violence and predations. More specifically, he molested several young girls (including his own younger sister) and stabbed his stepfather in his early teens.
6. Joseph Parsons (1999, lethal injection): A career criminal with a history of drug possession and robbery convictions, Parsons broke out of prison while serving time for armed robbery. He was picked up by 30 year old Richard Ernest while traveling across a Californian desert. Parsons then stabbed Ernest to death after stopping in Utah, and stole his identity, clothes, and car. After Parsons was recaptured, the case attracted national attention when he claimed that he killed Ernest to protect himself from unwanted sexual advances. Parsons gained a reputation as an anti gay crusader in the media from it.
7. Ronnie Gardner (2010, firing squad): While robbing a tavern, Gardner shot the bartender, 37 year old Melvyn Otterstrom dead in a cocaine fueled rage. As he was on trial for Otterstrom's murder, Gardner also killed his defense attorney, 36 year old Michael Burdell, in a botched escape attempt with a smuggled revolver.

Hip Hip Hooray! The fightplan returns with a serious bang as we have a look at the career and build a fightplan for boxing's biggest names, underrated talents and former greats as the series fires back in to life, just like the career of...
'AJ' Anthony Joshua
Born in Watford, Hertfordshire on 15 October 1989, Anthony Oluwafemi Olaseni Joshua, the son of Nigerian Yeta Olusenya and Robert Joshua of Nigerian and Irish descent would never have imagined the fame and accolades he would be achieving today. His parents lived in a council flat on the Meriden Estate, trying to build a stable life in England before traveling back to Nigeria where Anthony would spend a lot of his childhood. He attended a private boarding school in Ikenne, Nigeria up until Year 7, when his parents divorced and Anthony and his mother headed back to England. Anthony would attend King's Langley High School in Hemel Hempstead, where he would excel in sports, in particular football and athletics as he broke his school's 100m record at a time of 11.6 seconds. Becaming known as 'Femi' to his friends, deriving from his middle name, he would finish his education and work for a few months as a bricklayer, before being recommended by his cousin, Ben 'Bengo' Ileyemi to attend the boxing gym, and he joined the respected Finchley ABC aged 18.
This started a blossoming amateur career, where he would twice win the prestigious Haringey Box Cup in 2009 and 2010 beating many of the best junior amateurs across the UK before twice capturing gold at the senior ABA championships in 2010 and 2011, earning himself a call up to Team GB. But this opportunity almost evaporated, as the embattled youngster got caught on a charge of 'possession of intent to supply a class B drug' after being when with eight ounces of herbal cannabis when being pulled over for a speeding offence. Joshua plead guilty, and agreed to wear and ankle tag for 8 months, to 'give up his past life' and agree to do 100 hours of unpaid work referred to as 'community service' to avoid a long jail stint, potentially up to 14 years as Joshua began to get his priorities in order.
After his success at the ABA championships, he turned down an offer £50,000 to turn professional in order to represent Team GB at the London 2012 Olympics, out of loyalty of his coaches, believing he would only succeed as pro if he could 'rule as an amateur' and that 'money wasn't the motivation then, I wanted the medals!'. Despite getting a silver medal at the world championships in Baku a few months earlier, Joshua was still a relative novice going in to the Olympics compared to many of his counterparts. He received a tough draw, facing the feared Cuban Erislandy Savón a well schooled and hard hitting heavyweight, known for the being nephew of former 3 time Olympic Gold medalist Felix Savón. Savón started well, dictating the range and countering well, as Joshua tried to force the pace but struggled with Savón's quick feet and pot shots. Joshua won a close and contentious decision that some continue to hold against him. He go on to knock down Zhang Zhilei with a short left hook, and defeat Kazakh Ivan Dychko to secure his place in the final. After tough first round, Joshua come back to win a well contested battle to secure the gold medal on a count-back, and despite being awarded with an MBE, Joshua was still debating his move in to the pros after the debated decision until a meeting with Eddie Hearn, forging a 'close friendship and very strong trust' in each other.
He started his career in explosive fashion, winning all of his first 14 bouts inside 3 rounds, including wins over Kevin Johnson and winning the Commonwealth title with a fifth 1st round knockout of Gary Cornish, leading to a huge British title fight with former amateur rival Dillian Whyte, as he won an entertaining battle with a mostly dominant performance as he stopped Whyte with a 7th round uppercut. This proved to be the catalyst for the step up to world level as he won the IBF World title demolishing Charles Martin in 2 rounds and defeating Dominic Breazeale and Éric Molina before his huge unification with Wladimir Klitschko in of the UK's biggest sporting events as he won the WBA and IBO titles in front of 90,000 at Wembley Stadium after a thrilling battle and one of the greatest ring walks of recent years. This victory led to 'AJ fever' erupting around the UK as his stardom skyrocketed, securing his 20th straight stoppage of Carlos Takam and capturing the WBO world title over Joseph Parker, going a 'vital' 12 rounds. Aiming to capitalise on his popularity, Joshua was set for another Wembley Stadium clash but after a rematch with Dillian Whyte couldn't be agreed, he headed stateside to face Jarell Miller, but after a heated build up Miller failed 3 drugs tests a month out from the fight, leaving late replacement Andy Ruiz Jr. to step in. While many outside of boxing circles didn't know of Ruiz and lambasted his physical appearance and pre fight antics, those in the know knew Ruiz as a dangerous opponent from humble beginnings with a huge determination after narrowly falling short against Joseph Parker. After a strong start and 3rd round knockdown, Joshua opened up for the finish but got rocked from Ruiz's fast hands and struggled to recover until ultimately unravelling with 2 7th round knockdowns forcing TKO upset win for Ruiz. After much debate from the media about his mental state and questioned if he'd retire stemming from short lived retirement 2 years prior, Joshua returned as challenger for the rematch, this time in the emerging market of Saudi Arabia. Joshua would box a defensive and disciplined fight to all but shutout a below par Ruiz in a mostly lacklustre contest. He'd faced adversity again however, after another highly critiqued loss over Oleksandr Usyk with allegations of being 'caught between styles' and 'overly cautious' after a convincing decision loss leading to his split from long time trainer Rob McCracken. After another rematch again in Saudi Arabia, Joshua lost again in a closer but still conclusive defence for Usyk, leading to mini meltdown from Joshua as he struggled to come to terms with his back to back losses, media pressures and business and commercial obligations.
After searching the globe for a trainer to bring back 'The Old AJ' many had been calling for, he returned with Derrick James to face Jermaine Franklin and Robert Helenius where he again employed a patient approach with success, before a move to Ben Davison saw an impressive victory and first stoppage loss for Otto Wallin leading up to his most recent bout, taking out MMA star Francis Ngannou with a huge straight right hand one punch KO in the second round to potentially set up an undisputed bout, whether it be a trilogy with Usyk or a massive long in making all UK affair with Tyson Fury with the compare and contrast bouts with former opponents of Klitschko, Whyte, Wallin and Ngannou only adding to the anticipation, 2024 looks to be the year of Joshua whatever is to come.
​
Joshua
​
Whatever the reason, the style an personality of Joshua has been one of the most scrutinised in recent types. But what is undoubted is his drive to better his life and his determination to get back to the top of the sport having achieved immense fame and fortune. He's one of the few real one punch knockout artists in the sport and his rise back to the top is a welcome one for all boxing fans, as he seeks to repeat Lennox Lewis feat of becoming a 3 time world champion, the ultimate goal of undisputed and repeat those highlight reel finishes that made him a star, which you can see here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2i0XVy4r-XE
​
Fightplan
Preferred range Mid range
Advantage mentality Aggressive
Crisis mentality Ultra Reactive
​
While Joshua can't really be categorised as an aggressive or reactive fighter, he is very much a situational fighter that can go through the gears or find a way to survive if needed. His recent challenges have lead to him becoming a battle tested warrior that's maintained his power, good boxing basics, much improved defence and will to win to keep him as a heavyweight force. He's a boxer-puncher, best at mid-long range work of good straight shots to set up his big right hand whether hook, cross or preferred uppercut, he's a well rounded fighter with few obvious flaws, able to counter on occasions and with excellent punch selection and finishing instincts.
​
Long range
Favour lead hand
Low work rate
Ultra Low combinations
Follow up Wait/Approach
Countermeasures Cover up/ Counterpunch
Joshua is a very capable back foot fighter and work well behind his good jab, accredited to watching Lennox Lewis and Larry Holmes. He uses it to close distance well and maintain range when needed and is not afraid to throw in a straight right when required. He uses almost exclusively single shots *heavily favouring the head* and maintains his form well when advancing or trying to keep distance, and is not afraid to time his opponents shots with off beat counters as he looks to stay with in punching range for opportunities to strike.
​
Mid range
Favour rear hand
Low Work rate
Low combinations
Follow-up Wait/Retreat
Countermeasures Cover up/Counterpunch
​
The best range for Joshua as with many boxers is mid-range, allowing him to get full leverage on his power punches. He has a great range of weapons he can use, a while being a pretty right hand dominant fighter, he lending to his mostly low output, it is a devastating and versatile weapon allowing him to feint with different shots and set up openings. his best punch is his uppercut which he demonstrates here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEnF_2S4TTs but also has a very good hook and very good cross as he punches relaxed and crisp keeping his shots nice and tight helping to aid his immense power, where he *favours the head* but is also able to go the body well particularly with his straight right.
​
Close range
Low Work rate
Medium combinations
Follow up Wait/Retreat
Countermeasures Cover up/Clinch
​
Where AJ is most likely to look to throw combinations or look to finish, Joshua has a good inside game when he looks to use it. He looks to put together hooks up close as can do so capably displaying good hand speed when lets his hooks go. He can force the pace well and won't let to go back to mid range unless he needs to, as well as clinching when necessary though this was more prominent in his amateur days.
​
I hope you enjoyed the return of the fightplan series, as requested by u/ChillOUT_Lofi even if it took a while I hope it comes at the perfect time. I hope to follow with more soon though work and personal matters have made this hard I want to send a special thanks to all who followed this series over to year and new users to want to get involved with any comments/requests. The rest of the series is linked below and I wish you all every success in Leather boxing manager and in life TEEKAY
The Fightplan series
The Thinking Fighter https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mlmckn/the_thinking_fighter_gameplan/
The Thinking Fighter 2.0 https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mmc9z3/the_thinking_fighter_20_tactical_inside_boxing/
Moves like Junior (Roy Jones Jr.) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mpog3f/roy_jones_jr_gameplan/
The Kings of the Counters https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mq9zvo/the_kings_of_the_counters_countering_with/
The Magical Manny (Manny Pacquiao Machine Gun) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mx3kjh/the_magical_manny_aggressive_defence_intricate/
Sweet Little Chocolate (Chocolatito) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n0n1jc/sweet_little_chocolate_effective_aggression/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Rigo's Rhythm (Rigondeaux)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n3dvoq/rigos_rhythm_staying_elusive_countering_with/
Magnificent Marvelous Master (Hagler)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n530c
Cinnamon Superstar (Canelo)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n786r1/canelo_fightplan/
The Spoiler https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/neezv9/the_boxerspoiler_fightplan_shutting_down_offence/ The GOAT of Boxing (Sugar Ray Robinson) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/nfb6fx/sugar_ray_robinson_fightplan_the_goat_of_boxing/
Golden Oscar Winner (de la Hoya) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/npb9sn/golden_oscar_winner_expert_outboxing_cunning/
Body Hunting Monster (Naoya Inoue) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/o4eukc/body_hunting_monster_crippling_body_punches/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Xu Can https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/o8lqn4/what_xu_can_do_speed_and_work_rate_kills/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
The Kronk Style https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/oc01wa/kronk_it_up_the_art_of_technical_aggression/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Julio Cesar Martinez https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/p5pee2/julio_cesar_martinez_the_little_mexican_firebrand/
Floyd Mayweather
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/q7ci77/flawless_floyd_the_genius_ogf_mayweather_behind/
Khaosai https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/qngzvk/the_real_life_jimmy_sisphar_the_secrets_behind/
Usyk https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/rtt5sd/countering_with_movement_effective_outboxing/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share with
Dmitry Dictates the Distance (Bivol) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/x94pjl/dmitry_dictates_the_distance_an_in_depth_look_at/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Golden Global Great (GGG - Golovkin) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/yytuag/golden_global_great_the_boxing_skills_of_one_of/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Beterbiev https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/10mwljz/you_beterbelieve_in_artur_the_skills_behind_the/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Wilder Rangy Slugging https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/10s00f2/deontay_wilder_rangy_slugging_beware_of_the_right/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
(Shakur) Stevenson Steals The Show https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/11kl2vo/stevenson_steals_the_show_the_fluid_boxing_skills/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Teraji KEN SHIRO - RING ARTISTRY: A FIGHTPLAN FOR 'THE AMAZING BOY KEN SHIRO' TERAJI, JAPAN'S SHARP SHOOTING SENSATION THAT'S STARTING TO CLEAN UP AT LIGHT FLYWEIGHT : LeatherTheGame (reddit.com)
Junto Nakatani https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/13l1hw8/junto_nakatani_young_japanese_phenom_the/

The Annecy shootings
Whilst there is a lot of information on this case, including on Reddit, it is often tainted by news-grabbing headlines, wild conspiracy theories, racist undertones, pushed exaggerations, bias, and sometimes, outright lies. As a consequence, some of the detail around the actual murder itself is lost, replaced instead with entertainment-driven agenda. I’m hoping this write-up will contain the true facts of the case without the salacious headlines, which hopefully can lead to a proper discussion around the actual known elements of the case.
Before I begin, many that know this case will also be aware of the theories surrounding spies, espionage and the like, surrounding the occupations of everyone involved. Whilst their occupations are no doubt interesting, French Police have ruled out any connection with their jobs and as such I do not intend to go into detail surrounding these theories. There is a wealth of information surrounding these theories online and can be found very easily by anyone who wants to look into these more.

The al-Hilli Family

Saad al-Hilli was the patriarch of the family. At 50 years old, he was a freelance industrial designer and worked for Surrey Satellites Technology Ltd, working on a project for European Aeronautic Defence and Space. Although Saad was born in Iraq, he moved with his family as a young boy to the UK in 1971. Saad and his family; his wife Iqbal, and his two daughters Zeena and Zainab, lived in Claygate, Surrey. Saad loved caravanning and cycling, and neighbours described him as a loving family man who adored his two little girls. Prior to meeting Saad, Iqbal had married US man James Thompson in 2000. The marriage lasted under a year, and was believed to have been agreed in order for Iqbal to obtain a green card. The two divorced, amicably, and Iqbal moved to Dubai to work as a dental nurse. In 2002, Saad visited Dubai and it was here that they met. Iqbal never told Saad about her previous marriage. The two moved to the UK and married in 2003, and shortly after had two little girls; Zainab and Zeena. Zainab was 7 at the time of the incident and was in primary school, Zeena was just 4 and was due to start school for the first time. Iqbal’s mother, Suhaila-al-Allaf, was 74 at the time of the incident. She is believed to have lived in Reading (approx. 40 miles away from Claygate) but had allegedly spent little time with the family.
In 2012, the school summer holidays was nearing its end, and the family decided to make a trip to France, along with Iqbal’s mother Suhaila. At the end of August they took their BMW and beloved caravan, nicknamed ‘Spotty’ by the girls, on a ferry over to France with the plan to drive through the countryside and camp along the way. At the time of the incident they had been camping at Saint Jorioz, and on the morning of the 5th September, it had been Zainab’s turn to decide what to do that day. Saad had asked Zainab if she wanted to go shopping or walking, and Zainab opted for the latter. Just after 1pm, the family packed their BMW and headed out on their journey. They briefly stopped at the village of Doussard, before continuing to travel onwards to the mountains of Chevaline.

Sylvian Mollier

Sylvian was 45 years old at the time of his death. Sylvian had two children with his ex-wife, and a new baby with his current girlfriend, Claire, whom he’d been with for 2 years. Sylvian worked as a welder at the Cezus metal factory in Ugine, Savoie but had just taken a 3 year career break from his job in order to care for his infant child. Claire came from a wealthy family, and they were reportedly unhappy with Sylvian taking a career break as it meant he brought no income into the household. Sylvian was a keen cyclist; he owned a racing bike which was not particularly suited for the terrain he was riding at the time of the incident, however the route had been suggested last minute by Claire’s father, and Sylvian wanted to try it out. Sylvian has often been a ‘forgotten victim’ in the reporting of the shootings, with much of the focus around the al-Hilli family. As such, there is little about Sylvian’s life available online.

The scene

The road leading up the scene is a long single track stretch, with a handful of areas to pull over should you pass another vehicle. The public road ends with two lay-bys, surrounded on each side with a slope of thick trees. There is no obvious path into the trees, and I would imagine for a person not familiar with the area, it wouldn’t necessarily be clear where to go from here. Despite various media reports indicating the area had only one way in or out, there is a clear road that continues on from the layby. While there is a sign, in French, that states “[No entry] except local residents and forest service”, there is no gate or bollards stopping anyone from continuing on this road. The road continues through the mountains for just over 9 miles (14.6km), reaching the small village of Précherel. From here is just a 5 minute drive to the main road Route D60, which can easily take you onwards throughout the region. Additionally, it is possible to hike 1.5 hours either side of the scene where you would come across mountain cabins, which appear to be for rent and used by hikers in the region. Here are some pictures of the scene so you can get a feel for what the area was like.

The incident

At approximately 3.45pm on 5th September 2012, a British cyclist and former Royal Air Force Officer Brett Martin, finished his climb of Route Forestiere Domaniale de la Combe, and turned the corner into an area that consisted of flat ground and a lay-by, used as parking for visitors. As he did so, Brett noticed Sylvian’s bike in the middle of the road. Immediately following this he noticed an injured Zainab, stumbling and in pain, with blood present around her head and shoulders. Brett’s first thought was that there’d been a traffic accident, and rushed to help Zainab. He moved her into the recovery position on the road and asked her to stay still whilst he went for help. Zainab lost consciousness shortly after.
Brett ran to Sylvian and recognised him as the cyclist that had passed him further down the track. Brett realised that Sylvian was dead, but at this point hadn’t noticed the gunshot wounds to his body. Next to Sylvian was the BMW, which was stationary but continuously revving. Brett moved Sylvian away from the vehicle and on returning to the BMW saw Saad, Iqbal and Suhaila dead in the vehicle. Brett attempted to open the car doors, but on finding it locked, smashed the window in order to turn the engine off. It was at this point that Brett realised that this was not an accident; but that everyone had been shot.
Brett returned to Zainab. He checked for phone signal, which he had none, and considered whether to attempt to remove Zainab from the scene. Concerned he might injure her further, Brett left Zainab on the ground and immediately began cycling towards Chevaline for help.
EMTs arrived on the scene shortly after, followed by The Gendarmes (a part of the French Military responsible for policing rural districts). Zainab was airlifted to hospital and placed into an induced coma (from which she would later fully recover). The road was closed and police and forensic technicians swarmed the area. Some 8 hours later, forensic technicians discovered 4 year old Zeena, alive and unharmed, hiding in the vehicle under her deceased mother’s skirt.

Analysis of the scene

Clear tyre marks were noted at the scene, indicating the BMW had initially parked before quickly reversing back and getting stuck into the hill side. 21 bullets had been recovered; seventeen from the victims, with the remaining 4 recovered from the area surrounding the shooting. Saad, who had been driving, had been shot four times, twice in the head. Iqbal was found in the backseat of the car, also shot four times with two being to the head. Iqbal’s mother, Suhalia had been shot three times, two to the head.
Sylvian had been shot the most; 5 times, two being to the head. Zainab was found to have been shot once in the shoulder and then clubbed in the skull with the butt of a gun, pieces of which had broken off and were left at the scene. None of the bullets struck the BMW itself, indicating the shooter did not fire at the vehicle while it was moving.
Of note was Sylvian’s blood on the bottom of Saad’s shoes, indicating Saad was outside the vehicle when Sylvian was shot, and Saad likely stepped on his blood whilst retreating to his vehicle.
It has been difficult to determine where and from what side the vehicle was shot into, as there’s little information available online. However, from some of Brett’s statements and images of the vehicle at the scene, I believe the vehicle was shot into from both the drivers and passenger’s side. Brett’s statement confirms he broke the front driver’s side window, but whilst doing so noticed the window was already damaged – he now believes from the effects of a bullet hole – and stated it was easy to simply push on the glass to break. Images from the scene show damage to both the front driver’s and passenger’s side windows, with the back passenger side window appearing to be missing. It is therefore possible that the shooter took their time to approach the vehicle from several angles in order to shoot the al-Hilli family.
Based on analysis of the scene, the victim’s injuries, and speaking to witnesses, this is what investigators believed to have happened:
Saad, driving the BMW, passed Sylvian on the way up the hill. Around this time, Sylvian’s girlfriend Claire phoned him. Sylvian was out of breath, told her he was almost at the top and that he’d call her back when he got there.
At this point, the BMW had reached the top, and pulled forward into the lay-by/parking area. Both Saad and Zainab got out of the vehicle while the others remained in the car; it’s believed that Zainab needed to use the restroom, although it’s unclear why the rest of the family didn’t leave the car at this point. Sylvian reached the top of the hill and it’s possible that he and Saad spoke, given the close proximity of Sylvian’s body to the BMW. It’s possible that Saad, a bike lover, spoke to Sylvian about his bike, or asked him directions of where to walk on the mountain. At this point, the shooting began.
It is believed Sylvian was likely shot first and fell to the ground. Saad screamed at Zainab to get back to the vehicle, but she remained, stood there, frozen. Saad jumped into the BMW – whether he realised Zainab hadn’t moved is unknown – and appeared to lock the doors. Some reports suggest Saad was shot in the back as he ran to his vehicle. He shifted into reverse and put his foot down, causing the car to quickly jump back in a half circle, causing its rear wheels to get stuck in the tree line. During this manoeuvre, the BMW caught Sylvian’s body and dragged him through the turn. The shooter approached the window, and possibly realising the vehicle was locked, shot through the windows. He shot all the adults multiple times, not realising 4-year old Zeena was hiding under her mother’s skirt.
It is believed the shooter then shot Sylvian again several more times, perhaps indicating that Sylvian had not died from his initial injuries. The shooter must have realised Zainab was still alive; whether she had already been shot at this point or prior to is not known. Zainab later recalled that the shooter had grabbed her from behind; she saw the white skin of his bare hands and noticed he was wearing long trousers and a leather jacket. The shooter was either out of bullets at this point, or the gun had jammed, and so the shooter used the butt of the gun to hit Zainab on the head and face causing significant injuries. Possibly believing she was already dead or likely to die from her injuries, the shooter fled the scene. Less than 2 minutes later, Brett Martin turned the corner.

Witnesses

Brett Martin — Brett confirmed that that the al-Hilli’s BMW had passed him up the hill, as had Sylvian a few minutes earlier. He noted Sylvian’s bike as he thought it was an odd choice for the type of terrain they were on. The only other people he saw was a green truck and motorcycle passing him down the hill, away from the scene. Although a lot of weight was put on the motorcycle by the media, both have since been ruled out; the green truck was confirmed to be a forestry truck and the motorcyclist was later traced and ruled out from the investigation. Brett’s account confirms no others passing him prior to or after the shooting, insinuating that the shooter was already at the scene before the al-Hilli family and Sylvian arrived, and fled via an alternative route; likely the restricted road through the mountains.
Zainab & Zeena al-Hilli — Little has been obtained, or released, from the girl’s statements. All we know is that Zeena recalled screams and loud noises, and Zainab confirmed there had only been one shooter. While we haven’t got full statements from the girls, we do know that Zainab’s account has provided investigators insight as to what happened prior to and during the shooting.
Forestry workers – The forestry workers, identified as those being in the green truck, confirmed they had been at the scene before the shooting. They confirmed seeing the motorcyclist, and one of these workers confirmed seeing a BMW heading towards the scene. The second worker did not see the vehicle. This BMW was described as a 4x4 with UK number plates, but was a grey/silver colour, in contrast to the al-Hilli’s burgundy BMW, which was an estate. I can find no information online in regards to which side the silver BMW entered the scene; either via the pubic or restricted road. Of note is that Brett Martin did not identify this possible vehicle as passing him up the hill. Is it possible that the forestry worker confused their sighting with the al-Hilli’s BMW, or was there in fact a different vehicle on the scene? If so, this vehicle has never been identified.
Philippe Didierjean – Phillipe had been hiking up the hill with two friends, when Brett raced towards him. Brett quickly told Phillipe and the group what had happened before speeding onwards to Chevaline. When Phillipe arrived at the scene he saw Zainab, who he believed to already be dead, and in a state of terror quickly turned around and headed back down the hill. The group did not see any other person or vehicle.
The motorcyclist – Whilst the motorcyclist was not identified until much later, little has been released about what he witnessed. What we do know is that he had attempted to access the restricted road before being stopped by the forestry workers. They explained the road was restricted, and so the motorcyclist turned around and returned back down the hill. Nothing else has been released regarding what he may or may not have witnessed.

Investigation

Following the beating of Zainab, a small shard of the gun had broken off and had been left at the scene. This allowed officers to identify the gun as a vintage Swiss Army 7.65mm P06 Luger. This weapon was first made in the 1920’s, and had been phased out by 1949. 21 shell cases were recovered from the scene (some sources claim 25), which led officers to believe the shooter had 3 magazines, reloading twice (personal note: I’m not familiar with guns whatsoever – how easy/quick would it be to reload a gun like this?).
A small amount of DNA was recovered from the scene, which was later determined to be unrelated to the investigation. There was nothing further recovered at the scene to allow investigators to identify the shooter.
Witness Brett Martin confirmed he never heard any of the gunshots, despite being less than 200 meters from the scene. Acoustic tests were completed at the scene and it was discovered that due to the nearby river and stream he was crossing at the time, it was not possible for anyone to have recognised the gun shots over the tumble of the river.
Police examined communication devices of both Sylvian and the al-Hilli family and could find no record of any prior contact between them, and with no further links established, the investigation concluded that the parties were not known to each other prior to the incident. Both Saad’s and Sylvian’s occupations were looked at as having a possible connection to the shooting. Whilst Saad was working on a defence project, he was determined to have no access to sensitive information, and whilst Sylvian worked at a nuclear metal factory, he worked as a welder and had no access to data. Neither of their jobs were therefore considered relevant to the investigation.
In September 2012, 5 days after the shooting, a British Army bomb disposal unit attended the al-Hilli property and evacuated neighbours. The army had been called in due to “concerns around items”, potentially hazardous, found in the garden shed. The search took 4 hours before neighbours could return. The Police have never released what the concerning item was. In October 2012 investigators revealed that a Taser was found during a property search at the al-Hilli residence, and that Saad had recently had the locks changed. Whilst is it not known what relevance either of these had, investigators have played this down, stating they believed Saad simply owned the Taser as a precaution. French Prosecutor Eric Maillaud also stated that data was found on Saad’s computer that “went well beyond anything he would have needed to carry out his work”, but later confirmed this was not defence related. No further information around this has been released.
Investigators used a ‘cell dump’ to identify all mobile (cell) phones that connected to the nearest cell site that covered the scene of the shooting, however this identified over 4000 individual phones. They were also able to obtain CCTV footage from the ferry terminals and could confirm that no one appeared to have followed the al-Hillis across the channel, and no vehicles seen in the CCTV matched any vehicle seen in photos taken by the family that day.
Whilst various suspects have come in and out of the investigation (see below), it doesn’t appear that any of them have had enough evidence to lead to a charge. Five years after the shooting in 2017, French Police stated they had no working theory to explain the murders and no suspects. The lead prosecutor suggested that the family may have been targeted at random.

Suspects

Zaid al-Hilli; Saad’s brother
Zaid and Saad had a tumultuous relationship, having been in a long dispute over the estate of their late father, which included property in both London and Spain, and £800,000 in a Swiss bank account. Geneva was less than an hour’s drive from Chevaline, and there were questions about whether Saad intended to or had already visited the bank during their trip. The two had not spoken for almost a year and all communication went via their lawyers. Zaid claimed it was contentious, however stated the two remained civil and there was no ‘family feud’.
A letter, written by Saad in 2011 regarding his relationship with Zaid, was later released to the public:

“Zaid and I do not communicate anymore as he is another control freak and tried a lot of underhanded things even when my father was alive. He tried to take control of father’s assets and demanded control. Anyway, it is a long story, and now I have just had to wipe him out of my life. Sad, but I need to concentrate now on my wife and two lovely girls…”

Zaid was also alleged to have attempted to forge a copy of their father’s will. By all accounts, it appears Zaid and Saad were not on good terms and their late father’s inheritance had certainly driven a wedge between them. Whilst French Police have considered Zaid a suspect, UK Police have made statements saying that Zaid is not, and has never been, a suspect in their investigation.
Eric Devouassoux
In February 2014 a 48 year old local man named Eric Devouassoux was arrested. He appeared to match the e-fit of the motorcyclist (who has since been discounted), and had recently been fired from his job as a police officer. He was known to have a collection of guns, including World War 2 era guns, however with no evidence linking him to the crime, charges against Devouassaoux were later dropped.
Patrice Menegaldo
Patrice Menegaldo was the on-off boyfriend of Sylvian’s sister. He had been a foreign legion sniper and it was suggested that his profile fitted that of a professional hit man. In April 2014 Menegaldo was interviewed by the investigators and released an hour later. In June 2014, Menegaldo took his own life, leaving a 7-page suicide note indicating he could not deal with the pressure of being a suspect. Despite no evidence having been made to the public to connect Menegaldo to the case, French Prosecutor Maillaud has often said he is ‘high up there in terms of suspects’.
Michel Hecht
Michael Hecht, a Belgian national, was named as a new suspect in 2016. In 2005 he was convicted of shooting his brother, sister-in-law and nephew. He had also been a potential suspect in the 1986 shootings of British cyclists in Brittany, France. At the time of the Annecy shootings, Hecht lived in Vosges, France; 2 hours away from the scene. It is unclear at this time if Hecht remains a suspect.
Nordahl Lelandais
Nordahl Lelandais is an ex-soldier and suspect in two other killings; the 2017 kidnap and murder of an 8 year old and the killing of a hitchhiker, also taking place in 2017. Following this Lelandais was also charged with the sexual assault of his cousins. Lelandais was ruled out as a suspect of the Annecy shootings, although the reasons for which have never been released.
The hypnotist murder
French Police revealed they were investigating the links between the Annecy shootings and the plot to murder a hypnotist. Plans had been made to assassinate corporate coach and hypnosis expert Marie- Hélène Dini by her rival, Jean-Luc AB. He had hired two members of the General Directorate of External Security (DGSE) to carry out the killing, but they were fortunately apprehended outside of Marie’s home. A search of the home of one of these men recovered compatible ammunition for the Luger P06 used during the Annecy shootings. One of these men, Frederick Vaglio, is alleged to have been involved in two other murders.

Professional vs lone stranger theory

Whilst the media have regularly pushed the professional hit man theory, investigators have often cited inconsistencies with what would be expected of a professional hit and with what was discovered at the scene. Whilst the head shots indicated some sort of professionalism, the choice of weapon and lack of enough bullets made this theory less likely. Additionally, despite the scene seeming relatively desolate, it was in fact a popular path used by both vehicles and cyclists. Neither the al-Hilli family or Sylvian planned the trip prior to that day, both being last minute plans made only that morning, meaning that very few people would have known they would be there. For these reasons the investigation has tended to lean towards the ‘lone psychopath’ theory, believing that the al-Hilli’s and Sylvian Mollier were simply in the wrong place at the wrong time.

An unusual coincidence?

Hours after the Annecy shooting, a US man named James Thompson began to feel unwell. James Thompson was the ex-husband of Iqbal al-Hilli, the one in which she never disclosed to Saad. James was feeling nauseous, he took some aspirin and left the antiques shop he ran in Natchez, Mississippi. He got into his truck to drive home, but before he could reach it he suffered a heart attack at the wheel and died. James was 60 years old at the time of his death, he was overweight, smoked cigars and had high blood pressure. The coroner ruled that James died from a natural heart attack, and investigators concluded there was nothing to suggest his death was linked to the murder of his ex-wife just hours before. This left the death of James Thompson as just a strange coincidence in the footnote of this already bizarre crime.

Timeline

Wednesday September 5th 2012
1pm: The al-Hilli’s leave their campsite after Zainab chooses to go walking in the woods
3.15pm: The al-Hilli’s stop in the village of Doussard and take several family photos
3:15pm: Around the same time, both Brett Martin and Sylvian Mollier are cycling at the foot of Route Forestiere Domaniale de la Combe. Brett notices Sylvian overtake him at this point.
3:20pm: The al-Hilli’s BMW begins making its way up Route Forestière Domaniale de la Combe d'Ire. At some point Brett notices their vehicle pass him.
3.20-3.35pm: Forestry workers see a motorcyclist and a silver BMW enter the scene. The motorcyclist returns down the hill. Both the forestry workers and the motorcyclist are seen going down the hill by Brett Martin. There are no other witnesses to the silver BMW.
3.35-3.40pm: The shootings take place
3:40pm: Brett Martin discovers the scene
4.20pm: Local police arrive at the scene and cordon off the road
12.00am: Zeena is discovered in the vehicle, hiding under her deceased mother’s skirt
[Time unconfirmed]: James Thompson, Iqbal’s ex-husband, dies of a heart attack.
September 10th 2012
• The British army disposal unit attend the al-Hilli’s home in Claygate, however no hazardous items are found.
• Zainab awakes from her coma.
September 22nd 2012 The British and French police form an official joint investigation
June 24th 2013 Zaid al-Hilli is arrested on suspicion of arranging the murder of his brother and family
January 2014 Police announce that Zaid is no longer a suspect and would not be facing any more investigation
February 17th 2014 Eric Devouassoux is arrested, thought to be the missing motorcyclist. He is released without charge 4 days later.
April 2014 Patrice Menegaldo is questioned in regards to the shooting, although at this time he not classed as an official suspect
June 4th 2014 Patrice Menegaldo takes his own life, leaving a suicide note indicating he couldn’t deal with the pressure of being a suspect
July 2014 Investigators release information about Iqbal’s former marriage and the death of her ex-husband, James Thompson
February 2015 The missing motorcyclist is identified and immediately ruled out as a possible suspect.
June 2015 Michael Hecht is identified as a possible suspect
February 2018 Nordahl Lelandais is identified as a possible suspect
January 2022 An unidentified man is arrested in connection to the shootings, however is later ruled out from the investigation. No further details are known about this male.
​
Sources
https://www.gq.com/story/alps-murder-chevaline https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-in-the-alps-8120164.html https://www.bgpglobalservices.com/lake-annecy-murders/ https://truecrimedetective.co.uk/unsolved-mysteries-the-massacre-at-lake-annecy-69861afff417 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03fgstr

Dogmatism, Dismissiveness, and Cognitive Inflexibility: The Inflation Between Subjective Feelings of Expertise and Tested Objective Expertise and How This Inflation Leads to Seriously Wrong Decisions From Alleged Experts
Crossposting audience: This is a new subreddit at zeronarcissists, the first anti-narcissism subreddit based on scientific evidence as far as I can tell. Please give us a follow at the original sub! We are new and growing
https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Does-Being-an-Expert-Make-You/991031447656202976
Does being an expert make you more negative?
Word of mouth is more influential because it shows increased relevancy to the consumer.

1. A survey conducted by Alloy Media & Marketing and Harris Interactive demonstrated that WOM is more credible and influential compared with other marketing and communication tactics such as TV commercials, magazine ads, and sampling (Creamer, 2005), because “it is perceived as having passed through the unbiased filter of ‘people like me’” (Allsop, Bassett, & Hoskins, 2007, p. 398).

Word of mouth allegedly generates more than twice the sales of paid advertising, which may be driving elicit ways to study and potentially even invade social networks.

1. Bughin, Doogan, and Vetvik (2010) suggest that WOM could generate “more than twice the sales of paid advertising” (p. 8). Overall, today WOM is incredibly important for both consumers and professionals, and for this reason deserves more attention from academia.

Differences between expert and nonexpert reviewers online using Word of Mouth online (such as Yelp reviews) were studied.

1. which types of consumers under what conditions would transmit or generate more eWOM (e.g., Chu & Kim, 2011; Liu, Zhao, & Qi, 2016), and so on. This study attempts to advance the understanding of eWOM communicators by exploring the differences in behavior patterns between expert and nonexpert reviewers.

Nonexperts are likely to use intuitions, emotions, and stereotypes as well as how they generally feel to inform a decision, while experts make decisions with rigor.

1. For example, research indicates that nonexperts are more likely to use peripheral cues and stereotypes to form attitudes or make decisions, whereas experts can process information more deeply and comprehensively (Mueller, Francis, & Lockshin, 2008; Rao & Monroe, 1998).

However, feeling like one is an “expert” can close the mind of an individual and show overclaim.

1. Studies have also found that expertise (subjective) can lead to close-mindedness, overconfidence, tendency of overclaim, and giving biased evaluations (Atir, Rosaenzweig, & Dunning, 2015; Fisher & Keil, 2016; Ottati, Price, Wilson, & Sumaktoyo, 2015).

Word of mouth online from expert sources was found more helpful and persuasive than non-expert sources.

1. . It was found that eWOM messages from expert sources were perceived as more helpful and hence more persuasive than information from non-expert sources (e.g., Bansal & Voyer, 2000; Cheung, Lee, & Rabjohn, 2008

Subjective expertise, and how one things of oneself as an expert or not, had a huge effect. It is not the same as objective expertise, which means scoring highly on measures of a skill.

1. To fill this gap in the burgeoning eWOM literature, this study focuses on the communicator’s self-perceived expertise, i.e., the communicator’s self-assessment of his/her own knowledge and expertise in a domain, which is also called “subjective expertise” (Liu, 2013; Mueller, Francis, & Lockshin, 2008)

Negative word of mouth is seen as more credible, more helpful and more important showing an irrational instinctual negativity bias when initially generating expertise. It relates to previous literature that warmth is seen as not competent, when in fact warm individuals scored higher than cold individuals on working memory tasks. It also shows that agreeableness sees the same fate as warmth as agreeable raters tend to rate things more highly and are seen as “not discriminatory enough”, yet the same is not applied to disagreeable people who are “unreasonably or capriciously discriminatory” as their equal in unhelpfulness, showing again irrational and old circuitry at play.

1. Message receivers tend to believe that negative WOM messages are more credible, more helpful, and more important, and thus are more likely to be persuaded by negative WOM messages. For example, Baek, Ahn, and Choi (2012) demonstrated that if a message contains more negative words, it is perceived as more helpful.

One star ratings have more effect than five star ratings, and show the person trying to establish power by giving them out. However, if the individual has excessively low expertise it will result in no power at all.

1. one-star ratings have a stronger influence on sales than five-star ratings, which suggests a negativity bias (Mizerski, 1982)

Expertise therefore is defined as the assessment of the knowledge, skill and experience required to provide accurate information.

1. negative eWOM has greater impact on company financing performances than positive eWOM. In addition to negative WOM messages, receivers also give more weight to information from sources with higher expertise. Expertise (also termed as competence, qualifications, authoritativeness), refers to the assessment of whether the communicator has the knowledge, skill, or experience required to provide accurate and valid information (Hilligoss & Rieh, 2008; O’Keefe, 2002)

Experts are deemed more accurate and credible and have stronger influence…until they begin to lose accuracy and credibility, if they do.

1. Expertise was deemed more accurate, credible, and as having stronger influence on receivers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions.

Knowledge and expertise were seen as the same.

1. ), whereas others use the terms expertise and knowledge interchangeably (e.g., Atir et al., 2015; Hadar et al., 2013). Following Hadar et al.’s (2003) suggestion, in this study there is no differentiation made between expertise and knowledge, and the two are considered notions of the same construct.

Objective expertise is how much actual knowledge one has stored in one’s memory, whereas subjective expertise is how knowledgeable one perceives oneself to be. Individuals may have the information stored more than an expert yet still feel they don’t know it and therefore fail to demonstrate expertise.

1. . Objective expertise concerns how much actual knowledge is stored in one’s memory (Carlson, Vincent, Hardesty, & Bearden, 2009; Hadar et al., 2013; Moorman, Diehl, Brinberg, & Kidwell 2004), whereas subjective and perceived communicator expertise are perceptions or individual judgments of one’s knowledge and expertise. Specifically, subjective expertise refers to the perception of one’s own expertise and knowledge in a given domain, or “the metacognitive feeling of knowing” (Hadar et al., 2013, p. 304; see also Carlson et al., 2009; Moorman et al., 2004).

People tend to overestimate what they actually know (Duning-Kruger)

1. d that people tend to overestimate what they actually know (Alba & Hutchinson, 2000; Duning, 2011; Kruger & Duning, 1999)

Source trustworthiness and expertise both factored in. An expert source that wasn’t trustworthy was not attuned to as much.

1. eWOM research, perceived source expertise, together with perceived source trustworthiness

Training, experience, and occupation influence perceptions of source expertise

1. factors that can affect perceived source expertise. Though not being empirically tested, factors such as the communicators’ training, experience, and occupation are believed to influence perceptions of source expertise, and have been manipulated by researchers in previous experiments (O’ Keefe, 2002)

“General misogyny”; the general population will find a male communicator more expert than a woman, even if that’s not correct objectively.

1. . For example, studies have found that in general, male communicators are deemed more expert than female communicators (Pearson, 1982).

Delivery, speaking rate, using citations, sidedness of arguments have been found to affect perceived source credibility.

1. In addition to source-related factors, message-related factors such as fluencies in delivery, speaking rate, using citations, sidedness of arguments (one-sided message vs. two-sided message) have been found to affect perceived source credibility as well (O’ Keefe, 2002).

Demographics, physical attractiveness, occupation, and position all contribute to feelings of expertise.

1. Regarding persuasiveness, in general messages from an expert source are more persuasive and can elicit greater attitude changes than those from a novice source. Adopting the framework of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), some of the aforementioned factors (such as demographic variables, physical attractiveness, occupation, and position)

When engaging with less rigorous thinkers, expertise will be analyzed on simple cues that do not actually show expertise, such as dress and gender.

1. low motivation or limited resources (i.e., time and ability) to process the information, they engage less in thinking and elaboration on the content/argument and instead make their judgments based on simple cues (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). For example, factors such as physical attractiveness, position, occupation, race, and gender each require fewer cognitive resources

When given enough time, a message receiver undergoes a central route to scrutinize the message which leads to conformity with objective findings.

1. For example, when a message receiver has sufficient motivation, time, and ability to process a message, he/she undergoes a central route to scrutinize the message.
2. to make judgments (about source expertise as well as ultimate decisions) based on peripheral cues but rather on the actual quality of the argument reflected by various message features. Therefore, messages with certain features (such as a two-sided argument, strong argument)

More experience with a subject leads to over-enhancements of subjective expertise, without following increases in objective expertise (expertise “inflation”)

1. Objective expertise could be a stronger predictor than subjective expertise for various outcomes (Cordell, 1997), subjective expertise merits attentions because it is more malleable than objective expertise (Campbell, 2015). For example, research has demonstrated that more experience with the product category enhances both objective and subjective expertise, but this effect is stronger for subjective expertise than objective expertise (Park, Mothersbaugh, & Feick, 1994).
2. ), researchers could boost (or undermine) participants’ subjective expertise (Atir et al., 2015;

Giving someone a task before they are ready can be a way to try to make someone lose faith in their abilities, or misuse Duning-Kruger and the scientific method putting a hypothesis before facts (failed science) by giving them harder and harder content until they fail just to force their hypothesis against the way science works. This is not good science and not the meaning of Duning-Kruger.

1. . Those who completed a more (less) difficult task tended to perceive themselves as having lower (higher) expertise.

Experts tend to process information in a deeper more detailed way, and show signs of processing in a deeper and more detailed way. On the other hand, non-experts rely on single peripheral cues, sometimes to the complete failure to include actual content (bias).

1. A higher level of knowledge and expertise (determined using self-reporting measures) tend to process information in a deeper and more detailed way, making use of more attributes and considering the relationships between attributes (Mueller, Francis, & Lockshin, 2008; Rao & Monroe, 1988). Non-experts (self-perceived), on the other hand, usually rely on a single peripheral cue (e.g., price, country of origin) or several attributes independently in decision-making. Some researchers have found no significant difference between people with high subjective knowledge and low subjective knowledge (Guidry, Babin, Graziano, & Schneider, 2009).

Thinking one was an expert could promote being closed-minded and bias. A position can give someone an inflated and incorrect sense of competency, leading to many incompetent decisions.

1. high subjective expertise could promote close-mindedness and biased evaluation

When people believe they “know enough” about something, they stop searching for information which is required for precision no matter one’s level, and rather rely on feelings of knowing things. Ironically, in the experiment, this led to self-perceived experts saying they for sure “knew” about terms that didn’t even exist. And they said they knew about them certainly, due to the “expertise” in their field.

1. In other words, when people believe that they have sufficient knowledge, they stop processing or searching for information (necessary to achieve genuine knowledge or accurate judgment) and instead rely on the feeling of knowing and preexisting position to make a final (but likely biased) decision.
2. increased perceptions of one’s knowledge (subjective expertise) is linked to less information searching

Self-perceived expertise increases close-minded cognition

1. that self-perceived expertise indeed increases close-minded (dogmatic) cognition

Those who claimed to have more knowledge on a subject had greater bias than those who didn’t feel they had a lot of knowledge on it, and may be more likely to detect incongruencies due to the fresh eyes, which the “expert”, just like the false term experiment, will say don’t exist due to a mere feeling it doesn’t exist.

1. found that those who reported having more knowledge on a specific topic tended to possess greater bias than those reporting less self-perceived knowledge.

Increased subjective expertise lead to investment decisions, which explains instinctual common misogyny’s skewing influence on venture capital despite the facts

1. . They found that enhanced subjective expertise led to an increase in willingness to invest in a fund or investment program (Hadar et al., 2013).

Low subjective knowledge looked for more negative information, and gave less extreme evaluations, showing people who “need to hear good things” likely think they know more.

1. On the contrary, low subjective knowledge individuals sought out more negative information, and gave less extreme evaluations.

Satisfied experts like to generate more word of mouth messages than dissatisfied experts or non-experts

1. Results of data analysis show that satisfied experts like to generate more WOM messages than dissatisfied experts and non-experts (both satisfied and unsatisfied).

Power, dogmatic cognition style, hubristic pride, and emotions also influence subjective expertise.

1. In addition, to better understand how subjective expertise exerts influence on eWOM generation, four underlying mechanisms—power, dogmatic cognition style, hubristic pride, and emotions—are proposed.

Definition of power

1. ). Power is defined as “the opportunity or capacity to control or influence others” (Anderson & Berdahl, 2002; Bombari, Schmid Mast, & Bachmann, 2017), and is usually obtained through allocating (or withholding) resources/rewards as well as administering punishment (Anderson and Berdahl, 2002; Fast & Chen, 2009; Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003)

Women are seen as less powerful than males and ironically this driving of the hypothesis before the facts (an instinctual circuit) actually leads to women having less power.

1. . For instance, females in general possess less power than males (Carli, 1999). In addition, personality traits such as personality dominance and extroversion are found to affect power levels. Personality dominance refers to how much an individual desires to influence or control others (Ellyson & Dovidio, 1985).

A person of high personality dominance will feel more certain about more knowledge, try to make more decisions, and even show more willingness to engage in verbal abuse.

1. A person of high personality dominance tends to possess more power and behave more dominantly (such as knowledge, decision-making opportunities, verbal abuse) (Keltner et al., 2003).

Even just considering oneself to be an expert, whether or not it was true, led to individuals being treated as more powerful.

1. Those who felt themselves to be an expert in the given area were considered high in power, whereas those felt themselves to be inexpert were treated as low in power. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that higher subjective expertise will lead to higher levels of power, which is reflected in this study’s first hypothesis:

High power individuals are more sensitive to rewards and resources but pay less attention to loss or punishment

1. and colleagues (2003) is one of the dominant paradigms utilized in power research. This model states that power could activate the behavioral approach system, whereas lack of power activates behavioral avoidance approach. Compared to low-power individuals, high-power individuals are believed to have more access to resources, rewards, and opportunities, which explains why they are more sensitive to rewards and resources but pay less attention to loss or punishment (Fast, Sivanathan, Mayer, & Galinsky, 2012). Inesi (2010) empirically demonstrated that power resulted in an estimation of more anticipated gain and less anticipated loss.

High power individuals are found to make decisions and act more promptly, to engage in riskier behaviors, and more freely express their attitudes.

1. s. For instance, highpower individuals are found to make decisions and act more promptly (Galinsky, Gruenfeld, & Magee, 2003; Guinote, 2017), to sit closer to other participants in experiments (Smith & Bargh, 2008), to engage in more risky behaviors (Anderson & Galinsky, 2006), to more freely express their attitudes (Galinsky, Magee, Gruenfeld, Whitson , & Liljenquist, 2008), and even to speak more than low-power individuals (e.g., Aries, Gold, & Weigel, 1983; Dovidio et al., 1988; see Schmid Mast, 2002 for a review).

Increased power led to more willingness to express one’s true attitude, higher perception of rewards, and lower perception of threats.

1. Through two experimental studies, Anderson and Berdahl (2002) empirically demonstrated that increased power (measured both by personality dominance or manipulated by assigning roles) led to more expression of one’s true attitude, higher perception of rewards, and lower perception of threats.

Even if powerful, if individuals didn’t feel they were powerful, it no longer had an effect (think someone very rich who can never get over the feeling of feeling poor and never spending; they are seen to be poor because nobody has seen them spend)

1. The effect of power was eliminated when the subjective sense of power was hindered (e.g., making the access to power not salient, making participants in high work positions feel incompetent in their domain of power).

Power devaluation theory shows that those in power tend to devalue subordinates on purpose as a way to demonstrate their power.

1. more on accumulating their own resources (e.g., money, food) but neglected others (Ashforth & Anand, 2003; Guinote, Cotzia, Sandhu, & Siwa, 2015). Increased power also leads to reply more on stereotype and to use more (implicit) prejudice against disadvantaged groups (Schmid & Amodio, 2017). Kipnis’s power devaluation theory (Kipnis, 1972; Kipnis, Schmidt, Price, & Stitt, 1981) claimed that as power increases, individual’s evaluation of subordinates would decrease.

However, these “in power” people do this feel low in competence. Low competence individuals are more likely to try to harm a subordinate.

1. examined the joint effect of position power and perceived competence (this term refers to the “perceptions of one’s ability to be influential”) on general aggression, and found that an interaction effect emerged between power and perceived competence. When individuals in a higher position feel low in competence, they are more likely to harm a subordinate, more willingly to expose a stranger to noise, and tend to be more aggressive in general.

Individuals who are more competent in lower positions tend to be more aggressive due to feelings of injustice, especially as these types are most likely to try to be hushed up, hidden and squashed as they are counterevidence to system justification (high competence means high status)

1. On the contrary, individuals in a lower position exhibit more aggression when they feel competent. Similarly, Fast, Halevy, & Galinsky (2012) found that individuals displayed the most aggression and demeaning activities toward their partners when the individual had high power but low status (i.e., respect and admiration from others).

Those low in power were more agreeable and polite, showing that powerful people like to exert their freedom to be apathetic to show how powerful they are, often leading to resentment and ultimately removal from power.

1. . It was found that compared to individuals high in power, those low in power used great amount of politeness (e.g., apologizing, explaining reasoning, emphasizing common ground, using words to diminish imposition) in their communications (Morand, 2000). Lammers and colleagues (2010) also found that powerful people tend to impose stricter moral standard on others and less strict standards on themselves.

Demeaning and devaluation are ways to protect one’s feeling of entitlements when merit points that these entitlements are tending towards another direction, namely away from oneself.

1. through different methods such as exerting influence on others or obtaining more resources (Fast, Halevy, & Galinsky, 2012; Guinote, 2017). Corruption can be seen as one way to obtain more resources. Increased one-way communication time, as discussed before, is an example of attempting to exert influence on others. Utilizing demeaning language and behavior as well as devaluing others are also used for the purpose of maintaining power and exerting influence on others, according to the power-devaluation theory (Kipnips,1972; Kipnis et al., 1981). One explanation is that demeaning and devaluation of others will protect one’s position and feelings of entitlement. The other explanation may have something to do with the negative bias, which states that people place more weight on negative information than positive information, and therefore negative information generally has stronger influence and persuasive effects on others (Mizerski, 1982).

Negative evaluation by power holders, especially power holders still involved with the individual at hand, may be a way to establish or maintain power, not relate facts (abusive supervision).

1. It is possible that negative evaluation in eWOM is employed by power holders as a strategy to increase their influence on others. Regardless of the purpose, either maintaining a sense of power or exerting more influence on others, based on previous research it is supposed that power will lead to more negative WOM (in the format of number rating, number of positive and negative thoughts). This leads to the second hypothesis proposed in this research:

Arrogant and dismissive communication styles are associated with dogmatism.

1. People who have higher levels of dogmatism are less likely to view incoming information and tolerate different attitudes, values, and beliefs, and are more likely to defend their own positions (Sasse, 2014). Several behavior characteristics are found to be associated with dogmatism, such as preoccupation with power and status, criticism of the out-groups, and an arrogant and dismissive communication style (Johnson, 2009).

Dogmatic employees when evaluated in ways that threatened their self-value provided degrading service reactions in retaliation like clockwork.

1. For example, Traut-Mattausch et al. (2015) found that during customer-employee interactions, if closed-mindedness is triggered (by presenting aggressive feedback that threatens the employee’s self-value), the employee will devalue the customer and his/her information and eventually provide a degrading service reaction.

Dogmatism is related to cognitive inflexibility which leads to verbal aggressiveness and indirect interpersonal aggression. It lead to inflexible problem solving with a negative attitude, therefore it was not likely to be the intelligent response.

1. Dogmatism has also been characterized by and associated with cognitive inflexibility, which has been found to be positively related to verbal aggressiveness and indirect interpersonal aggression (Chesebro & Martin, 2003; Martin, Anderson, & Thweatt, 1998; Martin, Staggers, & Anderson, 2011). According to Paddock and Swanson’s (1986) study on open- vs close-mindedness in problem solving, closemindedness was found to lead to an inflexible approach, usually with a negative attitude.

Subjective expertise led to more pride.

1. Besides the influence on cognition style, subjective expertise is also related to other perceptions, such as pride, which are related to giving negative evaluations. Pride Pride is a common emotional response to experiencing success, archiving personal goals, and/or possessing high social status (Ashton-James & Tracy, 2012). Individuals who believe themselves have better knowledge and expertise than others have higher levels of pride. As a multifaceted construct, pride can be divided into two components based on divergent outcomes: authentic pride (feeling of accomplishment and success) and hubristic pride (similar to arrogance and conceit) (Tracey & Robins, 2004; Cheng, Tracy, & Henrich, 2010). Authentic pride usually leads to higher selfesteem and promotes positive behaviors (Herrald & Tomaka, 2002)

Dominance is a strategy of those in hubristic pride. Hubristic pride serves as a preparation for and rationalization of dominant behaviors such as exerting force and intimidating subordinates. Hubristic pride led to more negative evaluations.

1. Studies have found that dominance is usually adopted as a strategy by individuals experiencing hubristic pride through feelings of superiority and arrogance (Cheng et al. 2010). Hubristic pride serves as mental preparation for dominant behaviors such as exerting force and intimidating subordinates, and is therefore associated with aggression, hostility, and manipulation (Cheng et al. 2010; Tracey, Cheng, Robins, & Trzesniewski, 2009). Ashton-James and Tracy (2012) demonstrated the causal relationship between hubristic pride and negative evaluations.

Electronic word of mouth can also be a way to vent but also a prosocial signal to protect others from a poisoned area.

1. . In other words, consumers consciously utilize eWOM as a method to reduce negative emotions such as anger, anxiety and/or frustration (Engel et al., 1993; Sundaram et al., 1998)
2. Anonymity and other antecedents promote deindividuation by minimizing both self-observation and self-evaluation, as well as concerns for social evaluation (Reicher et al., 1995).
3. . For message receivers, anonymous reviews are deemed less credible and thus less favorable compared to reviews including identifiable information (Forman, Ghose, & Wiesenfeld, 2008)

Individuals tend to be less negative when communicating with a real identity.

1. Individuals tend to be less negative when communicating under their real identity, due to impression management and self-enhancement motivations (Blain & Crocker, 1993).

A need to “act smart” can lead to low status individuals being particularly nasty to seem smart and discriminating.

1. where the negative reviews are usually associated with perceptions of being smart and useful (Amabile, 1983; Moe & Trusov, 2011)

As their popularity increases, this behavior tends to stop.

1. To gain popularity, users write more negative reviews with the aim of gaining more followers. This negative effect diminishes with increases numbers of followers, as the need to “act smart” declines.

Large audiences make participants more keen to behaviors or opinion that could damage their image and keep them from the large audience, thus informational value tends to get lower as it tends to approach meaning nothing at certain levels

1. large audience size makes participants more self-focused, evinced by sharing or writing more self-enhancing content and less content that could potentially damage their images (e.g., avoiding negativity, reframing negative events).
2. . When using a popular review platform to communicate with a large audience, feelings of power, hubristic pride or emotions induced by subjective expertise are enhanced, compared with delivering messages to small groups via a niche website with a smaller audience. Therefore, the effect of subjective expertise—either negative or positive

Elite and non-elite members showed no differences in ability in terms of discriminating value from nonvalue.

1. With regard to elite status, no significant difference was found between the ratings from elite users and ratings from non-elite members, t(21398.185) = -.615, p = .539. Results of correlational analysis demonstrated that rating (at the review level) was negatively correlated with years as elite, r = -.020, p < .001. At the user level, t-tests were conducted to compare the differences between elite users and non-elite users. It was found that elite users have significantly more friends on Yelp (M = 201.84, SD = 407.51) than non-elite users (M = 17.82, SD = 47.44), t(84.503) = -4.16, p < .001. They also generated significantly more reviews (M = 291.86, SD

Different Scales Were Used in the Experiment

1. The eight-item Sense of Power Scale (Anderson & Galinsky, 2006; Anderson, Oliver, & Keltner, 2012) was adopted to assess sense of power (a = .912). Sample items included “In my relationships with others, I can get people to listen to what I say” and “I think I have a great deal of power.” Dogmatic cognition style was measured by Shearman and Levine’s (2006) Updated Dogmatism Scale, which includes 23 items, such as “People who disagree with me are usually wrong” and “I’m the type of person who questions authority (reverse coded)” (a = .795). To measure hubristic pride, Tracy and Robins’s (2007) Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales were adopted. Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they generally feel this way using the words: arrogant, conceited, egotistical, pompous, smug, snobbish, stuck-up (1 = not at all, 5 = extremely, a = .927

Individuals who rated themselves experts did not report feeling they had answered more questions correctly that non-expert users. This actually was true, but it also prevented the rationale for self-rating oneself an expert.

1. 3. Similarly, participants assigned to the high subjective expertise condition did not think they had correctly answered more questions (M = 6.00, SD = 2.20) than those in the low subjective expertise condition (M = 5.94, SD = 2.00, t(257) = -.230
2. However, correlational analysis demonstrated a significant and positive correlation between dogmatic cognition style and subjective expertise (continuous), r = .215, p = .001. Hence, H3 was partially supported. A similar pattern was found between hubristic pride and subjective expertise

Supreme Team Draft - Building the Ultimate Team
The Supreme Team Draft Challenge is an exciting and interactive basketball simulation game that allows participants to showcase their basketball knowledge and skills in building the ultimate NBA team. In this challenge, participants will act as General Managers (GMs) and strategically draft players from the entire history of the NBA to complete their team rosters.
Team 1* - " Supreme Legends"
• Chef Curry 2015 • Air Jordan 1992 • K.D. 2013 • Bill Russell 1962 • The Joker 2023
* Jamal Crawford, Raja Bell, Trevor Ariza, Charles Oakely, Elden Campbell, Cedric Maxwell, Tree Rollins
Team 2* - "High School Godz"
• King James 2013 • Black Mamba 2006 • T-Mac 2003 • The Big Ticket 2005 • Chairman of the Boards 1982

• Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, Shun Livingston, Monta Ellis, J.R. Smith, Al Jefferson, Darryl Dawkins, Lou Williams, Andrew Bynum,

Team 3* - "The Outlawz"
• Zeke 1988 • Pistol Pete 1976 • Ron Artest 2005 • Sheed 2000 • Yao 2007
* Playoff Rondo, Connie Hawkins, Veron Maxwell, Stephen Jackson, Bill Laimbeer, Anthony Mason, Danny Ainge, Nick Van Exel, Brad Miller, P.J. Tucker
Team 4 - Bucks
• Oscar Robertson 1971 • Ray Allen 1999 • Glenn Robinson 1998 • Giannis Antetokounmpo 2021 • Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1971
* Sidney Moncrief, Micheal Redd, Marques Johnson, Bob Dandridge, Khris Middleton, Terry Cummings, Brandon Jennings, Alvin Robertson
Team 5 - Lakers
• Magic Johnson 1985 • Kobe Bryant 2002 • Lebron James 2019 • Paul Gasol 2010 • Shaquille O'Neal 2000

• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Jerry West, James Worthy, Elgin Baylor, Gail Goodrich, Byron Scott, Jamaal Wilkes, Derek Fisher, Michael Cooper, Robert Horry

Team 6 - Celtics
• Bob Cousy 1955 • Paul Pierce 2008 • Larry Bird 1985 • Kevin Garnett 2008 • Bill Russell 1960
*Jayson Tatum, John Havlicek, Kevin McHale, Rajon Rondo, Robert Parish, Sam Jones, Dennis Johnson, Jalen Brown, Dave Cowens, Ray Allen
Team 7 - Spurs
• Tony Parker 2007 • George Gervin 1978 • Kiwhi Leonard 2017 • Tim Duncan 2005 • David Robinson 1995

• Victor The Alien, Manu Ginobili, Bruce Bowen, Sean Elliott, Avery Johnson, LaMarcus Aldridge, Larry Kenon, Dennis Rodman, Patty Mills

Team 8 - Sixers
• Hal Greer 1964 • Allen Iverson 2001 • Julius Erving 1980 • Joel Embiid 2023 • Wilt Chamberlain 1966

• Moses Malone, Charles Barkley, Bobby Jones, Dolph Schayes, Tyrese Maxey, Billy Cunningham, Kyle Korver, Maurice Cheeks, Ben Simmons

Team 9 - Trailblazers
• Damian Lillard 2017 • Clyde Drexler 1992 • Brandon Roy 2009 • Rasheed Wallace 2001 • Bill Walton 1977
* Terry Porter, Jerome Kersey, Arvydas Sabonis, Maurice Lucas, Geoff Petrie, Cliff Robinson, CJ McCollum, Scottie Pippen, Sidney Wicks
Team 10 - Suns
• Steve Nash 2005 • Devin Booker 2022 • Kevin Durant 2023 • Sir Charles 1993 • Amar'e Stoudemire 2008

• Shawn Marion, Walter Davis, Kevin Johnson, Tom Chambers, Dan Majerle, Paul Westphal, Connie Hawkins, Larry Nance, Alvan Adams, Bradley Beal

Team 11 - Magic
• Penny Hardaway 1995 • Tracy McGrady 2002 • Hedo Turkoglu 2008 • Dwight Howard 2010 • Shaquille O'Neal 1995

• Paolo Banchero, Scott Skiles, Dennis Scott, Nikola Vucevic, Darrell Armstrong, Mike Miller, Jameer Nelson, Nick Anderson

Team 12 - Wizards
• Gilbert Arenas 2006 • Earl Monroe 1968 • Bernard King 1988 • Elvin Hayes 1974 • Wes Unseld 1978

• Caron Bulter, Jeff Ruland, Phil Chenier, John Wall, Antawan Jamison, Michael Jordan, Ron Strickland, Bradley Beal, George Muresan

Team 13 - Pacers
• Tyrese Haliburto 2024 • Reggie Miller 1998 • Paul George 2012 • Jermaine O'Neal 2005 • Mel Daniels 1971

• Ron Artest, Victor Oladipo, George McGinnis, Rik Smits, Mark Jackson, Rodger Brown, Dale Davis, Chuck Person, Danny Granger, Jalen Rose

Team 14 - Hornets
• LaMelo Ball 2022 • Eddie Jones 2000 • Glen Rice 1997 • Larry Johnson 1994 • Alonzo Mourning 1994

• Baron Davis, Kemba Walker, Dell Curry, Muggsy Bogues, P.J. Brown, Jamal Mashburn, V. Divac, E. Okafor

Team 15 - Knicks
• Clyde Frazier 1971 • Earl Monroe 1974 • Carmelo Anthony 2012 • Willis Reed 1969 • Patrick Ewing 1994

• Jalen Brunson, Richie Guerin, Dave DeBusschere, Bernard King, Amerie Stoudemire, Allan Houston, Marcus Camby, John Starks

Team 16 - Supersonics/Thunder
• Gary Payton 1996 • Shai Gilgeous-Alexander 2024 • Kevin Durant 2012 • Shawn Kemp 1996 • Spencer Haywood 1973
* Russell Westbrook, Dennis Johnson, Fred Brown, Ray Allen, Detlef Schrempf, Dale Ellis, Vin Baker, Chet Holmgren, Serge Ibaka
Team 17 - Hawks
• Trae Young 2019 • Pete Maravich 1973 • Dominique Wilkins 1987 • Bob Pettit 1959 • Dikembe Mutombo 1999

• Lou Hudson, Cliff Hagan, Kevin Willis, Mookie Blaylock, Spud Webb, Josh Smith, Theo Ratliff, Lenny Wilkens, John Drew

Team 18 - Heat
• Tim Hardaway 1997 • Dwayne Wade 2006 • Jimmy Butler 2020 • Lebron James 2012 • Shaquille O'Neal 2005

• Alonzo Mourning, Chris Bosh, Glen Rice, Bam Adebayo, Udonis Haslem, Ray Allen, Steve Smith, Jason Williams

Team 19 - Clippers
• Chris Paul 2013 • Paul George 2022 • Kiwhi Leonard 2022 • Blake Griffin 2014 • Bob McAdoo 1975

• Elton Brand, DeAndre Jordan, World B. Free, Danny Manning, Corey Maggette, Randy Smith, Ron Harper, Chris Kaman

Team 20 - Warriors
• Stephen Curry 2017 • Klay Thompson 2015 • Rick Barry 1975 • Draymond Green 2015 • Wilt Chamberlain 1963

• Chris Mullin, Paul Arizin, Tim Hardaway, Nate Thurmond, Jason Richardson, Andrew Bogut, Jordan Poole, Andre Iguodala, Mitch Richmond

Team 21 - The Nets
• Jason Kidd 2002 • Vince Carter 2005 • Julius Erving 1976 • Kevin Durant 2019 • Brook Lopez 2016

• Kenyon Martin, Kenny Anderson, RichardJefferson, Buck Williams, Otis Birdsong, Darzen Petrovic, Kerry Kettles, Derrick Coleman, James Harden, Kyrie Irving

Team 22 - "Detroit Legends"
• Isiah Thomas 1989 • Joe Dumars 1989 • Grant Hill 1999 • Rasheed Wallace 2004 • Bob Lanier 1974

• Dennis Rodman, Chauncey Billups, Dave Bing, Ben Wallace, Richard Hamilton, Bill Laimbeer, Rick Mahorn, Tayshun Price, Vinny Johnson

Team 23 - Bulls
• Derrick Rose 2009 • Michael Jordan 1993 • Scottie Pippen 1994 • Dennis Rodman 1996 • Artis Gilmore 1978

• Horace Grant, Toni Kukoc, Bob Love, B.J. Armstrong, Joakim Noah, Jerry Sloan, Luc Longley, Ben Gordon, Bison Dele

Team 24 - Mavericks
• Kyrie Irving 2024 • Luka Dončić's 2024 • Michael Finley 2002 • Dirk Nowitzki 2011 • Tyson Chandler 2011

• Jason Kidd, Steve Nash, Mark Aguirre, Jason Terry, Ronald Blackman, Shawn Bradley, Derek Harper

Team 25 - Kings
• Tiny Archibald 1971 • Oscar Robertson 1966 • Peja Stojakovic 2001 • Chris Webber 2001 • DeMarcus Cousins 2014

• Jerry Lucas, Mitch Richmond, DeAaron Fox, Wayne Embry, Doug Christie, Vlade Divac, Mike Bibby, Jack Twyman

Team 26 - Jazz
• John Stockton 1997 • Pete Maravich 1977 • Adrian Dantley 1981 • Karl Malone 1997 • Mark Eaton 1988

• Carlos Boozer, Deron Williams, Andrei Kirilenko, Donovan Mitchell, Thurl Bailey, Jeff Hornacek, Byron Russell, Rudy Gobert

Team 27 - Cavs
• Kyrie Irving 2016 • Donovan Mitchell 2024 • Lebron James 2016 • Kevin Love 2016 • Brad Daugherty 1990

• Mark Price, Austin Carr, Evan Mobley, Zydrunas IIgauskas, Bingo Smith, Larry Nance, Ricky Davis

Team 28 - Nuggets
• Jamal Murray 2023 • Dave Thompson 1978 • Alex English 1987 • Antoine Mcdyess 1998 • Nikola Jokić 2023

• Fat Lever, Dan Issel, Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, KiKi Vandeweghe, Nene Hilario, Aaron Gordon, Carmelo Anthony

Team 29 - Pelicans
• Chris Paul 2006 • C.J. McCollum 2024 • Brandon Ingram 2024 • Zion Williamson 2024 • Anthony Davis 2017

• Baron Davis, David West, Eric Gordon, DeMarcus Cousins, Julius Randle, Jrue Holiday, Jamal Mashburn

Team 30 - Grizzlies
• Ja Morant 2022 • Toney Allen 2011 • Rudy Gay 2008 • Pau Gasol 2005 • Marc Gasol 2014

• Mike Conley, Zach Randolph, Shareef Abdur-Rahim, Shane Battier, Bryant Reeves, Jaren Jackson Jr., Desmond Bane

Team 31- Rockets
• Steve Francis 2002 • James Harden 2018 • Tracy McGrady 2005 • Moses Malone 1978 • Hakeem Olajuwon 1994
* Robert Horry, Yao Ming, Ralph Sampson, Calvin Murphy, Cuttino Mobley, Sam Cassell, Otis Thorpe, Kenny Smith
Team 32 - T-Wolves
• Stephon Marbury 1998 • Anthony Edwards 2024 • Kevin Garnett 2004 • Karl-Anthony Towns 2024 • George Mikan (C)

• Rudy Gobert, Wally Szczerbiak, Sam Mitchell, Doug West, Isiah Rider, Christian Laettner, Sam Cassell

Team 33 - Raptors
• Kyle Lowry 2018 • Vince Carter 1999 • Kiwhi Leonard 2019 • Chris Bosh 2010 • Antoine Davis 2000

• DeMar DeRozan, Pascal Siakam, Damon Stoudemire, Morris Peterson, Fred Vanvleet, Andrea Bargnani, Jonas Valanciunas, Dennis Schroeder

Crossposting audience: This is a new subreddit at zeronarcissists, the first anti-narcissism subreddit based on scientific evidence as far as I can tell. Please give us a follow at the original sub! We are new and growing.
https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1874&context=dissertations
Coercive control in narcissism was studied in adolescents who were in a cadet program for youth with external difficulties.
The present study investigated whether adolescents with higher levels of narcissism were perceived by peers as engaging in prosocial or antisocial behaviors depending on the phase of the relationship and whether control strategies translated to peers’ ratings of likability.
Narcissists used more coercive control strategies, but over time (after five months). At that point, the narcissists had become less respected and less liked by their peers compared to the initial encounters.
Overall, individuals who reported higher levels of Machiavellianism also reported using more coercive behavior strategies. Self-reported narcissism was only associated with self-reported use of more coercive control strategies at the five-month follow-up. Furthermore, individuals who were seen as using more coercive behavior strategies were liked less, but more respected, by their peers.
Machiavellians, like narcissists, try to control social resources to achieve social dominance. Thus, the appropriation of needs, such as in communist needs (each according to their needs) tends to attract lots of narcissists to needs-dissemination bureaucracies. Clear evidence of excessive narcissists being bred in communist societies around this point is evidence in previous research, because needs-proving and needs-defending are such salient ways of instituting social control. The Holodomor is a good example of “each according to their needs” being a fraud meant to install social control and abuse people into submission and shows a pervasive pattern of ignoring the needs of constituents in order to maintain social dominance.
Individuals with high levels of Machiavellianism may use resource control strategies because they are motivated to obtain control or social dominance over others 2 (Christie & Geis, 1970)
Differences between Machiavellianism and narcissism (both are exploitative, arrogant, dominant and lack empathy).
However, another personality construct (i.e., narcissism) could be associated with the same methods of control as a means to obtain socially desirable outcomes. Narcissism is similar to Machiavellianism in that narcissism is thought to include interpersonal exploitativeness (McHoskey, 1995), dominance, arrogance, and a lack of empathy for others (Bradlee & Emmons, 1992; Gurtman, 1992), as well as a strong desire to achieve and maintain a superior social status. Additionally, both Machiavellianism (Hawley, 2003) and narcissism (Barry, Grafeman, Adler, & Pickard, 2007) have been correlated with aggressive behavior.
Narcissists tend to be well-liked by others initially, until they become antisocial and aggressive which usually happens within the course of 3-4 months, and only gets worse and worse over the years.
Individuals with high levels of narcissism tend to initially be liked by others (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001), suggesting that they may use prosocial tactics to gain acceptance in social situations, but they may later use aggressive or other antisocial means to maintain their desired social status (Raskin, Novacek, & Hogan, 1991). Therefore, like Machiavellianism, narcissism may be associated with bistrategic control in social relationships, although the relative use of these strategies may depend on the phase of the relationship. The proposed study sought to explore this issue.
Narcissists will try to gain access to social resources because they know it is the way to control social status, and this is congruent with findings of deliberate withholding by narcissists in particular, often leading to their victims being particularly vulnerable unnecessarily.
6.1). Adolescents with higher levels of narcissism might be especially likely to engage in tactics designed to seek control over social resources because they are particularly attuned to their social status (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001).
Narcissists will self-enhance and will not remove self-enhancements when being held accountable; Machiavellians do not self-enhance and are more realistic in their self-appraisals are not as likely as narcissists to award themselves spot-clean 0-wrongs-done accountability scores (self-enhancements that are divorced from reality) that narcissists are most likely to award themselves.
In particular, narcissism was associated with displays of self-enhancement, whereas 6 Machiavellianism was not associated with self-enhancement tendencies (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). It appears that although both constructs are connected to similar interpersonal strategies, Machiavellianism may be tied to a more realistic self-appraisal or presentation. In other words, Machiavellianism may not include the grandiosity that is a core feature of narcissism, or grandiosity may not be as evident for individuals with high levels of Machiavellianism. Indeed, some authors believe that individuals with high levels of Machiavellianism may actually prefer covert ways of obtaining social power (Kerig & Sink, 2011). These authors suggest that boastful leaders are more likely to call attention to themselves and that by being discrete, individuals with high levels of Machiavellianism are able to avoid direct competition. Despite the grandiosity distinction, narcissism and Machiavellianism share several distinguishing features; therefore, the interpersonal strategies associated with one construct may be useful for understanding the other.
Machiavellians will withhold information even when everyone will gain just to be competitive over cooperative, show the noxious feature of maladaptive pathology.
For example, in one study, Machiavellianism was associated with a tendency to withhold information from others even when there was potential for everyone to gain (Liu, 2008). Specifically, college students with higher levels of Machiavellianism were less likely to share knowledge with other members within a hypothetical company, acting in a competitive rather than cooperative manner.
Narcissists show no moral issue with using others to achieve their goals and don’t seem to see the impact of their strategies on others, showing that narcissism is mainly a moral disorder, not a medical disorder.
Moreover, individuals with higher levels of Machiavellianism are more likely to deceive others (e.g., lying, cheating) if doing so is believed to lead to personal gain (Sakalaki, Richardson, & Thépaut, 2007). In one study, children with high Machiavellianism scores had high affective perspective taking but low empathy (Barnett & Thompson, 1985). In other words, these children had an ability to identify the feelings and emotions of others but were unwilling or unable to actually 8 empathize with their affective distress. Thus, it appears that individuals with higher levels of Machiavellianism are concerned with power and authority in social situations and are not particularly troubled by using others to achieve their goals or by the impact of their strategies on others.
Narcissists do not socialize to socialize, they socialize to receive self-enhancement. They hope to receive compliments, praise, and an outcome that favors them singularly in a way that appeals to their ego.
Bogart, Benotsch, and Pavlovic (2004) suggest that social comparison is particularly important to people who are higher on narcissistic traits and that they use social situations for self-enhancement purposes because although they have high self-esteem, it is believed to be fragile and in need of constant validation
If a narcissist feels their superiority is threatened, they are more likely to be hostile. This is regardless of whether or not their perception of superiority is correct; they do not have accurate self-enhancements and respond very poorly when finding out their superior self-perceptions are not accurate to reality. They therefore are more likely to become antisocial when these social comparisons are out of their favor.
However, if the individual feels that his or her superiority is threatened, he or she is more likely to behave in a hostile manner (Bogart et al., 2004). Therefore, it appears that individuals with high levels of narcissism may attempt to bolster their self-esteem or emotional state through attempts to increase their social status and that they may resort to more antisocial or at least less socially accepted strategies if social comparisons are unfavorable (e.g., Barry, Chaplin, & Grafeman, 2006; Bogart et al., 2004; Bushman & Baumeister, 1998; Rhodewalt & Morf, 1998)
Narcissism is associated with being unresponsive to others and therefore insensitive to them. Eventually, individuals respond in kind, and the narcissist has to go elsewhere. This shows the maladaptation of the narcissist where they want something (stable validation) but they are not using the proper techniques to secure it long term (low commitment, coercive control when committed, leading to being unliked).
For example, Morf and Rhodewalt (2001) assert that narcissism is associated with insensitivity and unresponsiveness to the needs of others, so others eventually detach from the narcissist, forcing him or her to seek validation elsewhere. Nevertheless, individuals with narcissistic characteristics tend to engage in the same behavioral patterns in subsequent interpersonal relationships making it difficult to obtain the positive feedback they seek (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001).
Narcissists see a lot of negative social consequences in the enduring zone, so they tend to not like commitment or long term relationships because they can’t keep them together long term without aggression and coercion which are their only sustainable enduring strategies, which leads to adverse consequences to their ego when they lead to the narcissist becoming unliked. So they attempt to never be in enduring relationships.
According to Campbell and Campbell (2009), narcissists experience high levels of reward in the emerging zone when others perceive them in a favorable light. However, narcissism is associated with negative social consequences in the enduring zone once the initial attraction fades (Campbell & Campbell, 2009)
Narcissists prefer to have no history with people to maximize the positive feedback in the emerging zone, which they asymmetrically count in the positive, so these “emerging zones” lead to the most “profit” for them.
Therefore, someone with narcissistic tendencies seeks to stay in the emerging zone, which leads to changing friends, jobs, and hobbies (Campbell & Campbell, 2009).
Narcissists always have some relationships in the emerging zone where they act prosocially because that is where they “profit” the most; aka, get the most praise and positive feedback due to having no history of the slip-ups that soon follow on the heels of entering into the enduring zone where the narcissist can only sustain it long-term through aggression. Narcissists enjoy the delusion they can be prosocial and others seem to as well, which is why narcissists will always have someone on the side or in their life that they just met who they are giving their emerging self to with none of the negative history of the past.
Campbell and Campbell (2009) suggest that although narcissism is tied to some negative social consequences in the enduring zone, the greatest consequences are experienced by individuals interacting with the narcissist, mainly because in the enduring zone, narcissism is still associated with positive self-views (Campbell & Campbell, 2009). The narcissistic individual is therefore likely to continue to engage in the same behaviors because he or she receives rewards in both zones, but he or she is motivated to have at least some relationships in the emerging zone where there is maximal benefit. On the other hand, the person interacting with the narcissist in the enduring zone is motivated to 13 end the relationship because he or she is no longer being rewarded (Campbell & Campbell, 2009).
In the enduring zone, aggression is used to protect one’s status. But in the emerging zone, narcissists act like they are prosocial. This is when they are just trying to get the position, just trying to get the employee, just starting the relationship, or just meeting the family.
For example, it is possible that aggression is a strategy used to protect one’s status or self-esteem in the enduring zone. However, the question still remains, what strategies, if any, are used in the emerging zone? Moreover, do these strategies have social benefits?
Narcissists get their foot in the door with a face they cannot sustain and then keep that in through aggression, such as threats, extortion, and other coercive/bullying means
. Specifically, it appears that individuals with high levels of narcissism may use one set of strategies when they first interact with people (e.g., ingratiation) and then use other strategies (e.g., aggression) to maintain their position within the social group or reduce threats after negative information from the environment. Machiavellianism, on the other hand, may not be associated with the same pattern of early use of prosocial tactics and later use of aggression. Instead, Machiavellian tendencies would be expected to relate to both types of strategies throughout interpersonal interactions.
Narcissists become disliked by peers at the Time 2 (3-4 months in) period when they begin using their coercive behaviors as opposed to their prosocial, friendly behaviors, such as faking being on someone’s side
Eventually, narcissists are disliked by peers (Paulhus, 1998), which may be due to the fact that these individuals have begun to use coercive 15 methods to achieve their goals (e.g., intimidation, aggression, exploitation) once the initial access to relationships has been obtained.
Coercive behaviors increased as the relationship length went on in narcissistic partners
In the present study, the level of aggression was not expected to vary across time as a function of Machiavellianism, but narcissism was expected to predict increases in such coercive behaviors as relationships continued.
Narcissists were reported to have predictable time periods of 1-2 weeks prosocial, and within 3-4 months showing coercive behavior
Moreover, it was hypothesized that there would be positive self-by-target correlations for narcissism and prosocial behavior at Time 1 (i.e., within 2-3 weeks of initiating the relationship) and narcissism and coercive behavior at Time 2 (i.e., approximately 3-4 months later;Hypothesis 3). In regards to Hypotheses 2 and 3, self-reported narcissism was expected to be correlated with self and peer reports of prosocial behavior at Time 1 and peer reports of coercive behavior at Time 2
Narcissists do not last very long putting on a prosocial face and very quickly regress to aggressive behaviors that leads to the collapse of their relationships
Specifically, individuals with high levels of narcissism tend to initially be liked by others, but that initial attraction soon fades (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001), suggesting that they may use prosocial tactics to gain acceptance in social situations, but they may later use aggressive or other antisocial means to maintain their desired social status (Raskin et al. 1991).
Participants
Participants were males and females ranging in age from 16-18 (M = 16.63, SD = .68) years enrolled in a military-style intervention program for youths—referred to as cadets while in the program—who have dropped out of school. Participants were considered at-risk based on their having dropped out of school. The intervention program is voluntary (i.e., not court-ordered or state-mandated). Eighty-six (86) participants (59 males and 27 females) completed data for Time 1 analyses. Time 1 data were collected in eight groups of males (two groups of six, two groups of seven, three groups of eight, and one group of nine participants) and four female groups (two groups of six, a group of seven, and a group of eight participants). Fifty-seven participants (45 males and 12 females) completed data for Time 2 analyses
Coercive Strategies of Control

1. I access resources (material, social, informational) by dominating others.
   
2. I access resources (material, social, informational) by bullying others.
   
3. I access resources (material, social, informational) by tricking or manipulating others
   
4. I access resources (material, social, informational) by forcing them from others.
   
5. I access resources (material, social, informational) by acting like I’m angry.
   
6. I access resources (material, social, informational) by convincing others I’m their friend when I’m not.
   

Individuals with narcissism often strive for leadership positions, but ironically, because of their greater use of coercive control they are more likely to be unliked for leadership positions due to being perceived as disrespectful
Because previous research shows that individuals with higher levels of narcissism strive for respect, admiration, and often occupy leadership positions (Campbell & Campbell, 2009), meta-perceptions regarding leadership, admiration, likeability, and respect were examined
Individuals with more maladaptive narcissism reported using more coercive control, showing they were more disrespectful and due to less likability less likely to get what they wanted
Thus, individuals with higher levels of overall, adaptive, and maladaptive narcissism reported using more coercive control behavior strategies. Similarly, individuals with higher levels of Machiavellianism reported using coercive resource control strategies relatively often, and they perceived others as using more coercive behavior strategies at Time 2.
Disrespectful people were not admired and not liked and were not seen as leaders
These results indicate that individuals who were seen as respectable were also seen as using less coercive control strategies, were seen as likable, as liking and respecting others, and were rated higher on leadership and admiration. Admiration was correlated with likability, r = .98, p< .05, meta-like, r = .93, p< .05, and meta-respect, r = .79, p< .05, indicating that people who 40 were seen by their peers as admirable were also seen as likable and as liking and respecting others. Meta-respect was correlated with likability, r = .90, p< .05, and metalike, r = .95, p< .05, indicating that individuals who were seen as respecting others were also seen as likable and as liking others. Lastly, like and meta-like were significantly correlated, r = .91, p< .05, indicating that individuals who were seen as likable were also seen as liking others.
Witnessing disrespect of others also led to individuals being unlikeable and less likely to be considered leaders.
Coercive behavioral control strategies were negatively correlated with likability, r = -.28, p< .05, indicating that individuals tended to like their peers less when they viewed them as using coercive control strategies. Meta-respect was correlated with likability, r = .80, p< .05, and meta-like, r = .86, p< .01, indicating that individuals who saw their peers as respecting others also saw their peers as likable and as 41 liking others.
As the situation developed, likability that was consistent turned into admiration, and admiration predicted who was a leader or who wasn’t.
Time 2 perceiver correlations were unable to be interpreted for prosocial and coercive resource control due to insignificant perceiver variance. At Time 2, leadership was significantly correlated with admiration, r= .82, p< .05, indicating that individuals who saw others as leaders also saw them as admirable. No other significant correlations emerged.
Narcissists might garner respect from coercive control, but it was very fragile and people hid their true feelings of dislike due to feeling the narcissists didn’t respect them sufficiently, causing a snowball effect where the narcissist was more likely to respond to this dislike and the instability it caused with more coercive control. This shows ineffective, unsustainable leadership, very similar to the structure of their ego. Coercive controllers were not wanted as candidates for long term engagements.
Although peers may tend to respect individuals who use coercion, they generally do not like them as much. This issue may be especially pertinent when examining interpersonal relationships among individuals with higher levels of narcissism and Machiavellianism, as such individuals strive for power and respect (Machiavelli, 1513/1966; Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). Individuals with higher levels of narcissism were viewed by others as having less respect for them, which could further contribute to strained interpersonal relationships experienced by these individuals.
More importantly, individuals who were seen as respectable were also seen as using less coercive control strategies. However, as mentioned above, another finding indicated that individuals who self-reported more coercive behavior strategies were respected relatively more by their peers. Therefore, it appears that there are two paths to respect: one path involves (at least the self-presentation of) high amounts of coercive resource control, whereas the other path emphasizes less coercive methods. It is possible that individuals who use more coercive control are respected by others out of fear and that individuals who use less coercive control are seen as respectable because of their lack of aggressive or hostile means of relating to others and attaining resources, which shows true skillfulness.
Overall, respect through effective resource control in ways that did not need to become hostile or aggressive was a stronger respect than coercive control methods that were respected but were hostile and aggressive, leading to an underlying dislike that ultimately led to their only being short term candidates for leadership.
Being likable, admirable, respectable, and liking and admiring others in genuine ways were what people identified as a leader. Though someone with coercive control may be accepted as a leader, they were interestingly not actually seen as leadership material.
Moreover, individuals who saw others as leaders also saw them as likable, respectable, admirable, and as liking and respecting others.
Narcissists and machiavellians crave, if not demand, power and respect. Ironically, their use of coercive control leads to them receiving far less of this than they crave. This is due to the fact that the most respect is given to individuals that are successful at achieving true, mutual respect. The lack of respect from narcissists and machiavellians is palpable and obvious, no matter how much they consider it veiled (for instance, the narcissists’ zero-wrongs accountability trend shows lack of respect to those receiving the falsified report due to the obvious errors they are denying, showing a contempt and disrespect for the report receiver’s intelligence in order to maintain/achieve power. Those receiving the report see and resent this disrespect just for the sake of maintaining/achieving power and it therefore precludes true mutual respect required for consensual leadership). This leads to them not achieving the power they crave. For instance, a president may not be selected due to giving the impression of hidden contempt for the people and the way in which they operate, which ironically becomes even more apparent when not selected, snowballing the feeling of rejection.
“Narcissism and Machiavellianism are both theoretically linked to a desire for power and respect (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001; Machiavelli, 1513/1966). Based on peer reports in the present study, one way in which an individual might obtain admiration and respect may be to establish a mutually respectful relationship with others.”
Developing a reciprocal, positive relationship is the optimal way of gaining respect and admiration.
Developing a positive, reciprocal relationship might be the optimal method of gaining respect and admiration.
Both coercive control and gaining respect in other ways without coercion did in fact end up in respect, but coercive control had excessive social fallout making it not as strong as sustainable as gaining respect in other ways without coercion. Therefore, coercive control was a maladaptive trait that did not actually end in the long-term reception of respect the narcissist desired.
Low coercion, on the other hand, was correlated with 47 being respected without any negative perceptions of the person. Although seeking the respect of others is an aspect of narcissism and Machiavellianism, and coercive strategies may be one way to gain this respect, it appears that other strategies may also be effective without the additional social fallout.

Supreme Team Draft - Building the Ultimate Team
The Supreme Team Draft Challenge is an exciting and interactive basketball simulation game that allows participants to showcase their basketball knowledge and skills in building the ultimate NBA team. In this challenge, participants will act as General Managers (GMs) and strategically draft players from the entire history of the NBA to complete their team rosters.
Team 1* - " Supreme Legends"
• Chef Curry 2015 • Air Jordan 1992 • K.D. 2013 • Bill Russell 1962 • The Joker 2023
* Jamal Crawford, Raja Bell, Trevor Ariza, Charles Oakely, Elden Campbell, Cedric Maxwell, Tree Rollins
Team 2* - "High School Godz"
• King James 2013 • Black Mamba 2006 • T-Mac 2003 • The Big Ticket 2005 • Chairman of the Boards 1982

• Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, Shun Livingston, Monta Ellis, J.R. Smith, Al Jefferson, Darryl Dawkins, Lou Williams, Andrew Bynum,

Team 3* - "The Outlawz"
• Zeke 1988 • Pistol Pete 1976 • Ron Artest 2005 • Sheed 2000 • Yao 2007
* Playoff Rondo, Veron Maxwell, Stephen Jackson, Bill Laimbeer, Anthony Mason, Danny Ainge, Nick Van Exel, Brad Miller, P.J. Tucker
Team 4 - Bucks
• Oscar Robertson 1971 • Ray Allen 1999 • Glenn Robinson 1998 • Giannis Antetokounmpo 2021 • Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1971
* Sidney Moncrief, Micheal Redd, Marques Johnson, Bob Dandridge, Khris Middleton, Terry Cummings, Brandon Jennings, Alvin Robertson
Team 5 - Lakers
• Magic Johnson 1985 • Kobe Bryant 2002 • Lebron James 2019 • Paul Gasol 2010 • Shaquille O'Neal 2000

• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Jerry West, James Worthy, Elgin Baylor, Gail Goodrich, Byron Scott, Jamaal Wilkes, Derek Fisher, Michael Cooper, Robert Horry

Team 6 - Celtics
• Bob Cousy 1955 • Paul Pierce 2008 • Larry Bird 1985 • Kevin Garnett 2008 • Bill Russell 1960
*Jayson Tatum, John Havlicek, Kevin McHale, Rajon Rondo, Robert Parish, Sam Jones, Dennis Johnson, Jalen Brown, Dave Cowens, JoJo White
Team 7 - Spurs
• Tony Parker 2007 • George Gervin 1978 • Kiwhi Leonard 2017 • Tim Duncan 2005 • David Robinson 1995

• Victor The Alien, Manu Ginobili, Bruce Bowen, Sean Elliott, Avery Johnson, LaMarcus Aldridge, Larry Kenon, Dennis Rodman, Patty Mills

Team 8 - Sixers
• Hal Greer 1964 • Allen Iverson 2001 • Julius Erving 1980 • Joel Embiid 2023 • Wilt Chamberlain 1966

• Moses Malone, Charles Barkley, Bobby Jones, Dolph Schayes, Tyrese Maxey, Billy Cunningham, George McGinnis, Maurice Cheeks, Ben Simmons

Team 9 - Trailblazers
• Damian Lillard 2017 • Clyde Drexler 1992 • Brandon Roy 2009 • Rasheed Wallace 2001 • Bill Walton 1977
* Terry Porter, Jerome Kersey, Arvydas Sabonis, Maurice Lucas, Geoff Petrie, Cliff Robinson, CJ McCollum, Scottie Pippen, Sidney Wicks
Team 10 - Suns
• Steve Nash 2005 • Devin Booker 2022 • Shawn Marion 2003 • Sir Charles 1993 • Amar'e Stoudemire 2008

• Walter Davis, Kevin Johnson, Tom Chambers, Dan Majerle, Paul Westphal, Connie Hawkins, Larry Nance, Alvan Adams

Team 11 - Magic
• Penny Hardaway 1995 • Tracy McGrady 2002 • Hedo Turkoglu 2008 • Dwight Howard 2010 • Shaquille O'Neal 1995

• Paolo Banchero, Scott Skiles, Dennis Scott, Nikola Vucevic, Darrell Armstrong, Mike Miller, Jameer Nelson, Nick Anderson

Team 12 - Wizards
• Gilbert Arenas 2006 • Bradley Beal 2018 • Bernard King 1988 • Elvin Hayes 1974 • Wes Unseld 1978

• Caron Bulter, Jeff Ruland, Phil Chenier, John Wall, Antawan Jamison, Earl Monroe, George Muresan. Michael Jordan, Ron Strickland,

Team 13 - Pacers
• Tyrese Haliburto 2024 • Reggie Miller 1998 • Paul George 2012 • Jermaine O'Neal 2005 • Mel Daniels 1971

• Ron Artest, Jalen Rose, Victor Oladipo, Danny Granger, Rik Smits, Mark Jackson, Rodger Brown, Dale Davis, Chuck Person, Vern Fleming

Team 14 - Hornets
• LaMelo Ball 2022 • Eddie Jones 2000 • Glen Rice 1997 • Larry Johnson 1994 • Alonzo Mourning 1994

• Baron Davis, Kemba Walker, Dell Curry, Muggsy Bogues, P.J. Brown, Jamal Mashburn, Al Jefferson

Team 15 - Knicks
• Clyde Frazier 1971 • Earl Monroe 1974 • Carmelo Anthony 2012 • Willis Reed 1969 • Patrick Ewing 1994

• Jalen Brunson, Richie Guerin, Dave DeBusschere, Bernard King, Amerie Stoudemire, Allan Houston, Marcus Camby, John Starks

Team 16 - Supersonics/Thunder
• Gary Payton 1996 • Shai Gilgeous-Alexander 2024 • Kevin Durant 2012 • Shawn Kemp 1996 • Spencer Haywood 1973
* Russell Westbrook, Dennis Johnson, Fred Brown, Ray Allen, Detlef Schrempf, Dale Ellis, Vin Baker, Chet Holmgren, Serge Ibaka
Team 17 - Hawks
• Trae Young 2019 • Pete Maravich 1973 • Dominique Wilkins 1987 • Bob Pettit 1959 • Dikembe Mutombo 1999

• Lou Hudson, Cliff Hagan, Kevin Willis, Mookie Blaylock, Spud Webb, Josh Smith, Theo Ratliff, Lenny Wilkens, John Drew

Team 18 - Heat
• Tim Hardaway 1997 • Dwayne Wade 2006 • Lebron James 2012 • Alonzo Mourning 1997 • Shaquille O'Neal 2005

• Chris Bosh, Glen Rice, Bam Adebayo, Udonis Haslem, Ray Allen, Jimmy Butler, Steve Smith, Jason Williams

Team 19 - Clippers
• Chris Paul 2013 • Paul George 2022 • Kiwhi Leonard 2022 • Blake Griffin 2014 • Bob McAdoo 1975

• Elton Brand, DeAndre Jordan, World B. Free, Danny Manning, Corey Maggette, Randy Smith, Ron Harper, Chris Kaman

Team 20 - Warriors
• Stephen Curry 2017 • Klay Thompson 2015 • Rick Barry 1975 • Draymond Green 2015 • Wilt Chamberlain 1963

• Chris Mullin, Paul Arizin, Tim Hardaway, Nate Thurmond, Jason Richardson, Andrew Bogut, Jordan Poole, Andre Iguodala, Mitch Richmond

Team 21 - The Nets
• Jason Kidd 2002 • Vince Carter 2005 • Julius Erving 1976 • Kevin Durant 2019 • Brook Lopez 2016

• Kenyon Martin, Kenny Anderson, RichardJefferson, Buck Williams, Otis Birdsong, Darzen Petrovic, Kerry Kettles, Derrick Coleman, James Harden, Kyrie Irving

Team 22 - "Detroit Legends"
• Isiah Thomas 1989 • Joe Dumars 1989 • Grant Hill 1999 • Rasheed Wallace 2004 • Bob Lanier 1974

• Dennis Rodman, Chauncey Billups, Dave Bing, Ben Wallace, Richard Hamilton, Bill Laimbeer, Rick Mahorn, Tayshun Price, Vinny Johnson

Team 23 - Bulls
• Derrick Rose 2009 • Michael Jordan 1993 • Scottie Pippen 1994 • Dennis Rodman 1996 • Artis Gilmore 1978

• Horace Grant, Toni Kukoc, Bob Love, B.J. Armstrong, Joakim Noah, Reggie Theus, Ben Gordon, Bison Dele, Jerry Sloan, Luc Longley

Team 24 - Mavericks
• Kyrie Irving 2024 • Luka Dončić's 2024 • Michael Finley 2002 • Dirk Nowitzki 2011 • Tyson Chandler 2011

• Jason Kidd, Steve Nash, Mark Aguirre, Jason Terry, Ronald Blackman, Shawn Bradley, Derek Harper

Team 25 - Kings
• Tiny Archibald 1971 • Oscar Robertson 1966 • Peja Stojakovic 2001 • Chris Webber 2001 • DeMarcus Cousins 2014

• Jerry Lucas, Mitch Richmond, DeAaron Fox, Wayne Embry, Doug Christie, Vlade Divac, Mike Bibby, Jack Twyman

Team 26 - Jazz
• John Stockton 1997 • Pete Maravich 1977 • Adrian Dantley 1981 • Karl Malone 1997 • Mark Eaton 1988

• Carlos Boozer, Deron Williams, Andrei Kirilenko, Donovan Mitchell, Thurl Bailey, Jeff Hornacek, Byron Russell, Rudy Gobert

Team 27 - Cavs
• Kyrie Irving 2016 • Donovan Mitchell 2024 • Lebron James 2016 • Kevin Love 2016 • Brad Daugherty 1990

• Mark Price, Austin Carr, Evan Mobley, Zydrunas IIgauskas, Bingo Smith, Larry Nance, Ricky Davis

Team 28 - Nuggets
• Jamal Murray 2023 • Dave Thompson 1978 • Alex English 1987 • Antoine Mcdyess 1998 • Nikola Jokić 2023

• Fat Lever, Dan Issel, Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, KiKi Vandeweghe, Nene Hilario, Aaron Gordon, Carmelo Anthony

Team 29 - Pelicans
• Chris Paul 2006 • C.J. McCollum 2024 • Brandon Ingram 2024 • Zion Williamson 2024 • Anthony Davis 2017

• Baron Davis, David West, Eric Gordon, David Wesley, Julius Randle, Jrue Holiday, Jamal Mashburn

Team 30 - Grizzlies
• Ja Morant 2022 • Toney Allen 2011 • Rudy Gay 2008 • Pau Gasol 2005 • Marc Gasol 2014

• Mike Conley, Zach Randolph, Shareef Abdur-Rahim, Shane Battier, Bryant Reeves, Jaren Jackson Jr., Desmond Bane

Team 31- Rockets
• Steve Francis 2002 • James Harden 2018 • Tracy McGrady 2005 • Moses Malone 1978 • Hakeem Olajuwon 1994
* Robert Horry, Yao Ming, Ralph Sampson, Calvin Murphy, Cuttino Mobley, Sam Cassell, Otis Thorpe, Kenny Smith
Team 32 - T-Wolves
• Stephon Marbury 1998 • Anthony Edwards 2024 • Kevin Garnett 2004 • Karl-Anthony Towns 2024 • George Mikan (C)

• Rudy Gobert, Wally Szczerbiak, Sam Mitchell, Doug West, Isiah Rider, Christian Laettner, Sam Cassell

Team 33 - Raptors
• Kyle Lowry 2018 • Vince Carter 1999 • Kiwhi Leonard 2019 • Chris Bosh 2010 • Antoine Davis 2000

• DeMar DeRozan, Pascal Siakam, Damon Stoudemire, Morris Peterson, Fred Vanvleet, Andrea Bargnani, Jonas Valanciunas, Dennis Schroeder

Contrary to what we heard being said almost every episode, Tommy did in fact have a job. Tommy was in actuality...
...
...
...
A youth counselor.
Most fans don't remember this but it was actually touched on twice in the first season. First in the Career Day episode (Where we meet Ms. Trinidad) and later in the Christmas episode (Where Martin plays bargain basement Santa) Tisha Campbell explained in an interview that sometime after the end of the first season, Tommy made a comment to the writers and/or producers about his character being underdeveloped. Apparently he said something to the effect of "The audience doesn't even know what I do for a living!" and they decided to make it a running gag.

Hear me out on this one, I know for most people the obvious choice for a Trainwreckord is going to be "Slang" because it had the band going for a more stripped down Grunge/Alternative sound, it was the first album in over 15 years to be produced without Mutt Lange, it was their first album with then-new guitarist Vivian Campbell, it came out during a very turbulent and dark time for the band members(Phil Collen got a divorce, Joe Elliot and Rick Allen both got arrested, Rick Savage got diagnosed with Bell's Palsy and his father died)it was their first album since their debut to not go Platinum(though it did go gold and it was their first album to actually perform better in the UK then it did in the US)and the band actually stopped performing songs off the album during it's supporting tour after realizing audiences weren't getting into them. However despite all that the band bounced back big time with their next album Euphoria which saw them reuniting with Lange and returning to their signature pop-rock sound and against all odds it was a big hit in spite of current trends at the time with it hitting #11 in both the US and UK and "Promises" becoming a #1 hit in the mainstream rock charts(it had not one but two "I'm back Bitch" songs with the opener "Demolition Man" and "Back In Your Face") so it seemed like the band was once again on track, and then suddenly their next album "X" went in an even more-commercial and poppier direction somehow and alienated fans even more then Slang did as X wouldn't even go Gold despite also debuting at #11 on Billboard(though it would soon rapidly fall off in the coming weeks)it received mixed reviews from critics and none of the three singles got much traction. "Four Letter Word" only charted at #30 on the Mainstream Rock Charts while "Now" and "Long Long Way to Go" charted at #26 and #40 in the UK respectively(with the latter single being the band's final top 40 hit in the UK).
The big controversy with X was it was the first time the band had ever used outside songwriters, in this case Wayne Hector and Steve Robson, both of whom were brought in to write "Long Long Way to Go", which is a ballad that sounds very un-Leppardlike with it's adult contemporary sound that feels more at home with the likes of Rascal Flatts(who naturally one of the writers had credits for)and Leppard weren't the only artist to record that song either as Lionel Ritchie also recorded a version of that song though it didn't fare much better only becoming a minor hit at best. "Marti Frederiksen" was brought in to produce and help write "Now" alongside the band and while it's an OK single it feels more like something a pop-punk band like Good Charlotte would do. Then Max goddamn Martin was brought in for "Unbelievable"(which didn't even make it as a single)which would not have sounded out of place on a Backstreet Boys album, it's easy to see why fans got so weirded out by the band suddenly seemingly trying to jump on the bandwagon for the latest trends instead of being trailblazers and inventing their sound like they did with Pyromania and Hysteria. There's been some appreciation for Slang in recent years but I don't hear nearly as many defenders of X. Like you can pick out exactly which bands the producers(of which there were four, definitely a case of too many cooks in the kitchen)wanted Def Leppard to sound like on each song, there's a song that's clearly inspired by the band Garbage("Gravity") then there's the Lonestar-esque "You're so Beautiful" and "Torn to Shreds" sounds like something Hoobastank would do, "Unbelievable" sounds like leftover NSYNC etc. This was also noticeably the first album where Rick Allen took an active part in the song-writing with him co-writing a whopping 11 tracks(with him only having co-written 3 songs prior to X), like that Creedence album it's a case of there being a good reason why certain band members aren't known for writing songs. The lack of Lange is really felt here with none of the four producers seeming to have an idea of what they wanted the band to be, the band also don't seem very fond of this album with none of it's songs having been performed since the supporting tour(with the exception of "Now" getting played in an acoustic format for the 2012 Rock of Ages tour and a handful getting briefly brought back for the band's 2019 Vegas residency)notably the band would never work with Pete Woodroffe again after this album and they never tried another drastic sound change like this one again. The band more or less went back to their old sound with Songs from the Sparkle Lounge and stuck with it ever since, though none of their future albums would ever see any kind of chart success and the band seems to have settled in to becoming a nostalgia act at this point.
Definitely think there's more then enough material for a Trainwreckords album here.
Here's the singles:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5HR4VudjjY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9tt8d132BM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfGW4JuwVHw