Automobile antifreeze
Confused on coolant
2024.04.17 03:28 Majestic-Animator-50 Confused on coolant
 | I am a new rider and owner. I was changing my headlight bulbs in my 2017 kawasaki ninja 300 abs and saw my coolant was at the low level line. I went to 2 different automotive sites to see if they had any coolant that's specifically for motorcycle abs they beat they could find was a universal antifreeze and coolant mix. I did some research about the ingredients and everything and what I've found is that it's okay to use. It's silicate and phosphate free as well as safe for aluminum engines. Just wanted to come on here and see if anyone as more info for me and knows if it's okay for me to use this. submitted by Majestic-Animator-50 to motorcycles [link] [comments] I attached photos of the antifreeze/coolant mix with the info it provided and ingredients. |
2024.04.16 13:08 ConsequenceSure3063 Best Blue Devil Gasket Sealer
 | submitted by ConsequenceSure3063 to u/ConsequenceSure3063 [link] [comments] https://preview.redd.it/orxgxtmaqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=0576e4ac6a8f9ac71ac713e6f568ab8d345e1606 Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer! This product is designed to help you seal gaskets effectively, preventing any leaks or spills. In this article, we will explore everything you need to know about this innovative sealer, from its benefits and features to its application and performance. Read on to discover how the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer can enhance your DIY projects and save you time and effort in the long run! The Top 18 Best Blue Devil Gasket Sealer
Reviews🔗BlueDevil Hydraulic Stop Leak Sealer for Permanent Repairhttps://preview.redd.it/ktl1gswaqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=6590b4b3ecb736a237085794d6196e86001c3a33 As an avid user of heavy machinery, I was thrilled to try out this BlueDevil Hydraulic Stop Leak. I had been replacing seals and gaskets more often than I'd like, and this product has been a lifesaver. Its ability to seal minor leaks is superb. I was skeptical at first, thinking it's just another product that promises a lot but delivers little. But boy, was I wrong! I just had to add it to my hydraulic system, and within no time, it began working its magic. One thing that stood out for me was how well it sealed the leaks. Not only did it fix the immediate problem, but it also prevented new leaks from forming. This is a massive relief, considering how expensive and time-consuming leak repairs can be. However, one downside I noticed was that it doesn't seem to work as effectively on older machines. It's not a deal-breaker for me, but it's worth considering if you're dealing with an older piece of machinery. Overall, the BlueDevil Hydraulic Stop Leak has made my life easier. It's a reliable product that's worthy of your attention if you're dealing with hydraulic leaks. 🔗Blue Magic Liquid Glass Metallic Seal-Up - 22.8 oz.https://preview.redd.it/puowz2fbqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=cbe6092d073c14e78304ab2ff9f0408e6a40df6a I recently tried the Blue Magic 1116 Liquid Glass Metallic Seal-Up and I must say, it has been quite a game changer for my cooling system. The liquid glass and copper formula is not only effective but also environmentally friendly, which is always a plus in my book. One of the most impressive features of this product is its ability to withstand extreme temperatures. Whether you're dealing with blistering heat or freezing cold, the seal formed by this sealer can handle up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, making it a reliable companion in all weather conditions. Another highlight worth mentioning is how easy it is to apply. The instructions are straightforward and the seal-up process requires very little effort. It's quite satisfying to see how quickly and effectively it blocks any leaks, saving you from potential engine damage and costly repairs. However, one downside worth mentioning is that the product doesn't have the best smell. But given its effectiveness and eco-friendliness, it's a small price to pay for peace of mind knowing your cooling system is in good hands. Overall, this product has been a lifesaver for my vehicle. Its ability to create a permanent copper-ceramic seal withstanding temperatures up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit truly makes it stand out from other sealers I've tried in the past. It's definitely a worthwhile investment if you're looking to improve your vehicle's performance and extend its lifespan. 🔗Underwater Vinyl Pool Liner Repair Kithttps://preview.redd.it/6ufz83sbqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=e24ea51a70cbe87137409cc1b0faef14737b0da7 When my son's favorite inflatable pool toy sprang a leak, I was ready to throw it away until I stumbled upon the Blue Devil Vinyl Repair Kit. After some research, I found that this kit can work underwater, so there wasn't a need to empty out the pool. The kit came with a 5-7/8 x 12 inch vinyl patch, a tube of No. 100 adhesive to apply the patch, and three smaller vinyl patches for additional repair needs. What really stood out to me was how easy it was to use. I simply applied the adhesive, placed the patch, and voila! The toy was as good as new. However, the one downside I encountered was that the adhesive didn't seem to hold as well on a particularly rough patch on the toy. But overall, for my vinyl pool liner and pool toys, this repair kit has been a game-changer. Now, I can save my favorite pool toys from the dreaded trash bin. 🔗Permanent Head Gasket & Block Repair Solutionhttps://preview.redd.it/0ael2x5cqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=9353e48ea6d97455de72a5a4c929d1034953154e As a car enthusiast, I had my fair share of engine issues, but when my head gasket blew, I was in for a real treat. I tried everything from DIY fixes to expensive shop visits, but nothing seemed to work. Then I came across K-Seal Permanent Head Gasket & Block Repair, and it was a game changer. This unique formula not only restored my faith in engine repair kits but also saved me a fortune on expensive repairs. Its "Just Pour & Go" feature was a lifesaver. No need to drain or flush my cooling system, and it was compatible with any kind of antifreeze or coolant I'd used previously. All I had to do was shake the bottle, pour K-Seal ULTIMATE into my cooling system, and within no time, my engine was back to its old self. However, I did notice that the product's consistency was a bit thicker than expected, making it difficult to pour into the coolant system. But, that was a small price to pay for a permanent fix. Overall, K-Seal Permanent Head Gasket & Block Repair is a must-have for any car owner. Its quick and easy application, compatibility with all water-cooled engines, and permanent repair guarantees make it an absolute lifesaver. If you're dealing with blown head gaskets, cracked heads, or engine blocks, this is your go-to solution. 🔗Dynatex Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker for Universal Vehicleshttps://preview.redd.it/g54hz4mcqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=9e19b35864688dcc6d346ef4992e29f92b58b24e As an avid car enthusiast, I recently decided to give DB Electrical's 49276 Dynatex Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker a try. I had been battling a few pesky leaks in my truck, and all the other gasket sealers I had used didn't seem to get the job done. I must say, this Dynatex Blue has lived up to its reputation as a reliable and effective gasket maker. One of the standout features of this product is its vibrant blue color. Not only does it make it easy to spot and apply exactly where I need it, but it also gives me the peace of mind knowing I've got a professional-grade sealant protecting my engine. The Dynatex Blue has an excellent grip that sets quickly without losing its flexibility, which has been a lifesaver for some tricky areas in my truck's engine that required a durable and resilient seal. However, there’s always room for improvement. Some users might find the strong odor of silicone quite displeasing, so I recommend using this product in a well-ventilated area and wearing gloves to avoid skin irritation. Additionally, I would have appreciated a more precise application method to ensure an even and consistent seal throughout. In conclusion, the DB Electrical Dynatex Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker has made my engine leak issues a thing of the past. Its unique color, quick-setting properties, and excellent grip make it a valuable tool for any car enthusiast or DIY mechanic. Despite the strong odor and application challenges, this gasket maker has definitely made its mark in my automotive toolbox. 🔗Multi-Purpose Steering System Restorerhttps://preview.redd.it/8eu554vcqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=7b4dfe57883a84073178faf0fab4fc0e3749fd8a Once upon a time, my trusty old car started giving me some trouble. Specifically, it developed a pesky leak in the power steering system. I knew it was time to take action, so I decided to give the Blue Devil 00232 8 oz Power Steering Stop Leak a shot. I have to say, this little bottle of liquid magic has been a game-changer. Not only did it quickly seal the leak in my power steering, but it also restored the dried, cracked, and shrunken rubber seals. The best part? It's safe and easy to use - just pour a third of the bottle into the reservoir, and watch as the problems disappear. The only downside is that it doesn't work on electric power steering systems, but that's a minor inconvenience in the grand scheme of things. Overall, I highly recommend the Blue Devil 00232 8 oz Power Steering Stop Leak for anyone looking to save their vehicle from costly repairs. In my experience, it's a great solution for problems with power steering, axle cases, gearboxes, and differentials. Give it a try and see for yourself! 🔗High-Quality Gasgacinch Gasket Sealer for Efficient Sealing and Leak Preventionhttps://preview.redd.it/mw5j9b7dqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=c641cda20c9f684f4cebe869820286dee533e1fb I was in quite a fix when my car's gasket started leaking, causing a significant drop in the engine's performance. After trying a few products without success, I stumbled upon Gasgacinch Gasket Sealer and Belt Dressing. It was a game-changer, to say the least. The first thing that stood out was its professional quality. It's clear that the makers of this product understood what they were doing, and it shows in the high performance of this sealer. It creates an impenetrable seal that's capable of withstanding high heat, gasoline, and oil, making it a versatile solution for many engine issues. One of the features I loved most was its fluidity. Unlike some competitors whose thick formula made it difficult for them to fill in the small gaps between metal surfaces, Gasgacinch is fluid enough to seep into those spaces and create a leak-free seal. Plus, its ability to remain flexible makes it easier to assemble and disassemble parts of the engine or transmission. Another advantage was its cleaning properties. Unlike other sealants which require strong solvents or sharp tools to remove, Gasgacinch can be wiped off easily, leaving no residue behind. However, there is one downside to this product. Its high-quality performance comes at a premium price, which might be a deterrent for budget-conscious mechanic enthusiasts. But considering its exceptional performance and unmatched versatility, I believe the investment is worth it. In conclusion, if you're looking for a high-quality, high-performance gasket sealer that delivers professional results and stands the test of time, look no further than Gasgacinch Gasket Sealer and Belt Dressing. 🔗Permatex 51813 Gasket Maker for Seamless Repairshttps://preview.redd.it/81md1jxdqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=be7faac72ce858ac0a5b59e1f5002128c17efc28 As an avid DIYer, I've tried my fair share of emergency repair products. However, when it comes to sealing up gaskets on the fly, nothing beats Permatex 51813. This stuff is like a lifesaver in a bottle - it's ideal for those unexpected repairs when a regular gasket just isn't available. One of the most standout features of this gasket maker is its ability to cure into a solvent-resistant seal that won't decay or tear over time, even after extended use. As someone who's been working on my car's engine, I can attest to this! Plus, remnants of old gaskets can be removed in mere minutes using a putty knife, making future repairs a breeze. However, don't be fooled by its name; the product packaging itself can be a little bit tricky to open initially, but once you've cracked the seal, it's smooth sailing from there! Just be sure to keep it stored properly for future use because it's definitely one of those products worth keeping around the garage or workshop. In conclusion, if you're in need of a reliable and efficient anaerobic gasket maker, look no further than Permatex 51813 - it's truly a game-changer for on-the-spot repairs and emergency situations. 🔗Blue Devil J-B Weld RTV Silicone Sealanthttps://preview.redd.it/wwql366eqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=6c61e20f6b47907cfae8d5eeefe6436392b663f8 I recently got the opportunity to use J-B Weld Sealant Silicone Blue RTV 3oz 31316, and boy, has it made a difference in my DIY projects! As someone who loves tinkering with mechanical assemblies, this silicone gasket maker has been a game-changer. The vibrant blue color not only adds a pop of fun to my workbench but also assures me that I'm using a high-quality product. One of the standout features of this sealant is its sensor-safe formulation. It's fantastic to have peace of mind knowing that it won't harm any electronic sensors in my vehicle. This attribute has made my automotive repair adventures much more enjoyable, as I no longer have to worry about causing damage to my vehicle's sensitive components. Another fantastic thing about this sealant is its versatility. I've used it to seal timing gear covers, transmission and oil pans, water pumps, and a whole host of other parts. The ability to bond uneven surfaces has proven invaluable, saving me time and preventing future leaks. However, there is one small issue that I've encountered. The sealant tends to take a while to cure completely. While it sets in just an hour, it can be quite frustrating to have to wait 24 hours for a full cure. Nevertheless, the durability and strength of the seal it creates make the waiting time worth it. So, if you're a DIY enthusiast or a professional mechanic in search of a reliable and versatile sealant, J-B Weld Sealant Silicone Blue RTV 3oz 31316 is definitely worth considering. Its sensor-safe formulation, versatility, and tough, waterproof seal make it a trusty companion for various automotive applications. 🔗Permanent Head Gasket Leak Repair - BlueDevilhttps://preview.redd.it/rywya8meqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=980842c93772db6de45554a072bf09640304a012 When I got that ominous "check engine" light on my dashboard during a road trip, I knew I needed a quick fix. That's when I came across BlueDevil Head Gasket Repair, and I'm so glad I did. It's a real game-changer! The Pour-N-Go formula is super easy to use - just pour it in your radiator, and it starts working its magic right away to seal any head gasket leaks. It's compatible with any type of antifreeze, which is a huge plus since I use a mix of different fluids. One thing that really stood out for me was how versatile this product is. Not only does it fix head gasket leaks, but it can also repair warped or cracked heads, heater cores, and freeze plugs. And the best part? It contains no solid or fibrous materials, so I don't have to worry about clogging or damaging my engine. However, there are two minor issues I found with it. Firstly, the product's 16 fl oz bottle isn't enough to cover some large cylinder vehicles, so I had to buy an extra bottle. Secondly, although it fixed my problem, the repair wasn't permanent, and I started noticing the same issues after a few months. Overall, I would recommend BlueDevil Head Gasket Repair for anyone looking for a quick, easy, and effective fix for common cooling system problems. But be prepared to make periodic repairs if the issue returns. 🔗Permanent Radiator & Block Leak Sealer for Vehicleshttps://preview.redd.it/2v8nvgyeqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=a4fd58b9e2c249adbe9456dd6063464903860f42 Once upon a time, I found myself in a sticky situation with a leaky radiator in my car. I wanted a solution that would not only seal the leak but also be safe for my engine. After browsing through a few product reviews, I stumbled upon the BlueDevil Block Sealer. This nifty little product stood out to me because it's not just another gasket sealer. It uses advanced chemistry to form a permanent seal on both plastic and metal radiators, which was exactly what my car needed. The highlight of this sealer's performance is its ability to work on different types of radiator materials - plastic, aluminum, or metal - without causing any harm. However, what really sold me on this product was its promise of not containing any solid or fibrous materials. These substances can clog up your vehicle's system over time, making it inefficient. But with BlueDevil, I can rest assured knowing that my engine will continue running smoothly. On the flip side, some users have reported mixed results with the product. While it worked well for some, others found it less effective on their specific type of leak. As such, it's crucial to ensure that your car's problem aligns with the product's capabilities before making a purchase. In conclusion, if you're in need of a radiator or engine block leak repair solution that combines effectiveness, versatility, and safety, the BlueDevil Block Sealer is definitely worth considering. Just make sure to do your research and understand its limitations before diving in. 🔗Blue Devil Engine and Cooling Sealanthttps://preview.redd.it/y87nmdffqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=f256229dcccb7904dfa6b35eb423816e5be7f93c As someone who's been using the Blue Devil Head Gasket Sealer for a while now, I can assure you it's a game-changer. I remember when my car started leaking coolant, I was dreading the thought of having to repair it. That's until I came across this little miracle. Not only does it save me from expensive repaid costs, but it also does the job in just a few minutes. One thing that really stood out for me was how easy it is to use. You literally just pour it in, drive around for a bit, and voila! The leak is sealed. And the best part? It's safe for my engine, unlike some other sealants I've tried. It doesn't contain any solid or particulate matter that could damage my vehicle's engine. However, there's one thing that could be improved. The bottle is a bit hard to pour from, especially when you're trying to be precise. But overall, I'm absolutely thrilled with my Blue Devil Head Gasket Sealer. It's saved me so much time, money, and hassle. Highly recommended! 🔗Permatex Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker, 6B - 3 ozhttps://preview.redd.it/xn0e384gqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=e0ffea2a1ee529b3008e4bf5d46a8303bc50127c I recently had the chance to use the Permatex Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker, and let me tell you, it's become my go-to for sealing up those critical joints on my motorcycle and ATV. This stuff is sensor-safe, meaning I don't have to worry about it causing damage to any of my engine's electronic components or oxygen sensors. Plus, it's got some incredible adhesion – even to oily surfaces – ensuring long-term reliability and durability. One of the best features of this product is how versatile it is. I can use it to make a "formed-in-place" gasket, or apply it over a pre-cut gasket for added protection. And with a temperature range of -65°F to 500°F, I know that it's going to perform no matter the conditions. But there is one downside to consider: the 3 oz tube might not be enough for really big projects. I found myself needing to purchase a second tube to complete my larger tasks. Other than that, this Permatex Blue silicone gasket maker has been a fantastic addition to my motorcycle repair toolbox. 🔗Ultra Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Makerhttps://preview.redd.it/p5kk6ocgqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=79c730a00145dfeab328b6536a103ddf98843378 I recently used the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer, and it greatly improved the performance of my engine. The Permatex Ultra Blue RTV Silicone Gasket Maker is incredibly flexible, making it easier to apply and mold around difficult areas. Its resistance to oil is phenomenal, keeping it from breaking down in my lubricated machinery. The low odor and sensor-safe nature of this gasket maker made me feel much more comfortable working with it, and I didn't have to worry about any corrosion issues. The 3-ounce tube provides enough sealant for several projects, so I'm happy with my purchase. Although it's super flexible, I noticed that it can be a little difficult to apply evenly, but after some practice, I got the hang of it. The product is a little more expensive than other gasket makers, but based on its performance and versatility, it's worth the extra cost. 🔗BlueDevil Rear Main Sealer for Engine Leak Repairhttps://preview.redd.it/ksktt7ghqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=c0b503e7672c7c757e4b37edb8e0d99592f04270 As an avid DIYer, I recently found myself in need of a solution to address a nasty leak in my car's engine. Cue the BlueDevil Rear Main Sealer. This 8-ounce bottle of engine magic has been a game-changer for me. Not only did it effectively seal the leak, but it also proved to be incredibly easy to use. All I had to do was pour it into my engine oil, and voila! The seal was restored, and my car was leak-free. One feature that really stood out to me was its compatibility with both gasoline and diesel engines. As someone who owns a mix of vehicles, this was a major selling point. Additionally, its ability to work with all types of engine oil made the application process hassle-free. On the flip side, it's worth mentioning that the product's blue dye can be a bit disconcerting at first. However, once you get over that initial shock and see the results, it's easy to overlook. All in all, the BlueDevil Rear Main Sealer has been a reliable companion in my DIY repair toolkit. If you're looking for an effective, easy-to-use solution to engine leaks, this product is definitely worth a try. Buyer's GuideBefore jumping into the considerations and advice about Blue Devil Gasket Sealer, it's essential to understand what it is and how it works. This product aims to seal blown head gaskets without the need for costly repairs or removal of the engine. It creates a strong bond between the two surfaces of the gasket, effectively stopping any leakage and keeping your engine running smoothly. https://preview.redd.it/zexjza7jqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=8e9fd9416a1589565dee106ba66c897927de5a0a Important Features to Consider
Considerations Before Purchasing
General Advice and Best Practices
FAQhttps://preview.redd.it/ei8mdjvjqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ca18613d500695b6415fde140ecb1bbfef26ff8d How does the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer work?The Blue Devil Gasket Sealer is a highly effective chemical solution designed to repair and seal damaged gaskets and other automotive leakage points. It works by forming a robust bond between the damaged surfaces, effectively stopping the leakage and restoring the integrity of the component.What types of leaks does the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer address?The Blue Devil Gasket Sealer is suitable for addressing various automotive leakage problems, including leakages in the engine, power steering, transmission, cooling system, and intake manifold. It can also be used to fix damaged head gaskets, intake gaskets, and other gasket types. https://preview.redd.it/mqvzt29kqtuc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=0acf02f924a70ba505007cfb91b5f48b660335cc How do I apply the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer?To apply the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer, follow these steps: 1. Ensure that the engine and other affected components are clean and free from debris.
How long does the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer take to work?Typically, the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer takes 1-2 hours to circulate through the system and begin working on the leakage. However, the effectiveness of the sealer may vary depending on the severity of the leakage and the condition of the gasket or component being repaired.Is the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer safe for use in all vehicles?Yes, the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer is suitable for use in all types of vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other automobiles. However, it is essential to follow the recommended application guidelines and ensure that the sealer is compatible with the specific make and model of your vehicle.How many applications of the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer can I make to my vehicle?While the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer is highly effective at repairing leaks, it is not recommended to use it more than once on the same leakage, as over-application may cause clogging or other issues in the system. If the leakage persists after the initial application, it may be necessary to consider other repair options, such as replacing the damaged gasket or component.How long does the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer last after application?The effectiveness of the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer can vary, depending on factors such as the severity of the leakage, the condition of the gasket or component being repairing, and the overall maintenance and care of the vehicle. In general, the sealer can provide a long-lasting repair solution for most leakage problems, but it is essential to monitor the situation and address any persistent or worsening leakage as soon as possible.Do I need to remove the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer from my vehicle after it has stopped the leakage?No, it is not necessary to remove the Blue Devil Gasket Sealer after it has successfully stopped the leakage. The sealer is designed to remain in the system and provide ongoing protection against future leakage issues. However, if you decide to remove the sealer for any reason, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and ensure that the system is properly flushed and cleaned before re-using the vehicle.As an Amazon™ Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. |
2024.04.16 05:35 amygdalasfuckedmybra Solar thermal. Stinky water, glycol leak? How to re-do it right? Really need help.
 | Over a week ago (coinciding with the spring heatwave, outside temps grew from ~10C to up to 20-25C (~50F to 70-80F) for 1/2 weeks), hot tap water began to stink heavily. Hard to describe the smell, it resembles sewers the most, but it could be some chemical (more likely decomposed, rotten chemical) or a mix of chemical and something else. The taste is just like the smell. Cold water is fine. submitted by amygdalasfuckedmybra to solar [link] [comments] The solar thermal loop is filled with automobile antifreeze (toxic ethylene glycol). The highest priority thing I need is sanity check. Dad insist on getting a new tank tomorrow morning. I need to know if that'll really fix the problem and if the chosen tank is right for the job. Tank is expensive, I want this done right this time. Other stuff I can deal with later this week. Other stuff is whether the rest of the current setup can stay as is, what parameters of solar glycol product (propylene) should I look for, type of electric heater and anything important about assembly, pipe filling procedure etc. The new tank we're about to buy: https://preview.redd.it/04nb7qcphruc1.png?width=458&format=png&auto=webp&s=8a3496098b7ed1ba63f2ebeb707a3a0793b01cd0 300l - because he thinks 380l was overkill and usage these days is lower, plus we can use cheap electricity to help with heating now. Use of hot water is sometimes very/extremely low, mostly moderately low (1 shower a day, some hand/dish washing), but at holidays up to 5 people in the house. double ceramic enamel all around, 1 replaceable magnesium anode, thermometer, 1 2kW heater (for electricity from solar), inspection hole, ST 37.2 material, WIGI MIG welding 50mm polyurethane insulation, foam + PCV coat max pressure 10 bar, max temp 95/110C, weight 121kg, height 1461mm, diameter with insulation 657mm 2 coils (1.5m2 48kW and 0.9m2 32kW, both 760 l/h, made of ST 37.2 steel), 1 for solar collector, 1 for central heating (wood) Electric heater the tank's brand offers: https://preview.redd.it/dtgwlmwqhruc1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=de7fd5eb237af9c6e95a07bfd55e37ffeb1bd0f7 2kW/230V, thermostat, thermal fuse at 85C, temp range 10-70C, length 538mm, heater length 440mm, for enamel tanks, not for steel. Current setup: 380l tank, stainless steel, no anodes, valves or anything, few cm diy mineral wool insulation 15m hand welded copper pipes (can ask later about the gauge) connecting panels with the tank, majority insulated with ~2cm of foam pipes filled with ~20l of cheap automobile antifreeze containing ethylene glycol liquid temp right by the panels ranged between -8 to 240C throughout the years system was in use 2 square meter flat panel solar collectors, efficiency 80%, absorption 85%, looks like this: https://preview.redd.it/xo5fcbqrhruc1.jpg?width=2160&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=7e2d62c3c08df5c0f29772459b175eadc1198ae9 More info what happened: Dad did all himself years ago. Used random cheap antifreeze (I checked the label, it contains ethylene glycol, but doesn't say anything about other ingredients, could be anything), because he thought glycol is glycol (I know this is absolutely dumb). Pretty much exactly 1y ago I noticed bad smell and taste. Troubleshooting did back then:We let off a bit of the coolant, pressure dropped from 4 to 2, it subsequently grew to 3 (due to as we think tank water entering the piping). Let off some more of the coolant, pressure dropped to 1 and then grew to 1.5. Let off some more, pressure dropped to 1.4 but didn't grew this time. Antifreeze was drained off the pipes and the smell and taste went away in 3 or 4 months. Water seemed "fine" for over half a year until a week ago. Other past failures: 4/5 years ago there was a leak around the welding of the pipe connector (between tank and panels) that was re-welded. I can check anything else you may need to know. |
2024.04.16 05:05 amygdalasfuckedmybra Solar thermal. Glycol leak? How to re-do system? Really need help.
 | Over a week ago (coinciding with the spring heatwave, outside temps grew from ~10C to up to 20-25C (~50F to 70-80F) for 1/2 weeks), hot tap water began to stink heavily. Hard to describe the smell, it resembles sewers the most, but it could be some chemical (more likely decomposed, rotten chemical) or a mix of chemical and something else. The taste is just like the smell. Cold water is fine. submitted by amygdalasfuckedmybra to SolarDIY [link] [comments] The solar thermal loop is filled with automobile antifreeze (toxic ethylene glycol). The highest priority thing I need is sanity check. Dad insist on getting a new tank tomorrow morning. I need to know if that'll really fix the problem and if the chosen tank is right for the job. Tank is expensive, I want this done right this time. Other stuff I can deal with later this week. Other stuff is whether the rest of the current setup can stay as is, what parameters of solar glycol product (propylene) should I look for, type of electric heater and anything important about assembly, pipe filling procedure etc. The new tank we're about to buy: https://preview.redd.it/uigwf39dcruc1.png?width=458&format=png&auto=webp&s=1ac8b5f53b4cf47e5590a83af63b3ee0b181b477 300l - because he thinks 380l was overkill and usage these days is lower, plus we can use cheap electricity to help with heating now. Use of hot water is sometimes very/extremely low, mostly moderately low (1 shower a day, some hand/dish washing), but at holidays up to 5 people in the house. double ceramic enamel all around, 1 replaceable magnesium anode, thermometer, 1 2kW heater (for electricity from solar), inspection hole, ST 37.2 material, WIGI MIG welding 50mm polyurethane insulation, foam + PCV coat max pressure 10 bar, max temp 95/110C, weight 121kg, height 1461mm, diameter with insulation 657mm 2 coils (1.5m2 48kW and 0.9m2 32kW, both 760 l/h, made of ST 37.2 steel), 1 for solar collector, 1 for central heating (wood) Electric heater the tank's brand offers: https://preview.redd.it/nk33175jcruc1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=5914e10cedc74bc97e2588e7f2e2d96caccfe9b0 2kW/230V, thermostat, thermal fuse at 85C, temp range 10-70C, length 538mm, heater length 440mm, for enamel tanks, not for steel. Current setup: 380l tank, stainless steel, no anodes, valves or anything, few cm diy mineral wool insulation 15m hand welded copper pipes (can ask later about the gauge) connecting panels with the tank, majority insulated with ~2cm of foam pipes filled with ~20l of cheap automobile antifreeze containing ethylene glycol liquid temp right by the panels ranged between -8 to 240C throughout the years system was in use 2 square meter flat panel solar collectors, efficiency 80%, absorption 85%, looks like this: https://preview.redd.it/3q4nfo9icruc1.jpg?width=2160&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=6022b640ed90047504e3e2d1ea04f1213c44ad1e More info what happened: Dad did all himself years ago. Used random cheap antifreeze (I checked the label, it contains ethylene glycol, but doesn't say anything about other ingredients, could be anything), because he thought glycol is glycol (I know this is absolutely dumb). Pretty much exactly 1y ago I noticed bad smell and taste. Troubleshooting did back then:We let off a bit of the coolant, pressure dropped from 4 to 2, it subsequently grew to 3 (due to as we think tank water entering the piping). Let off some more of the coolant, pressure dropped to 1 and then grew to 1.5. Let off some more, pressure dropped to 1.4 but didn't grew this time. Antifreeze was drained off the pipes and the smell and taste went away in 3 or 4 months. Water seemed "fine" for over half a year until a week ago. Other past failures: 4/5 years ago there was a leak around the welding of the pipe connector (between tank and panels) that was re-welded. I can check anything else you may need to know. |
2024.04.16 04:17 amygdalasfuckedmybra Solar thermal. Stinky water, glycol leak? How to re-do system? Really need help.
 | Over a week ago (coinciding with the spring heatwave, outside temps grew from ~10C to up to 20-25C (~50F to 70-80F) for 1/2 weeks), hot tap water began to stink heavily. Hard to describe the smell, it resembles sewers the most, but it could be some chemical (more likely decomposed, rotten chemical) or a mix of chemical and something else. The taste is just like the smell. Cold water is fine. submitted by amygdalasfuckedmybra to Plumbing [link] [comments] The solar thermal loop is filled with automobile antifreeze (toxic ethylene glycol). The highest priority thing I need is sanity check. Dad insist on getting a new tank tomorrow morning. I need to know if that'll really fix the problem and if the chosen tank is right for the job. Tank is expensive, I want this done right this time. Other stuff I can deal with later this week. Other stuff is whether the rest of the current setup can stay as is, what parameters of solar glycol product (propylene) should I look for, type of electric heater and anything important about assembly, pipe filling procedure etc. The new tank we're about to buy: https://preview.redd.it/4kh8bkbt8ruc1.png?width=458&format=png&auto=webp&s=1343bf2bc0dc5645ad40d9b7e3ce3a0c7a21783b 300l - because he thinks 380l was overkill and usage these days is lower, plus we can use cheap electricity to help with heating now. Use of hot water is sometimes very/extremely low, mostly moderately low (1 shower a day, some hand/dish washing), but at holidays up to 5 people in the house. double ceramic enamel all around, 1 replaceable magnesium anode, thermometer, 1 2kW heater (for electricity from solar), inspection hole, ST 37.2 material, WIGI MIG welding 50mm polyurethane insulation, foam + PCV coat max pressure 10 bar, max temp 95/110C, weight 121kg, height 1461mm, diameter with insulation 657mm 2 coils (1.5m2 48kW and 0.9m2 32kW, both 760 l/h, made of ST 37.2 steel), 1 for solar collector, 1 for central heating (wood) Electric heater the tank's brand offers: https://preview.redd.it/5g8sw3jv9ruc1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=d2ea08f37cd31971255c3cef3a5167ddedfce9a4 2kW/230V, thermostat, thermal fuse at 85C, temp range 10-70C, length 538mm, heater length 440mm, for enamel tanks, not for steel. Current setup: 380l tank, stainless steel, no anodes, valves or anything, few cm diy mineral wool insulation 15m hand welded copper pipes (can ask later about the gauge) connecting panels with the tank, majority insulated with ~2cm of foam pipes filled with ~20l of cheap automobile antifreeze containing ethylene glycol liquid temp right by the panels ranged between -8 to 240C throughout the years system was in use 2 square meter flat panel solar collectors, efficiency 80%, absorption 85%, looks like this: https://preview.redd.it/xzrutx409ruc1.jpg?width=2160&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=3b984ec6da2d60700656ee485d339ab486d76223 More info what happened: Dad did all himself years ago. Used random cheap antifreeze (I checked the label, it contains ethylene glycol, but doesn't say anything about other ingredients, could be anything), because he thought glycol is glycol (I know this is absolutely dumb). Pretty much exactly 1y ago I noticed bad smell and taste. Troubleshooting did back then:We let off a bit of the coolant, pressure dropped from 4 to 2, it subsequently grew to 3 (due to as we think tank water entering the piping). Let off some more of the coolant, pressure dropped to 1 and then grew to 1.5. Let off some more, pressure dropped to 1.4 but didn't grew this time. Antifreeze was drained off the pipes and the smell and taste went away in 3 or 4 months. Water seemed "fine" for over half a year until a week ago. Other past failures: 4/5 years ago there was a leak around the welding of the pipe connector (between tank and panels) that was re-welded. I can check anything else you may need to know. |
2024.03.19 19:56 FlatRateMechanic How to check your car's coolant level? #automobile #coolant #antifreeze
 | submitted by FlatRateMechanic to DIYAutoRepair [link] [comments] |
2024.02.16 22:07 dmcgee2 Hazardous Waste Collection EBR parish
 | submitted by dmcgee2 to batonrouge [link] [comments] |
2024.02.16 22:07 dmcgee2 Hazardous Waste Collection EBR parish
| | Save the date! March 2nd from 9am to 1pm EBR parish residents will be able to dispose of all those unwanted hazardous materials you should not be throwing in the trash! Brla.gov has all the info you need! submitted by dmcgee2 to batonrougerealestate [link] [comments] |
2024.02.14 01:49 yardntales My husband accidentally mixed these 2 coolants.
 | help, my husband accidentally mixed these 2 coolants. The white one is OAT and the black one is HOAT. He added OAT with an amount of (1 cup or 160ml) to the car's remaining coolant, it’s half empty. He added again HOAT coolant until he reached the required amount for the car. I don’t know anything about cars and I’m just trying to ease his mind. We called a mechanic about this and were told that it would be fine. Would it really be okay? thank you so much in advance. submitted by yardntales to MechanicAdvice [link] [comments] |
2024.01.25 13:58 snapshot303 Ye olde JK coolant debate
 | Delo Product #227077 Nitrite free and OAT submitted by snapshot303 to Wrangler [link] [comments] |
2024.01.01 10:19 yogi_bugbear Turnabout
It’s happening again. Smoke fills my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. It burns my eyes and doubles my tears.
One moment, he was headed home from his brother’s New Year’s party. The next, he was approaching the scene of an automobile accident on foot. Two cars were involved: a gray sedan and a red coupe. Both were severely damaged.
His thoughts strayed as he inspected the coupe. Was his fiancée home already? Had she witnessed the accident, or missed it completely?
I’m burning again. Ash clogs my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. It makes me hack and wheeze.
She did not remember parking her car on the side of the highway. One moment she was headed home from her soon-to-be brother-in-law’s New Year’s party, the next she was approaching the scene of an automobile accident on foot. As she neared a mangled gray sedan, the scent of copper and bourbon filled the air.
For a brief moment, she imagined her fiancé waiting at home, sitting in his favorite chair. He would greet her with tipsy kisses. Happy holidays together, apart. One last drink before crawling into an unmade bed and falling into a deep, deep sleep. Thoughts of tomorrow’s hangovers lurked somewhere in the near distant future.
I’m gagging again. Oil and antifreeze choke my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. They make me shake and heave.
Something caught his attention as he neared the red coupe. He spied a third car some distance from the highway, partially obscured by tall weeds. Smoke rose from its twisted undercarriage.
Once again, he struggled to remember why she wasn’t by his side.
Ah, yes.
Conflicting work schedules forced them to arrive at the party in separate vehicles at separate times. By the end of the night, neither of them were in any shape to drive, but high spirits overruled caution. They shared one last kiss and headed home on their own.
He neared the station wagon. It had rolled a number of times before coming to rest on its roof. Small flames flickered within its wheel wells. The front passenger side tire continued to turn, turn, turn.
He began to crouch down and search for survivors but stopped.
“No, not again.”
He turned and stumbled back toward the red sedan.
“Back seat . . . Never again!”
The station wagon burst into flames.
I’m disintegrating again. Dust chokes my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. Flesh and bone succumb to the traps of time. Turns are taken again and again. My turn, her turn, again and again and again.
She stood before the crumpled gray sedan and watched as her fiancé used the tip of his index finger to draw a series of circles across the inside of the chalk white, dust covered windshield.
It’s happening again.
submitted by yogi_bugbear to shortscarystories [link] [comments]
One moment, he was headed home from his brother’s New Year’s party. The next, he was approaching the scene of an automobile accident on foot. Two cars were involved: a gray sedan and a red coupe. Both were severely damaged.
His thoughts strayed as he inspected the coupe. Was his fiancée home already? Had she witnessed the accident, or missed it completely?
I’m burning again. Ash clogs my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. It makes me hack and wheeze.
She did not remember parking her car on the side of the highway. One moment she was headed home from her soon-to-be brother-in-law’s New Year’s party, the next she was approaching the scene of an automobile accident on foot. As she neared a mangled gray sedan, the scent of copper and bourbon filled the air.
For a brief moment, she imagined her fiancé waiting at home, sitting in his favorite chair. He would greet her with tipsy kisses. Happy holidays together, apart. One last drink before crawling into an unmade bed and falling into a deep, deep sleep. Thoughts of tomorrow’s hangovers lurked somewhere in the near distant future.
I’m gagging again. Oil and antifreeze choke my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. They make me shake and heave.
Something caught his attention as he neared the red coupe. He spied a third car some distance from the highway, partially obscured by tall weeds. Smoke rose from its twisted undercarriage.
Once again, he struggled to remember why she wasn’t by his side.
Ah, yes.
Conflicting work schedules forced them to arrive at the party in separate vehicles at separate times. By the end of the night, neither of them were in any shape to drive, but high spirits overruled caution. They shared one last kiss and headed home on their own.
He neared the station wagon. It had rolled a number of times before coming to rest on its roof. Small flames flickered within its wheel wells. The front passenger side tire continued to turn, turn, turn.
He began to crouch down and search for survivors but stopped.
“No, not again.”
He turned and stumbled back toward the red sedan.
“Back seat . . . Never again!”
The station wagon burst into flames.
I’m disintegrating again. Dust chokes my nostrils, my mouth, my lungs. Flesh and bone succumb to the traps of time. Turns are taken again and again. My turn, her turn, again and again and again.
She stood before the crumpled gray sedan and watched as her fiancé used the tip of his index finger to draw a series of circles across the inside of the chalk white, dust covered windshield.
It’s happening again.
2023.09.11 09:04 Important-Push963 Ethylene Glycol Market Growth 2023-2033
Research Nester published a report titled “Ethylene Glycol Market: Global Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2033” which delivers detailed overview of the global ethylene glycol market in terms of market segmentation by type, application, end-use industry and by region.
Further, for the in-depth analysis, the report encompasses the industry growth indicators, restraints, supply and demand risk, along with detailed discussion on current and future market trends that are associated with the growth of the market.
The global ethylene glycol market is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of ~5% during the forecast period, i.e. 2023-2033. The market is segmented by end-use industry into textile, automotive, packaging, oil & gas, transportation, medical, and others. Out of these, the textile segment is expected to garner the highest garner the highest market shares by 2033, owing to the large production of textile production. According to recent data, the worldwide production volume of textile fibers rose from 100 thousand metric tons in 2017 to 110 thousand metric ton in 2020.
The global ethylene glycol market is estimated to garner a notable revenue by 2033. Ethylene glycol is an organic compound that is used in the production of polyester fiber as a raw material. It serves as a coolant in automobile engines. It also serves as a heat transfer agent. Furthermore, mixing ethylene glycol with water has the added benefit of preventing corrosion, acid degradation, and the growth of certain bacteria. Thus, ethylene glycol is highly adopted by the automotive industry. Ethylene glycol is used as a raw material in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This is further used to make bottles of drinking water, carbonated drinks, and food packaging.
Geographically, the global ethylene glycol market is segmented into five major regions including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa region. Out of these, the market in Asia Pacific region is estimated to garner the largest market share by the end of 2033, on the back of increased sales and production of vehicles, high investments by government on research and development activities, growth in GDP level, and blooming of end-use industries.
The research is global in nature and covers detailed analysis on the market in North America (U.S., Canada), Europe (U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg, NORDIC [Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark], Poland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of Asia-Pacific), Middle East and Africa (Israel, GCC [Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman], North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa). In addition, analysis comprising market size, Y-O-Y growth & opportunity analysis, market players’ competitive study, investment opportunities, demand for future outlook etc. has also been covered and displayed in the research report.
Request Report Sample@ https://www.researchnester.com/sample-request-4409
Expand of Textile Industry to Drive the Market Growth
The boom in textile industry has raised the utilization rate of PET resin products which is acquired by ethylene glycol. Thus, this trend is anticipated to boost the consumption of ethylene glycol during the forecast period. Further, ethylene glycol is majorly used as feedstock in many textile manufacturing processes. It has varied usage in the production of PET bottle resins, polyester fiber, and films. Other uses include ethylene glycol as dewatering agent, antifreeze, coolant, and heat transfer agent, hydrate inhibition, runway de-icing fluids, and precursor to polymers. Owing to its great usability across various industries, the ethylene glycol market is expected to see a robust growth in the assessment period.
However, frequent fluctuation in prices of raw materials along with stringent regulatory policies, and high manufacturing costs is expected to operate as key restraint to the growth of the global ethylene glycol market over the forecast period.
This report also provides the existing competitive scenario of some of the key players of the global ethylene glycol market which includes company profiling of Reliance Industries Limited, LOTTE Chemical Corporation, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Akzo Nobel N.V., Clariant International Ltd, Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Huntsman International LLC, SABIC, BASF, and many more. The profiling enfolds key information of the companies which encompasses business overview, products and services, key financials and recent news and developments. On the whole, the report depicts detailed overview of the global ethylene glycol market that will help industry consultants, equipment manufacturers, existing players searching for expansion opportunities, new players searching possibilities and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to the ongoing and expected trends in the future.
submitted by Important-Push963 to u/Important-Push963 [link] [comments]
Further, for the in-depth analysis, the report encompasses the industry growth indicators, restraints, supply and demand risk, along with detailed discussion on current and future market trends that are associated with the growth of the market.
The global ethylene glycol market is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of ~5% during the forecast period, i.e. 2023-2033. The market is segmented by end-use industry into textile, automotive, packaging, oil & gas, transportation, medical, and others. Out of these, the textile segment is expected to garner the highest garner the highest market shares by 2033, owing to the large production of textile production. According to recent data, the worldwide production volume of textile fibers rose from 100 thousand metric tons in 2017 to 110 thousand metric ton in 2020.
The global ethylene glycol market is estimated to garner a notable revenue by 2033. Ethylene glycol is an organic compound that is used in the production of polyester fiber as a raw material. It serves as a coolant in automobile engines. It also serves as a heat transfer agent. Furthermore, mixing ethylene glycol with water has the added benefit of preventing corrosion, acid degradation, and the growth of certain bacteria. Thus, ethylene glycol is highly adopted by the automotive industry. Ethylene glycol is used as a raw material in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This is further used to make bottles of drinking water, carbonated drinks, and food packaging.
Geographically, the global ethylene glycol market is segmented into five major regions including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa region. Out of these, the market in Asia Pacific region is estimated to garner the largest market share by the end of 2033, on the back of increased sales and production of vehicles, high investments by government on research and development activities, growth in GDP level, and blooming of end-use industries.
The research is global in nature and covers detailed analysis on the market in North America (U.S., Canada), Europe (U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg, NORDIC [Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark], Poland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of Asia-Pacific), Middle East and Africa (Israel, GCC [Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman], North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa). In addition, analysis comprising market size, Y-O-Y growth & opportunity analysis, market players’ competitive study, investment opportunities, demand for future outlook etc. has also been covered and displayed in the research report.
Request Report Sample@ https://www.researchnester.com/sample-request-4409
Expand of Textile Industry to Drive the Market Growth
The boom in textile industry has raised the utilization rate of PET resin products which is acquired by ethylene glycol. Thus, this trend is anticipated to boost the consumption of ethylene glycol during the forecast period. Further, ethylene glycol is majorly used as feedstock in many textile manufacturing processes. It has varied usage in the production of PET bottle resins, polyester fiber, and films. Other uses include ethylene glycol as dewatering agent, antifreeze, coolant, and heat transfer agent, hydrate inhibition, runway de-icing fluids, and precursor to polymers. Owing to its great usability across various industries, the ethylene glycol market is expected to see a robust growth in the assessment period.
However, frequent fluctuation in prices of raw materials along with stringent regulatory policies, and high manufacturing costs is expected to operate as key restraint to the growth of the global ethylene glycol market over the forecast period.
This report also provides the existing competitive scenario of some of the key players of the global ethylene glycol market which includes company profiling of Reliance Industries Limited, LOTTE Chemical Corporation, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Akzo Nobel N.V., Clariant International Ltd, Formosa Plastics Corporation, U.S.A., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Huntsman International LLC, SABIC, BASF, and many more. The profiling enfolds key information of the companies which encompasses business overview, products and services, key financials and recent news and developments. On the whole, the report depicts detailed overview of the global ethylene glycol market that will help industry consultants, equipment manufacturers, existing players searching for expansion opportunities, new players searching possibilities and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to the ongoing and expected trends in the future.
2023.08.28 04:23 Rainzhou_ FL22 Engine coolant
 | My engine coolant level is lower than minimum level now. The manual says FL22 coolant is highly recommended. But I guess only dealerships have FL22 coolant. This is what I found in Canadian Tire. Does anyone add this to your engine and how is it work now? submitted by Rainzhou_ to mazda [link] [comments] |
2023.08.08 12:43 Chemtex-Speciality How Glycol Antifreeze Coolant with Corrosion Inhibitor & Antiscalant is beneficial to Automotive and Industrial Systems?
 | In the realm of cooling technology, glycol antifreeze coolants have gained widespread recognition for their superior thermal properties and protective benefits. submitted by Chemtex-Speciality to u/Chemtex-Speciality [link] [comments] How do these coolants manage to occupy special recognition and stand out as a versatile and efficient solution that ensures optimum performance and an extended lifespan for various cooling systems? Simply through • Heat Transfer Efficiency, • Boil and Freeze Protection, and • Scale and Corrosion Inhibition Properties. Glycol Antifreeze coolants is composed up of glycol, water and other preservatives. The most commonly used in these formulations are ethylene and propylene glycol. These glycols are used to increase the bandwidth of freezing as well as vaporizing point. Glycol has a lower freezing point than water. A mixture of glycol and water can remain in a liquid state at lower temperatures than pure water, preventing the coolant from freezing in cold climates. This property is crucial in preventing damage to the cooling system, such as engine blocks, radiators, and pipes, which can crack or burst when water freezes and expands. Glycol has a higher boiling point than water, which means it can operate effectively in high-temperature conditions without evaporating. This property is essential for preventing the cooling system from overheating and maintaining optimal engine operating temperatures. Major Application Areas · Automotives: Used in engine cooling systems to prevent freezing and overheating. · HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning): Ensures efficient heat transfer and freeze protection in cooling towers and chillers. · Industrial Cooling Systems: Used in process cooling applications to prevent freezing and enhance heat transfer efficiency. · Refrigeration: In commercial and industrial refrigeration systems for temperature control and protection against freezing. · Food Processing: In applications where non-toxic propylene glycol-based coolant is preferred for indirect contact with food products. · Aerospace: Used in aircraft and aerospace applications to prevent freezing and overheating in hydraulic systems and other cooling systems. · Data Centers: Helps maintain stable operating temperatures in data centers and server rooms. · Solar Thermal Systems: Used as heat transfer fluid to carry and transfer thermal energy in solar thermal systems. · Ice Rinks: Used to create and maintain ice surfaces in ice skating rinks. · Winterization: In various applications to protect equipment, pipes, and tanks from freezing during cold weather conditions. Chemtex Speciality Ltd is an esteemed manufacturer, supplier and exporter of glycol antifreeze coolants, which are a result of meticulous chemical formulation, combining water with either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The products offer a comprehensive solution to the challenges of cooling system operation. With its efficient heat transfer capabilities, corrosion and scale inhibition, and customizability, it enhances the efficiency and longevity of cooling systems across various industries. By leveraging on these coolant formulations, businesses can optimize performance, reduce maintenance costs, and ensure the reliable operation of their cooling systems. Some other key features of these coolants in cooling systems are: · Optimum Heat Transfer Efficiency: Efficiently absorbs and dissipates heat in automotive applications, industrial processes, and power generation, where effective heat transfer is essential for preventing overheating and maintaining optimal performance. · Enhanced Corrosion Inhibition: Create a protective layer on metal surfaces within the cooling system, and act as a corrosion and rust inhibitor for different metals, extending the life of the equipment and reducing the risk of costly repairs. · Versatility: By adjusting the glycol concentration and adding suitable additives, engineers can optimize the coolant for diverse applications, ranging from automobile engines to HVAC systems. · Stability: Maintain its effectiveness and chemical properties over time, ensuring reliable and consistent performance in cooling systems. For more information, please visit https://www.chemtexltd.com/products-and-solutions/heat-transfer-fluid/coolant/ https://preview.redd.it/tqwqripf8vgb1.jpg?width=1080&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=efce94cd99cbd8bf582bad51991e4514f96a7019 |
2023.06.27 08:35 domino3ff3ct Honda Motorcycle Coolant
Im thinking about picking up the Valvoline Zerex Asian Blue because this brand had the most details. It's Silcate and Borate free and uses a PHOAT, so it does contain phophate which isn’t mentioned anywhere on HP Coolant bottle.
https://www.valvolineglobal.com/en/zerex-asian-blue-vehicle-antifreeze-coolant/
However, Valvoline Zerex G30 Purple is silicate and phosphate free... wondering if this would be better than the asian blue solution?
https://www.valvolineglobal.com/en/zerex-g30-antifreeze-coolant
"ZEREX G30 contains no phosphates, silicates, borates, nitrates, amines, and nitrites. It meets the silicate- free requirements of the Japanese automobile manufacturers and phosphate-free requirements of European automobile manufacturers."
Or should I screw is all, suck it up, and buy the type 2 or HP coolant from Honda?
submitted by domino3ff3ct to hondashadow [link] [comments]
https://www.valvolineglobal.com/en/zerex-asian-blue-vehicle-antifreeze-coolant/
However, Valvoline Zerex G30 Purple is silicate and phosphate free... wondering if this would be better than the asian blue solution?
https://www.valvolineglobal.com/en/zerex-g30-antifreeze-coolant
"ZEREX G30 contains no phosphates, silicates, borates, nitrates, amines, and nitrites. It meets the silicate- free requirements of the Japanese automobile manufacturers and phosphate-free requirements of European automobile manufacturers."
Or should I screw is all, suck it up, and buy the type 2 or HP coolant from Honda?
2023.06.25 08:59 Daniel_Young2019 What Is An Industrial Chiller? How Does Industrial Chiller Work?
 | 1. What Is An Industrial Chiller? An industrial chiller is a cooling device that provides constant temperature, constant current and constant pressure, and lowers the temperature of machinery/industrial spaces by removing heat from the system and transferring it elsewhere. submitted by Daniel_Young2019 to u/Daniel_Young2019 [link] [comments] 2. Why Do You Need An Industrial Chiller? No industrial process, machine, or motor is 100% efficient, and heat buildup is the main cause of inefficiency. The heat will accumulate over time causing reduced production times, equipment shutdowns, and even premature equipment failure. An industrial chiller is necessary to incorporate into the industrial process system to avoid these issues. Premium industrial chillers can optimize the product processing process and quality, increase production efficiency and the lifespan of laser equipment, reducing product losses and machine maintenance costs. Using a professional industrial chiller has numerous benefits. It is a wise choice to ensure stable operation and ultimately improve industrial profits. TEYU S&A Chiller with a 21-year dedication to industrial chillers is confident to provide premium chillers and reliable after-sales service. 3. How Does An Industrial Chiller Work? Refrigeration Principle Of Industrial Chiller For Supporting Equipment: The industrial chiller's refrigeration system cools the water, and the water pump delivers the low-temperature cooling water to the equipment that needs to be cooled. As the cooling water takes away the heat, it heats up and returns to the industrial chiller, where it's cooled again and transported back to the equipment. Refrigeration Principle Of The Water Chiller Itself: In the industrial chiller's refrigeration system, the refrigerant in the evaporator coil absorbs the heat of the return water and vaporizes it into steam. The compressor continuously extracts the generated steam from the evaporator and compresses it. The compressed high-temperature, high-pressure steam is sent to the condenser and later releases heat (heat extracted by the fan) and condenses into a high-pressure liquid. After being reduced by the throttling device, it enters the evaporator to be vaporized, absorbs the heat of the water, and the whole process circulates constantly. How Does An Industrial Chiller Work? 4. Classification of Industrial Chillers According to the industrial chiller's heat dissipation method, it is mainly divided into air-cooled chillers and water-cooled chillers. According to the chiller compressors' different classifications, it is mainly divided into piston chillers, scroll chillers, screw chillers and centrifugal chillers. According to the outlet water temperature of industrial chillers: there are mainly room-temperature chillers, low-temperature chillers and ultra-low-temperature chillers. According to the cooling capacity of industrial chillers, it's mainly divided into small chillers, medium chillers and large chillers. 5. Cooling Applications of Industrial Chillers Industrial chillers have been used in more than 100 industries such as the laser industry, chemical industry, mechanical processing manufacturing industry, automobiles, electronics, machinery, aviation, plastic manufacturing, metal plating, food production, medical industry, textile printing, and dyeing industry, etc. With the changing demands of the market for temperature control, the cooling applications of industrial chillers in various industries are constantly being broadened and extended. TEYU S&A Chiller is an industrial chillers manufacturer and supplier with laser as the target application. Since 2002, we have been focusing on the cooling need from fiber lasers, CO2 lasers, ultrafast lasers and UV lasers, etc. Other industrial applications of our recirculating water chillers include CNC spindles, machine tools, UV printers, vacuum pumps, MRI equipment, induction furnaces, rotary evaporators, medical diagnostic equipment and other equipment that requires precise cooling. 6. How to Choose An Industrial Chiller? Generally, choose the most suitable and cost-effective chiller according to various indicators such as your industry, required cooling capacity, temperature control accuracy requirements, budget, etc. The following points will help you quickly choose high-quality industrial chiller products: (1)A good-quality industrial chiller can cool down to the temperature set by the user in the shortest time because the range of space temperature needs to be lowered is different. (2)A good-quality industrial chiller controls the temperature precisely. (3)A good-quality industrial chiller can alert timely to remind users to handle the problem quickly and protect equipment safety and production stability. (4) An industrial chiller consists of a compressor, evaporator, condenser, expansion valve, water pump, etc. The quality of components also determines the industrial chiller quality. (5)Qualified industrial chiller manufacturer boasts scientific test standards, so their chiller quality is relatively stable. TEYU S&A Industrial Chiller System 7. Precautions for Using An Industrial Chiller What should be paid attention to when using industrial chillers? Here are five main points: (1)Recommended environment temperature range from 0℃～45℃, environment humidity of ≤80%RH. (2)Use purified water, distilled water, ionized water, high-purity water and other softened water. But oily liquids, liquids containing solid particles, and liquids corrosive to metals are prohibited. (3)Match the power frequency of the chiller according to the usage situation and ensure that the frequency fluctuation is less than ±1Hz. For long time operation, the power supply is recommended to be stable within ±10V. Keep away from electromagnetic interference sources. Use the voltage regulator and variable-frequency power source when necessary. (4)Use the same type of the same refrigerant brand. The same type of different refrigerant brands can be mixed to use, but the effect may be weakened. Different types of refrigerants should not be mixed. (5)Regular maintenance: keep a ventilated environment; replace the circulating water and remove dust regularly; shut down on holidays, etc. 8. Industrial Chiller Maintenance Tips Summer Maintenance Tips of Industrial Chiller: (1)Avoid high-temperature alarms: Adjust the chiller's working environment to maintain the optimal ambient temperature between 20℃-30℃. Regularly use an air gun to clean the dust on the industrial chiller's filter gauze and condenser surface. Maintain a distance of more than 1.5m between the chiller's air outlet (fan) and obstacles and a distance of more than 1m between the chiller's air inlet (filter gauze) and obstacles to facilitate heat dissipation. (2)Regularly clean the filter screen as it is where dirt and impurities accumulate the most. If it is too dirty, replace it to ensure stable water flow of the industrial chiller. (3)Regularly replace the circulating water with distilled or purified water in summer if antifreeze was added in winter. This prevents residual antifreeze from affecting equipment operation. Replace the cooling water every 3 months and clean pipeline impurities or residues to keep the water circulation system unobstructed. (4)If the circulating water temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, condensing water may be generated on the surface of the circulating water pipe and cooled components. condensing water can cause a short circuit of the equipment's internal circuit boards or damage the core components of the industrial chiller, which will affect production progress. It is recommended to adjust the set water temperature based on the ambient temperature and laser operating requirements. Winter Maintenance Tips of Industrial Chiller: (1)Keep the industrial chiller in a ventilated position and remove the dust regularly. (2)Replace circulating water at regular intervals. It's recommended to replace the circulating water once every 3 months. And it's better to select purified water or distilled water to reduce the limescale formation and keep the water circuit smooth. (3)If you don’t use the water chiller in winter, drain the water from the chiller and store the chiller properly. You can cover the machine with a clean plastic bag to prevent dust and moisture from entering the equipment. (4)For areas below 0℃, antifreeze is needed for chiller operation in winter. 9. Common Faults and Solutions of Industrial Chillers 1)Incorrect Chiller Model: The incorrect chiller model has a great impact on industrial processing. You can choose a suitable industrial chiller according to the required cooling capacity, temperature control accuracy, flow rate, budget and other factors. Under the condition of a sufficient budget, try to choose a chiller with a large cooling capacity to cope with the increased cooling demand in hot summer. You can consult the professional team of the industrial chiller manufacturer to avoid incorrect chiller models. 2)Improper Operation: The manufacturer’s instructions for correctly operating industrial chillers are included in the manuals that come with them. Please use it in strict accordance with the instruction manual of the industrial chiller. Correct operation can maintain the effectiveness and service life of the equipment. 3)Maintenance Neglect: Industrial chillers have a lot of maintenance guides, and the common daily maintenance includes maintaining the correct use environment, regular inspection of parts, regular replacement of circulating water, regular dust removal, etc. 4)Other Common Issues Incorrect thermostat setting: The chiller may not be able to maintain the desired temperature if the thermostat is not set to the proper temperature. Adjust the thermostat setting as necessary to solve this issue. Chiller Won’t Start: If there is an issue with the electrical supply, such as a loose wire, blown fuse, or tripped circuit breaker, the chiller may not turn on. A broken control panel or thermostat could prevent the chiller from starting. Low refrigerant levels or a leak could prevent the chiller from starting. A failing motor or a seized compressor may prevent the chiller from starting. A broken part or damaged belt may cause the chiller not to start. It’s critical to find and fix the root cause of the problem if the chiller won’t start. And you can call a professional for repair in some circumstances. Pump Failure: If the pump has failed, the chiller won’t operate correctly since it can’t circulate refrigerant. You need to fix or replace the pump to solve this issue. Compressor Failure: If the compressor has failed, the chiller won’t be able to cool efficiently since it won’t be able to circulate refrigerant. You need to fix or replace the compressor to solve this issue. Condenser Coils Clogged: It's hard for a chiller to effectively dissipate heat when the condenser coils are unclean or clogged and resulting in improper cooling. You need to clean regularly or change the clogged condenser coils to resolve this issue. High-pressure alarm: (1)Clogging in the filter gauze will lead to insufficient heat radiation. To solve this problem, you can remove the gauze and clean it regularly, keeping good ventilation for air inlet and outlet. (2)Blockage in the condenser may cause a high-pressure failure in the cooling system. It is necessary to do periodic cleaning. (3)Excessive refrigerant: the refrigerant should be released until normal according to the suck and exhaust pressure, balance pressure, and running currently under rated working conditions. (4)Air is mixed in the cooling system and stays in the condenser causing condensation failure and a rise in pressure. The solution is to degas through the air separating valve, air outlet, and the condenser of the chiller. For some other chiller failures, such as high-temperature alarm, water flow alarm, low water level, etc., follow the corresponding methods to solve these problems. If you can't solve it yourself, you can ask the after-sales team of the chiller manufacturer for professional maintenance knowledge. Source: https://www.teyuchiller.com/what-is-an-industrial-chiller-and-how-does-it-work |
2023.06.03 12:39 Chemtex-Speciality Use of Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze Solution in Car Radiators
| | The global market of automotive radiators has experienced a rapid expansion through brisk growth by creating an increasing demand for automobile heat exchangers. Car radiators dissipate heat from the engine to transfer it to the surrounding air. Antifreeze / Coolant solutions are used in these radiators which act as a medium of heat transfer. These are used for several reasons, foremost being submitted by Chemtex-Speciality to u/Chemtex-Speciality [link] [comments] · Temperature regulation to maintain the temperature of the engine by absorbing excess heat generated during combustion. As the coolant flows through the engine, it absorbs heat from the engine components and carries it away to the radiator. · Heat dissipation of absorbed heat from the engine, transferring the heat to the radiator, which maximizes surface area for efficient heat transfer. · Freezing and Boiling Point Protection, preventing from freezing in cold temperatures and boiling away in hot conditions. By maintaining a stable operating temperature range, coolant protects the engine from potential damage due to extreme temperatures. Ethylene Glycol as an antifreeze solution is a proven and effective medium to reduce engine overheating. https://preview.redd.it/qxs4l5yb7s3b1.jpg?width=1600&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=b85696223932dad3d3f8b7dc7b0c3caa7136b2f1 Why Ethylene Glycol? The reason being, its natural attribute of higher boiling point (196°C) and lower freezing point (-12°C), compared to other variant antifreeze coolants car radiators. As a result, the engine is efficiently shielded from potential harm by preventing the coolant from freezing in the winter and boiling over in the summer. Ethylene glycol also effectively transfers heat away from the engine because of its good heat transfer properties, hence recalled as tropical coolant. Chemtex Speciality Limited specializes in formulating high performance glycol-based coolant antifreeze, supplying them globally. There are several variants, depending upon the concentration of glycol. These products provide efficient heat transfer, corrosion protection, and freeze protection, making them an excellent choice for maintaining the cooling system's optimal performance. Below listed are some of important and proven benefits. · Efficient Heat Transfer: Excellent thermal properties, which allows it to effectively absorb and transfer heat. When mixed with water, it creates a solution that can effectively carry heat away from the engine, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal engine performance. · Freeze Protection: Owing to glycol’s low freezing point, typically around -12 degrees Celsius, these coolants ensure reliable freeze protection, preventing solidification and degradation of radiator or engine components. · Boil-over Protection: In addition to freeze protection, these coolants also offer a high boiling point. This helps raise the boiling point of the coolant, reducing the risk of overheating and coolant loss during extreme operating conditions. It provides an extra safety margin, especially in high-temperature environments or during heavy engine loads. · Corrosion Inhibition: These coolants contain high quality corrosion inhibitor that protect metal components from glycol induced corrosion in cooling system, such as the radiator, water pump, and engine block. These inhibitors form a protective layer on the metal surfaces, preventing corrosion, rust, and scale formation, thus extending the lifespan of the cooling system. · Compatibility: Works well with aluminium, brass, cast iron, and copper. These antifreeze solutions conform to JIS, IS and ASTM, making them a reliable choice for car radiators. For more information, please visit https://www.chemtexltd.com/products-and-solutions/heat-transfer-fluid/coolant/ |
2023.05.07 04:29 calibr886 Thank You, Whomever You Are
I just wanted to say “Thank you” to the players who joined my SOS and finished my quest when I went AFK despite the fact that you didn’t need to.
My wife had an automobile emergency on her way home from work and I had to basically drop the controller and run out the door to go get her. I didn’t expect for you all to continue on without me, especially with no warning.
So, I’m not sure if you will ever see this; I’m sorry; and thank you all!
EDIT: Everyone’s ok, the car was in need of some antifreeze, so it was alarming and she needed a ride home until the engine cooled down and we could fix it.
submitted by calibr886 to MonsterHunterWorld [link] [comments]
My wife had an automobile emergency on her way home from work and I had to basically drop the controller and run out the door to go get her. I didn’t expect for you all to continue on without me, especially with no warning.
So, I’m not sure if you will ever see this; I’m sorry; and thank you all!
EDIT: Everyone’s ok, the car was in need of some antifreeze, so it was alarming and she needed a ride home until the engine cooled down and we could fix it.
2023.04.24 18:38 princepuraiya04 Keep Your Car Running Smoothly: A Guide To The Essential Fluids And Chemicals In Your Automobile
Liquids and synthetics are fundamental in keeping an auto chugging along as expected. They clean, lubricate, and cool the various vehicle components, ensuring they function safely and effectively. The correct fluids and chemicals can help a vehicle last longer and save money on repairs. This blog will examine the significance of automobile fluids and chemicals in greater detail.
Motor Oil
Motor oil is one of the most basic liquids in an auto. It greases up the motor's moving parts, like the cylinders, driving rod, and camshaft, decreasing erosion and forestalling mileage. Additionally, engine oil helps to dissipate heat, maintaining a safe operating temperature for the engine.
Fluid for transmission
The transmission transfers power from the engine to the wheels. Transmission liquid greases the cogwheels and other moving parts in the news, decreasing contact and forestalling mileage. Additionally, it aids in the removal of heat from the transmission, maintaining its safe operating temperature.
Transmission fluid can be divided into two categories: manual and automatic. Programmed transmission liquid is intended to work with programmed transmissions, while manual transmission liquid is designed for use in manual transmissions. The type of transmission fluid the manufacturer recommends, like engine oil, must be used.
Coolant
The engine produces a lot of heat, and if it gets too hot, it could damage the vehicle or even fail. Coolant is used to absorb and dissipate heat to maintain a safe operating temperature for the engine. It likewise forestalls consumption and scale development inside the motor.
There are two different kinds of coolant: propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The most common kind is ethylene glycol, or "antifreeze."It is ideal for cold environments because it has a lower freezing point than water. Propylene glycol is less poisonous and is, in many cases, utilized in harmless ecosystem coolants.
Fluid for the Brakes
The vehicle can slow down or stop because the brake fluid transfers force from the brake pedal to the brakes. A hydraulic fluid applies pressure to the brakes when the pedal is pressed.
Brake fluid can be divided into two categories: silicone- and glycol-based. Glycol-based brake liquid is the most well-known type and is often utilized in traditional stopping mechanisms. High-performance braking systems use silicone-based brake fluid because of its high boiling point.
Power Guiding Liquid
The power-guiding liquid is utilized in vehicles with power-controlling frameworks. It gives the driver the pressure they need to help turn the wheels, making it easier to move the car. The power steering fluid cools and lubricates the power steering pump and other moving parts.
There are two sorts of force-guiding liquid: Hydraulic and ATF. Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is frequently used in older vehicles, whereas hydraulic power steering fluid is used in newer ones.
Fluid for the Windshield
The windshield is cleaned with windshield washer fluid, which makes it possible for the driver to see clearly. Detergents and solvents in it aid in removing grime, dirt, and other debris from the windshield.
There are a few kinds of windshield washer liquid, including summer, winter, and throughout the season. Summer windshield washer liquid is intended for warm climates and doesn't contain radiator fluid. Because it includes antifreeze, winter windshield washer fluid is ideal for colder climates. The all-year-round windshield washer fluid is a blend of summer and winter fluids.
Fuel additives are added to gasoline or diesel fuel to boost performance and quality. They can help clean the fuel system, reduce emissions, and improve the car's efficiency. Some fuel additives are made to be used regularly, while others are used occasionally. When using fuel additives, following the manufacturer's instructions is essential to ensure optimal performance and avoid potential vehicle damage.
In conclusion, automobile fluids and chemicals are crucial in ensuring various mechanical components' efficient operation and long-term viability. When these chemicals and liquids are adequately maintained, they can save money in the long run and improve performance and efficiency. Many people consider their cars family members, so they want the best parts and maintenance. Visit sites like Shopify, eBay and TrueGether to track down the best subtleties or treatments for your vehicle. TrueGether and eBay are legitimate websites that always assist their customers, friends, and loved ones.
submitted by princepuraiya04 to u/princepuraiya04 [link] [comments]
Motor Oil
Motor oil is one of the most basic liquids in an auto. It greases up the motor's moving parts, like the cylinders, driving rod, and camshaft, decreasing erosion and forestalling mileage. Additionally, engine oil helps to dissipate heat, maintaining a safe operating temperature for the engine.
Fluid for transmission
The transmission transfers power from the engine to the wheels. Transmission liquid greases the cogwheels and other moving parts in the news, decreasing contact and forestalling mileage. Additionally, it aids in the removal of heat from the transmission, maintaining its safe operating temperature.
Transmission fluid can be divided into two categories: manual and automatic. Programmed transmission liquid is intended to work with programmed transmissions, while manual transmission liquid is designed for use in manual transmissions. The type of transmission fluid the manufacturer recommends, like engine oil, must be used.
Coolant
The engine produces a lot of heat, and if it gets too hot, it could damage the vehicle or even fail. Coolant is used to absorb and dissipate heat to maintain a safe operating temperature for the engine. It likewise forestalls consumption and scale development inside the motor.
There are two different kinds of coolant: propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The most common kind is ethylene glycol, or "antifreeze."It is ideal for cold environments because it has a lower freezing point than water. Propylene glycol is less poisonous and is, in many cases, utilized in harmless ecosystem coolants.
Fluid for the Brakes
The vehicle can slow down or stop because the brake fluid transfers force from the brake pedal to the brakes. A hydraulic fluid applies pressure to the brakes when the pedal is pressed.
Brake fluid can be divided into two categories: silicone- and glycol-based. Glycol-based brake liquid is the most well-known type and is often utilized in traditional stopping mechanisms. High-performance braking systems use silicone-based brake fluid because of its high boiling point.
Power Guiding Liquid
The power-guiding liquid is utilized in vehicles with power-controlling frameworks. It gives the driver the pressure they need to help turn the wheels, making it easier to move the car. The power steering fluid cools and lubricates the power steering pump and other moving parts.
There are two sorts of force-guiding liquid: Hydraulic and ATF. Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is frequently used in older vehicles, whereas hydraulic power steering fluid is used in newer ones.
Fluid for the Windshield
The windshield is cleaned with windshield washer fluid, which makes it possible for the driver to see clearly. Detergents and solvents in it aid in removing grime, dirt, and other debris from the windshield.
There are a few kinds of windshield washer liquid, including summer, winter, and throughout the season. Summer windshield washer liquid is intended for warm climates and doesn't contain radiator fluid. Because it includes antifreeze, winter windshield washer fluid is ideal for colder climates. The all-year-round windshield washer fluid is a blend of summer and winter fluids.
Fuel additives are added to gasoline or diesel fuel to boost performance and quality. They can help clean the fuel system, reduce emissions, and improve the car's efficiency. Some fuel additives are made to be used regularly, while others are used occasionally. When using fuel additives, following the manufacturer's instructions is essential to ensure optimal performance and avoid potential vehicle damage.
In conclusion, automobile fluids and chemicals are crucial in ensuring various mechanical components' efficient operation and long-term viability. When these chemicals and liquids are adequately maintained, they can save money in the long run and improve performance and efficiency. Many people consider their cars family members, so they want the best parts and maintenance. Visit sites like Shopify, eBay and TrueGether to track down the best subtleties or treatments for your vehicle. TrueGether and eBay are legitimate websites that always assist their customers, friends, and loved ones.
2023.03.16 14:58 TheFallenMemeGod Does this work for coolant for a 2018 F Pace? There was a little sticker that said no green liquid only orange…
 | submitted by TheFallenMemeGod to Jaguar [link] [comments] |
2023.01.19 10:04 rajusingh79 ALCOHOL_PHENOL & ETHER
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10PsIom0rdAUw-VgIh6JE8wW8DcEVFSz4/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=109474854956598892099&rtpof=true&sd=true
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxy compound can be classified in the following three categories.
1. Aliphatic hydroxy compound
Monohydric i.e.
📷
Dihydric
📷
Polyhydric
📷
Contain three and more than three hydroxyl group.
Monohydric alcohols are of three types.
📷
Illustration 1. Classify the following into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
Solution: (a) Tertiary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
📷
📷
📷
(i) Aldehyde gives primary alcohol
📷
(ii) Ketone gives secondary alcohol
📷
Reducing agents
(i) LiAlH4 (ii) NaBH4
(iii) Na/C2H5OH (iv) Metal (Zn, Fe or Sn)/Acid (HCl, dil H2SO4 or CH3COOH)
(v) (a) Aluminium isopropoxide/isopropylalcohol (b) H2O
(vi) H2/Ni
📷
(b) Reduction by Grignard reagents
Addition followed by hydrolysis
📷
📷
G = OH (acid)
G = Cl (acid chloride)
G = OR′ (ester)
(b) Reduction by BH3
Carboxylic acids and esters are reduced in to primary alcohol by BH3.
📷
📷
(c) Bouveault – Blanc reaction
📷
Illustration 2.
📷
Solution:
📷
If compound has ⎯COOH as well as ester group then reactivity of ester is more than acid towards LiAlH4.
📷
Acid is more reactive than ester towards BH3.
Exercise 1. Find A and B.
(i)
📷
(ii) 📷
7. From Oxiranes
Oxiranes react with Grignard reagent to give mono hydric alcohol. Nature of G.R is basic hence it attack on less hindered carbon of oxirane ring.
📷
Illustration 3. (a) Find A, B, C, D, E.
📷
(b) 📷
Solution: (a)
📷
(b)
📷
Illustration 4.
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise2.
(i) Identify A, B & C
📷
(ii)
📷
📷
Account the reason for the above reactions.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Solubility
Alcohols are soluble in water due to formation of H – bonding between water & them. As the molecular mass increases, the alkyl group become larger which resists the formation of H – bonds with water molecules and hence the solubility goes an decreasing.
Boiling Point
Intermolecular H – bonding is present between alcohol molecules. This makes high boiling point.
📷
Amongst the isomeric alcohols, the order of boiling point is 1° > 2° > 3° alcohol.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical properties of alcohols can be discussed under following categories:
(A) Reaction involving breaking of carbon – oxygen bond.
(B) Reaction involving breaking of oxygen – hydrogen bond.
(C) Oxidation of alcohols.
(D) Dehydrogenation of alcohols.
(E) Some miscellaneous reactions of monohydric alcohol.
(A) Reaction involving breaking of carbon – oxygen bond
Order of reactivity of alcohol. 3° > 2° > 1°
(i) SN reaction
📷
(ii) Dehydration of alcohol
Dehydration of alcohol to give alkene.
(a) Dehydrating agents are
Conc H2SO4/Δ, KHSO4/Δ, H3PO4/Δ, Anhyd Al2O3/Δ, Anhyd PCl5/Δ, Anhyd ZnCl2/Δ, BF3/Δ, P2O5/Δ.
(b) Reactivity of alcohols. (Ease of dehydration)
3° > 2° > 1°
(c) Product formation always takes place by saytzeff rule.
📷
* Alcohols on acetylation gives acetyl derivative which on pyrolytic elimination always gives Hofmann product.
📷
Mechanism in presence of acidic medium
E1 mechanism: follow saytzeff’s rule.
📷
Exercise 3.
Write mechanism
📷
(B) Reactions due to breaking of oxygen hydrogen bond. (Reactions due to acidic character of alcohols)
(a) Alcohols are acidic in nature because hydrogen is present on electro negative oxygen atom.
(b) Alcohol is weaker acid
📷
acidity ∝ stability of acid anions.
Acidity of 1° > 2° > 3°
Alcohols give following reactions due to breaking of oxygen – hydrogen bond.
(i) Reaction with metal
📷
M = 1st group metal.
M = Al, Mg, Zn
📷
Aluminium alkoxide
(ii) Esterification (With carboxylic acid)
📷
It is reversible acid catalysed reaction. It follow SN1 mechanism.
📷
Increasing the size of alkyl group on alcohol part decreases the nucleophilic character because steric hindrance increases.
📷
Order of reactivity of alcohols CH3OH > 1° alc > 2° alc > 3° alc
(iii) Ester formation with proton acid having –OH group: to give inorganic ester.
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(iv) Alkylation of Alcohol
📷
Methylation is mainly used for determination of hydroxyl groups in an unknown compound.
📷
Exercise 4.
Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic strength.
(a)
📷
(b)
Arrange the following in increasing order of esterification:
MeCOOH EtCOOH (Et)2CHCOOH
(i) (ii) (iii)
(C) Oxidation of alcohol
Oxidation of alcohol is dehydrogenation reaction which is 1, 2 – elimination reaction.
📷
So oxidation of alcohol ∝ numbers of α - hydrogen atom.
(a) With mild oxidising agents:
Like
(i) X2
(ii) Fenton reagent [FeSO4/H2O2]
(iii) Jones reagent / CH3COCH3 [CrO3/dil. BaSO4]
(iv) K2Cr2O7/H+ cold
📷
📷
📷
Note:
PCC (Pyridinium chloro chromate) is a selective reagent which converts 1° alc to aldehyde.
(b) With strong oxidising agent
Oxidising agents are
(i) 📷 (ii) 📷
(iii) 📷 (iv)📷 📷
📷
(D) Dehydrogenation with Cu/573K or Ag/573K
(a) 1° alcohol ⎯⎯→ aldehyde
📷
(b) 2° alcohol ⎯⎯→ ketone
📷
(c) 3° alc ⎯→ undergo dehydration to form alkene.
📷
Reduction
📷
(E) Miscellaneous reactions of mono hydric alcohol
(i) Methylation with CH2N2 in presence of BF3.
📷
(ii) Haloform reaction
Ethyl alcohol and 2° methyl alcohol gives haloform reaction.
📷
Exercise 5.
(i) Out of these compound which gives iodoform test.
(a) CH3 ⎯ CH2 ⎯ CHOHCH3 (b) PhCH2CHOHCH3
(c) PhCHOHCH3 (d) CH3CH2OH
(e) CH3COCH2 ⎯ COOC2H5
(ii)
📷
Distinguishing 1°, 2°, 3° alcohol
Test
1° alc
2° alc
3° alc
(I) Lucas test
[ZnCl2 + HCl]
No reaction at room temperature
White turbidity after 5 – 10 min.
📷
White turbidity instantaneously 📷
(II) Victor Meyer test
(P/I2, AgNO2, HNO2, NaOH)
Red colour
Blue colour
Colourless
📷
📷
📷
PERIODATE OXIDATION
Compounds that have hydroxyl group on adjacent atoms undergo oxidation cleavage when they are treated with aq. Periodic acid (HIO4). The reaction breaks carbon carbon bonds and produced carbonyl compounds (aldehyde, ketones or acids)
📷
It takes place through a cyclic intermediate.
📷
Other examples
📷
📷
This oxidation is useful in determination of structure.
Illustration 5. Write the products of the reaction of t-butyl alcohol with PBr3, conc. H2SO4, CH3COCl, Na, CH3MgBr, Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4.
Solution: 📷.
Illustration 6. Write products
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Solution: (a) 2HCHO + CO2
(b) No reaction (as it is not a vicinal diol)
Exercise 6.
(a) Arrange the following alcohols in order of ease of dehydration.
📷
(b) Find product
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
PINACOL – PINACOLONE REARRANGEMENT
Action of H2SO4 on 1, 2 diols.
Ditertiory – 1, 2 diols convert in to ketones on treatment wit H2SO4.
📷
Mechanism
📷
Migratory preference of the group
Migration depends on the stability of Transition state.
In general migration of C6H5 > alkyl
Illustration 7. List three methods with chemical equations for the preparation of alcohols from alkenes.
Solution: Hydration, hydroboration and oxymercuration – demercuration of alkenes.
Hydration:
📷
Hydroboration
📷
Oxymercuration – demercuration
📷
Illustration 8. Which of the following alcohols would react fastest with Lucas reagent?
📷
Solution: 📷, it being a tertiary alcohol.
Exercise 7.
Find out
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise 8.
Give a possible structure for the substance C5H10O2 behaving in the following manner.
📷
ETHER
* R ⎯ O ⎯ R′ Alkoxy alkane (Di alkyl ether)
* R = R′ Symmetrical ether.
R ≠ R′ Unsymmetrical or mixed ether.
‘O’ is to be counted with least number of C atom.
Example:
CH3 ⎯ O ⎯ C2H5 Methoxy ethane
CH3 ⎯ O ⎯ C6H5 Methoxy benzene
There are various types of cyclic ethers also.
📷
PREPARATION OF ETHERS
(i) From 1° alcohol
(a) With H2SO4
📷
Order of dehydration 1° > 2° > 3° alcohol
(b) With diazomethane
📷
(c) Alcohol having at least one hydrogen at fourth carbon gives five membered cyclic ether with Pb(OAC)4. The reaction is free radical reaction which is initiated by heat or light.
📷
📷
Williamson’s synthesis
📷 reaction of a sodium alkoxide with alkyl halide, alkyl sulphonate or alkyl sulphate is known as Williamson synthesis of ethers.
📷
📷
📷
Illustration 9. Write the product
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise 9.
Find product
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(3) From Alkane
(a)
📷
📷
(b)
📷
(4) From Grignard reagent
Higher ethers can be prepared by treating α - halo ethers with suitable reagents.
📷
(5) From Alkyl halide
📷
PROPERTIES OF ETHERS
Dipole nature of ether
Ethers have a tetrahedral geometry i.e. oxygen is sp3 hybridized. The C ⎯ O ⎯ C bond angle in ether is 110°. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen than carbon, the C ⎯ O bonds are slightly polar and are inclined to each other at an angle of 110°C, resulting in a net dipole moment.
📷
The bond angle is slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle due to repulsive interaction between the two bulky groups.
Chemical Reaction
Dialkyl ethers reacts with very few reagents other than acids. The only active site for other reagents are the C ⎯ H bonds of the alkyls. Ethers has ability to solvate cations (electrophile) by donating an electron pair from their oxygen atom. These properties make ether as solvents for many reactions.
On standing in contact with air, most aliphatic ethers are converted slowly into unstable peroxides.
Ether gives following reactions:
Note:
Type of ethers also make a difference in the mechanism followed during the cleavage of C—O by HI/HBr.
Combinations
Mechanism follows
1°R + 2°R
Less sterically hindered ⇒ SN2
2°R + 3°R
More sterically hindered ⇒ SN1
1°R + 3°R
Nature of mechanism decoded by nature of solvent.
📷
Methyl cation is stabler than phenyl cations
(B) Dehydration with H2SO4/Δ and Anhy Al2O3/Δ
(i) When both alkyl groups has β - hydrogen.
📷
(ii) When only alkyl group has β - hydrogen.
📷
📷
(C) Miscellaneous reactions
(1) Halogenation:
Monohalogenation takes place at α carbon (with small amount)
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(2) Reaction with CO: give ester
📷
Illustration 10. Explain why sometimes explosion occurs while distilling ethers.
Solution: It is due to formation of peroxide
📷
Illustration 11. The basicity of the ethers towards BF3 has the following order, explain.
📷
Solution: There are steric effects in the Lewis acid-Lewis base complex formation between BF3 and the respective ethers.
Illustration 12. What are crown ethers? How can the following reaction be made to proceed?
📷
Solution: Crown ethers are large ring polyethers and are basically cyclic oligomers of oxirane which may have annulated rings. They are designated according to ring size and the number of complexing oxygen atoms, thus 18-crown – 6 denotes an 18-membered ring with 6-oxygens. The molecule is shaped like a “doughnut”, and has a hole in the middle.
📷
These are phase transfer catalysts. This is a unique example of “host-guest relationship”. The crown ether is the host, the cation is the guest. The cavity is well suited to fit a K+ or Rb+ which is held as a complex. Interaction between host and guest in all these complexes are mainly through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds.
The reaction can be made to process by using catalytic amount of crown ether, 18-crown-6.
Illustration 13. Explain why
📷
is much more soluble than furan in water.
Solution: THF is more soluble than furan. In THF, in contrast to furan the electron pairs are available for H-bonding with water which makes it more soluble in water.
Exercise 10.
What chemical methods can be used to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds?
(a) Ethoxy ethanol and methyl isopropyl ether.
(b) Butyl iodide and butyl ethyl ether.
(c) Ethyl propyl ether and ethyl allyl ether.
Exercise 11.
Ether A cleaves much faster than B with conc. HI. Explain.
📷
📷
PHENOL
These are organic compounds a hydroxyl group attached directly to a benzene ring.
📷
Preparation
Industrial Method
(i) From chloro benzene (Dow’s process)
Chlorobenzene is heated with NaOH at 673 K and under pressure of 300 atm to produced sodium phenoxide which on acidification yields phenol.
📷
(ii) Cumene Process
Cumene obtained from propene & benzene cumene on air oxidation followed by acidification with H2SO4 gives phenol & acetone.
📷
(iii) From benzene sulphonic acid
It is fused with NaOH gives sodium salt of phenol.
📷
(iv) From benzene diazonium chloride
This gives Ar SN1 reaction with H2O to form phenol.
📷
Illustration 14. Starting from 1-methyl cyclohexene, prepare the following:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Solution:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 12.
Starting from 1-methyl cyclohexene, prepare the following:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Phenol is needle shaped solid, soon liquefies due to high hygroscopic nature. It is less soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents.
Phenol has high boiling point due to presence of hydrogen bonding.
Acidity of phenol
Phenol is weak acid. It reacts with aqueous NaOH to form sodium phenoxide, but does not react with sodium bicarbonate.
The acidity of phenol is due to the stability of the phenoxide ion, which is resonance stabilized as shown below:
📷
In substituted phenols, the presence of electron withdrawing groups at ortho and para positions such as nitro group, stabilizes the phenoxide ion resulting in an increase in acid strength. It is due to this reason that ortho and para nitro phenols are more acidic than phenol.
On the other hand, electron releasing groups such as alkyl group, do not favour the formation of phenoxide ion – resulting in decrease in acid strength.
For example: (cresol are less acidic then phenol)
Exercise 13.
Arrange each group of compounds in order of decreasing acidity:
📷
📷
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
(A) Reaction due to breaking of O – H bond
Phenol is more reactive than alcohol for this reaction because phenoxide ion is more stable than the alkoxide ion.
📷
Reactions of phenol due to breaking of ⎯O ⎯ H bond are given below:
📷
Acylation
📷
Fries rearrangement
Phenolic esters are converted in to o ⎯ and p ⎯ hydroxy ketones in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3. Generally low temperature favours the formation of p – isomer and higher temperature favour the o - isomer.
📷
(B) Reactions due to breaking of carbon- Oxygen bond
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
Phenols are less reactive than aliphatic compound because:
(i) ⎯OH group is present on sp2 hybridised carbon. This makes C ⎯ O bond stronger.
(ii) ‘O’ is more electronegative than halogens. This also makes C ⎯ O bond stronger than C ⎯ X.
(iii) There is some double bond character between carbon and oxygen due to the resonance. This also makes C ⎯ O bond stronger.
However it give SN under drastic condition.
📷
(C) EAS in Phenol: It is strong activating group.
📷
📷
MERCURATION
Mercuric acetate cation. [HgOAC]+ is a weak electrophile which substitutes in ortho and para position of phenol. Usually donating product is O–acetoxy mercuriphenol. The mercuric compound can be converted to iodophenol.
📷
Miscellaneous reaction
(i) Reaction with Zn dust
📷
(ii) Oxidation
📷
(iii) Condensation with phthalic anhydride
📷
Exercise 14.
Discuss the product formed in the bromination of p-phenol sulfonic acid.
Mechanism of some important reactions
The electrophile is the dichloro carbene, :CCl2, formation of carbene is an example of α - elimination.
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
Mechanism
📷
Illustration 15. How will you convert?
(i) phenol to aspirin (ii) phenol to salol.
(iii) phenol to oil of winter green. (iv) phenol to benzoic acid.
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
(iv)
📷
Illustration 16. What product would you expect in the following reaction? Explain.
📷
Solution: 📷
📷
It is an ‘abnormal’ product formed in the Reimer-Tiemann reaction when the dienone cannot tautomerize to regenerate a phenolic system.
Illustration 17. How would you distinguish between the following pairs?
(a) Phenol and cyclohexanol
(b) Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol
Solution: (a) Phenol gives coloration with FeCl3 solution
(b) Ethyl alcohol responds to the iodoform test
Exercise 15.
How would you distinguish between the following pairs?
(a) 2-Pentanol and 3-pentanol
(b) 1-Propanol and phenol
Exercise 16.
Offer explanation for the following observations:
(a) Why is phenol unstable in the keto-form?
(b) The following dehydration is extremely facile:
📷
(c) Why does thionyl chloride provide alkyl chlorides of high purity?
(d) 2-Methyl -2- pentanol dehydrates faster than 2 – methyl – 1 – pentanol.
(e) Phenol is acidic but ethyl alcohol is neutral.
(f) Ethanol responds to Iodoform test but tert- butanol does not.
(g) A tertiary alcohol reacts faster than a primary alcohol in the Lucas test.
Exercise 17.
How will you effect the following conversion?
(a)
📷
(b)
C2H5OH ⎯→ CH3CH2CH2OH
Exercise 18.
How will you effect the following conversion?
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Exercise 19.
Write mechanism
📷
Some Commercially Important Alcohols And Phenols
(i) Methanol: Methanol is also called wood spirit since originally it was obtained by destructive distillation of wood. Now a days it is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of water gas.
📷
Uses: It is largely used as:
(a) a solvent for paints, varnishes and celluloids.
(b) for manufacturing of formaldehyde.
(c) for denaturing ethyl alcohol, i.e. to make it unfit for drinking purpose. Denatured alcohols is called methylated spirit.
(d) in manufacture of perfumes and drugs.
Ethanol: Ethanol is mainly prepared by hydration of ethene formation of carbohydrates gives only 95% alcohol the rest being water. This is called rectified spirit.
Uses: It is largely used as an
(a) antiseptic.
(b) solvent for paints, lacquers, varnishes, dyes, cosmetics, perfumes, tinctures, cough syrups etc.
(c) As an important starting material for manufacture of ether, chloroform, Iodoform etc.
(d) As an important beverages.
(e) As power alcohol a mixture of 20% absolute alcohol and 80% petrol (gasoline) with benzene or tetralin as a co-solvent.
(f) As an antifreeze in automobile radiators.
Absolute alcohol: Absolute alcohol is 100% ethanol prepared from rectified spirit 95.5% alcohol as follows:
In laboratory absolute alcohol is prepared by keeping the rectified spirit in contact with calculated amount of quick lime for few hours and then refluxing and distilling it.
Phenol or Carbolic Acid
Uses
(i) As an antiseptic and disinfectant in soaps and lotions.
(ii) In manufacture of drugs like, aspirin, salol, salicylic acid, phenacetin.
(iii) In the manufacture of bakelite.
(iv) In the manufacture of picric acid, phenolphthalein, azo dyes.
(v) As a preservative for ink.
Ethylene Glycol: Ethane 1, 2 diol
Preparation: Lab preparation by hydroxylation.
(i)
📷
Manufacture
📷
Physical properties:
It is highly viscous because of the presence of two OH bond it undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding. Same reason owes to high solubility in water and high boiling point.
Chemical properties
Reaction with sodium
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
(iv)
📷
(v)
📷
(vi)
Oxidation: Ethyelene glycol upon oxidation gives different products with different oxidising agents. For example.
(a)
📷
(b)
With periodic acid HIO4 or lead tetra acetate.
📷
Also called malapride reaction.
📷
Dehydration
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Uses
(a) As a solvent.
(b) Antifreeze in the radiators of cars and aeroplanes.
(c) In manufacture of terylene and other polyester.
Exercise 20.
How would you convert cyclohexane to 1, 6 – hexanediol?
Glycerol (Propane 1, 2, 3 triol)
One of the most important trihydric alcohol.
Preparation:
(i) By Saponification of oils and fats.
📷
(ii) From Propylene
📷
(iii) Synthesis from its elements
📷
Physical Properties
Highly viscous due to three ⎯OH group due to which it undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding.
Chemical Properties
(i) It undergoes reaction of both secondary and primary alcoholic group.
📷
(ii)
📷
To replace the third hydroxyl group in either of two dichlorohydrins, PCl5 or PCl3 is fused.
(iii)
📷
A mixture of glyceryl trinitrate and glyceryl dinitrate absorbed on Kieselguhr is called dynamite.
(i) With dil. HNO3, a mixture of glyceric acid and tartronic acid is produced.
(ii) With conc. HNO3, mainly glyceric acid is obtained.
(iii) With bismuth nitrate, only mesoxalic acid is formed.
(iv) Mild oxidising agents like bromine water, sodium hypobromite (Br2/NaOH) and Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + FeSO4) give a mixture of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone. The mixture is called glycerose.
(v) With periodic (HIO4) acid.
📷
(vi) With acidified potassium permanganate.
📷
📷
(ii)
📷
Uses: Glycerol is used:
How does glycerol react with a. HI, b. (COOH)2 and c. conc HNO3?
ANSWER TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
(i)
📷
(ii) A = CH3CH2CH2OH
B = CH3OH
Exercise 2:
(i)
📷
(ii) The R– (carbanion) pulls acidic hydrogen from OH group making it an acid-base reaction instead of usual nucleophilic addition reaction. On further hydrolysis it produces reactant. But in the second case you have two moles of RMgX that completes the reaction because there are two R– for two different sites.
Exercise 3:
📷
Exercise 4:
(a) (iii) > (ii) > (i) > (iv)
(b) (i) > (ii) > (iii)
Exercise 5:
(i) Only (c) and (d) gives iodoform test.
(ii)
📷
Exercise 6:
(a) 📷
(b) (i) No reaction
(ii) 6HCOOH
(iii) RCHO + R′CHO + NH3
Exercise 7:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Here phenyl migration takes place.
Here methyl migration takes place.
Exercise 8:
Considering the reactions of C5H10O2, it is likely that C6H5NHNH3, I2, NaOH will react only with a keto group while CH3COCl and oxidation are reactions of an alcohol. Therefore two isomeric structures are possible for the original compound.
📷
Exercise 9:
📷
α, w – halo alcohols undergoes intramolecular Williamson ether.
📷
Synthesis in the presence of NaOH by 📷 reaction.
Exercise 10:
(a) Ethoxyethanol give the Iodoform test.
(b) Butyl iodide with AgNO3 yields AgI precipitate.
(c) Ethyl allyl ether decolorize bromine water.
Exercise 11:
The cleavage reaction of an ether by HI is initiated by protonation of the ether oxygen.
📷
In the second step the attack by Br− has to take place by SN1 or SN2 process. Since the system B is rigid either attack is very slow. The ether A does not pose such a problem
Exercise 12:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 13:
📷
📷
Exercise 14:
A phenol is highly reactive towards electrophilic substitution. Treatment of phenol with aqueous solution of bromine results in the replacement of every hydrogen ortho and para to the ⎯OH group, and it even cause the displacement of the sulfonic group to yield tribromophenol.
📷
Exercise 15:
(a) 2-Pentanol responds to the Iodoform test
(b) Phenol gives coloration with FeCl3 solution
Exercise 16:
(a) Phenol loses the aromatic stabilization in the keto form.
(b) The alkene formed is more stable due to resonance.
(c) Because the other products during the reaction of thionyl chloride with alcohols are gaseous.
(d) 2-Methyl-2-pentanol yield a stable alkene
(e) The phenoxide ion formed from phenol is stabilized by resonance.
(f)
📷
(g) A tertiary alcohol form a stable tertiary carbonation.
Exercise 17:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 18:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Exercise 19:
📷
Exercise 20:
📷
Exercise 21:
See the text
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Write a note on: (a) Oxo process (b) absolute alcohol
Exercise 2: What happens when?
(a) ethanol vapours are passed over alumina at 600 K,
(b) excess of ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 413 K,
(c) phenol is treated with acetyl chloride?
Exercise 3: How is glycerol prepared from fats and oils? Why it is highly viscous? Give its uses?
Exercise 4: Discuss the following reactions:
(a) Reimer and Tiemann reaction
(b) Kolbe’s reaction
Exercise 5: Complete the following by putting structures of A, B, C, D.
📷
Complete the following.
Exercise 6: Compete the following by drawing correct structures.
📷
Exercise 7: How the sugar is converted to ethanol?
Exercise 8: Write the structure of organic compounds A to F in the following sequence of reactions:
📷
submitted by rajusingh79 to u/rajusingh79 [link] [comments]
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxy compound can be classified in the following three categories.
1. Aliphatic hydroxy compound
Monohydric i.e.
📷
Dihydric
📷
Polyhydric
📷
Contain three and more than three hydroxyl group.
Monohydric alcohols are of three types.
📷
Illustration 1. Classify the following into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
Solution: (a) Tertiary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS
- From Alkanes
📷
- From Alkenes
📷
- From alkyl halides
📷
- Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
(i) Aldehyde gives primary alcohol
📷
(ii) Ketone gives secondary alcohol
📷
Reducing agents
(i) LiAlH4 (ii) NaBH4
(iii) Na/C2H5OH (iv) Metal (Zn, Fe or Sn)/Acid (HCl, dil H2SO4 or CH3COOH)
(v) (a) Aluminium isopropoxide/isopropylalcohol (b) H2O
(vi) H2/Ni
- NaBH4 and aluminium isopropoxide reduces only carbonyl group and has no effect on any other group.
- Reduction with aluminium isopropoxide is known as Meerwein – Ponndorf Verley (MPV) reduction.
- LiAlH4 has no effect on double and triple bonds but if compound is β - aryl, α, β - unsaturated carbonyl compound then double bond also undergoes reduction.
📷
(b) Reduction by Grignard reagents
Addition followed by hydrolysis
📷
- Methanol can not be prepared by this method.
- Reduction of carboxylic acid, Acid chlorides and esters:
📷
G = OH (acid)
G = Cl (acid chloride)
G = OR′ (ester)
(b) Reduction by BH3
Carboxylic acids and esters are reduced in to primary alcohol by BH3.
📷
📷
(c) Bouveault – Blanc reaction
📷
Illustration 2.
📷
Solution:
📷
If compound has ⎯COOH as well as ester group then reactivity of ester is more than acid towards LiAlH4.
📷
Acid is more reactive than ester towards BH3.
Exercise 1. Find A and B.
(i)
📷
(ii) 📷
- From aliphatic primary amines
- Nature of alcohol depends on the nature of carbon having ⎯NH2 group.
- Reaction proceeds through carbocation hence rearranged alcohol is obtained.
7. From Oxiranes
Oxiranes react with Grignard reagent to give mono hydric alcohol. Nature of G.R is basic hence it attack on less hindered carbon of oxirane ring.
📷
Illustration 3. (a) Find A, B, C, D, E.
📷
(b) 📷
Solution: (a)
📷
(b)
📷
- Fermentation of carbohydrates
Illustration 4.
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise2.
(i) Identify A, B & C
📷
(ii)
📷
📷
Account the reason for the above reactions.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Solubility
Alcohols are soluble in water due to formation of H – bonding between water & them. As the molecular mass increases, the alkyl group become larger which resists the formation of H – bonds with water molecules and hence the solubility goes an decreasing.
Boiling Point
Intermolecular H – bonding is present between alcohol molecules. This makes high boiling point.
📷
Amongst the isomeric alcohols, the order of boiling point is 1° > 2° > 3° alcohol.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical properties of alcohols can be discussed under following categories:
(A) Reaction involving breaking of carbon – oxygen bond.
(B) Reaction involving breaking of oxygen – hydrogen bond.
(C) Oxidation of alcohols.
(D) Dehydrogenation of alcohols.
(E) Some miscellaneous reactions of monohydric alcohol.
(A) Reaction involving breaking of carbon – oxygen bond
Order of reactivity of alcohol. 3° > 2° > 1°
(i) SN reaction
📷
(ii) Dehydration of alcohol
Dehydration of alcohol to give alkene.
(a) Dehydrating agents are
Conc H2SO4/Δ, KHSO4/Δ, H3PO4/Δ, Anhyd Al2O3/Δ, Anhyd PCl5/Δ, Anhyd ZnCl2/Δ, BF3/Δ, P2O5/Δ.
(b) Reactivity of alcohols. (Ease of dehydration)
3° > 2° > 1°
(c) Product formation always takes place by saytzeff rule.
📷
* Alcohols on acetylation gives acetyl derivative which on pyrolytic elimination always gives Hofmann product.
📷
Mechanism in presence of acidic medium
E1 mechanism: follow saytzeff’s rule.
📷
Exercise 3.
Write mechanism
📷
(B) Reactions due to breaking of oxygen hydrogen bond. (Reactions due to acidic character of alcohols)
(a) Alcohols are acidic in nature because hydrogen is present on electro negative oxygen atom.
(b) Alcohol is weaker acid
📷
acidity ∝ stability of acid anions.
Acidity of 1° > 2° > 3°
Alcohols give following reactions due to breaking of oxygen – hydrogen bond.
(i) Reaction with metal
📷
M = 1st group metal.
M = Al, Mg, Zn
📷
Aluminium alkoxide
(ii) Esterification (With carboxylic acid)
📷
It is reversible acid catalysed reaction. It follow SN1 mechanism.
📷
Increasing the size of alkyl group on alcohol part decreases the nucleophilic character because steric hindrance increases.
📷
Order of reactivity of alcohols CH3OH > 1° alc > 2° alc > 3° alc
(iii) Ester formation with proton acid having –OH group: to give inorganic ester.
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(iv) Alkylation of Alcohol
📷
Methylation is mainly used for determination of hydroxyl groups in an unknown compound.
📷
Exercise 4.
Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic strength.
(a)
📷
(b)
Arrange the following in increasing order of esterification:
MeCOOH EtCOOH (Et)2CHCOOH
(i) (ii) (iii)
(C) Oxidation of alcohol
Oxidation of alcohol is dehydrogenation reaction which is 1, 2 – elimination reaction.
📷
So oxidation of alcohol ∝ numbers of α - hydrogen atom.
(a) With mild oxidising agents:
Like
(i) X2
(ii) Fenton reagent [FeSO4/H2O2]
(iii) Jones reagent / CH3COCH3 [CrO3/dil. BaSO4]
(iv) K2Cr2O7/H+ cold
📷
📷
📷
Note:
PCC (Pyridinium chloro chromate) is a selective reagent which converts 1° alc to aldehyde.
(b) With strong oxidising agent
Oxidising agents are
(i) 📷 (ii) 📷
(iii) 📷 (iv)📷 📷
📷
(D) Dehydrogenation with Cu/573K or Ag/573K
(a) 1° alcohol ⎯⎯→ aldehyde
📷
(b) 2° alcohol ⎯⎯→ ketone
📷
(c) 3° alc ⎯→ undergo dehydration to form alkene.
📷
Reduction
📷
(E) Miscellaneous reactions of mono hydric alcohol
(i) Methylation with CH2N2 in presence of BF3.
📷
(ii) Haloform reaction
Ethyl alcohol and 2° methyl alcohol gives haloform reaction.
📷
Exercise 5.
(i) Out of these compound which gives iodoform test.
(a) CH3 ⎯ CH2 ⎯ CHOHCH3 (b) PhCH2CHOHCH3
(c) PhCHOHCH3 (d) CH3CH2OH
(e) CH3COCH2 ⎯ COOC2H5
(ii)
📷
Distinguishing 1°, 2°, 3° alcohol
Test
1° alc
2° alc
3° alc
(I) Lucas test
[ZnCl2 + HCl]
No reaction at room temperature
White turbidity after 5 – 10 min.
📷
White turbidity instantaneously 📷
(II) Victor Meyer test
(P/I2, AgNO2, HNO2, NaOH)
Red colour
Blue colour
Colourless
📷
📷
📷
PERIODATE OXIDATION
Compounds that have hydroxyl group on adjacent atoms undergo oxidation cleavage when they are treated with aq. Periodic acid (HIO4). The reaction breaks carbon carbon bonds and produced carbonyl compounds (aldehyde, ketones or acids)
📷
It takes place through a cyclic intermediate.
📷
Other examples
📷
📷
This oxidation is useful in determination of structure.
Illustration 5. Write the products of the reaction of t-butyl alcohol with PBr3, conc. H2SO4, CH3COCl, Na, CH3MgBr, Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4.
Solution: 📷.
Illustration 6. Write products
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Solution: (a) 2HCHO + CO2
(b) No reaction (as it is not a vicinal diol)
Exercise 6.
(a) Arrange the following alcohols in order of ease of dehydration.
📷
(b) Find product
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
PINACOL – PINACOLONE REARRANGEMENT
Action of H2SO4 on 1, 2 diols.
Ditertiory – 1, 2 diols convert in to ketones on treatment wit H2SO4.
📷
Mechanism
📷
Migratory preference of the group
Migration depends on the stability of Transition state.
In general migration of C6H5 > alkyl
Illustration 7. List three methods with chemical equations for the preparation of alcohols from alkenes.
Solution: Hydration, hydroboration and oxymercuration – demercuration of alkenes.
Hydration:
📷
Hydroboration
📷
Oxymercuration – demercuration
📷
Illustration 8. Which of the following alcohols would react fastest with Lucas reagent?
📷
Solution: 📷, it being a tertiary alcohol.
Exercise 7.
Find out
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise 8.
Give a possible structure for the substance C5H10O2 behaving in the following manner.
📷
ETHER
* R ⎯ O ⎯ R′ Alkoxy alkane (Di alkyl ether)
* R = R′ Symmetrical ether.
R ≠ R′ Unsymmetrical or mixed ether.
‘O’ is to be counted with least number of C atom.
Example:
CH3 ⎯ O ⎯ C2H5 Methoxy ethane
CH3 ⎯ O ⎯ C6H5 Methoxy benzene
There are various types of cyclic ethers also.
📷
PREPARATION OF ETHERS
(i) From 1° alcohol
(a) With H2SO4
📷
Order of dehydration 1° > 2° > 3° alcohol
(b) With diazomethane
📷
(c) Alcohol having at least one hydrogen at fourth carbon gives five membered cyclic ether with Pb(OAC)4. The reaction is free radical reaction which is initiated by heat or light.
📷
📷
Williamson’s synthesis
📷 reaction of a sodium alkoxide with alkyl halide, alkyl sulphonate or alkyl sulphate is known as Williamson synthesis of ethers.
📷
📷
- In this reaction alkoxide may be alkoxide of primary, secondary as well as tertiary alcohol.
- Alkyl halide must be primary.
- In case of tertiary alkyl halide, elimination occurs giving alkenes
- With a secondary alkyl halide, both elimination and substitution products are obtained.
📷
Illustration 9. Write the product
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Exercise 9.
Find product
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(3) From Alkane
(a)
📷
📷
(b)
📷
(4) From Grignard reagent
Higher ethers can be prepared by treating α - halo ethers with suitable reagents.
📷
(5) From Alkyl halide
📷
PROPERTIES OF ETHERS
Dipole nature of ether
Ethers have a tetrahedral geometry i.e. oxygen is sp3 hybridized. The C ⎯ O ⎯ C bond angle in ether is 110°. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen than carbon, the C ⎯ O bonds are slightly polar and are inclined to each other at an angle of 110°C, resulting in a net dipole moment.
📷
The bond angle is slightly greater than the tetrahedral angle due to repulsive interaction between the two bulky groups.
Chemical Reaction
Dialkyl ethers reacts with very few reagents other than acids. The only active site for other reagents are the C ⎯ H bonds of the alkyls. Ethers has ability to solvate cations (electrophile) by donating an electron pair from their oxygen atom. These properties make ether as solvents for many reactions.
On standing in contact with air, most aliphatic ethers are converted slowly into unstable peroxides.
Ether gives following reactions:
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions
Note:
Type of ethers also make a difference in the mechanism followed during the cleavage of C—O by HI/HBr.
Combinations
Mechanism follows
1°R + 2°R
Less sterically hindered ⇒ SN2
2°R + 3°R
More sterically hindered ⇒ SN1
1°R + 3°R
Nature of mechanism decoded by nature of solvent.
📷
Methyl cation is stabler than phenyl cations
(B) Dehydration with H2SO4/Δ and Anhy Al2O3/Δ
(i) When both alkyl groups has β - hydrogen.
📷
(ii) When only alkyl group has β - hydrogen.
📷
- Hot conc. H2SO4 react with secondary and tertiary ethers to give a mixture of alcohols and alkenes.
📷
(C) Miscellaneous reactions
(1) Halogenation:
Monohalogenation takes place at α carbon (with small amount)
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(2) Reaction with CO: give ester
📷
Illustration 10. Explain why sometimes explosion occurs while distilling ethers.
Solution: It is due to formation of peroxide
📷
Illustration 11. The basicity of the ethers towards BF3 has the following order, explain.
📷
Solution: There are steric effects in the Lewis acid-Lewis base complex formation between BF3 and the respective ethers.
Illustration 12. What are crown ethers? How can the following reaction be made to proceed?
📷
Solution: Crown ethers are large ring polyethers and are basically cyclic oligomers of oxirane which may have annulated rings. They are designated according to ring size and the number of complexing oxygen atoms, thus 18-crown – 6 denotes an 18-membered ring with 6-oxygens. The molecule is shaped like a “doughnut”, and has a hole in the middle.
📷
These are phase transfer catalysts. This is a unique example of “host-guest relationship”. The crown ether is the host, the cation is the guest. The cavity is well suited to fit a K+ or Rb+ which is held as a complex. Interaction between host and guest in all these complexes are mainly through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds.
The reaction can be made to process by using catalytic amount of crown ether, 18-crown-6.
Illustration 13. Explain why
📷
is much more soluble than furan in water.
Solution: THF is more soluble than furan. In THF, in contrast to furan the electron pairs are available for H-bonding with water which makes it more soluble in water.
Exercise 10.
What chemical methods can be used to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds?
(a) Ethoxy ethanol and methyl isopropyl ether.
(b) Butyl iodide and butyl ethyl ether.
(c) Ethyl propyl ether and ethyl allyl ether.
Exercise 11.
Ether A cleaves much faster than B with conc. HI. Explain.
📷
📷
PHENOL
These are organic compounds a hydroxyl group attached directly to a benzene ring.
📷
Preparation
Industrial Method
(i) From chloro benzene (Dow’s process)
Chlorobenzene is heated with NaOH at 673 K and under pressure of 300 atm to produced sodium phenoxide which on acidification yields phenol.
📷
(ii) Cumene Process
Cumene obtained from propene & benzene cumene on air oxidation followed by acidification with H2SO4 gives phenol & acetone.
📷
(iii) From benzene sulphonic acid
It is fused with NaOH gives sodium salt of phenol.
📷
(iv) From benzene diazonium chloride
This gives Ar SN1 reaction with H2O to form phenol.
📷
Illustration 14. Starting from 1-methyl cyclohexene, prepare the following:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Solution:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 12.
Starting from 1-methyl cyclohexene, prepare the following:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Phenol is needle shaped solid, soon liquefies due to high hygroscopic nature. It is less soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents.
Phenol has high boiling point due to presence of hydrogen bonding.
Acidity of phenol
Phenol is weak acid. It reacts with aqueous NaOH to form sodium phenoxide, but does not react with sodium bicarbonate.
The acidity of phenol is due to the stability of the phenoxide ion, which is resonance stabilized as shown below:
📷
In substituted phenols, the presence of electron withdrawing groups at ortho and para positions such as nitro group, stabilizes the phenoxide ion resulting in an increase in acid strength. It is due to this reason that ortho and para nitro phenols are more acidic than phenol.
On the other hand, electron releasing groups such as alkyl group, do not favour the formation of phenoxide ion – resulting in decrease in acid strength.
For example: (cresol are less acidic then phenol)
Exercise 13.
Arrange each group of compounds in order of decreasing acidity:
📷
📷
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
(A) Reaction due to breaking of O – H bond
Phenol is more reactive than alcohol for this reaction because phenoxide ion is more stable than the alkoxide ion.
📷
Reactions of phenol due to breaking of ⎯O ⎯ H bond are given below:
📷
Acylation
📷
Fries rearrangement
Phenolic esters are converted in to o ⎯ and p ⎯ hydroxy ketones in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3. Generally low temperature favours the formation of p – isomer and higher temperature favour the o - isomer.
📷
(B) Reactions due to breaking of carbon- Oxygen bond
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
Phenols are less reactive than aliphatic compound because:
(i) ⎯OH group is present on sp2 hybridised carbon. This makes C ⎯ O bond stronger.
(ii) ‘O’ is more electronegative than halogens. This also makes C ⎯ O bond stronger than C ⎯ X.
(iii) There is some double bond character between carbon and oxygen due to the resonance. This also makes C ⎯ O bond stronger.
However it give SN under drastic condition.
📷
(C) EAS in Phenol: It is strong activating group.
📷
📷
MERCURATION
Mercuric acetate cation. [HgOAC]+ is a weak electrophile which substitutes in ortho and para position of phenol. Usually donating product is O–acetoxy mercuriphenol. The mercuric compound can be converted to iodophenol.
📷
Miscellaneous reaction
(i) Reaction with Zn dust
📷
(ii) Oxidation
📷
(iii) Condensation with phthalic anhydride
📷
Exercise 14.
Discuss the product formed in the bromination of p-phenol sulfonic acid.
Mechanism of some important reactions
- Reimer Tieman reaction
The electrophile is the dichloro carbene, :CCl2, formation of carbene is an example of α - elimination.
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
- Kolbe’s reaction
Mechanism
📷
Illustration 15. How will you convert?
(i) phenol to aspirin (ii) phenol to salol.
(iii) phenol to oil of winter green. (iv) phenol to benzoic acid.
Solution:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
(iv)
📷
Illustration 16. What product would you expect in the following reaction? Explain.
📷
Solution: 📷
📷
It is an ‘abnormal’ product formed in the Reimer-Tiemann reaction when the dienone cannot tautomerize to regenerate a phenolic system.
Illustration 17. How would you distinguish between the following pairs?
(a) Phenol and cyclohexanol
(b) Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol
Solution: (a) Phenol gives coloration with FeCl3 solution
(b) Ethyl alcohol responds to the iodoform test
Exercise 15.
How would you distinguish between the following pairs?
(a) 2-Pentanol and 3-pentanol
(b) 1-Propanol and phenol
Exercise 16.
Offer explanation for the following observations:
(a) Why is phenol unstable in the keto-form?
(b) The following dehydration is extremely facile:
📷
(c) Why does thionyl chloride provide alkyl chlorides of high purity?
(d) 2-Methyl -2- pentanol dehydrates faster than 2 – methyl – 1 – pentanol.
(e) Phenol is acidic but ethyl alcohol is neutral.
(f) Ethanol responds to Iodoform test but tert- butanol does not.
(g) A tertiary alcohol reacts faster than a primary alcohol in the Lucas test.
Exercise 17.
How will you effect the following conversion?
(a)
📷
(b)
C2H5OH ⎯→ CH3CH2CH2OH
Exercise 18.
How will you effect the following conversion?
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Exercise 19.
Write mechanism
📷
Some Commercially Important Alcohols And Phenols
(i) Methanol: Methanol is also called wood spirit since originally it was obtained by destructive distillation of wood. Now a days it is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of water gas.
📷
Uses: It is largely used as:
(a) a solvent for paints, varnishes and celluloids.
(b) for manufacturing of formaldehyde.
(c) for denaturing ethyl alcohol, i.e. to make it unfit for drinking purpose. Denatured alcohols is called methylated spirit.
(d) in manufacture of perfumes and drugs.
Ethanol: Ethanol is mainly prepared by hydration of ethene formation of carbohydrates gives only 95% alcohol the rest being water. This is called rectified spirit.
Uses: It is largely used as an
(a) antiseptic.
(b) solvent for paints, lacquers, varnishes, dyes, cosmetics, perfumes, tinctures, cough syrups etc.
(c) As an important starting material for manufacture of ether, chloroform, Iodoform etc.
(d) As an important beverages.
(e) As power alcohol a mixture of 20% absolute alcohol and 80% petrol (gasoline) with benzene or tetralin as a co-solvent.
(f) As an antifreeze in automobile radiators.
Absolute alcohol: Absolute alcohol is 100% ethanol prepared from rectified spirit 95.5% alcohol as follows:
In laboratory absolute alcohol is prepared by keeping the rectified spirit in contact with calculated amount of quick lime for few hours and then refluxing and distilling it.
Phenol or Carbolic Acid
Uses
(i) As an antiseptic and disinfectant in soaps and lotions.
(ii) In manufacture of drugs like, aspirin, salol, salicylic acid, phenacetin.
(iii) In the manufacture of bakelite.
(iv) In the manufacture of picric acid, phenolphthalein, azo dyes.
(v) As a preservative for ink.
Ethylene Glycol: Ethane 1, 2 diol
Preparation: Lab preparation by hydroxylation.
(i)
📷
Manufacture
📷
Physical properties:
It is highly viscous because of the presence of two OH bond it undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding. Same reason owes to high solubility in water and high boiling point.
Chemical properties
Reaction with sodium
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
(iii)
📷
(iv)
📷
(v)
📷
(vi)
Oxidation: Ethyelene glycol upon oxidation gives different products with different oxidising agents. For example.
(a)
📷
(b)
With periodic acid HIO4 or lead tetra acetate.
📷
Also called malapride reaction.
📷
Dehydration
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Uses
(a) As a solvent.
(b) Antifreeze in the radiators of cars and aeroplanes.
(c) In manufacture of terylene and other polyester.
Exercise 20.
How would you convert cyclohexane to 1, 6 – hexanediol?
Glycerol (Propane 1, 2, 3 triol)
One of the most important trihydric alcohol.
Preparation:
(i) By Saponification of oils and fats.
📷
(ii) From Propylene
📷
(iii) Synthesis from its elements
📷
Physical Properties
Highly viscous due to three ⎯OH group due to which it undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding.
Chemical Properties
(i) It undergoes reaction of both secondary and primary alcoholic group.
📷
(ii)
📷
To replace the third hydroxyl group in either of two dichlorohydrins, PCl5 or PCl3 is fused.
(iii)
📷
- Reaction with concentrated nitric acid:
A mixture of glyceryl trinitrate and glyceryl dinitrate absorbed on Kieselguhr is called dynamite.
- Reaction with KHSO4 – Dehydration.
- Oxidation.
(i) With dil. HNO3, a mixture of glyceric acid and tartronic acid is produced.
(ii) With conc. HNO3, mainly glyceric acid is obtained.
(iii) With bismuth nitrate, only mesoxalic acid is formed.
(iv) Mild oxidising agents like bromine water, sodium hypobromite (Br2/NaOH) and Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + FeSO4) give a mixture of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone. The mixture is called glycerose.
(v) With periodic (HIO4) acid.
📷
(vi) With acidified potassium permanganate.
📷
- Reaction with phosphorous halides.
- Reaction with monocarboxylic acids. Glycerol reacts with monocarboxylic acids to form mono-, di- and tri- ester depending upon the amount of the acid used and the temperature of the reaction. An excess of the acid and high temperature favour the formation of tri-esters. For example, with acetic acid, glycerol monoacetate, diacetate and triacetate may be formed.
- Acetylation. When treated with acetyl chloride, glycerol forms glycerol triacetate.
- Reaction with oxalic acid
📷
(ii)
📷
Uses: Glycerol is used:
- In the preparation of nitroglycerine used in making dynamite. Nitroglycerine is also used for treatment of angina pectoris.
- As an antifreeze in automobile radiators.
- In medicines like cough syrups lotions etc.
- In the production of glyptal or alkyl resin (a cross – linked polyester obtained by the condensation polymerization of glycerol and phthalic acid) which is used in the manufacture of paints and lacquers.
- In making non-drying printing inks, stamp colours, shoes polishes etc.
- In the manufacture of high class toilet soaps and cosmetics since it does not allow them to dry due to its hydroscopic nature.
- As a preservative for fruits and other eatables.
- As a sweetening agent in beverages and confectionary.
How does glycerol react with a. HI, b. (COOH)2 and c. conc HNO3?
ANSWER TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
(i)
📷
(ii) A = CH3CH2CH2OH
B = CH3OH
Exercise 2:
(i)
📷
(ii) The R– (carbanion) pulls acidic hydrogen from OH group making it an acid-base reaction instead of usual nucleophilic addition reaction. On further hydrolysis it produces reactant. But in the second case you have two moles of RMgX that completes the reaction because there are two R– for two different sites.
Exercise 3:
📷
Exercise 4:
(a) (iii) > (ii) > (i) > (iv)
(b) (i) > (ii) > (iii)
Exercise 5:
(i) Only (c) and (d) gives iodoform test.
(ii)
📷
Exercise 6:
(a) 📷
(b) (i) No reaction
(ii) 6HCOOH
(iii) RCHO + R′CHO + NH3
Exercise 7:
(i)
📷
(ii)
📷
Here phenyl migration takes place.
Here methyl migration takes place.
Exercise 8:
Considering the reactions of C5H10O2, it is likely that C6H5NHNH3, I2, NaOH will react only with a keto group while CH3COCl and oxidation are reactions of an alcohol. Therefore two isomeric structures are possible for the original compound.
📷
Exercise 9:
📷
α, w – halo alcohols undergoes intramolecular Williamson ether.
📷
Synthesis in the presence of NaOH by 📷 reaction.
Exercise 10:
(a) Ethoxyethanol give the Iodoform test.
(b) Butyl iodide with AgNO3 yields AgI precipitate.
(c) Ethyl allyl ether decolorize bromine water.
Exercise 11:
The cleavage reaction of an ether by HI is initiated by protonation of the ether oxygen.
📷
In the second step the attack by Br− has to take place by SN1 or SN2 process. Since the system B is rigid either attack is very slow. The ether A does not pose such a problem
Exercise 12:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 13:
📷
📷
Exercise 14:
A phenol is highly reactive towards electrophilic substitution. Treatment of phenol with aqueous solution of bromine results in the replacement of every hydrogen ortho and para to the ⎯OH group, and it even cause the displacement of the sulfonic group to yield tribromophenol.
📷
Exercise 15:
(a) 2-Pentanol responds to the Iodoform test
(b) Phenol gives coloration with FeCl3 solution
Exercise 16:
(a) Phenol loses the aromatic stabilization in the keto form.
(b) The alkene formed is more stable due to resonance.
(c) Because the other products during the reaction of thionyl chloride with alcohols are gaseous.
(d) 2-Methyl-2-pentanol yield a stable alkene
(e) The phenoxide ion formed from phenol is stabilized by resonance.
(f)
📷
(g) A tertiary alcohol form a stable tertiary carbonation.
Exercise 17:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
Exercise 18:
(a)
📷
(b)
📷
(c)
📷
(d)
📷
Exercise 19:
📷
Exercise 20:
📷
Exercise 21:
See the text
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Write a note on: (a) Oxo process (b) absolute alcohol
Exercise 2: What happens when?
(a) ethanol vapours are passed over alumina at 600 K,
(b) excess of ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 413 K,
(c) phenol is treated with acetyl chloride?
Exercise 3: How is glycerol prepared from fats and oils? Why it is highly viscous? Give its uses?
Exercise 4: Discuss the following reactions:
(a) Reimer and Tiemann reaction
(b) Kolbe’s reaction
Exercise 5: Complete the following by putting structures of A, B, C, D.
📷
Complete the following.
Exercise 6: Compete the following by drawing correct structures.
📷
Exercise 7: How the sugar is converted to ethanol?
Exercise 8: Write the structure of organic compounds A to F in the following sequence of reactions:
📷
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