Consonant digraph gn,wr,kn activities

The Polyglot Playbook: Mastering the Multilingual Mindset from the Lingua Superheroes Themselves

2024.05.16 06:04 anny_t_ka The Polyglot Playbook: Mastering the Multilingual Mindset from the Lingua Superheroes Themselves

https://preview.redd.it/jghjwyi1rj0d1.png?width=1920&format=png&auto=webp&s=f4899eb6fc3ba055f8ed619358ad916ec6104473
To the casual observer, true polyglots might seem like linguistic superheroes — effortlessly swapping between multiple language codesets like slipping into a fresh sweater. But behind those envious displays of glottal dexterity lies a secret arsenal of powerful learning methodologies, loopholes, and seemingly bizarre mind-hacks. One of the best ways to practice language is our Voccent app, but let’s look at others.
You see, these multilingual mavericks have spent years refining a unique cognitive blueprint for acquiring new tongues. One which hijacks conventional study habits by decoding the neuroscience powering language acquisition down to its granular chemical pathways.
Through meticulous trial, error, and unrelenting dedication to their polyglot callings, they’ve essentially bio-hacked the operating systems governing their brains’ language faculties. The tips and techniques comprising their training regimens are highly personalized, wildly creative, and often contrary to scholastic norms — yet invariably effective when applied with zealous discipline.
So if you, too, covet the power to bend linguistic boundaries with your mind, it’s time to start emulating these savant methods before charting your own fluency metamorphosis.
First and foremost, every polyglot knows their sensory preferences for encoded knowledge absorption like Naval code operators. For some, that may mean prioritizing aural immersive techniques from day one — inundating their gray matter with streamed speech audio from podcasts, playlists, or birdsong apps to build a subliminal framework to anchor upcoming vocab and grammar lessons.
For others, physical print repetition remains unsurpassed. They’ll create memory palaces turned linguistic museums, filling them with idiomatic sculptures, grammar frescoes, and indigenous proverbs transformed into architectural friezes to actually inhabit the mindshare of their target tongue.
Still others take a full-immersion “rebirther” philosophy — surrounding themselves 24/7 with foreign audiovisual stimuli from morning alarms to lunch TV binges, baby-stepping into fluency via pure undiluted daily exposure. A process optimized through journal tracking mood/frustration cycles to home in on the mind’s individual linguistic ingress sweet spots.
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At the neuro-biological level, these savants prize habit-stacking as a secret fluency weapon. They recognize how everyday behaviors like eating, exercising, or commuting activate very specific neural resonance states and neurotransmitter production levels. By symbiotically cross-training their brains to link those recurrent patterns to language circuits, they procedurally groove new vocabulary and syntax into literal muscle memories.
This informs peak study periods, typified by sleep habits optimized for dream-state linguistic consolidation and scheduled snacking to promote brain-derived neurotrophic factor production spiking long-term synaptic potentiation. In other words, these sono geniuses built language learning directly into their bodies’ most granular biological pathways of knowledge retention.
And because self-awareness is paramount to any productive fitness regimen, polyglots are ruthless about monitoring language gain momentum via meticulous assessment — utilizing external coaches, eco-mapping resource efficacy across the modalities, and rigorously recording individualized metrics like peak memorization windows, conversational improvement rates, even typing speeds.
This degree of empirical discipline fuels their overall learning flexibility. And with a quiver full of study tactics refined via iterative first-principles analysis of neuroplastic mechanics, polyglots are uniquely equipped to pivot and adjust for inevitable fluency roadblocks as they arise.
So even when rote grammar patience runs dry or vocab hit-lists trigger psychosomatic burnout, these linguistic juggernaut always have novel frameworks to dynamically resculpt the brain — whether subvocalizing in consonant clusters while doing cardio, or reconstructing tones and vowel nasalities into interpretive groovebox labyrinths with beat-mapping loopstation apps.
At the end of the day, these ambitious minds understand that while methods must remain malleable, multilingual omniscience demands the unwavering, ascetic focus of a fighter pilot. Or rather, the game-theoretical ultimate resource allocator strategically dividing their neural assets and cognitive load capacities across however many tongues comprise the current mission objective.
But make no mistake — there is no singular illuminated path toward linguistic demiurge-hood. Each language marathon is unique, and each polyglot internally bio-engineered with their own proprietary mindset machinery requiring constant calibration.
So while the initial polyglot leaps of faith can seem dizzying, that’s half the thrill. Discovering your personal toolkit for rewiring the language faculty while iterating through inventive new input/output protocols? That’s how you turn everyday reality into a never-ending expedition of glottal transcendence and cerebral renaissance.
So go ahead — devour up every last scrap of applied neurohacking knowledge these savants are willing offer… then let your consciousness run wild remixing and cross-stitching those multilingual maps into slipstream realities of your own design. Because as any honest polyglot will attest, the real superpower lies in the never-ending journey of synaptic sculpting, not the destination.
Have you already picked up a few sneaky pointers to optimize your cerebro-linguistic receptiveness? Which polyglot mind-taming methodologies most resonate with your cognitive tendencies (or perhaps veer a little too close to rootkit territory)? And if you’ve already pivoted to forging personalized strategies for becoming a franken-tongued,brain-engineered polymath, by all means lay them on us — We’re always ravenous for new neuro-kartography workflows to incorporate into the blueprint!
Read in our blog The Link Between Linguistics and Recall

submitted by anny_t_ka to voccent [link] [comments]

2024.05.15 19:26 JojoDindebut I was "yoked together"

https://www.mythicjourneys.org/newsletter_nov06_glossary.html
The roots of the word syzygy come from the Late Latin, syzygia, and from the Greek word syzygos meaning "conjunction." Syzygy literally means to be "yoked together." Another example from the Turanic-Altaic languages would be the Turkish word "sezgi" that means "sense," implying that one needs more than one idea/image/process linked together before one can achieve sense. This one word has come to syzygistically take on many various yoked although differing meanings.
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In Psychology, C.G. Jung used the term to denote "an archetypal pairing of contrasexual opposites, which symbolized the communication of the conscious and unconscious minds, the conjunction of two organisms without the loss of identity." He used syzygy to liken the alchemical term albedo with unconscious contrasexual soul images; the anima in men and animus in women.
In Gnosticism, syzygy is a divine active-passive, male-female pair of aeons, complementary to one another rather than oppositional; they comprise the divine realm of the Pleroma (the totality of God's powers), and in themselves chracterize aspects of the unknowable Gnostic God. The term is most common in Valentianism. (Valentinus (c. 100 - c. 153) was an early Christian Gnostic theologian who founded a school in Rome. He was a candidate for bishop, (presumably of Rome) c. 143. When the election fell instead to a candidate who had been a confessor for the faith, Valentinus broke with the Catholic church and developed his Gnostic doctrine.)
In Philosophy, the Russian theologian/philosopher Vladimir Solovyov used the word "syuzygy" as either an adjective or a noun to signify "unity-friendship-community."
In Astronomy and Astrology, syzygy is a kind of unity, especially through coordination or alignment of stars and planets.
In Poetry, it is the combination of two metrical feet into a single unity, similar to elision (the omission of a vowel at the end of one word when the next word begins with a vowel, as th'orient.) Consonantal or phonetc syzygy is similar to the effect of alliteration, where one consonant is repeated throughout a passage, but not necessarily at the beginning of each word. According to Richard Hovey in "The Technique of Rhyme," syzygy employs the use of "repetitions that fall indiscriminately on accented and unaccented places in sufficient number to give unity to a passage by subtly filling the ear with the insistence of a dominant tone color." For poetic examples of syzygy, read the works of Australian poet, novelist and journal editor John Kinsella. We've also included an interesting discussion on syzygy by Arthur Szes.

submitted by JojoDindebut to subbredit [link] [comments]

2024.05.15 15:54 glass_star assimilating place of production (question)

Hi! I hope this type of post is okay!
I work at a speech clinic as an SLPA and I've been seeing a little boy who just turned 5. We have been working on discriminating between /m/ and /n/ and I recently figured out that he is specifically struggling to produce /n/ when the word has a bilabial final consonant.
The one SLP on staff right now suggested doing motor sequencing with the Bjorem deck and that has been working well so far but it feels kind of limited and repetitive.
I am just hoping anyone has any other ideas for activities or games that will target the motor planning aspect of his sound production.
Thanks!

submitted by glass_star to slp [link] [comments]

2024.05.14 21:48 NicoRoo_BM So, apparently Italian has an unusually strong love of hiatus...

It mostly occurs at word boundaries, but it occurs A LOT.
^{For no reason in particular}, in the last few months I've been exposed to a lot of arabic speakers of Italian.
And Arabic doesn't seem to love hiatus as much as Italian does.
So, they tend to insert some sort of consonant at the syllable boundary. Most of the time, it's a glottal stop. However, some of the time, it's a pharyngeal fricative instead. How do they choose which to use?
Well, turns out that Italian has exactly 4 native words that use as a standalone (ie. not part of a digraph): 4 conjugation of the verb "avere", to have. "Ho", "hai", "ha", "hanno" are spelled with an initial H in order to distinguish them from homophones (except for the ho/o pair which is two distinct phonemes that normally are represented identically).
And apparently, those arabic speakers are taking inspiration from that orthographic convention to turn "che hanno" [ke.'an.no] into [ke.ˈʕæːn.no]

submitted by NicoRoo_BM to linguisticshumor [link] [comments]

2024.05.14 14:29 adulting4kids Poetry Course Week Three and Four

Week 3: Limericks and the Art of Humor
Day 1: Decoding Limericks - Activity: Analyze classic limericks for rhythm and humor. - Lecture: Discuss the AABBA rhyme scheme and distinctive rhythm. - Discussion: Share favorite humorous poems and discuss elements that make them funny.
Day 2: Crafting Limericks with Wit - Activity: Write limericks individually, focusing on humor and rhythm. - Lecture: Explore the balance of humor and structure in limericks. - Discussion: Share and discuss individual limericks, highlighting successful elements.
Day 3: Understanding Free Verse - Activity: Analyze free verse poems for structure and expression. - Lecture: Introduce the concept of free verse and its flexibility. - Discussion: Discuss the liberation and challenges of writing without a strict structure.
Day 4: Writing Exercise - Expressing Emotions in Free Verse - Activity: Explore emotions and write a free verse poem. - Assignment: Craft a free verse poem exploring a personal experience or emotion. - Vocabulary Words: Enjambment, Cadence, Anapest.
Day 5: Peer Review and Feedback - Activity: Peer review workshop for free verse poems. - Lecture: Discuss the artistic freedom and impact of free verse. - Discussion: Share insights gained from reviewing peers' free verse poems.
Study Guide Questions for Week 3: 1. What defines a limerick, and how does its rhythm contribute to its humor? 2. Discuss the importance of the AABBA rhyme scheme in limericks. 3. How does free verse differ from structured forms of poetry? 4. Explore the challenges and benefits of writing without a strict form in free verse. 5. Reflect on the emotions and experiences expressed in your free verse poem.
Quiz: Assessment on limericks, the AABBA rhyme scheme, and the principles of free verse.
Week 4: Free Verse and Acrostic Poetry
Day 1: Embracing Free Verse - Activity: Analyze diverse free verse poems for individual expression. - Lecture: Discuss famous free verse poets and their impact on the genre. - Discussion: Share personal reactions to the artistic freedom of free verse.
Day 2: Crafting Emotion in Free Verse - Activity: Write a free verse poem expressing a specific emotion. - Lecture: Explore the role of emotions in free verse and the use of vivid imagery. - Discussion: Share and discuss individual poems, highlighting emotional impact.
Day 3: Understanding Acrostic Poetry - Activity: Analyze acrostic poems for clever wordplay. - Lecture: Explain the concept of acrostic poetry and its various forms. - Discussion: Share examples of creative acrostic poems.
Day 4: Writing Exercise - Personal Acrostic - Activity: Craft an acrostic poem using your name or a chosen word. - Assignment: Write an acrostic poem exploring a theme or concept. - Vocabulary Words: Strophe, Stanza, Consonance.
Day 5: Peer Review and Feedback - Activity: Peer review workshop for acrostic poems. - Lecture: Discuss the playfulness and creativity of acrostic poetry. - Discussion: Share insights gained from reviewing peers' acrostic poems.
Study Guide Questions for Week 4: 1. Explore the role of emotions in free verse poetry. How does it differ from structured forms? 2. Discuss the impact of vivid imagery in free verse. How does it contribute to the overall message? 3. What defines acrostic poetry, and how is it different from other forms? 4. How can clever wordplay enhance the impact of an acrostic poem? 5. Reflect on the creative process and thematic exploration in your acrostic poem.
Quiz: Assessment on understanding free verse, emotional expression in poetry, and the principles of acrostic poetry.

submitted by adulting4kids to writingthruit [link] [comments]

2024.05.08 02:24 Advanced_Release3911 A friend was playing their Traptrix Ragnaraika deck on Yugioh Omega and something happened with Holeutea

basically, after going through some route to find Holeutea they had set the card and went to activate it but it didn't make them pitch the normal trap. Is there any reason this would happen?
v The replay code

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2024.05.07 18:56 Suendensprung SSSSS #3 New Verb System and "Euphony is in the ear of the beholder"

Welcome back to Sündensprung's Shitlang Scrubbing #3! If you don't now what this is, look at the first iteration.

New Verb System

So, last time we looked at the old verb system of Proto Nasiwa ans thought about how to improve it.
I started off with lookin at how the system already worked and chose some aspects I wanted to keep.
Here's how it looked:

Active	Passive	Causative

∅	hami + verb	jenmi + verb

Present	Past	Future

∅	verb + elai	verb + njita

The main thing here are the basic three tenses and the periphrastic constructions. And I tried to keep these basic principles.

Changes

The destruction of valency changing operations:
I got rid of the active, passive and causative, because I just didn't feel like they fit. I added them originally because I thought like I had to and because Biblaridion used them aswell in his tutorial series. So yeah, they got sent to the shadow realm.
The adding of basic moods:
I know that I wanted to keep it periphrastic but I wanted to have some basic moods, which are: Realis, Irrealis, Negative and Interrogative
RealisIrrealisNegativeInterrogative ∅-mi-ka-ke
The ending -mi is derived from a common ending found in the original corpus which were there for no real reason ( cf. the chart on the top already has to verbs with the ending -mi).
-ka comes from the negative particle
-ke is derived from the words keh? - who? and kamsil? - what
The relativization of tenses
The basic past, present and future tense got reworked into the relative tenses anterior, contemporary and posterior tenses, inspired by the Latin consecutio temporum. This basicly means that you start by setting up a reference point via the basic tenses, where anterior maps to past, contemporary to present and posterior to future. The other tenses then refer to before, during or after the reference point.
Maybe the reference point could be set up by deictic particles but I'm unsure of how that'd work and I'd have to think of how to reset the reference point. If you have any ideas, let me know!
They're formed like this
AnteriorContemporaryPosterior elai + Verb∅njita + Verb
elai & njita are just the words from the original corpus now reworked to be adverbs translating to before and after.
Auxilliary Aspect
The moods and tenses can be paired with two auxilliary verbs denoting aspect but what the resulting forms meaning depends on the tense used.

Tense-Aspect	Anterior	Contemporary	Posterior
Imperfective	Imperfect / Past Progressive	NF	Present Inchoative
Perfective	Pluperfect	NF	NF

The ipfv. auxilliary is pjam from pjammi - to stand with -mi removed because it's now the irrealis
The pfv. auxilliary is ha from hami - to have with -mi removed because it's now the irrealis ( Should I keep it hami because ha is monosyllabic? But this would mean the irrealis would be hamimi )
So that's what I've done with the verbs. Do y'all like it? What could I do to improve it?

"Euphony is in the ear of the beholder"

This week's issue will be the phonology of Proto Nasiwa. I don't hate it per se, but I also don't particularly like it.
So here's the recap:

Consonants	Labial	Coronal	Dorsal

Approximant	/w/	/l/	/j/
Nasal	/m/	/n/	/ɲ/
Fricative	/f/	/s/	/ç/
Plosive	/p/	/t/
	/pʷ/		/kʷ/
	/pʲ/	/tʲ/	/kʲ/
	/b/	/d/	/g/
	/bʷ/		/gʷ/
	/bʲ/	*(/dʲ/ ) ???	/gʲ/

Vowels	Front	Back

Close	/ɪ/	/ʊ/
Open	/ɛ/	/ʌ/

Diphthong	-ɪ	-ʊ
ʌ-	/ʌ͡ɪ/	/ʌ͡ʊ/
ɛ-	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ʊ/

Syllable structure
(C)(C)V(D)

(Onset)	Nucleus	(Coda)

Any Consonant	Any Vowel	Any Consonant except palatalized and labialized
Fricative + Approximant	Any Diphthong

Stress Mora-based. Coda = +1 Mora, Diphthong = +1 Mora
Stress falls on the syllable with the most morae from the left of the word
Some ideas
-I'm not a huge fan of the secondary articulation, so maybe turn them into on-glides?
-The vowels are all lax, so maybe have a tense-lax contrast with like /e:/ vs. /ɛ/ or smth.

Have like maybe some contrast lost on word boundaries for them to reappear in sandhi, eg. /bʌd/ -> [pʌt] , /bʌdbʌd/ -> [pʌdbʌt] , /bʌdʌd/ -> [pʌdʌt]

Conclusion

So that's it for today. I'd love to hear your thoughts and feedback! Until next time, stay save and have a beautiful day :)

submitted by Suendensprung to conlangs [link] [comments]

2024.05.07 17:16 Emperor_Of_Catkind Brief Introduction into Mustelidean Languages

Mustelidean language family is spoken by the numerous members of the Mustelidae taxonomic family such as ferrets, polecats, weasels, martens, sables, badgers, otters and others. The number of languages is not yet determined but it is the most dispersed bestial language family. Its existence is unique and somewhat phaenomenal because in-universe, the cases of multi-species language families are fairly rare and there are no language families with common ancestry between such high taxonomic order.
The distribution of Mustelidean languages in the modern day
The hypothetical distribution of Mustelidean languages in its height c. 2,000 BP
It is believed that such wide distribution is the result of forced resettlements conducted by prehistoric advanced civilizations, which are called "dispersals" in the context of the history of the family. The physiological structure of mustelid mouths is fairly similar allowing them to acquire the proto-languages evolving into individual languages, and borrow the neighboring Mustelidean languages (in some cases).
This family had emerged c. 40,000 BC in southern or north-western part of Siberia. It is widely accepted that its first speakers could be wolverines who imposed their language to martens, weasels, sables, or all of them. There were two dispersals: the First Dispersal occured c. 35,000 BC, conducted by prehistoric Vulpine civilization and resulted in emergence of Lutrian, Kalan and probably Meleic and Wolverinian languages. The Second Dispersal occured c. 12,000 BC by Feline and Canine civilizations resulting in separation of Proto-Mustelan and Proto-American Martid into European and American branches, and of Kharzic and Meleic into northern and southern branches.
Reaching its apex somewhere around 2-3 thousand years BP, the Mustelidean language family nowadays experiencing the loss of population, area and diversity due to the human, pet and more prominent species' activity.

Classification

There are four of the most widely accepted branches of Mustelidaean languages that undisputedly belong to them: Mustelan, Asiatic Martid, American Martid and Kharzic. These subgroups are also known as "Mustelidaean Proper" because they share common features in phonetics and grammar. Their typical features include:

being analytic or moderately fusional;
not having cases beside nominative and oblique;
having a number of words wihout a form of plural number (called "default plurals" or pluratives);
having fixed or limited free SVO/SOV word order;
having more than one series of coronal consonants (most typically dental and palatal/retroflex);
usage of numerous copulas and Ezafe-type constructions.

Meleic is also included though it has highly divergent grammar. And finally, the position of Lutrian, Kalan and Wolverinian branches is debated. In-universe, one scholars think that their languages descend from Proto-Mustelidean and drastically diverged through the dozens of millenias; others think that these languages were just influenced by PMusd during the First Dispersal acquiring some words in the process.

Mustelic branch is spoken primarily (but not entirely) by the members of the Mustela genus. (emerged c. 24,000 BP)
- European Mustelic (emerged c. 10,000 BP)
  - Furritian is the most well-known Mustelidean language spoken by domestic ferrets. Considered to be a pet language on par with Feline and Canine, it has a great influence of human languages (both modern and ancient) and complicated history. Its urheimat is in Italian Peninsula, and, not unlike with Feline and Canine, its heartland is considered to be Great Britain. Being on the verge of extinction, it was revived in the 19th century, and now it is widely spoken in the UK, northern parts of Italy and Greece, and broadly spoken in ferret kennels worldwide.
  - Old Weaslish (✝) was spoken by European polecats living in Britain prior to Furritian expansion since the Roman era. Its speakers were also known as "weasels". In-universe, "weasel" was a term for pagan ferrets. Eventually, speakers of Furritian have taken over their lands and weasels were assimilated into Furritian culture. Later, the term "weasel" was applied to the least weasels living in North America.
  - European Mustelan aka Carpathian Mustelan is also spoken by European polecats and is the last remnant of the number of closely related European Mustelic languages spoken across the continental Europe. Its area is restricted to the Carpathian mountains.
- Steppe Mustelan is spoken by steppe polecats living in southern Kazakhstan. The speakers had a strong nomadic culture and raided the sedimentary species such as badgers, cats and Bobak marmots resulting in persecution from humans and their pets. Its status is considered vulnerable.
- American Mustelan (✝) aka Weaslish was spoken by least weasels near the Atlantic Coast of North America. Widely spoken in the past, it was reduced to one of the secret languages of the black market traders providing illicit goods to the savages in wastelands. It is the most divergent Mustelic language due to exposure to other species' languages in America.
American Martid branch is spoken primarily by the members of Martes and Mustelinae genera. The name is traditional and counterintuitive because these languages still emerged in Eurasia, but its feature is much greater diversity in Americas rather than in Europe. (emerged c. 18,000 BP)
- European Martid (emerged c. 12,000 BP)
  - Marté aka Martenese is the most well-known member of the entire branch. This is the common name of at least four related languages:
  - Beech Marté is what usually considered to be Marté; it is spoken in France, northern Spain, parts of Germany, Norway, Scotland and Newfoundland. It is spoken by beech martens.
  - Pine Marté is spoken by pine martens in Spain and Italy. Cunia Marté, spoken in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, is very closely related to Pine and it speakers consider Cunia to be a part of their language but the speakers of Cunia disagree with that.
  - Crimmohtana and Nerinmakhtan are spoken by pine martens in mountainous regions of Crimea and Caucasus. These two languages are hardly intelligible with Pine Marté and to each other but still commonly considered to be dialects to it because they are spoken by the same species.
  - Crénn (✝) is historically important language. It was spoken by the eponymous culture of European minks. It's believed that Furritian and northern dialects of Marte acquired breathy tone via the interaction with Crénn speakers. Unfortunately, this language died in the Middle Ages as its species were extinguished.
- American Martid Proper (emerged c. 12,000 BP)
  - American Martenese is spoken in wide territories of Canada from Ontario to Yukon. It is dominant over other bestial languages because one of American marten clans gained support from human colonists eventually taking over the entire territory of Canada.
  - Cordilleran Martenese is also spoken by American martens and it is considered to be more conservative. Spoken in mountainous parts of British Columbia and Alberta.
  - Caurinan is spoken by Pacific martens in coastal British Columbia and in parts of Washington. Humboldt Caurinan and Rockies' Caurinan are fairly divergent but commonly considered to be dialects. In Canada, both Caurinan and Cordilleran Martenese are being gradually replaced by American Martenese.
- Erminic (emerged c. 8,000 BP)
  - Erminese Proper is spoken by stoats in northern parts of Ontario, Quebec, Nunavut and in New Zealand. Despite of not having full recognition in any state, this language is still thriving because they share different biomes with martens and being invasive species in New Zealand where even rabbits speak its deranged (obfuscated due to different species' mouth morphology) register.
  - Beringian and Haida Erminese are spoken by stoats in parts of Alaska and Chukotka, and in Haida Gwaii respectively. Once a great fighters with Wolverine savages and Kalan pirates, they refused to elaborate with humans, and they got under pressure from Husky and Malamute languages (belonging to Canid family).
- Vison-Pekanic (dubious, probably two separate branches; emerged c. 10,000 BP)
  - Visonic is spoken by American minks in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Winnipeg, and in North Dakota and Wisconsin. It has a breathy tone like Furritian that made linguists propose that Crénn could influence it in the past.
  - Pekanian is spoken by fishers) in southern parts of Ontario and Winnipeg. Its quite divergent from Visonic and other local Martid languages but linguists suppose that its speakers lived together when the proto-language emerged.
- American Guloninic (emerged c. 6,000 BP)
  - Quickhatch and Carcajou are spoken by the same species of wolverines in parts of Quebec and Minnesota. They are noticeable for having phonotactics similar to that in Wolverinian language which can be traced back to Proto-Mustelidaean assuming they spoke another Mustelidean language before the Second Dispersal. These languages are being gradually replaced by American Martenese.
Asiatic Martid branch is also spoken primarily by the members of Martes and Mustelinae genera. Due tho proximity to Proto-Mustelidaean urheimat, they are considered to be more conservative. (emerged c. 18,000 BP)
- Zibellinic (emerged c. 6,000 BP)
  - Siblina or Sable Proper is the most well-known member of this branch. It is spoken by sables in Siberia. Its speakers once had a great empire spanning across Siberian lands which was ruined due to human expansion and assistance of squirrels who allied with them and put their species to the verge of extinction. Nowadays, the language is on the rise but thanks to radical methods maintained by the fascist regime of the Sable Empire including cleansing of other species and mandatory breeding program.
  - In the past, sables were so widespread they had at least 3 related languages: Syublin (aka South Sable) spoken from Altai to Baikal; Sobol (aka West Sable) spoken from Ural to Ob river; and Kronok (East Sable) spoken in Kamchatka. Among them only Kronok survives to this day, the rest of them died out due to the human and its allied species activity.
  - Sigen or Siberian Martid Guloninic is also included in this branch. It is spoken by wolverines, and because the most of speakers live in Sable Empire, it's commonly considered to be a dialect of Siblina.
- Kolonokic (emerged c. 10,000 BP)
  - Northern and Southern Kolonok (Diaoyu) are spoken by Siberian weasels in the parts of Yakutia and Amur, and in northern parts of China, Mongolia and Korea, respectively. Northern language has significant Siblina influence while southern one has Northern Kharza influence (up to having tones). On the other hand, Kronok has the significant influence from Northern Kolonok. Both of these languages are currently vulnerable.
  - Solongoi (dubious) is spoken by mountain weasels aka Solongois in northern parts of Mongolia. It is significantly different from other Kolonok languages so some linguists consider it the separate branch of Asiatic Martid. It is also vulnerable as it's under the pressure of Kharza language.
  - Itachigo and Kurotengo were once spoken in northern parts of Korea and in Primorsky Krai but were expelled into Japan due to the expansion of the Great Kharza Empire. They are spoken by Japanese weasels and Japanese martens respectively. They are the part of Juugorengō, the Japanese pet laguages sprachbund which also includes Anakumago (see below), the local dialect of Feline, Akita Inugo, Shiba Inugo (both belong to Canid) and other bestial languages.
Kharzic branch is spoken primarily by the single species, yellow-throated martens aka Kharzas but has some speakers among Kolonoks, Solongois, Sichuan and yellow-bellied weasels, and several species of Melogale genus. (emerged c. 26,000 BP)
- Kharzic Proper (emerged c. 14,000 BP)
  - Northern Kharza or simply Kharza is spoken by the northern half of Kharza habitat including Manchuria, Ussuriland, and Korea. Though overshadowed by Yinkisai which is the official language of Great Kharza Empire, it's still thriving and the speakers consider themself to be true Kharzas in contrast to their southern kin.
  - Kharza Proper or Yinkisai or Youyu is the most widespread language of this branch and spreads across the southern half of Kharza habitat in China. Despite being the dominant language in Great Kharza Empire, its native area is shrinking due to the human and their pets activity, and martens themselves are being oftenly exploited as a cheap labor force for the might of their true communist overlords. Sichuan weasels also speak the deranged register of this language.
- Southern Kharzic (WIP) is the diverse branch of dozen languages spoken to the south of Himalayas and of PRC border. The most prominent members of this branch are Kanchen and Tungatha, spoken in Nepal and northwestern India. The conceived unnamed languages include spoken by Kharzas, yellow-bellied weasels, Chinese, Burmese, and Vietnam ferret-badgers meanwhile there is a different language family spoken by ferret-badgers from which Southern Kharzic languages had an influence.
Meleic branch (?) is spoken primarily by species of Meles genus. (emerged c. 25-35,000 BP?)

This is where controversy whether it descends from Proto-Mustelidaean or just loaned it features begins: while the most of basic stems are clearly of Mustelidean origin, they typically have a fairly agglutinative morphology, SOV word order, and most of the affixes are not reconstructible to Proto-Mustelidaean. The situation is complicated with Meleic languages being more loaning than usual, and it is unclear whether some stems were loaned from PMusd or its later stages.

Northern Meleic (emerged c. 13,000 BP)
- Mele and Menñe are two closely-related languages spoken by European and Asian badgers in Volga Region and southern Ural to the Siberia. Menñe is official in Barsuk State while Mele is official in three domains: Meleia, Derdesh (aka Dorozhnaya Strana) and Sorkhet (aka Neftyanaya Strana), making it the most prominent Meleic language. Both species can speak on these languages interchangeably without significant speech disorders.
Southern Meleic (emerged c. 13,000 BP)
- Gurkani and Kanishkiyi (aka Caucasian Mele) are spoken by Caucasian badgers on the territories of Iran and Azerbaijan. A number of local honey badgers also speak a dialect of Gurkani. Both of them are under the pressure of Feline whose speakers have a pet domain in Iran.
- Vormelan (?) is spoken by marbled polecats in wastes of Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. Their language is divergent from other Meleic languages in features such as having VSO word order, and it is debated whether it descended from one of Meleic languages or just acquired their vocabulary. Unfortunately, the speakers of this language are persecuted by humans and their pets because they refuse to abandon their nomadic culture.
Anagumago is spoken by Japanese badgers who were displaced from badgers when Proto-Meleic was spoken. Their language had acquired Japanese, Ainu and Shiba Inugo vocabulary even more than Itachigo and Kurotengo did.
Lutrian (?) is spoken by Eurasian otters in parts of Poland, Baltic states, Slovakia, Belarus and Ukraine. It is official in domains of Lutria and Volatia. It is renounced for unusual VSO word order, complex consonant clusters, preserving PMusd nasal and glottalized tones, and having the most cursed Cyrillic alphabet ever. Dating back to the First Dispersal, a long time ago it and likely its relatives were much more widespread across European seashores and river banks, influencing the languages of beavers, Mustelic, Marmotian, and some others. Unfortunately, due to the conflicts with humans for the river habitats their area and language were significantly reduced to the 20th century. Nowadays, the language is slowly recovering in number and territory.
Kalan (?) is spoken by sea otters from Kuril Islands to the shores of California. There was a theory about connection between Kalan and Lutrian but now it's dated. Once a widespread species with unique maritime culture and notorious for their pirate raids on sedentary species of Japan, Alaska and Canada, during the colonization they were driven close to the extinction. To this day, Kalans made peace with humans and forbade piracy practice but this caused Kalans to abandon their livestyle and language. Only few dozens of Kalans try to preserve this language, making it critically endangered.
Wolverinian (?) is spoken by wolverines in parts of Chukotka and Alaska probably descending from the first speakers of Proto-Mustelidaean. It is also the least included branch of Mustelidean languages because there are only traces of supposed Mustelidean forms. However, the reconstruction of Proto-Mustelidaean phonetics and grammar bears suspiciously many similarities to Wolverinian, supposing they could share similar features. Wolverinian retains polysynthetic verb-prefixing morphology and SOV word order.

Language Comparison

English	Proto-Mustelidaean	Furritian	Steppe Mustelan	Beech Marté	American Martenese	Erminese
one	i-śil, (a)-jɨg	yke [ˈaɪkʰ]	яӣк [ja.ˈi:k]	vñui [ˈə̃ɥ]	ˈĩ.jĩ	a.naĩ
two	*(a)-ʈi	yë [ˈjeʰ]	ӣ [ˈi:]	te [ˈtɛ]	ʈʂi	t͡ʃi
three	*ʈi-jɨg	ëjek [eʰ.d͡ʒɪk]	ӣӣк [i:.ˈi:k]	téie [ˈtøɥ]	ʈʂi.jĩ	t͡ʃĩ:
four	*ʎįɲ (?)	layt [ˈlʷɔɪtʰ]	лай [ˈlai]	lân [ˈlɑn]	lĩ.wə	lĩ:
five	*-ŋmot- (?)	shont [ˈʃontʰ]	шана̄т [ʂa:.ˈnat]	gnóch [ˈŋœ̃ʃ]	ˈŋmo.sĩ	mu.ʃĩ
six	*	eare [ˈi:.wɤ]	ӣлай [i:ˈlai]	héi [ˈhøj]	he.ˈlĩ	hi.ˈlĩ
seven	*	eakeny [ˈi:.kɛɲ]	ӣкаң [i:.kaɲ]	tsomau [t͡so.mo]	ʈʂĩ.ˈgu.wə	t͡ʃi.ˈmu.t͡ʃĩ
eight	*-ʈoHtu- (?)	aytoon [ɛɪ.tu:n]	ятâн [ˈja.tɑ:n]	tohaun [to.ũ]	ʈʂĩ.ˈwũ	t͡ʃi.ˈi.lĩ:
nine	*	bule [ˈbɯ:.ɤ]	бул [ˈbul]	culaun [ku.lũ]	kũ.ˈlũ	ka.ˈlũ
ten	*rel (?)	roul [wa.ʊ:]; yrut [aɪ.ɐtʰ]	жол [ˈʐol]	riéu [ˈʁøw]	pi:.dðũ	pi.dũ

*phonological evolution of branches not determined yet

English	Siblina	Northern Kolonok*	Kharza*	Yinkisai*	Visonic	Pekanian
one	iс [ˈɪs]	ˈi.sə	ʃɯ³⁴ ja¹ / ǐ:t³⁴	ʂɪ³⁴ jə¹ / ji:³⁴	ˈɔʰɥ	ˈɑj
two	ит [ˈit]	ˈi.tə	gɤ³² ja¹ / ɲi:³²	kɤ³² jə¹ /ɲi:³²	ˈʂɪ	ˈsi
three	трыы [ˈtʝɨ:]	ə.ˈtaj	ɖɯ³² ja¹ / sam³⁴	ɖɑ:n⁵ ə¹ / sɑn⁵	ˈʂɪʰɥ	ˈsɑ.jɪ
four	hани [ˈha.ni]	ˈha.nə	jȁm¹ a¹ / si³²	jan¹ ə¹ / sɪ:⁵¹	ˈʎi:.ɛʰ	ˈlik
five	нор [ˈnor]	ˈno.rə	wɤ³².ɺi³⁴ ja¹ / u:⁴²³	ŋʷɤ²¹³	ˈŋɑz	ˈgɑ.hɪ
six	хибии [çi.bi:]	ˈxi:.βi	baj³² a¹ / ɺy³²	bəɪ³² ə¹ / ʐu:⁵¹	ˈeʎ	ˈi.lɪ
seven	симянь [ɕi.mjaɲ]	ˈxu:.mɛ.ɲi	ɺi³⁴.mu³² ja¹ / t͡sit³²	ʐɪu:²¹³ wə¹ / ʈʂi⁵	ˈʂɑ.ɔʰ	ˈsɑ.vʊ
eight	дьоосень [ˈɟo:.ɕeɲ]	ə.ˈto:.ɲi	gum¹ a¹ / ʝět³⁴	kun¹ ə¹ / ɖɪa⁵¹	ˈsɑ.vɔ	ˈsɑ.vɑj.hɪ
nine	бiруу [bɪ.ru:]	βə.ˈru:	tum³² a¹ / jy⁴²³	tun¹ ə¹ / kɪu²¹³	ˈhur	ˈku.lʊ
ten	ҕяр [ˈʝar]	ə.ˈxɛr	ʝip³⁴	dʐi:⁵¹	ˈfri.lu	ˈpi.lʊ

English	Mele*	Menñe*	Lutrian*	Itachigo	Kurotengo
one	шеррик [ˈʃɛr.rig]	сёрик [ˈʃɵ.rɪg]	ѣрай [ɔ.ˈɾɑj⁵]	ˈi.t͡si	ˈi.ɕɪ
two	тюк [ˈcug]	тюк [ˈcʉk]	ва [ˈvɑ⁵]	ˈi.tu / ˈni	ˈi.tɪ / ˈni
three	тенай [tɛ.ˈnɑj]	тенай [tɪ.ˈnɑj]	ълiѭ'н [ʌ.ɫ^ji⁴⁵.jɔ̃ˀn⁵]	u.ˈte: / ˈsan	ˈtɕu: / ˈsan
four	верри [ˈ^mbɛr.ri]	вёри [ˈ^mβɵ.rɪ]	ноц [ˈnɔt͡s³]	ˈho.nu	ˈhaɴ
five	шугби [ʃu.g͡bi]	сюгви [ʃʉ.ɣ͡βɪ]	ъ'кполтъ [ʌˀ.k͡pɔɫ³.tʌ]	ˈno.nu / g^wɛn	ˈnoɴ / ˈgo
six	хуник [ˈxu.nig]	юник [ˈjʉ.nɪg]	ѫ'ӈлиҙ [ʊ̃ˀŋ.ɫið³]	ˈhi:.βi / ɾo.k^wɛn	hi.ˈβi: / ˈʐo.kɯ
seven	тенедь [cɛ.nɛɟ]	тёнит [cɵ.nɪt]	врѫкатi [vɾʊ̃.kɑ⁵.t^ji]	ˈhi:.mɛ.i / ˈsi.t͡s^jen	ɕɪ.ˈmaɴ / ˈɕi.tɕɪ
eight	тётьен [ˈcɔ.cɛn]	тётьин [ˈcɔ.cɪn]	влѣкатi [vɫ^jɔ.ˈkɑ⁵.t^ji]	u.ˈto:.i / ˈba.t͡s^jen	ˈdʐo:.ɕɪɴ / ˈba.tɕɪ
nine	вуру [^mbu.ru]	вурю [^mβu.ˈrʉ]	лъмиҙ [ɫʌ.mið³]	ˈβu:.ɾu / ˈk^jɔn	bɪ.ˈɾɯ / k^ju
ten	йер [ˈjɛr]	йер [ˈjɛr]	ѣру ɔ.ˈɾu³	ˈi.ɛ.ɾu / d͡zʲi.bʷɛn	ˈʐa.ɾɯ / ˈʑi.βɯ

Sample Text: "Once upon a time the hare and the grouse lived very well."

Furritian

Jýoh báën wë grueta näsh-e chs-kun-e ö uje fae.
d͡ʒaɪ.ˈóʰ ˈbɛɪ.éʰn wèʰ ˈgʷɯ́ʰɥ.tə ˈnàʰ.ʃɪ t͡ʃ.ˈsku.nɪ oʰ ˈu.d͡ʒɪ fɛj
[long time ago] hare and grouse have-PERF ABSTR.PL-life-PERF which COMP.ADV good

Siblina

Гуонь-енаа-м сы-й бан, бьяс мии hiлдит гуо-хи-я хуу-ҕин-ии тедьïс.
ˈguo.ɲe.na:m sɨj ˈban ˈbjaɕ mi: hɪl.ˈdit ˈguo:.çi.ja xu:.ʝi.ˈni: ˈteɟ.jɪs
AUG-ancient-PL.OBL day-PL.OBL [in that], hare and grouse AUG-PASS.COP-POSS ABSTR.COL-live-PST good

Beech Marté

Vn đer đin-'re ruéñe liebre mód ouéthođ gué vn pign órtauc tenđets.
ə̃ ˈɖɛʁ ˈɖˠĩ.ɘɾ ˈʁø.ɳɛ ˈli.bɘɾ mœt wø̃.ˈθoɖˠ ˈwø̃ ə̃ ˈpiʊŋ ˈœɻ.toʊ tã.ˈɖˠat͡s
OBL year DEM-SUBJ COP.PST hare and grouse live.PASS OBL life very good

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2024.05.07 14:29 adulting4kids Poetry Course Week Three and Four

submitted by adulting4kids to writingthruit [link] [comments]

2024.05.05 18:03 OedinaryLuigi420 Albanian orthography reform (slightly better)

Albanian orthography but without digraphs.
vowels:
/a e ə i o y u/ (tosk) =
/ɑ ɑ̃ ɒ ɛ ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ ɔ̃ ũ ỹ/ (gheg) = <ą ã ǫ ę ẽ ĩ å õ w̃ ũ>
consonants:
/m n ɲ/
/p b t d ts dz tʃ dʒ c ɟ k g/

/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h/
/ɾ r l ɫ j/
Sample text (Tosk)
Ty điþy ňeryzit lindin ty liry çe ty barabarty ny diňitet çe ny ty drejta. Ata kany arsue çe ndyrđeđe çe dwhet ty siłen ndaj ňyri tjetrit me frumy vyłazyrimi.
Të gjithë njerëzit lindin të lirë dhe të barabartë në dinjitet dhe në të drejta. Ata kanë arsye dhe ndërgjegje dhe duhet të sillen ndaj njëri tjetrit me frymë vëllazërimi.
Sample text (Gheg)
Ždo ňeri kan le t'lir mę ňãjit diňitęt eçę dreta. Ata jan ty pajisun mę męňe eçę vet-diję eçę dwhyn ty vepråjn ka ňãni-tjetrin mę ňi špirt vłąznimit.
Zhdo njeri kan le t'lir mê njãjit dinjitêt edhê dreta. Ata jan të pajisun mê mênjê edhê vet-dijê edhê duhën të veprôjn ka njãni-tjetrin mê nji shpirt vllâznimit.

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2024.05.04 02:31 PlasmaShovel Needle in The Haystack 12

Rejoice! An early chapter, because I'll be too busy to post tomorrow. I've been strapped for time this week, but the show must go on!
Anyway, we have a 'radically pro-human' character already, so a 'radically anti-human' character is in order (And even though I created Uanta first, she wasn't very fleshed out until this chapter.) Yes, I'm thinking what you're thinking. No spoilers!
A big thanks to as always.
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12: The Winning Side
- Memory Transcription Subject: Uanta, Venlil Exterminator Platoon Captain
Date [Standardized Human Time]: October 19th, 2136
The exterminator guild represents many things. Civility. Protection. Strength. These things hold our society together. If it were not for us, order could not persist. However, some people don’t seem to understand this. This duty that we have. This weight that we shoulder. The magnitude of which was completely lost on the empty headed idiots that I was currently standing before.
We stood in my office, with awards and trinkets lining my shelf, desk brimming with reports and files, precious time discarded by this pathetic waste of energy. They were relatively new, but they shouldn’t have been. If I was in charge they wouldn’t have passed basic training. The guild may have been strapped for personnel, but we needed quality over quantity.
They were not from one of my squads. They did not have to be. All of the platoon captains in the office knew my name. They revered me. Any captain, especially a new one—like the failure that could not even discipline his own troops—would flock to the opportunity to have the great Uanta train their officers. I had authority that outclassed my rank.
I eyed the officers, flicking my tail in annoyance. “Do you have any idea what a disgrace you are to this guild?” I began to pace in front of them, slapping one with my tail when he fell out of attention.
They said nothing.
I stopped pacing to look the higher ranking one in the eye. “That was not a rhetorical question officer.”
“Y-yes captain!”
Worm.
I resumed my pacing, steps reverberating with more than sound. “Do you know why? Why you are a failure?”
He stiffened up. “B-because of our search?”
I clasped my paws together. “Oh my stars, you understand basic conduct! I’m so proud of you.” Silence strangled the air, and I sighed. “Now what I don’t quite understand, maybe you could clear it up for me, is why despite your apparent knowledge of this conduct, you still choose to disregard it.”
Damned if you do, damned if you don’t. But of course, you’ve already transgressed.
“Now why would someone do that?” I asked, when they didn’t respond. “Maybe it makes you feel like a big man? A powerful person? Because if that’s the case, I’m sorry to inform you that you’re no better for your measly authority as an officer.” I crossed my arms behind my back.
“We have a job, as exterminators. Tell me what our job is.”
“To destroy predators captain!” Both shouted in unison.
“Idiots!” I shouted, snarl finding its way to my face. “Our job,” I hissed. “as exterminators of venlil prime, is to keep the public safe. To protect the greater society from threats. It is our duty, to serve the herd. You are a civil servant. Do you understand that?”
“Yes captain!”
“Do you really?”
“Y-yes captain!”
“Because I don’t think you do. Our job is not complicated. Eliminate threats, protect innocents. Two directives. These directives are sacred. Nothing comes before them. Not money, not status, and certainly not some juvenile power fantasy!” I lashed my tail in anger. “As exterminators, we are expected- no, we are required, to carry ourselves with dignity. The guild is a paragon, the paragon, of safety. What do you think it says about us, when we mistreat the people we are supposed to be protecting? Answer me!”
“N-nothing good!” Says one.
The other couldn’t find anything to say.
“It says, that there is nobody to keep them safe. That they can’t even trust their own protectors. People like you are exactly why so many are denouncing the guild right now. People like you are the reason so many think that humans are a better alternative. Does that make you feel powerful?”
“N-no captain!” They said.
“I hope not. Because without the public, we have nothing. The guild does not exist without the people for it to protect. If I ever catch you doing speh like that again, and I will, you wont have the luxury of explaining yourself.”
“Understood captain!”
“Now, there is a silver lining to all this.” My tail betrayed my elation. “Your captain has agreed to do a personnel switch with me, for training purposes.”
Fear gripped them. Blood drained from their faces. The facade of composure shattered, and their eyes widened. They knew what was coming.
“You will report to me, and only me, for the next 12 paws.” I patted them both on the shoulder. “I will break you.” I spoke softly. “I will break you, until there is nothing left but dirt. Then, from the ground, I will reconstruct you into the perfect exterminators. I will enjoy it.”
This was going to be a good learning experience for them.
“You are dismissed.”
Both marched out of my office, looking anemic, probably drowning in fear, maybe a little more disciplined than before, but not by much. They would need more guidance. Much more.
I sighed. There was much work to be done. Intimidating delinquents was the least of my worries. I slumped down into my chair, dropping the posture of authority. I took a deep breath, reminding myself of the importance of my position.
The curfew would go into effect in a few claws, but that was the only sure thing. More refugees were slated to arrive in a paw or two, then it was walked back, then pressure from the UN saw it shoved forward again, public backlash changed it again, and that was only ignored because the refugees were already in transit. All while the magistrate was sitting on the fence as always, trying and failing to keep the favor of both sides.
Wear the colors of both sides, and they’ll all shoot at you.
All while the pro-human groups were getting louder and louder. False calls and angry letters were common, especially to the PD division. They were getting more brazen with their little ‘protests’.
Soon the town would have another 500 or maybe even more humans filing into the little—not so little anymore, swallowing up nearby buildings like a sinkhole—refugee center. The thing is, the guild wanted to crack down on them, and while I would love to go out with a flamer and get rid of them, that’s just not how real life works, and I was a realist.
The absolute worst thing we could do, as an organization, was to mistreat the humans, and I think the humans knew that. Any slight against them would be put up on a pedestal, just like the Marcel case, and only bolster the predator’s political power. Public opinion of the exterminators was already at an all time low. Every case of violence against the humans was the favor of tens, maybe hundreds of venlil lost.
I picked up the name plaque on my desk and inspected it. It was gold, with an engraving displaying my name and rank. A rank I wouldn’t have for long if the guild bit the dust. That’s why my division had a spotless record. Not a single one of my exterminators had ever so much as scratched a human. In a perfect world, I wouldn’t need to play their game, but it was too late to burn the rule book this many turns in. I placed the plaque back on my desk with a thunk.
If everything went well, I would keep climbing the ranks and be able to make some real change, on a global level. I had come far since the raid on my home colony, but it seemed I would have to go even further.
Mother would be proud.
“Enough musing.” I ordered myself. “It’s time to work.”
I stood up from my chair and headed towards the barracks. Down the halls walked many officers, going to and fro from call to office to call to office. Disorder reigned in the halls that were usually so spacious, but now bulged and bowed with the incessant pitter-patter of paws on tile. Claws tapping and paper shuffling summoned the urge to straighten out the whole building, but even if I had the authority, I didn’t have the time.
My mind raced with plans and tasks, even while I was finding my way through the tangled interior of the guild. In the lowest floor of the building, the barracks pulsed with activity. At any given time, there were 10 or more exterminators switching out gear, talking, reporting, and leaving just as fast as they came.
A tall venlil in uniform greeted me at my arrival. “Captain!” He saluted me with his tail, standing at perfect attention. I could see his face through the helmet.
Nolek was my right hand man. He understood why our job was important, and he was reliable, if a little dense at times.
“At ease. I need to talk to you.”
He relaxed. “Yes captain?”
“We’re taking on two freshies for a few paws. I will be training them, but when I’m not around, I want them serving under Gelna.”
“Are you sure? She’s been harsher lately.”
“Yes, she’s the perfect person to rear them.”
“Understood. It will be done.”
“Good man.” I patted him on the shoulder. “I’m going to do field work this paw. It looks like we could use the extra help.”
“Of course, would you like to take some of my personnel?”
“That would be lovely. You’ve got some new recruits, correct?”
“Yes, they’re still wet behind the ears, but they’re shaping up nicely.”
“I’ll take them. I’ve got to make sure you aren’t going soft on them.”
“Of course, captain. I’ll send them here.”
Platoon captains didn’t usually go out in the field, but I needed to get out of my head, and this was the perfect way to do so while still being useful. My squads could handle themselves. I made sure of that. Not to mention that’s it’s always a good idea to know your personnel, and this gave me an excuse to finally appraise these new recruits.
“Oh and Nolek?”
“Yes captain?”
“Your fur needs a trim.” I gestured to dismiss him.
“U-understood.” He bowed, and got back to whatever he was doing before.
Like I said, a little dense at times. I can’t think of a single other exterminator that forgets to have their fur cut. It’s like he wanted to go up in flame or something. The suits aren’t foolproof. I’ve seen people turned to dust inside of them, writhing like worms. Unpleasant.
I dawned my fire retardant suit, and left my other uniform in the locker. Nolek’s recruits arrived shortly after, one a krakotl, and the other a venlil. Their posture was lazy, with lowered guards, and they moved carelessly, throwing weight around like fat shadestalkers. I was not impressed. At least they saluted me.
“Hello. I trust you know who I am?”
“Yes captain!” They said.
“What are your names?”
“Denui, captain.” Said the krakotl.
“Lanek, captain.” Said the venlil
I recognized the name. Denui was in the same support group as Meba. As much as I would like to ask him about my herdless friend’s progress, I had enough tact to avoid mentioning Denui’s situation in front of others.
“It’s nice to meet you both.” I signed them to be at ease. “We will be patrolling downtown, near the shopping district, as there’s a higher concentration of disturbances there.”
Both gave me signals of understanding.
We got into a squad car, and drove downtown, with Lanek at the wheel in case manual takeover was required. I was glad to have a licensed driver on the team, because I was horrible with cars, and even though they were self driving, you never know when special maneuvers might be required. It wasn’t long before we had a call to respond to. Even before we made it to the area, something came through the comms.
It was something about a human at a bar. Typical. Humans often drank venlil alcohol without reading the labels. Especially the sad ones. Their biology as predators left much to be desired. Flat face, dull claws—not even claws, nails—and thin skin that broke easily. Devoid of natural weapons, so that they had to learn how to do damage with their squishy bodies.
That’s not to say they were harmless. Far from it. The human figure was deceptively weak. A trained fighter could knock someone unconscious with a single flick of those ‘fists’, and grappling was a whole other topic. When they fought, they fought smart. Sand in the eyes, dislocate the joints, kick the legs out from under you. It was similar to their political strategy, really.
When facing a human, the best practice was to stay out of range, and keep them hopeful. A desperate human is a dangerous human. Yet another reason why endangering them was a bad idea.
Lanek turned to me. “It’s an honor to work with you, captain.”
“Don’t mention it.” I said. “Instead, impress me with your performance.”
That lit a fire under him. “Of course captain!”
I winced at the sound. “That does not include screaming in the car.”
“S-sorry.”
Denui scoffed at his partner. “This is not the time to get all starry eyed, Lanek.”
Lanek was about to reply, but instead his face met the steering wheel as the car came to stop. Nolek wasn’t lying when he said they were wet behind the ears. I was beginning to have doubts about their competency. At least this one seemed passionate. Passion was a powerful tool, when tempered with reason.
We exited the vehicle and approached the bar. Neon lights lined the windows, glowing faintly against the frames. The thrumming of soft music managed to pass through the walls, but the murmur of conversation was almost absent. Almost.
“Fuck you!” Out came a muffled scream from inside the establishment.
I swung open the door, side arm visible in its holster, flamer on my back. Do you know who didn’t have their flamers on their backs? The newbies. However, I didn’t notice that yet.
I took in the scene in an instant. He was not the only human in the bar, another sat in a corner booth with a venlil, both watching the altercation. There were 37 people in the room, including the drunk one. He was sitting at the bar, making shapes with his hands, pointing and shouting in every direction. The bartender was nowhere to be found. Nope, scratch that, his tail was sticking out from behind the bar. Make the tally 38. The human was sitting next to a large white venlil with spots, who was also intoxicated, although not as severely. Every patron in the bar was staring at the scene, some with fear, some with anger. Mostly fear. No one was hurt, yet.
The bystanders are likely safe, as the bar area is empty but for the two sitting there and the barkeeper, but an assurance of safety is a good idea.
Judging by posture, the human in the corner booth is also frightened, and won’t intervene. Not worth paying attention to.
The venlil arguing with the human might be a problem. He obviously lacks tact, or any sense of self-preservation for that matter. I will have to shut him up somehow.
Threat assessment: Moderate to severe, depending on the human’s willingness to listen. He’s well built, and his triceps are especially defined, suggesting a possible background in boxing. Whether experienced or not, a fist fight would be bad. He is obviously shitfaced, so a delicate approach will be necessary. The best course of action is a soft show of force, a firm talking to, and a chance to redeem himself.
In the next instant, the whispers all ceased, and every head in the bar turned to us. Including the gaze of a particularly tipsy human. He looked back to the venlil next to him.
“Of course you called the exsh- ex- excherminaters. You racist bashtards!” He slammed his fist on the bar, sending the whole room reeling.
The venlil next to him started running his mouth. “It’s exactly what you deserve, you monst-”
“Hello! I see we’re having a lively time here, aren’t we?” I interlaced my voice with friendliness, looking around at the bystanders. “Rest assured, everything will be just fine.”
The human eyed me with hatred. I could tell he was imagining hurting me in a million creative ways in his drunk little head.
I ambled towards the bar, newbies following behind. I was acting nonchalant, although I was juggling a volatile situation that could devolve into violence at any moment. Confidence put everyone at ease, including myself, even if it was forced. Inside my head I was thinking up backup plan after backup plan, for any possible situation.
“Here’s what’s gonna happen. We’re all gonna take a deep breath, and then we’re gonna talk this out.” I said.
“Talk!” The human laughed. “Bullschit, yoor all crazies, wid your little flame throwers. What’s wrong? Couldn’t find any animals to burn?” He growled.
I stopped walking. “Is a peaceful resolution not acceptable? Do you want to do the whole song and dance with the flamers and stun batons?”
He sobered up a bit, and stood up from the stool, swaying gently from side to side. “Youh’d like that, wouldn’t you?”
“No, that wouldn’t be very fun for either of us. Why don’t we calm down instead?” I kept my voice level.
“Calm down? Calm down?! How the fuck am I supposed to calm down?!” He let out a guttural scream that surely scarred his throat. “Everyone I know is dead!”
Grieving. I should have guessed. This will complicate things.
“I’m sorry to hear that.”
“Oh go fuck yourself, you don’t care.”
He was right. “Whether I care or not is irrelevant. It was a horrible event. Still, I am going to have to ask you to leave the bar. You’re causing a disturbance.”
“I have just as much a right to be here as everyone else.”
“And as such, they also have a right to feel safe in public. You’re even scaring the other human here.” I gestured to the corner booth.
The spotted guy sipped on his drink. “Yeah, go crawl back to your den, coward. Maybe if you rammed your ship you could’ve stopped the bombs.” He chuckled.
Every spectator in the room cringed at the words.
This idiot.
No sound. Even the music faded into the back of my perception. The human turned his head towards the venlil next to him. Slowly. His breathing sounded ragged, but he hadn’t exerted himself. The muscles in his arms twitched, while fingers cracked into fists.
“Say that again.”
I have to stop this.
“Huh? So you’re deaf too? Add that to the pil-”
“Silence!” I yelled. “I will not allow this to escalate any further.”
He turned to me, with an intensity that sent my skin crawling up and off my body, were it not for the suit to keep it in line, even the mask unable to hide the burning of his eyes. Then he turned back to the spotted one.
“Say that again, you motherfucker.”
He scoffed, oblivious. “I said, maybe if you had rammed your ship, you could have stopped the bo-”
A flash of skin splayed across his jaw, sending him spiraling into the bar, where a hand slammed onto the back of his skull, pressing him against the counter. The human’s knuckles were split open, with red spilling from the chasm. He probably hurt himself more than the victim.
The human bent down to whisper into his ear. “I’m going to kill you, you little shit.”
My squad stepped forward with their flamers pointing towards him. We were in a venlil bar, just to remind you.
Denui spoke. “Let him go, predator!”
The human straightened himself, still holding the victim down. “What, so you can burn me?”
I was losing my patience. More with the newbies than with the human.
Flamers in a bar? Brahk. Did Nolek teach them nothing?
“Lower your weapons. both of you.” I growled.
Denui and Lanek gave me confused looks, still wielding their flamers.
I glared at them. “Put them down now. I should not have to explain why using flamers in a bar with venlil alcohol is a bad idea.” I pointed to the human. “And you. Stop this, no one is going to hurt you.”
“Fuck. You.” He tightened his grip, eliciting a squeak from the victim.
“If you hurt him, will it help? Will it make anything better? Would it bring your family ba-”
“Don’t you fucking mention them!”
Brahk.
“Okay, you’re hurting, and you have every right to be, but he didn’t do it. No one here had anything to do with the bombing.”
“He’s sure as hell happy about it.” He growled, while the victim trembled in his grasp.
“I understand he was provoking you, but please, don’t make this worse than it already is.”
A drop of liquid fell from behind the helmet. Whether sweat or tears I did not know. “It can only go up from here.”
No no no.
“You’ll only be proving Kalsim right by doing this. Do you want that? Do you want to prove that humans are nothing more than beasts?”
He stiffened.
Oh thank the stars…
I took the chance to continue. “When your people reached out to the stars, they spoke of peace and friendship. Were they lying? Was the extermination fleet right?”
The human shook his head like it was full of bugs. He let go, and the victim fled right out the door. Finding him later was going to be a pain. It was a miracle that it didn’t start a stampede, with most of the bystanders choosing instead to hide under the tables.
At least the guy’s okay. I don’t think the human is a danger anymore.
“Fuck me. Fuck this. Fuck you.” He mumbled, plopping back into the stool and holding his face in his hands. “Fuck this planet. Fuck this bar. Fuck space. Fuck birds. Fuck the galaxy.” His voice was breaking, and his forearms had streaks of liquid running down them. “Fuck fuck fuck fuck FUCK.” The last word startled even me, with consonants carrying force like pressure waves. He grabbed the rest of his drink, still full of what I can only assume was 80 something percent, and sent it straight down into his stomach.
That’s gonna leave a nasty hangover.
I breathed a sigh of relief. “Please follow me outside. UN personnel should arrive soon.”
We couldn’t bring him into custody, or rather, we could, but I wouldn’t want that shit show on my paws, so throwing the responsibility of handling him onto the UN for the time being. After all, the humans were very strict with diplomatic incidents, and their own punishments would work just fine, with no chance of bad publicity on us. As such, I gave them a call.
The human stood up on wobbly legs. “Uh huh.”
Monster.
I led him outside, with newbies trailing behind, and soon the UN truck with their obnoxious tactical gear, and their badges arrived. Two officers stepped out, then slapping a pair of hand cuffs on the human, and herding him into the back of the truck.
“Before you go, I need your ID for the report.”
“Fuck me, fine.” He produced a fold out wallet from his pocket, from which he grabbed a little plastic rectangle.
I snapped a picture of the card. “We are done here. The guild will be in touch.”
He snatched the card back from me. “Whatever. It doesn’t matter.” The sound of the truck door shutting followed.
I turned to leave, and gestured for the newbies to follow suit. They were shaken. It was because they lacked experience. They panicked, and acted without thinking. A common problem for new officers, but inexcusable in a life or death situation. I glared at them, letting my voice take on a deeper tone. “We will talk about this later.”
They gave me nervous gestures of confirmation. We made our way towards the squad car. I did not miss the human slinking out of the bar to follow us.
“Do not panic, but there is a human following us.”
Lanek panicked. Denui got nervous again.
“What did I just say?” I sighed. “It’s fine. As you will soon see, humans are easy to deal with as long as you follow the rules. So be quiet and listen.”
The human moved without grace or stealth, making a b-line towards us and the car. I turned to look at her. The venlil she was sitting with was bounding after her, grabbing on limbs and clothing to pull her back towards the bar. I could just barely hear what he was saying.
“Do…the…ght…urt…ou.” He half whispered.
The human was much less secretive with her speech. “It’s fine, they seem nice.” She waved an arm up in the air. “Hey! Wait up a sec!”
Speh, this is one of the crazy ones, isn’t it?
She jogged over, making the newbies stiffen up into living statues. “Hi there.”
“Hello. What is it?”
She did a full body bow, making a right angle with legs and torso. “Thank you so much for what you did back there. I thought all exterminators were crazy, but I was obviously wrong. I’m sorry for thinking badly of you.”
This was perhaps the last thing I expected. “Um, yes. I was just doing my job.”
She righted herself. “You don’t get it! I’ve seen people come back covered in bruises, or even with scorch marks. I’ve never seen one of you handle a situation so delicately. I thought he was gonna end up soot.”
Her venlil friend caught up to her, looking worried.
I flicked an ear. “We would all be soot if a flamer was fired inside a bar. The whole building would have gone up in seconds.” I glanced back at my junior officers, who glanced towards the ground.
“Still, you were so lenient with him! Ben, that’s his name by the way. Ben lost his daughter in the bombings, so he’s been drinking himself to death. I keep telling him he’s gonna destroy his liver but he wont listen to me. Anyway he’s taking it really hard, and I’m sorry he was such a nuisance. I think your talk helped him. I hope the poor guy he punched is okay. He-”
“I’m sorry officer, please excuse her, we don’t mean to disturb you.” Said her friend. “Taylor, we should get going. Don’t you want to go to the book club?” He pulled on her clothes.
“Don’t worry, it can wait.” She exuded friendliness.
Wow. Did she really not get that hint?
She turned back to me. “I just want to say that I really admire what you did. I wish more exterminators were as understanding as you. Would you tell me your name? Mine’s Taylor, if you didn’t catch it already.” She giggled.
“Uanta.” I would be lying if I said the interaction wasn’t throwing me off my game.
“Uanta. What a pretty name! I’ve never heard of a venlil with a name like that.”
The worried venlil’s tugging intensified.
That’s because it’s not a venlil name.
“It’s a fissan name.”
She brought a hand to her chin. “Hmm. Can’t say I’m too familiar with them. Anyway, here.” She handed me a band of metal with a jewel enshrined in the center.
I picked up the band between two claws. “What’s this?”
“A ring, you wear it on your fingers, or claws, or whatever you guys call your digits. It’s real garnet in there! Whenever you look at it, you can remember how thankful us humans are for your patience.”
What an air-headed predator.
I eyed her. “Uh huh.”
“Well, I should probably be on my way. I hope you’ll keep being awesome. See you around!” She walked off with her friend, who was now quite obviously scolding her.
What just happened?
“Captain?” Lanek asked.
I snapped out of my thoughts. “Y-yes, what?”
“Are we gonna go?”
“Yes.” I pocketed the ring.
After a few more minor calls, which were mostly overreactions, the curfew went into effect, and the humans all went back to the refugee center. I took any moment not occupied by duties to explain to the newbies exactly what went wrong with the first encounter, and also to explain the guidelines for human interaction.

Do not antagonize them.
Do not corner them.
Do not harm them unless absolutely necessary.
Do not verbally assault them, i.e. 1, but worth restating.
Defuse situations peacefully whenever possible.
When a peaceful solution is impossible, use non-lethal force unless absolutely unavoidable.

“Captain, if I may, why do we have to be so careful with them? Why can’t we burn them?” Lanek asked.
“Have you seen the Marcel case?”
“Everyone has, captain.”
“Then you know what a boon it was for human relations.”
They both stared wide eyed. They understood.
“When you think about it for a just a moment, you see that every time one of them is hurt, it ruins our reputation.” I said.
“What an underhanded tactic!” Denui squawked.
“Yes.” I replied.
We were now nearing the office again, ready to hang up our suits and file the reports. The newbies were chewing on their thoughts, as if what I just explained was a grand revelation. It wasn’t. It was common sense. But maybe common sense wasn’t as common as I thought.
In the final moments before we would arrive, I chose to rest my eyes. My brain was running on empty; with all the work I was doing, I was barely sleeping. A shame I wouldn’t get to rest for the end of the drive.
“Captain?”
I opened an eye. “Yes Lanek?”
“When you were talking with that crazy human, you said your name was a fissan one. What-”
“Lanek.” I tried to keep my voice level. “My personal life is of no concern to you.”
“O-of course. I apologize, captain.”
Soon the car pulled into the garage, with the metal door closing behind us, leaving us in the yellow light of the indoor parking lot. We entered the barracks, peeling off the tough second skin that was our suits. I took a deep breath. The air tasted of rubber.
“I expect you to take my advice to heart. I will not see my officers causing bar-fires.”
“Yes captain.” They said.
“Lanek, you are dismissed. Denui, I wish to speak with you.”
They eyed each other with worry. Lanek walked off to go do stars know what, and I was left with the herdless one.
“Denui, I want to talk to you about the support group.”
He stiffened. “Y-yes c-captain? How did you know about t-that? If you d-don’t mind me asking.”
“I have a close friend in the same group as you.”
His expression instantly changed to one of confusion. “Really?”
“Yes. His name is Meba. I wanted to ask how he’s doing. Is he making progress?”
“Oh. Well, I haven’t really talked to him much. He’s very… quiet. I have no clue if he’s making progress, he’s only been there for one meeting.”
I suppose I might be getting ahead of myself.
“I see. Well, thank you. I’d like you to keep me updated on him if you don’t mind.”
“I can do that. Um… if you don’t mind me asking. What’s your relationship with him?”
How would I describe it?
I sighed, only giving him a look.
“O-of course, none of my business.”
“Good. You are dismissed.”
“Thank you captain.”
He left the barracks, and I soon followed suit, only stopping on the way to my office to drop of the ring at the scanner room. You never know when something might have a camera, a microphone, or even a tracker in it. Surprisingly, it was not only spyware free, but also a genuine gemstone. Not even artificially grown.
I sat in my office, feeling the little metal band. It was cold to the touch, almost unnaturally so. It fit rather snugly around my digits, only comfortable on the thinner ones. I had half a mind to throw the trinket away, no matter how precious the stone, but for some reason I didn’t want to.
What harm could it do, anyway? There’s nothing planted in it.
It was very pretty. The stone was a deep red, cut roughly, with a shine that rivaled the polished metal it sat in.
I yawned. My body was almost as tired as my mind. Before I headed home, I checked my pad. Meba had still not replied to, or even read my messages, even though we had talked on call.
“Typical.”
I was worried about him. He really did change after the raid. At least he was socializing, or so he said. I really hoped he was telling the truth. But all that stuff with the riot; what if he was wrapped up in something sketchy? I would have to check on him again.
I sent him a message.
“Hey, hope you’re doing well. I just got done with work. How’s it going?”
He would find a herd soon, I just knew it. He was going to get better. I was going to make sure of it.

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2024.04.29 23:27 DarthHopey Decoding the Harkonnen Language

Hey Folks! This is part of a greater project that I've been tinkering with, that I'd love your assistance in decoding/your input on. You all are a lot more linguistically capable than I am, but I'd like to give you what I have at the moment!
I've been rewatching the digital release Of Dune Part Two a LOT these past few days, which has given me time to sit with the incredible conlangs that David and Erin Peterson have crafted. One that I feel has received a bit less attention is the Harkonnen language, which sounds like a beautiful mish-mash of romance, germanic, slavic, and tolkien orcish languages. It sounds like Huttese with actual grammatical rules, lol.
That being said, I wanted to take a crack at the first Harkonnen phrase uttered in the spectacular Giedi Prime arena scene- I did my best to transcribe it below, taking into account possible grammatical context, and using a mix of non-english vowels/consonants where necessary (obligatory: not a linguist, and I appreciate insight from anyone with more education on the matter!).
EK TĒ STROENG GE Ē DESĒR
XHAKHING GRÛL KLAXHKSĒDA
EK SE DRAÛSDĒLACHT
SE BARÛN
VLADIM
HARKÛYEN
Given Translation:
Under our glorious black sun
We welcome to these special festivities
Our Beloved Leader
Baron Vladimir Harkonnen
Working through the first line, the first word I think we can translate is the repeated term "ek", which seem to function as the possessive pronoun "our”- it’s repeated in the phrases translated as “our glorious black sun” and “our beloved leader”. The word “Stroeng”, to me, seems like a cognate for the word sun, and since it’s followed by what sounds like two postpositive (or post-noun) adjectives separated by a Spanish-like “y” or “and”, I believe the phrase “STROENG GE Ē DESĒR” could be literally translated as “sun black and glorious”, if we take the adjective order at face value. We’ll return to the term “TĒ” later- I think it needs a bit more context.
Moving to the second phrase, I think we can rely on Harkonnen’s previous usage of some Spanish grammatical rules. The word “GRÛL” separates a verb and a compound noun, which leads me to believe that the term is like the Spanish contraction for “a el”, “al”, which means “to the”. Given this, I think that the term “XHAKHING” is a conjugation of the verb “to welcome”, and “KLAXHKSĒDA” is a compound noun used to refer to the very specific “special festivities”. Think nouns like “Oktoberfest” or “Volksfest” in German.
For the third and fourth line, we once again have our possessive pronoun “EK”, an indeterminate term “SE”, and the term “DRAÛSDĒLACHT”. I believe DRAÛSDĒLACHT is another compound noun, this time used for “our beloved leader”. Another real world example that comes to mind is the german word for baron, Reichsfreiherr. To me, it seems like a cult-of-personality term for leader that fits all too well with the fascist Harkonnen society. Turning to the term SE- I believe that it’s a gendered article that precedes proper, honorific nouns- it’s repeated before BARÛN (the translation for “baron”), and is remarkably similar to the term “TĒ”, which precedes the “black and glorious sun” in the first line. All that to say, I think that both “SE” and “TĒ” are gendered articles (or “the”) that come before really important, honored terms.
So it seems, based on this overview, that like with any good translation, the translation given in the movie is not exact. It’s an approximation that makes it fit better with our English language, our culture, and our grammatical rules! That being said, here is my closest approximation of the literal translation:
OUR [THE] SUN BLACK AND GLORIOUS
WELCOMES TO THE SPECIAL ACTIVITIES
OUR [THE] BELOVED LEADER
[THE] BARON
VLADIMIR
HARKONNEN
This might imply some cultural context for the Harkonnens- they might see the “black sun” as a collective representation of themselves, and/or perhaps the black, menacing sun is revered as a god-like entity, heralding the Vladimir’s arrival and bestowing the divine right of rule upon the Baron.
Again, these are just theories! I would love to hear y'all's thoughts on this- It’s very likely that I’ve made some errors and am off-base on a few things, and I know you con-langers will have good insight. Regardless, hope you enjoyed!
TLDR:
EK = Our
TĒ/SE = Honorific, gendered “The”
STROENG = Sun
GE = Black
Ē = And
DESĒR = Glorious
XHAKHING = Conjugation of “to welcome, likely “welcomes”
GRÛL = Contraction of “to the”
KLAXHKSĒDA = Compound noun for “Special Festivities”
DRAÛSDĒLACHT = Compound noun for “Beloved Leader”- fascist cult-of-personality term
BARÛN = Baron
The denizens of Giedi Prime might worship their black sun, see it as a god, and that the Baron has the divine right of rule from the sun itself.
Would love feedback :^)

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2024.04.28 22:41 Dreamcatcher64 Matrices of the Psyche. Structure

Image generated with DALL-E 3
In my previous post, I talked about matrices of the psyche and my path to this concept. You can read it here.
All matrices are facets of a whole, and each facet has its own place in relation to the others. In order to put the matrices in their places and find a point of reference, you need a structure, a foundation to lean on. And I found such a foundation in Carl Jung, namely in the theory of types. Matrices determine the meaning and ways to achieve it, i.e. functions. Jung identified four basic functions of the psyche, which are dichotomies: sensation - intuition (irrational), feeling - thinking (rational). Additionally, there is an extroverted - introverted orientation of the psyche. Although all functions are active in the human psyche, one in each dichotomy dominates and prevails over the other. One function is the leading one, and another (of a different class) is auxiliary. Thus, Jung identified 8 types, and Aushra Augustinaviciute expanded their number to 16 by dividing the 4 basic functions into extroverted and introverted aspects. You can learn more about Jung's typology in the book Psychological Types, and about Aushra's typology in the materials on Socionics. Here I will not discuss these theories in depth; for our purposes, it is enough to highlight the following type formula:
Dominant function of one -vertion + Auxiliary function of another class and opposite -vertion = 16 combinations of functions (types)
For example: Extroverted sensing + Introverted sensing = let's call him Sensory-Sentimental Extrovert (SSE in Socionics)
Below in the table I will present the distribution of all 16 psychotypes among the matrices, but before that I want to touch on a few more topics.
The functions of the psyche are its tools, but it also has resources, driving forces that put these tools into action. In my opinion, these driving forces are emotions. Emotion is the archaic element that probably underlies matrices, because it sets the direction of movement, and meaning (generated by matrices) is primarily a goal in the appropriate direction. The following table shows groups of consonant emotions distributed in pairs of opposites.
https://preview.redd.it/1qv3k6851axc1.png?width=945&format=png&auto=webp&s=ce0895242248d91493f1752644cb2a17bfe685ac
Pairs of emotion groups in this table are also divided into 4 zones of related groups, and all emotions are divided into 2 halves of the table:

on the left, emotions as a reaction to past events;
on the right, emotions as expectations of future events; To make the final table complete, in addition to the distribution of psychotypes and emotions, I will mark each matrix with a color, the symbolism and psychological perception of which, in my opinion, best corresponds to it. I associate colors with the emotions they usually evoke. The general principle is light and saturated colors for positive emotions, and dark and dull colors for negative emotions.

https://preview.redd.it/7uxs4psh1axc1.png?width=558&format=png&auto=webp&s=148376aa6844938b2752371a0698aa8b91b5a8b6
So below I present a variant of the distribution of psychotypes, emotions, and colors between the matrices, open to your suggestions, criticism, and ideas.
https://preview.redd.it/8m38i0b1q00d1.png?width=1196&format=png&auto=webp&s=dc557965aebcf3dd6b8c2ae903dc8877e68330b3
Vertically, the types are divided into Socionics clubs (groups of types are grouped by leading functions):
Socials - feelings (ethics) + senses (sensory) Humanitarians - feelings (ethics) + intuition Pragmatists - thinking (logic) + feeling (sensory) Researchers - thinking (logic) + intuition
The principle of horizontal division requires further explanation. The reality with which a person interacts can be divided into 4 main areas: The Conscious and The Unconscious, Society and Nature. Each of these realities is reflected in the human psyche, for example, the Conscious is present in the form of the Ego, to interact with this reality a person uses the Will, and this interaction mainly occurs in a state of Stress. The table below provides more details on each reality.
https://preview.redd.it/2jh79cxt6axc1.png?width=779&format=png&auto=webp&s=e085dde40ca5e4f6f15c383531073d7b8bb6dfd7
The types are divided into rational (in which the dominant function is judgment: feeling or thinking) and irrational (in which the dominant function is perception: sensing or intuition), respectively:
The Conscious - rational extroverts; The Unconscious - irrational introverts; Nature - irrational extroverts; Society - rational introverts;
So this is an attempt to structure the matrices, and this structure we will use going forward. Welcome suggestions, criticism and ideas.

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2024.04.28 21:15 tentimestenis Use this phonics reference chart to help students see the big picture and enhance recall by having a mental structure to categorize the instruction they are learning.

Use this phonics reference chart to help students see the big picture and enhance recall by having a mental structure to categorize the instruction they are learning.

submitted by tentimestenis to homeschool [link] [comments]

2024.04.28 21:12 tentimestenis Illuminate the path to phonics success! Our Periodic Table of Phonics offers a holistic view of the sound library. Reveal the big picture and help enhance recall with this reference chart. https://teachingsquared.com/language-arts-worksheets/phonics-worksheets/

Illuminate the path to phonics success! Our Periodic Table of Phonics offers a holistic view of the sound library. Reveal the big picture and help enhance recall with this reference chart. https://teachingsquared.com/language-arts-worksheets/phonics-worksheets/

submitted by tentimestenis to teachingresources [link] [comments]

2024.04.28 07:59 tentimestenis Illuminate the path to phonics success! Our Periodic Table of Phonics offers a holistic view of the sound library. Reveal the big picture and help enhance recall with this reference chart. https://teachingsquared.com/language-arts-worksheets/phonics-worksheets/

submitted by tentimestenis to coloringsquared [link] [comments]

2024.04.26 15:39 wardXn Trip Report: 36 days across western Japan, Part 3 [as a solo traveller] – Kobe/Himeji, Osaka, Kyoto, Nara and Mie (day trips)

This is a continuation post from Part 1 here (Day 0~9, Shikoku~Hiroshima) and Part 2 here (Day 10~18, Hiroshima~Shimane~Tottori/Misasa Onsen~Kinosaki Onsen)
Refer to link for a map covering Day 19~23 here and Day 24 here.
This post covers between Kobe (Day 19) to Osaka with multiple day trips out (Day 24).
This trip occurred during Mid-November to Mid-December (autumn season).

Day 19 – Kobe, Maiko Promenade, Akashi-Kaikyo Exhibition Centre/Bridge (Hyogo)
Made an early rainy start from Kinosaki Onsen towards Kobe via the limited express Hamakaze. As it was a very early departure (~0712), the owner kindly prepared my breakfast in a bento setbox which I was appreciative of, so that I can have my breakfast on the train. The ride down to Kobe took ~2.5 hours which was pretty long, though by starting the day much earlier, I maximize the amount of productive time I have for the remainder of the day. After dropping my luggage at the hotel, I made my way backwards to Maiko to visit the Akashi-Kaikyo Exhibition Centre which details the construction process in making the longest suspension bridge in the world [until recently]. Engineering folks would be interested in the details of maintaining such a bridge. Just beside the exhibition centre, the Maiko Promenade provides access a small section of the suspension bridge lower deck– it is really windy (and noisy with traffic rumbling above you) there!
The main item for the day was to join the Bridge World exhibit tour, which consist of a safety briefing, a site walk along the suspension bridge maintenance deck and taking a lift up to the bridge pylon i.e. the tallest point of the bridge. The entire tour costed 5k yen and took about 2 hours. Although the tour is entirely in Japanese (it is chaired by their own engineers), there is an English audio guide provided for you to explain certain aspects. My own opinion is that while the audio guide covers the main aspects, the extra tidbits/trivia mentioned by the engineers are not included (so its an added bonus if you have some Japanese listening comprehension). Also, you will need to be able to climb up some stairs so if you are unable to, you’ll have to give this a hard pass. The exhibit tour runs between April to end-November so you’re out of luck if you come during winter [I asked one of the staff why there was no session planned between December and March, and his response was that it was “too cold” to conduct said tour].
After the tour, I took a highway bus back to Sannomiya/Kobe. Incidentally, it was dinner time and a friend suggested that I try out Kobe beef since I’m already there. Although most steak establishments there require a prior booking ahead of time, I managed to find one named Mouriya that accepted walk-ins. In a word, it was delicious– a pain to the wallet at 12k yen no doubt, but its worth trying out at least once for the experience.
After dinner, I walked around the area on the way back to the hotel. To the hotel in question for the night, the La Suite KOBE which had a direct view of Kobe Harbor. One thing I have noticed while planning this entire trip is that there are very few 5 star hotels in Japan, and when I saw this and the offer price, I just decided to go with it just for the experience. After staying here for a night, I now understand what it takes to be considered as one, from getting a personal room tour by the hotel staff to extravagant room sizes to bottled ‘designer’ mineral water to jacuzzis. I must disclaim however, by saying that 3-stars hotels in Japan are typically very good for the value proposition. A great place to crash the night, if you have the money to splurge.
Day 20 – Kobe Maritime Museum, Himeji Castle/Koko-en (Hyogo), Minoh Falls (Osaka)
Breakfast at this hotel is done differently from other hotels – instead of a buffet spread, the hotel staff wheels a table directly to your room and you get to eat it in solitary peace – that certainly was a first for me. Before checking out, I made a stop at the nearby Kobe Harbour to visit the maritime museum and the earthquake memorial park . What I find surprising about the museum is that it wasn’t entirely about maritime/shipping/vessel stuff, instead, there’s one large section dedicated to Kawasaki [think bike/shinkansen manufacturer] and a special exhibit on Hatsune Miku. While I personally didn’t mind it I thought it feels like a misnomer to call it a ‘maritime’ museum. Spent about 3 hours at the harbor area. Kobe Tower was down for maintenance when I visited.
After checking out of the hotel I zipped over to Himeji, left my luggage at the JR station lockers and proceeded to explore Himeji Castle and Koko-en. There was a discount ticket set for both attraction so I went with that. Himeji Castle is pretty well documented here so I’ll just keep it short and say that it was worth the visit. Ditto for Koko-en in the autumn; both places took me just around 2.5~3 hours.
After that, I zipped down to Osaka via the Shinkansen, deposited my luggage at the hotel before heading over to one last destination – Minoh Falls. I have last visited this place years ago during the day and wanted to see for myself how the autumn illumination was like. To be frank, it was alright, though on reflection I feel it wasn’t fully worth the time to walk all the way to the falls (I clocked just north of 46000 steps which was one of the highest daily record).
Lastly, the hotel in question for the next 5 nights is the Vessel Inn Namba, a ~2 minute walk away from Dontonbori and Namba station (which I would argue is THE major transportation artery in Osaka beside Umeda). Although the room was rather small at ~14m2, for the pricepoint of ~9k yen/night and its convenient access to major transportation nodes I thought it was value for money.
Day 21 – Ise Jingu , Futamiokitama Shrine, Toba Aquarium, Mikimoto Pearl Island (Mie)
NOTE: Day 21, 22 and 23 utilizes the 5-day Kintetsu Rail Pass+ [=/= JR PASS] (which covers free bus services at Ise and Nara).
Day trip over from Namba to Ise. Took the first express train out of Namba at 0600 and arrived at Ise Station just after 0800. The overall routing was as follow:
Namba Station train to Ise Station bus to Ise Jingu Okage Yokocho bus to Futamiokitama Shrine bus to Toba Aquarium Mikimoto Pearl Island Shimakaze ride back to Osaka
Brief notes for the places as follow:

Ise Jingu is labelled as one of Japan’s most important shrines, and the scale and grandeur of it, along with the sheer local crowd drives home that point pretty well, though I would note that visitors cannot enter the actual inner shrine (it is fenced off and is restricted for private events). Got a goshuin for my efforts. Takes at least an hour to walk at a leisurely pace to cover.
Okage Yokocho is your typical shopping street (equivalent to Kamakura’s Komachi-dori). They do have their specialty lobster crackers that makes for good souvenir gifts.
Futamiokitama Shrine is essentially a Shinto shrine with two rocks on the sea (Meoto Iwa). There’s a bit more historical context to it related to their gods, and there was quite a sizable amount of local tourists. An hour is more than adequate here.
Toba Aquarium is not bad with quite a varied set of exhibits, though I would still put Osaka Aquarium above it overall. There were quite a number of live shows which would cater well to families. ~2 hours is recommended here.
Mikimoto Pearl Island was a minor surprise for me - while I wasn’t a fan of pearls, there was some education exhibits such as how pearls are created, some pearl-related artworks and a live Ama diver demostration. There’s also a sales gallery if one is inclined to buy pearl ornaments. You could think of it as a glorified Mikimoto advert. I spent about 1~1.5hours here.

The final item for the day was to ride Kintetsu’s ‘special’ limited express Shimakaze back to Osaka-Namba. Seat was plush and extremely comfortable, though the main draw was the on-board café carriage which served food. I had curry for dinner and … it was alright; not terrible but nothing special to write home about. I suppose its more for the experience of dining on a train. Nevertheless, I enjoyed unwinding on my seat as the train whizzed past the countryside back to Osaka under cover of darkness. Booking a seat on the Shimakaze is competitive especially for the unobstructed first-row seats facing the conductor; you should book via the website immediately after reservation slots are open (a month in advance).
I wouldn’t recommend this day trip to first timers in particular, in large part because of the long travel time (~2 hours one-way with the limited express train to/from Osaka) as well as the multiple bus connections between destinations. It can be punishing if you do not time your bus connections well.
Day 22 – Todai-ji, Kasuga Taisha (Nara), Uji, Fushimi Inari (Kyoto)
Spent the morning in Nara, afternoon at Uji and evening/night at Fushimi.
I had a pleasant time strolling around Kasuga Taisha in the morning just before 0800 which was near Todai-ji; it was a relatively quiet affair walking along the shrine. After that, a quick stroll over to Todai-ji. The crowd started to pick up pretty quickly after 0930 though so do arrive early to beat the crowd. The main temple itself isn’t large, but do cater for more time if you want to explore the surrounding temples and parks. Also, you could feed those deer crackers but they can be pretty aggressive so do mind them. I spent about 2.5 hours just walking around two aforementioned attractions.
After Nara, I zoomed up to Uji via the JR Nara line to explore Byodo-in and crossed over the Tachibana River to Uji Shrine and Daikichiyama Observation Deck. As the main attraction in Uji, Byodo-in was understandably the most crowded of all, but crowd management was done well and it didn’t feel as cramped as Kiyomizudera or other major hotspots in Kyoto. There was another separate queue to enter the temple building proper, but I wasn’t in the mood to queue so I just took some photos from the outside. Outside of the temple, I enjoyed viewing and purchasing some tea while walking along the Uji river, and making a short trek up to the observation deck to view the entire town.
Finally, I made an evening/night play for Fushimi. This would be my second return trip to here, and it was still an enjoyable hike up the mountain. Crowd is substantially lower compared to day time so I would propose putting this place as one of your last destination for the day. Moreover, as you make your way up the mountain to the top of the shrine, the crowd level does reduce considerably too. The view of the city from the mid-point was pretty nice. Paths are generally well-lit so there is no visibility concerns at night.
Day 23 – Arashiyama, Kinkakuji, Ginkakuji, Kyoto Manga Museum, Kyoto Railway Museum (Kyoto), Den Den Town, Abeno Harukas (Osaka)
An (almost) full day at Kyoto, with the night spent at Osaka.
With an early start at 0630, the routing for northern Kyoto was as follow:
0630 train from Osaka Arashiyama bus to Kinkakuji bus to Ginkakuji, Philosophers’ Path bus to Kyoto Manga Museum bus to Kyoto Railway Museum Aoniyoshi train ride back to Osaka at 1630

Without droning this point again and again, going to Arashiyama early morning is a major boon – crowd levels at 0745 was comfortable even at the bamboo forest, though I note that things start to pick up at around 0900. I would encourage making a short trek up the hill to the vantage point facing Arashiyama and the Oi River – the view is worth the hike. Also, Tenryu-ji is a good stop if you’re already heading over here. Just these two alone took about 2~2.5 hours.
Buses in Kyoto are covered by the subway+bus pass at 1.1k yen, or via Suica/Icoca. While bus frequencies are frequent at ~10 minute intervals, the main concern is actually being able to get up on the bus (you are jostling for space with locals and foreigners). Do allocate some spare time in the event you are forced to miss a bus.
Kinkakuji was EXTREMELY crowded when I visited during the ‘peak’ time of 1030, in part because of a combination of tourists and local school students visiting at the same time. The temple was pretty, and it was an okay walk around the area, but that’s about it. Got a goshuin for my troubles however. It took me about an hour to explore the place.
Ginkakuji was the same story as Kinkakuji, but with a notably reduced crowd level (I was there at 1230) – I guess it wasn’t as flashy as Kinkakuji thus people aren’t that interested?) Nevertheless, it’s the same story – nice structure, but that’s it. Another hour spent here, with a goshuin for my efforts.
Philosopher’s Path is mediocre during autumn. Barren trees, no activities going on. I suppose its offseason (its probably better to visit here during spring or summer instead).
Kyoto Manga Museum was a sleeper hit for me – having some interest in manga, I spent nearly 2.5 hours here browsing through mangas from the 1970s+, as well as going through the exhibits. There was a seasonal exhibit showcasing the development and advancement of manga/comics in Africa which I thought was well done. Manga fans are going to have a blast here.
Kyoto Railway Museum also didn’t disappoint with a ton of train replicas, old models, train dioramas, steam locomotives and even an active roundhouse platform! My only regret was that I had to rush through the entire museum in 1.5h in order to catch my return train – you should plan for at least 2-2.5 hours to properly savour the place. The museum was designed to cater for families, but even solo travellers like myself would have no shortage of things to look and learn.

My personal pick would be the two museums unironically – those appealed to the kid in me.
The return trip from Kyoto to Osaka is done via Kintetsu’s Aoniyoshi sightseeing train which travels back to Osaka-Namba via Nara. Similar to the Shimakaze, the seats are extremely comfortable and faces towards the window, allowing you to just unwind and look outside. There is also a café carriage which sells rail merchandise and some sweets/desserts. I got myself a coffee and an ice cream sandwich which was great. For purchase of this sightseeing train, you can buy the limited express reservation on the Kintetsu website – demand for this is also quite high so book as early as you can. However, for solo travellers, you need to buy TWO limited express tickets –an adult seat and a child seat (at half price).
I was still feeling alright after lounging on the sightseeing train, so I decided to spend the remainder of the day shopping at Den Den Town for anime related stuff, as well as the nearby Abeno Harukas for the observatory point (Harukas 300). Personally, Den Den Town has that gritty, unfiltered feel to it which I loved. There was not much crowd at the observatory at night (~2040), and I was able to view the Osaka skyline unobstructed. Great place for couples hangout. Dinner was a pork tonkatsu by a chain restaurant named KYK within Abeno Harukas – it was delicious (at a hefty price tag of 3k yen)!
Just like the Mie day-trip, this routing is punishing with multiple buses to connect, destinations scattered across Kyoto, and a long walk (clocking north of 40k steps again) - I would not recommend this routing to first-timers. Moreover, this demands an early start – late end to the day which is not everyone’s cup of tea either.
Day 24 – Osaka Aquarium (Osaka), Kyoto Station (Kyoto)
This was my free day where I had nothing planned specifically, so I went to do some anime-related shopping at Kyoto Station in the morning where there was a pop-up Kyoto Animation store. I also shipped a package home via JPpost. I enjoyed wandering around Den Den Town and Taito Station, playing some of the arcade games. Lastly, I made a stop at the Osaka Aquarium – this was my second time here and I had a great time gazing at the mega fishtank in the middle which housed the whale shark.
---
If you’re still reading, thanks for powering through! Parts 2 and 3 took a while to write - I am not sure when (and if) I have the time to write on Ishikawa (Kanazawa, Noto Peninsula) and Tokyo/Chiba, but I would highly encourage visiting the outskirts in your return visits! Do let me know if there is anything I can do to improve the remaining write-up. Cheers!

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2024.04.26 07:40 holongtiprasa This is how Swimari Script is written Swimari Writing System Kokborok

Combination of Consonants with Vowels and use of Half-consonants and Tonal symbol.

submitted by holongtiprasa to Kokborok [link] [comments]

2024.04.25 06:33 sdrawkcabsihtdaeru Community feedback greatly appreciated

The Zũm alphabet (or abcić) recently increased from 27 to 28, and before I solidify the change, I' wondering if it's best to make it 29.
Some context:
Zũm has five accent marks: a dot which geminates consonants, a macron or line which lengthens vowels, a tilde which nasalizes vowels, an acute accent and a caron. The reason the acute and caron lack concise descriptors is they don't have them. The acute, or special accent, is used in the following cases:

Ć and Ź are considered separate stand alone letters in their own right, making the/ts/ and /dz/ sounds respectively. These accents are as intrinsic to the letters as the tittle of I and J
Í is not a separate letter, rather a clarifying letter It is used in three contexts: the first is similar to the U used in French and Spanish to make a soft G into a hard one before an E or I. Í combines with L to make the LÍ digraph. L makes a /w/ and the end of syllables and a /ɣ/ at the onset. When a word-medial /ɣ/ comes at the end of a syllable, LÍ is used to show a silent I. It also represents a silent I in HÍ, as HI is a digraph which makes a /c/ sound. Lastly, it is used similar to a diarasis in French to distinguish Ul /wɪ/ from UÍ /u.ɪ/
R followed by Ć, D, N, S, T, Z, or Ź makes those letters retroflexed. To indicate the rare instances when this is not the case, Ŕ is used. This letter is also not separate
Ú and K are modified U and Y, in which they make /w/ and /j/ sounds, each followed by a schwa.

The problem lies with the last special letter, Ń. Ń is currently considered a modified N, but it's not a consonant in its own right. Rather, since all letters can only have at most one accent mark, there is no way to show a vowel is both lengthened and nasal. To circumvent this, Ń is used after a long vowel.
Should Ń be considered a letter, or stay just a modification?
Thanks for your thoughts

submitted by sdrawkcabsihtdaeru to conorthography [link] [comments]

2024.04.25 06:23 sdrawkcabsihtdaeru Community input greatly appreciated

The Zũm alphabet (or abcić) recently increased from 27 to 28, and before I solidify the change, I'm wondering if it's best to make it 29.
Some context:
Zũm has five accent marks: a dot which geminates consonants, a macron or line which lengthens vowels, a tilde which nasalizes vowels, an acute accent and a caron. The reason the acute and caron lack concise descriptors is they don't have them.
The acute, or special accent, is used in the following cases:

Ć and Ź are considered separate stand alone letters in their own right, making the /ts/ and /dz/ sounds respectively. These accents are as intrinsic to the letters as the tittle of I and J
Í is not a separate letter, rather a clarifying letter. It is used in three contexts: the first is similar to the U used in French and Spanish to make a soft G into a hard one before an E or I. Í combines with L to make the LÍ digraph. L makes a /w/ and the end of syllables and a /ɣ/ at the onset. When a word-medial /ɣ/ comes at the end of a syllable, LÍ is used to show a silent I. It also represents a silent I in HÍ, as HI is a digraph which makes a /c/ sound. Lastly, it is used similar to a diaræsis in French to distinguish UI /wɪ/ from UÍ /u.ɪ/
R followed by Ć, D, N, S, T, Z, or Ź makes those letters retroflexed. To indicate the rare instances when this is not the case, Ŕ is used. This letter is also not separate.
Ú and Ý are modified U and Y, in which they make /w/ and /j/ sounds, each followed by a schwa.

The problem lies with Ń, the last of the special letters. A vowel can only have one accent mark, which makes it impossible to delineate when a vowel is both lengthened and nasal. To avoid this, Ń is used. It doesn't make a sound, but rather makes it such that the previous vowel is pronounced nasally.
Should Ń join the ranks of letters, or stay considered a modified form of N?
Thanks a bunch

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2024.04.25 06:02 anny_t_ka Cracking the Grammar Code: Gamified Tactics for Mastering German Like a Boss

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Ah, German grammar — the looming, Frankensteinian beast that haunts the dreams of even the bravest language learners. With its daunting case systems, mind-boggling compound nouns, and delightfully tongue-twisting consonant clusters, getting a solid handle on the rules can feel more daunting than scaling the Matterhorn in lederhosen.
But what if we told you there was a way to tame this frightening grammatic franken-monster? By harnessing the power of interactive, gamified learning strategies, you could potentially reprogram your brain to absorb and apply the intricacies of German grammar like a slick Teutonic machine.
Now, we know what you’re thinking — how could something as humdrum as grammar drills ever be considered “fun”? But stick with me here. These aren’t your garden-variety fill-in-the-blank worksheets destined for the recycling bin. We’re talking full-blown immersive brain-training that hooks your competitive drive and transforms tenses into adrenaline-packed battles to the language victor’s podium.

Digital Duels and Quest-Based Conjugation

Thanks to technology, innovative apps and online platforms are transforming esoteric grammar concepts into epic story-driven campaigns. You’ll find yourself leveling uprie, verb tables as you progress through German language quests. By personifying grammar rules as mythical characters or fierce opponents to be conquered, even the dreaded Akkusativ and Dativ cases take on an irresistible video game sheen.
Better yet, many programs now integrate speech recognition, soarmed enemy figures on-screen will hurl gendered nouns at you to properly pluralize or identify the linguistic warriors lurking within compound word fortresses. Talk about immersive!

Board Games That Let Nouns and Verbs Mingle

On the flip side, plenty of old-school analog activities can still add some spice to textbook tedium. Board and card games offer clever physical mechanics for visualizing and internalizing syntax, article usage, gender agreements, and more.
Envision verb math races where you blurt out perfectly conjugated forms while hurtling tokens around the board. Or collaborative card-based storytelling that incentivizes creativity while organically reinforcing vocabulary alongside grammar lessons. All happening amid raucous laughter and friendly trash-talking that ups the learning ante.
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When Screen-Free Still Means Interactive

Even without digital frills or gamified bells-and-whistles, there are plenty of hands-on methods for getting your grammar groove on. Engaging classroom antics like drillithons — where students take turns verbally firing off grammar challenges — can harness peer competition and social dynamics for primo retention.
Or get your inner theatrical flair on through tools like grammar songs and cheeky skits acted out with exaggerated emphases on proper noun cases and verb conjugations. The sillier and more ridiculous the scenario, the more those foundational grammar tenets will solidify.
At the end of the day, injecting playfulness and immersive participation into the dreary process of grammar study accomplishes something truly magical — it goads your brain into processing linguistic patterns as familiar systems and symbols rather than ethereal academic constructs. Whether battling furry German mascots or clashing word warriors, those foundational grammar concepts become intuitive pieces of an irresistible gamified experience you’ll hungrily crave more of.
So ditch the dusty textbook for tech-savvy adventures, physical challenges, or straight-up ludic linguistic lunacy. Treat your brain to those sweet, sweet grammar gratifications it didn’t even realize it craved. The more you make grammar acquisition feel like indulging in German Gesamt levels of fun and competition, the more hardwired those pesky rules and exceptions will become.
And who knows — maybe with enough gamified grammar-geddon breakthroughs, you’ll find yourself actually looking forward to flexing those new hard-earned skills as you Anschluss to conversational mastery of this once-monstrous language.
So, what gamified techniques have worked best for your personal language triumph quest so far? Or if you’re still seeking the ideal immersive grammar hack, what’s your preferred learning style — app gaming, tabletop theatrics, good old-fashioned grammar games and stories? We’re all ears for new tactics to try, so hit us with those interactive German grammar secrets in the comments!
Read our blog on How to count in German

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