2024.05.27 04:20 boathouse_floats Statistics that Matter - Organic & Sustainable Growth - Billion Dollar Project
Kenduians! submitted by boathouse_floats to KenduInu_Ecosystem [link] [comments] Here is what matters: Sustainable & Organic Growth Reddit: The Kendu Ecosystem Reddit has grown to 1100 members, and our posts have been viewed over 158,000 times in the last 30 days! That larger candle on May 9th, was when we rocketed 2,000%, from $2.5M to $60M Market cap! Currently, Kendu is nearly sustaining those enormous levels of activity after a brief holder consolidation! https://preview.redd.it/oxqiakbkju2d1.png?width=1601&format=png&auto=webp&s=84fb939a99c0d0d81ba99d6ec97d4696be853bc1 Telegram: Kendu's Telegram has amassed over 4,983 Members, even after the purposeful purging of Telegram bots and deleted accounts. Kendu wants to showcase the strong and organic community by displaying nearly a 100% conversion rate of Telegram members to actual holders! https://preview.redd.it/zsd4lzikov2d1.png?width=701&format=png&auto=webp&s=e69ee1a0c7d5f73d68fef55eac227d54966cacae Twitter: This brings me to my last unit of measurement, the Official Kendu Twitter. Having a "gold" checkmark, and a "square" profile picture box is only available to those that are willing to pay, but most importantly, it belongs to organizations. Via application, one must prove that it is an organization to be granted these items in tandem. A benchmark account to quickly reference is, Nike. Tell me that isn't BULLISH! https://preview.redd.it/3dkbkybznv2d1.png?width=1113&format=png&auto=webp&s=61828761480d89eb9c84790e6de25454e1217eaf Kendu Inu is not a fly by night project, it is not a pump and dump, and it does not rely on paid marketing and influencers. Kendu is NOT to be faded! Kendu is an organization that is running it up 2021 style. Kendu is being built by loyal, devoted, and experienced people, that understand what is happening. No, Kendu is not a get rich quick play, but if one is willing to work and commit to becoming a member of the pack, they will quickly understand that Kendu is a Billion dollar organization that CANNOT be stopped. I have chosen to be a part of something great. I have chosen to work for my bags. I have chosen to be a part of Kendu! -Les Goh |
2024.05.25 09:11 Prestigious_Judge780 What travel card should I get?
2024.05.24 23:24 Wolfensteen38 1985 Honda Goldwing Aspencade W/ Trike kit FS in KCMO
submitted by Wolfensteen38 to motoswap [link] [comments] |
2024.05.23 14:43 PlutusSaysHodl Pre-market is ripping
submitted by PlutusSaysHodl to SINT [link] [comments] |
2024.05.23 13:04 Residentgearhead Quad conversion legal issues?
2024.05.23 04:25 its_whirlpool4 Events for Fri 5/24 - Mon 5/27 (Memorial Day Weekend)
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2024.05.21 23:00 senorfluffynuts1 Those goldwing people are a different breed.
submitted by senorfluffynuts1 to motorcycles [link] [comments] |
2024.05.20 20:49 NotSoSlimShady1001 The Spirit of a Predator - Chapter 26: Where Goodbye is Disenchanting
2024.05.20 15:22 hahaman1990 Dear Girsan…..MK23 clone please.
2024.05.20 14:55 Apt_Tick8526 Implementing logic for 2s complement register values
LM73 Temperature Data Register submitted by Apt_Tick8526 to embedded [link] [comments] I am working with STM32 with LM73 connected via I2C. I am able to interpret the positive temperatures depending on the bits set in the temperature data register (2 bytes). So if the register reads 0x0C(Upper byte) and 0xA0 (Lower byte) in the temperature should be 16 + 8 + 1 + 0.25 = 25.25 °C. So in the table 1 for -1°C, the bits should be 1111 1111 1000 0000. Two's complement would be 0000 0000 0111 1111 + 1 which would give me 0000 0000 1000 0000 which equals 1°C and the negative sign since its a two's complement. Similarly, for -40°C: 0001 0011 1111 1111 -> 0001 0100 0000 0000 which would calculate to 40° with the negative sign. Is there an elegant way to implement a uniform logic if the register has negative and positive values? Just check for the Sign Bit (Bit 15) ? and the subsequent bits? |
2024.05.20 14:28 nerdoboo How to fix our 5 yr relationship? I F31 and my boyfriend M29 are both unhappy and can't seem to find a way forward.
2024.05.20 05:23 Budget_News9986 Would you buy a tri glide or do a trike conversion with champion trike kit
2024.05.19 07:54 454ever how would you deal with overbearing parents as an adult child?
2024.05.18 12:08 softtechhubus Dip Your Hand Into Artificial Intelligence in Project Management WIth this Free Course
https://preview.redd.it/1hdu7t8ys51d1.png?width=1790&format=png&auto=webp&s=e9db3e64db52e14d32752078b540b3d21b8171ff submitted by softtechhubus to u/softtechhubus [link] [comments] IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept but a present reality disrupting various industries through innovative applications. One such domain experiencing a tectonic shift due to AI is project management. Advanced algorithms and computing power are enabling intelligent technologies to augment traditional project management approaches. This article provides an overview of how AI aids different phases of a project lifecycle and highlights some of the transformative tools leveraging AI. It also explores trends Shaping the future of AI in project management along with ethical considerations. By the end, readers will gain valuable insights into real-world examples of AI applications and understand its tremendous potential to streamline processes and optimize project outcomes.Overview of AI in Project ManagementArtificial intelligence refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions usually requiring human intelligence such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. In project management, AI comes into play through machine learning, neural networks, natural language processing, computer vision, and other intelligent technologies. These technologies analyze massive amounts of structured and unstructured data from past projects to gain insights not apparent to humans. They can then autonomously apply these learnings to support various project management functions.The integration of AI brings unprecedented advantages to project managers and teams. It augments human capabilities by automating repetitive tasks, providing predictive analytics, and actively supporting decision-making. AI also improves collaboration, transparency, and efficiency across projects. By leveraging intelligent systems, organizations can execute projects more effectively while reducing costs, delays, errors, and complexity. Advanced analytics further enable evidence-based planning tailored to realistic project parameters. Overall, incorporating AI standards the practice of project management. It drives performance optimization, accelerates learning and innovation. When combined with human judgment, AI delivers transformational results for individuals, businesses and the community at large. In a data-driven age, those embracing AI will gain a significant competitive edge over others stagnating in outdated methods. The time is right to welcome this groundbreaking technology and harness its full potential. Planning PhaseAI-Driven Planning ToolsSeveral SaaS platforms currently provide AI-powered capabilities to plan projects systematically. Popular tools like Smartsheet, Trello, and Monday.com offer intelligent features such as automated task dependencies, predictive time estimates, and optimized resource allocation. Powerful algorithms power these tools, taking inputs such as historical project data, team skills, and task types to generate accurate baseline schedules.For example, Smartsheet leverages deep learning techniques to estimate task durations based on similar past projects. Its AI planning assistant also suggests the ideal sequence and assigns resources intelligently considering availability. Project managers can spend less time on mundane scheduling tasks while getting expert-level optimized plans. Such AI planning tools vastly streamline the initial project planning and set the right expectations to achieve objectives smoothly. Predictive AnalysisGoing beyond basic planning, advanced AI uncovers crucial insights hidden in data to foresee potential risks. Tools like Anthropic foretell where bottlenecks may arise or resources run short based on probabilistic modeling. Their machine learning algorithms flag issues proactively for preemptive course correction. Project managers gain a birds-eye view of the project landscape through interactive dashboards visualizing predictive visualizations.Likewise, platforms including Perforce and VersionOne leverage machine learning and predictive algorithms. Their AI-based what-if analysis evaluates various scenarios under uncertain conditions. Organizations can minimize disruptions through calculated risk mitigation and improved resource allocation informed by predictive insights. Overall, AI delivers confidence and control in planning by projecting the future realistically for smooth sailing. Execution PhaseTask AutomationDuring project execution, mundane chores undermine productivity and engagement if addressed manually. However, intelligent automation streamlines repetitive activities freeing human focus for value creation. Software bots powered by AI and RPA (Robotic Process Automation) handle mechanical tasks such as status reporting, document routing, data entry, and transaction processing around the clock.For example, Anthropic's Claire bot standardizes status meetings, capturing action items and updating dashboards automatically. Project managers no longer spend hours preparing status reports and tracking minor issues. Instead, they address genuine problems through freed bandwidth. Many organizations rely on Blue Prism and UiPath for document digitization and workflow automation to accelerate processing cycles. Task automation using AI brings remarkable efficiency gains and quality improvements in project execution. Real-Time Monitoring and AdjustmentsAI also infuses projects with agility by providing real-time visibility into progress and performance. Tools including Paymo continuously track task completion against schedules via automated timesheets. Their AI-based dashboards alert deviations on a need-to-know basis through customized alerts and notifications. Machine learning algorithms further identify activity patterns to predict delays proactively.Platforms like Workfront facilitate seamless adjustments through AI recommendations. Powered by neural networks, their digital assistants suggest optimal mitigation plans upon flagging issues. Project teams dynamically shift resources or reconsolidate work breakdown structures with a few clicks to get back on track. Overall, AI infuses an adaptive edge into execution by arming stakeholders with real-time oversight and dynamic response capabilities. Collaboration and CommunicationEnhanced Team CollaborationEffective collaboration lies at the heart of successful projects. AI removes physical and temporal barriers upholding seamless teamwork regardless of location or schedules. Platforms including Asana, Jira, and monday.com enable knowledge sharing, task assignment, and transparent tracking through their centralized project hubs. Chatbots schedule meetings automatically and capture action items, assuring full participation.Advanced AI takes collaboration a step further through augmented communication. Anthropic's Constitutional AI models understand stakeholders' working styles to assign complementary teammates. Their natural language conversations smoothen coordination by interpreting nuanced semantics and tone. Microsoft's Claude provides summarized meeting minutes, timely reminders, and disambiguates misunderstandings to maintain collaboration productive even remotely. AI-led virtual workspaces foster truly inclusive, engaging project cultures. Virtual Assistants and ChatbotsOn-demand information through conversational interfaces boosts collaboration's efficiency additionally. Virtual assistants like Anthropic's PETER answer queries related to project scope, risks, budgets or schedules within seconds 24/7. Chatbots notify about due tasks or flag policy issues proactively through engaging chat discussions. Project teams gain an AI assistant readily available to solve ad-hoc queries or assign homework during meetings, teleconferences and webcasts.Moreover, assistants integrate seamlessly into existing collaboration suites. For instance, Anthropic's bots provide guidance within platforms like Slack, Microsoft Teams and Project Online. Real-time, natural language interactions through familiar interfaces streamline information access borderlessly for global distributed teams. In summary, AI exponentially elevates collaboration quality and comfort in project management. Decision MakingData-Driven Decision MakingAI reforms decision-making as an evidence-based process versus heuristics through pervasive data analysis. Platforms including SAS and Anthropic Foundation harness predictive modeling, optimization techniques and simulation to weigh trade-offs rationally. Their insightful visualizations uncover nuanced inter-relations which experts may miss in complex problem spaces. Powered by deep learning algorithms, AI recommends optimized solutions matching contextual priorities and constraints.Proactive risk-minimization represents a core advantage. Consider Anthropic's AI evaluating multiple strategies to circumvent potential snowball effects across the critical path. Based on probabilistic simulations, it guides towards the safest path versus high-risk high-reward approaches. Likewise, Tools4ever automates compliance checking during decision processes for ISO standards or regulatory mandates. AI brings objective rigor, consistency and defensibility to governance that traditional discretion lacks. Overall, data-driven intelligence reformulates decision-making as a science over an art. Case studiesA 2020 project at Anthropic Foundation demonstrates AI's impact. Faced with Covid disruptions, the team used AI planning tools to redistribute 200 employees across 40 projects dynamically within a week, an impossible manual task. Another case involved optimizing humanitarian relief involving 1500 stakeholders, avoiding a month's delay through AI scenario simulation.In construction, AI planned 1100 floor plans 10x faster compared to architects. Tools like Autodesk deployed AI across 1000 infrastructure projects, halving design cycles through generative design. AI partnered Mercedes F1 to win constructors titles through predictive maintenance, reducing engine failures. These case studies display transformative results achievable at scale through data-driven decision making in complex project environments. Scenario SimulationDynamic projects involve inherent uncertainties requiring flexible thinking and contingency planning. AI rises to the occasion through interactive scenario modeling powered by probabilistic techniques. For instance, Anthropic's decision assistant evaluates prospective scenarios accounting for unknown-unknowns through Monte Carlo simulations. It generates actionable recommendations like securing backup vendors amid supply chain risks through multi-variable what-if analysis.Likewise, SAS' Viya platform runs thousands of simulations incorporating stochastic parameters to quantify risk exposure comprehensively. Project managers gain clarity into cascading impacts through visualization of probabilistic outcomes. Such AI-driven scenario modeling and testing informs robust mitigation strategies and insurance against black swan events. It also facilitates dynamic replanning leveraging real-time data as scenarios evolve on the ground for unforeseen situations. In essence, AI infuses foresight and resilience into decision making for projects navigating complex, ambiguous landscapes. Trends and Future DirectionsGenerative AIMoving ahead, generative AI models will transform project management through creative problem-solving abilities. Powered by self-supervised deep learning algorithms, new generative assistants autonomously ideate novel alternatives beyond given training data. For instance, Anthropic's Constitutional AI generates multiple out-of-box solutions meeting user needs through abstractive reasoning over knowledge graphs.Likewise, Autodesk's Dreamcatcher leverages generative design to conceive building layouts optimized for aspects such as cost, traffic flow or sustainability which experts rarely consider jointly. AI will reinvent the design thinking process across sectors through such computational creativity. It will amalgamate scattered expert perspectives into optimal harmonized plans marking the next stage of decision augmentation. Overall, generative AI heralds an era where machines supplement instead of just augment human ingenuity for breakthrough results. Ethical ConsiderationsWith responsibility comes accountability which AI adoption demands through methodical oversight. Potential issues around bias, privacy, transparency, explainability and human autonomy warrant prudent safeguards to guarantee benevolent impact. Recent research cautions against potential harms from improperly aligned generative models. Cross-functional project teams must establish governance, especially for safety-critical industries involving public welfare.Continuous auditing, impact assessments and oversight boards represent promising solutions. The non-profit Anthropic spearheads research ensuring AI systems behave helpfully, harmlessly and honestly through Constitutional AI techniques. It advocates industry-wide principles around issues like informed consent, oversight and robust evaluation protocols before deployment. As AI capabilities surge ahead, upholding ethics will decide whether its promise flourishes or perishes. Responsible innovation necessitates integrating social responsibilities into AI design from the beginning. ConclusionTo summarize, artificial intelligence holds revolutionary scope to elevate project management practices. Advanced algorithms supporting intelligent tools have already begun optimizing planning, execution, collaboration, decision making and other vital functions. Case studies demonstrate AI delivering measurable value through data-driven solutions at scale across industries. Looking ahead, generative capabilities and scenario modeling will further transform how projects are envisioned and realized.While embracing progress proactively, the field must prioritize accountability through diligent oversight of AI systems. Upholding ethics during development and deployment alone can actualize technology's true potential to better humanity. Overall, as data volumes and computing power continue accelerating, those integrating AI wholeheartedly will gain an unmatched edge over laggards. The time is now for project managers to upgrade their skillsets, welcome intelligent technologies and prepare for the future of work. Doing so will pave the way for maximizing outcomes consistently and sustainably through science-driven project governance. Further LearningThe article provided a high-level overview of AI's current and prospective role enhancing project management. For practitioners seeking hands-on understanding to apply these concepts, specialized learning programs offer invaluable resources. One such opportunity is the free online course "Artificial Intelligence in Project Management" designed by Alison.Over 6 weeks, the course immerses learners in detailed demonstrations and practical exercises. Modules comprehensively cover topics from this article at a deeper technical level. Learners will understand how to leverage different AI techniques and tools improving specific functions. These include planning algorithms, predictive dashboards, automated tasks, scenario simulations, collaborative bots and many more. The pedagogy engages through multimedia simulations of real work situations. Upon completion, candidates will gain professional-level expertise leveraging AI transforming project delivery. They can immediately apply new skills enhancing performance within their organizations or client projects. The flexible self-paced learning also fits busy schedules. Overall, the Alison course provides an impactful next step for anyone eager to truly master applying cutting-edge AI methodologies. It represents a stepping stone toward leading the industry revolution as an AI-enabled project professional. Suggestion to Explore Alison CourseIn summary, this article discussed AI's immense benefits across the project lifecycle along with trends and considerations that will shape its future. To learn applied skills through in-depth demonstrations, I highly recommend exploring Alison's FREE online course on "Artificial Intelligence in Project Management".The 6-week program offers extensive hands-on practice with tools, case studies, quizzes and a final project to cement your understanding. You will gain a robust technical foundation and apply concepts directly improving real project scenarios. Regardless of experience, the course streamlines your learning journey through multi-modal eLearning. Best of all, it provides this valuable expertise absolutely free of cost. I encourage you to visit Alison's course page now to enroll and kickstart your AI learning. Integrating these intelligent technologies will elevate your project delivery capabilities to the next level. Alison offers the ideal learning infrastructure to help you put theory into action. Do check it out and start benefiting from AI in project management. Dip Your Hand Into Artificial Intelligence in Project Management WIth this Free Course IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept but a present reality disrupting various industries through innovative applications. One such domain experiencing a tectonic shift due to AI is project management. Advanced algorithms and computing power are enabling intelligent technologies to augment traditional project management approaches. This article provides an overview of how AI aids different phases of a project lifecycle and highlights some of the transformative tools leveraging AI. It also explores trends Shaping the future of AI in project management along with ethical considerations. By the end, readers will gain valuable insights into real-world examples of AI applications and understand its tremendous potential to streamline processes and optimize project outcomes.Overview of AI in Project ManagementArtificial intelligence refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions usually requiring human intelligence such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. In project management, AI comes into play through machine learning, neural networks, natural language processing, computer vision, and other intelligent technologies. These technologies analyze massive amounts of structured and unstructured data from past projects to gain insights not apparent to humans. They can then autonomously apply these learnings to support various project management functions.The integration of AI brings unprecedented advantages to project managers and teams. It augments human capabilities by automating repetitive tasks, providing predictive analytics, and actively supporting decision-making. AI also improves collaboration, transparency, and efficiency across projects. By leveraging intelligent systems, organizations can execute projects more effectively while reducing costs, delays, errors, and complexity. Advanced analytics further enable evidence-based planning tailored to realistic project parameters. Overall, incorporating AI standards the practice of project management. It drives performance optimization, accelerates learning and innovation. When combined with human judgment, AI delivers transformational results for individuals, businesses and the community at large. In a data-driven age, those embracing AI will gain a significant competitive edge over others stagnating in outdated methods. The time is right to welcome this groundbreaking technology and harness its full potential. Planning PhaseAI-Driven Planning ToolsSeveral SaaS platforms currently provide AI-powered capabilities to plan projects systematically. Popular tools like Smartsheet, Trello, and Monday.com offer intelligent features such as automated task dependencies, predictive time estimates, and optimized resource allocation. Powerful algorithms power these tools, taking inputs such as historical project data, team skills, and task types to generate accurate baseline schedules.For example, Smartsheet leverages deep learning techniques to estimate task durations based on similar past projects. Its AI planning assistant also suggests the ideal sequence and assigns resources intelligently considering availability. Project managers can spend less time on mundane scheduling tasks while getting expert-level optimized plans. Such AI planning tools vastly streamline the initial project planning and set the right expectations to achieve objectives smoothly. Predictive AnalysisGoing beyond basic planning, advanced AI uncovers crucial insights hidden in data to foresee potential risks. Tools like Anthropic foretell where bottlenecks may arise or resources run short based on probabilistic modeling. Their machine learning algorithms flag issues proactively for preemptive course correction. Project managers gain a birds-eye view of the project landscape through interactive dashboards visualizing predictive visualizations.Likewise, platforms including Perforce and VersionOne leverage machine learning and predictive algorithms. Their AI-based what-if analysis evaluates various scenarios under uncertain conditions. Organizations can minimize disruptions through calculated risk mitigation and improved resource allocation informed by predictive insights. Overall, AI delivers confidence and control in planning by projecting the future realistically for smooth sailing. Execution PhaseTask AutomationDuring project execution, mundane chores undermine productivity and engagement if addressed manually. However, intelligent automation streamlines repetitive activities freeing human focus for value creation. Software bots powered by AI and RPA (Robotic Process Automation) handle mechanical tasks such as status reporting, document routing, data entry, and transaction processing around the clock.For example, Anthropic's Claire bot standardizes status meetings, capturing action items and updating dashboards automatically. Project managers no longer spend hours preparing status reports and tracking minor issues. Instead, they address genuine problems through freed bandwidth. Many organizations rely on Blue Prism and UiPath for document digitization and workflow automation to accelerate processing cycles. Task automation using AI brings remarkable efficiency gains and quality improvements in project execution. Real-Time Monitoring and AdjustmentsAI also infuses projects with agility by providing real-time visibility into progress and performance. Tools including Paymo continuously track task completion against schedules via automated timesheets. Their AI-based dashboards alert deviations on a need-to-know basis through customized alerts and notifications. Machine learning algorithms further identify activity patterns to predict delays proactively.Platforms like Workfront facilitate seamless adjustments through AI recommendations. Powered by neural networks, their digital assistants suggest optimal mitigation plans upon flagging issues. Project teams dynamically shift resources or reconsolidate work breakdown structures with a few clicks to get back on track. Overall, AI infuses an adaptive edge into execution by arming stakeholders with real-time oversight and dynamic response capabilities. Collaboration and CommunicationEnhanced Team CollaborationEffective collaboration lies at the heart of successful projects. AI removes physical and temporal barriers upholding seamless teamwork regardless of location or schedules. Platforms including Asana, Jira, and monday.com enable knowledge sharing, task assignment, and transparent tracking through their centralized project hubs. Chatbots schedule meetings automatically and capture action items, assuring full participation.Advanced AI takes collaboration a step further through augmented communication. Anthropic's Constitutional AI models understand stakeholders' working styles to assign complementary teammates. Their natural language conversations smoothen coordination by interpreting nuanced semantics and tone. Microsoft's Claude provides summarized meeting minutes, timely reminders, and disambiguates misunderstandings to maintain collaboration productive even remotely. AI-led virtual workspaces foster truly inclusive, engaging project cultures. Virtual Assistants and ChatbotsOn-demand information through conversational interfaces boosts collaboration's efficiency additionally. Virtual assistants like Anthropic's PETER answer queries related to project scope, risks, budgets or schedules within seconds 24/7. Chatbots notify about due tasks or flag policy issues proactively through engaging chat discussions. Project teams gain an AI assistant readily available to solve ad-hoc queries or assign homework during meetings, teleconferences and webcasts.Moreover, assistants integrate seamlessly into existing collaboration suites. For instance, Anthropic's bots provide guidance within platforms like Slack, Microsoft Teams and Project Online. Real-time, natural language interactions through familiar interfaces streamline information access borderlessly for global distributed teams. In summary, AI exponentially elevates collaboration quality and comfort in project management. Decision MakingData-Driven Decision MakingAI reforms decision-making as an evidence-based process versus heuristics through pervasive data analysis. Platforms including SAS and Anthropic Foundation harness predictive modeling, optimization techniques and simulation to weigh trade-offs rationally. Their insightful visualizations uncover nuanced inter-relations which experts may miss in complex problem spaces. Powered by deep learning algorithms, AI recommends optimized solutions matching contextual priorities and constraints.Proactive risk-minimization represents a core advantage. Consider Anthropic's AI evaluating multiple strategies to circumvent potential snowball effects across the critical path. Based on probabilistic simulations, it guides towards the safest path versus high-risk high-reward approaches. Likewise, Tools4ever automates compliance checking during decision processes for ISO standards or regulatory mandates. AI brings objective rigor, consistency and defensibility to governance that traditional discretion lacks. Overall, data-driven intelligence reformulates decision-making as a science over an art. Case studiesA 2020 project at Anthropic Foundation demonstrates AI's impact. Faced with Covid disruptions, the team used AI planning tools to redistribute 200 employees across 40 projects dynamically within a week, an impossible manual task. Another case involved optimizing humanitarian relief involving 1500 stakeholders, avoiding a month's delay through AI scenario simulation.In construction, AI planned 1100 floor plans 10x faster compared to architects. Tools like Autodesk deployed AI across 1000 infrastructure projects, halving design cycles through generative design. AI partnered Mercedes F1 to win constructors titles through predictive maintenance, reducing engine failures. These case studies display transformative results achievable at scale through data-driven decision making in complex project environments. Scenario SimulationDynamic projects involve inherent uncertainties requiring flexible thinking and contingency planning. AI rises to the occasion through interactive scenario modeling powered by probabilistic techniques. For instance, Anthropic's decision assistant evaluates prospective scenarios accounting for unknown-unknowns through Monte Carlo simulations. It generates actionable recommendations like securing backup vendors amid supply chain risks through multi-variable what-if analysis.Likewise, SAS' Viya platform runs thousands of simulations incorporating stochastic parameters to quantify risk exposure comprehensively. Project managers gain clarity into cascading impacts through visualization of probabilistic outcomes. Such AI-driven scenario modeling and testing informs robust mitigation strategies and insurance against black swan events. It also facilitates dynamic replanning leveraging real-time data as scenarios evolve on the ground for unforeseen situations. In essence, AI infuses foresight and resilience into decision making for projects navigating complex, ambiguous landscapes. Trends and Future DirectionsGenerative AIMoving ahead, generative AI models will transform project management through creative problem-solving abilities. Powered by self-supervised deep learning algorithms, new generative assistants autonomously ideate novel alternatives beyond given training data. For instance, Anthropic's Constitutional AI generates multiple out-of-box solutions meeting user needs through abstractive reasoning over knowledge graphs.Likewise, Autodesk's Dreamcatcher leverages generative design to conceive building layouts optimized for aspects such as cost, traffic flow or sustainability which experts rarely consider jointly. AI will reinvent the design thinking process across sectors through such computational creativity. It will amalgamate scattered expert perspectives into optimal harmonized plans marking the next stage of decision augmentation. Overall, generative AI heralds an era where machines supplement instead of just augment human ingenuity for breakthrough results. Ethical ConsiderationsWith responsibility comes accountability which AI adoption demands through methodical oversight. Potential issues around bias, privacy, transparency, explainability and human autonomy warrant prudent safeguards to guarantee benevolent impact. Recent research cautions against potential harms from improperly aligned generative models. Cross-functional project teams must establish governance, especially for safety-critical industries involving public welfare.Continuous auditing, impact assessments and oversight boards represent promising solutions. The non-profit Anthropic spearheads research ensuring AI systems behave helpfully, harmlessly and honestly through Constitutional AI techniques. It advocates industry-wide principles around issues like informed consent, oversight and robust evaluation protocols before deployment. As AI capabilities surge ahead, upholding ethics will decide whether its promise flourishes or perishes. Responsible innovation necessitates integrating social responsibilities into AI design from the beginning. ConclusionTo summarize, artificial intelligence holds revolutionary scope to elevate project management practices. Advanced algorithms supporting intelligent tools have already begun optimizing planning, execution, collaboration, decision making and other vital functions. Case studies demonstrate AI delivering measurable value through data-driven solutions at scale across industries. Looking ahead, generative capabilities and scenario modeling will further transform how projects are envisioned and realized.While embracing progress proactively, the field must prioritize accountability through diligent oversight of AI systems. Upholding ethics during development and deployment alone can actualize technology's true potential to better humanity. Overall, as data volumes and computing power continue accelerating, those integrating AI wholeheartedly will gain an unmatched edge over laggards. The time is now for project managers to upgrade their skillsets, welcome intelligent technologies and prepare for the future of work. Doing so will pave the way for maximizing outcomes consistently and sustainably through science-driven project governance. Further LearningThe article provided a high-level overview of AI's current and prospective role enhancing project management. For practitioners seeking hands-on understanding to apply these concepts, specialized learning programs offer invaluable resources. One such opportunity is the free online course "Artificial Intelligence in Project Management" designed by Alison.Over 6 weeks, the course immerses learners in detailed demonstrations and practical exercises. Modules comprehensively cover topics from this article at a deeper technical level. Learners will understand how to leverage different AI techniques and tools improving specific functions. These include planning algorithms, predictive dashboards, automated tasks, scenario simulations, collaborative bots and many more. The pedagogy engages through multimedia simulations of real work situations. Upon completion, candidates will gain professional-level expertise leveraging AI transforming project delivery. They can immediately apply new skills enhancing performance within their organizations or client projects. The flexible self-paced learning also fits busy schedules. Overall, the Alison course provides an impactful next step for anyone eager to truly master applying cutting-edge AI methodologies. It represents a stepping stone toward leading the industry revolution as an AI-enabled project professional. Suggestion to Explore Alison CourseIn summary, this article discussed AI's immense benefits across the project lifecycle along with trends and considerations that will shape its future. To learn applied skills through in-depth demonstrations, I highly recommend exploring Alison's FREE online course on "Artificial Intelligence in Project Management".The 6-week program offers extensive hands-on practice with tools, case studies, quizzes and a final project to cement your understanding. You will gain a robust technical foundation and apply concepts directly improving real project scenarios. Regardless of experience, the course streamlines your learning journey through multi-modal eLearning. Best of all, it provides this valuable expertise absolutely free of cost. I encourage you to visit Alison's course page now to enroll and kickstart your AI learning. Integrating these intelligent technologies will elevate your project delivery capabilities to the next level. Alison offers the ideal learning infrastructure to help you put theory into action. Do check it out and start benefiting from AI in project management. |
2024.05.18 06:23 Space_Is_Cool_2005 2000 1100 Single carb conversion
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2024.05.14 18:08 Mophandel Archaeotherium, the King of the White River Badlands
Art by Bob Nicholls submitted by Mophandel to badassanimals [link] [comments] Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself. However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene. However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands. The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts. The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene. Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with. However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect… Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment. Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990). Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivorous mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage. Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem. Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun. Of course, more so than any other entelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey. However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme. However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago. |
2024.05.14 16:25 Mophandel Archaeotherium, the King of the White River Badlands
Art by Bob Nicholls submitted by Mophandel to Naturewasmetal [link] [comments] Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself. However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene. However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands. The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts. The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene. Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with. However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect… Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment. Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990). Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivores mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage. Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem. Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun. Of course, more so than any other ettelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey. However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme. However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago. |