Pa residency certification form

DPS-414-C revision date question

2024.05.15 01:45 wfusco DPS-414-C revision date question

Does the Rev. date on the (DPS-414-C) Certificate of Possession matter? From my knowledge based on other govt forms it doesn't ( DD-214 is valid no matter revisions are made to the form). Thanks all
submitted by wfusco to CTguns [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:40 katelovesmeiu Professional Challenger Coach Verified Metafy & Coachify Partner Eight Years of Coaching Experience Over 7.000 Sessions Held Over 4.000 Students US Collegiate Coach Guaranteed Improvement & Personalized Plans Available Coaching Subscriptions & Individual Sessions Discord > shelbion👑

Book Your Free Consultation Today! > Discord @ shelbion

About Me

My name is Shelbion and I've been an avid League of Legends player for over a decade. In Season 4, I reached Challenger for the first time and even considered pursuing a professional career. However, after much reflection, I decided to pursue other challenges within the game.
Some of my notable achievements as a player include:

Coaching

With over 7.000 hours of coaching experience, I fall into the category of one of the most experienced individuals in the field. My experience, passion, and ability to identify your flaws and tailor each session to your needs make me stand out as a Coach.
I've studied the techniques of renowned coaches, such as LS, MagiFelix, and others, and I've developed my unique coaching approach. So far, my approach has helped countless individuals, and over 20 teams advance their competitive play, across 5 different continents, including members of various College and University eSport Teams.
Some of my notable achievements include:
I am dedicated to continuously honing my skills and providing the best coaching experience possible to all of my clients, regardless of their rank or location.

Subscription Based Coaching

Verifications & Certifications

Community

In addition to my experience as a Player, I am also the Founder of Noxus Coaching - a rapidly growing, educational community on Discord. Our community is a great place to find new friends to play with, have a good time, and most importantly, improve your skills.
We hold various events on a weekly basis, including 1v1 & 5v5 tournaments, meme contests, and more. There are plenty of rewards to be won, including free coaching sessions with me. To join our community, visit https://discord.gg/RHW9BMxRd5 and message me upon joining to receive your role.

Podcast

How Does it Work?

We will schedule an initial Interview during which we can discuss your goals and I can provide a more detailed explanation of my coaching services. This interview will typically last for 3-5 minutes.
The First Session is designed to assess your current level of gameplay and identify areas for improvement. After conducting an analysis, I will create a Personalized Coaching Plan tailored to your specific needs. This plan will outline a series of sessions designed to maximize your improvement.
The Coaching Plan may include various session types, such as:
All sessions will be personalized and created specifically for each student's needs. By following this plan, you can feel confident that you are taking the most effective steps to achieve your goals.

Personalized Support (Available 24/7)

In addition to the structured coaching sessions, I offer personalized support to my clients on a 24/7 basis. Whether you have a specific question or just want to debrief after a tough game, I am always available to help. Simply message me and I will respond as quickly as possible.

AvailabilityPricesPayments

I am able to cover any server and any timezone! Rates for both Private and Team coaching are negotiable. We will easily get the sessions to fit your budget and your needs.
Payments are usually done through PayPal, however other forms of Payment such as Direct Transfer can be discussed.

Contact

Main form of contact is Discord on which you can find me at shelbion (Or Shelbion#8832)
Feel free to message me either on Discord or through a Direct Message on Reddit and I will come back to you as quickly as possible.
submitted by katelovesmeiu to LeagueMarket [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:40 katelovesmeiu Professional Challenger Coach Verified Metafy & Coachify Partner Eight Years of Coaching Experience Over 7.000 Sessions Held Over 4.000 Students US Collegiate Coach Guaranteed Improvement & Personalized Plans Available Coaching Subscriptions & Individual Sessions Discord > shelbion👑

Book Your Free Consultation Today! > Discord @ shelbion

About Me

My name is Shelbion and I've been an avid League of Legends player for over a decade. In Season 4, I reached Challenger for the first time and even considered pursuing a professional career. However, after much reflection, I decided to pursue other challenges within the game.
Some of my notable achievements as a player include:

Coaching

With over 7.000 hours of coaching experience, I fall into the category of one of the most experienced individuals in the field. My experience, passion, and ability to identify your flaws and tailor each session to your needs make me stand out as a Coach.
I've studied the techniques of renowned coaches, such as LS, MagiFelix, and others, and I've developed my unique coaching approach. So far, my approach has helped countless individuals, and over 20 teams advance their competitive play, across 5 different continents, including members of various College and University eSport Teams.
Some of my notable achievements include:
I am dedicated to continuously honing my skills and providing the best coaching experience possible to all of my clients, regardless of their rank or location.

Subscription Based Coaching

Verifications & Certifications

Community

In addition to my experience as a Player, I am also the Founder of Noxus Coaching - a rapidly growing, educational community on Discord. Our community is a great place to find new friends to play with, have a good time, and most importantly, improve your skills.
We hold various events on a weekly basis, including 1v1 & 5v5 tournaments, meme contests, and more. There are plenty of rewards to be won, including free coaching sessions with me. To join our community, visit https://discord.gg/RHW9BMxRd5 and message me upon joining to receive your role.

Podcast

How Does it Work?

We will schedule an initial Interview during which we can discuss your goals and I can provide a more detailed explanation of my coaching services. This interview will typically last for 3-5 minutes.
The First Session is designed to assess your current level of gameplay and identify areas for improvement. After conducting an analysis, I will create a Personalized Coaching Plan tailored to your specific needs. This plan will outline a series of sessions designed to maximize your improvement.
The Coaching Plan may include various session types, such as:
All sessions will be personalized and created specifically for each student's needs. By following this plan, you can feel confident that you are taking the most effective steps to achieve your goals.

Personalized Support (Available 24/7)

In addition to the structured coaching sessions, I offer personalized support to my clients on a 24/7 basis. Whether you have a specific question or just want to debrief after a tough game, I am always available to help. Simply message me and I will respond as quickly as possible.

AvailabilityPricesPayments

I am able to cover any server and any timezone! Rates for both Private and Team coaching are negotiable. We will easily get the sessions to fit your budget and your needs.
Payments are usually done through PayPal, however other forms of Payment such as Direct Transfer can be discussed.

Contact

Main form of contact is Discord on which you can find me at shelbion (Or Shelbion#8832)
Feel free to message me either on Discord or through a Direct Message on Reddit and I will come back to you as quickly as possible.
submitted by katelovesmeiu to LeagueCoachingGrounds [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:39 katelovesmeiu Professional Challenger Coach Verified Metafy & Coachify Partner Eight Years of Coaching Experience Over 7.000 Sessions Held Over 4.000 Students US Collegiate Coach Guaranteed Improvement & Personalized Plans Available Coaching Subscriptions & Individual Sessions Discord > shelbion👑

Book Your Free Consultation Today! > Discord @ shelbion

About Me

My name is Shelbion and I've been an avid League of Legends player for over a decade. In Season 4, I reached Challenger for the first time and even considered pursuing a professional career. However, after much reflection, I decided to pursue other challenges within the game.
Some of my notable achievements as a player include:

Coaching

With over 7.000 hours of coaching experience, I fall into the category of one of the most experienced individuals in the field. My experience, passion, and ability to identify your flaws and tailor each session to your needs make me stand out as a Coach.
I've studied the techniques of renowned coaches, such as LS, MagiFelix, and others, and I've developed my unique coaching approach. So far, my approach has helped countless individuals, and over 20 teams advance their competitive play, across 5 different continents, including members of various College and University eSport Teams.
Some of my notable achievements include:
I am dedicated to continuously honing my skills and providing the best coaching experience possible to all of my clients, regardless of their rank or location.

Subscription Based Coaching

Verifications & Certifications

Community

In addition to my experience as a Player, I am also the Founder of Noxus Coaching - a rapidly growing, educational community on Discord. Our community is a great place to find new friends to play with, have a good time, and most importantly, improve your skills.
We hold various events on a weekly basis, including 1v1 & 5v5 tournaments, meme contests, and more. There are plenty of rewards to be won, including free coaching sessions with me. To join our community, visit https://discord.gg/RHW9BMxRd5 and message me upon joining to receive your role.

Podcast

How Does it Work?

We will schedule an initial Interview during which we can discuss your goals and I can provide a more detailed explanation of my coaching services. This interview will typically last for 3-5 minutes.
The First Session is designed to assess your current level of gameplay and identify areas for improvement. After conducting an analysis, I will create a Personalized Coaching Plan tailored to your specific needs. This plan will outline a series of sessions designed to maximize your improvement.
The Coaching Plan may include various session types, such as:
All sessions will be personalized and created specifically for each student's needs. By following this plan, you can feel confident that you are taking the most effective steps to achieve your goals.

Personalized Support (Available 24/7)

In addition to the structured coaching sessions, I offer personalized support to my clients on a 24/7 basis. Whether you have a specific question or just want to debrief after a tough game, I am always available to help. Simply message me and I will respond as quickly as possible.

AvailabilityPricesPayments

I am able to cover any server and any timezone! Rates for both Private and Team coaching are negotiable. We will easily get the sessions to fit your budget and your needs.
Payments are usually done through PayPal, however other forms of Payment such as Direct Transfer can be discussed.

Contact

Main form of contact is Discord on which you can find me at shelbion (Or Shelbion#8832)
Feel free to message me either on Discord or through a Direct Message on Reddit and I will come back to you as quickly as possible.
submitted by katelovesmeiu to LeagueCoaching [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:34 brachiosaurex Filing Form 1040-X for FICA refund as a non-resident alien on F-1 OPT?

Hi everyone! I am a current F-1 student working on OPT, and my employer mistakenly withheld my FICA (social security + medicare) taxes from my paycheck in 2023. My employer was unable to give me a refund, so I filed Form 843 and 8316 (before I filed my tax return this year) as outlined here: https://oiss.yale.edu/employment-taxes/us-taxes/social-security-and-medicare-tax-refund
I also filed my taxes this past year with a 1040-NR but today, I received a letter from the IRS stating claiming that my claim could not be processed as my supporting information was not complete (which is strange since I followed IRS publication 519 to the T and included my W2, visa, I94, I-20, EAD, and got a statement from my employer about the overpayment of FICA taxes). The letter also said that that "You must claim the excess FICA withheld by filing a Form 1040-X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return." When I try to look this up online, I see no websites or topics discussing this, and was wondering if anyone has experienced this before? If so, what did you end up submitting alongside the 1040-X and were you ultimately successful in getting your FICA taxes back? Or in this case, should I mail another copy of form 843 and 8316 with my documents again and hope that my case isn't rejected?
submitted by brachiosaurex to tax [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:32 FOREXcom USD falters ahead of US CPI, ASX set to track Wall Street higher? Asian Open May 15, 2024

USD falters ahead of US CPI, ASX set to track Wall Street higher? Asian Open May 15, 2024
The USD was weaker despite higher producer prices, as traders placed greater emphasis on last month's figures being revised lower. And that now sees a 51% chance of a September Fed cut, according to Fed Fund futures.
By : Matt Simpson, Market Analyst
If there’s a case to be made that traders simply see what they want, it is visible in the US dollar’s reaction compared to headlines. Jerome Powell said that whilst he expects inflation to move lower, it likely won’t be as quickly as he expected. And US producer prices were hotter than expected on the eve of a Key CPI report, Yet traders took more notice of that fact that prior figures were revised lower. Perhaps I’m wrong to do so, but I would place greater emphasis on incoming data over downward revisions of past data. Yet with bond yields and the US dollar lower, who am I to argue.

  • The US dollar closed below 105 and US yields were broadly lower on bets the Fed could cut rates this year.
  • Fed fund futures now imply a 51% chance of a September rate cut, or 45.2% chance of one in November.
  • GBP/USD was the strongest major thanks to firmer economic data bringing doubt to a June rate cut by the BOE
  • A bullish engulfing day formed on NZD/USD, AUD/USD closed at a 6-day high
  • Gold recouped most of Monday’s losses to reveal demand around $2333
  • Wall Street indices pushed higher to see the S&P 500 trade just -0.34% from its all-time high, whilst the Nasdaq 100 is -0.77% below its record high

US dollar index (DXY) technical analysis:

https://preview.redd.it/u9wjjpjm7h0d1.png?width=1532&format=png&auto=webp&s=bddab4ba6fc89e54ca33b7717d527ae8abeae0d1
We didn’t see the expected bounce on the US dollar, which instead has closed below 105 with an outside day and is now trying to hold above the 50-dy EMA. Yet I remain unconvinced prices will simply fall to my 104.50 target unless CPI data comes in very soft later today. RSI (2) is approaching oversold, and the 50-day EMA is likely to provide a level of support, at least initially.
Click the website link below to get our Guide to central banks and interest rates in Q2 2024.
https://www.forex.com/en-us/market-outlooks-2024/q2-central-banks-outlook/
https://preview.redd.it/b2djv69v7h0d1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=c0626ce351d58f01cdbce74d2118ced128c534ce

BOE June cut appears less likely

UK data threw an inevitable spanner in the work for a potential June cut from the BOE, with earnings remaining relatively high at 6% (or 5.7% y/y including bonus, above 5.3% expected and unchanged from prior). The jobless claimant amount also fell to 8.9l (13.9k expected) and prior revised to -2.4k from 10.9k. -177 jobs were lost, but this was not as bad as the -215k consensus estimate. Still, BOE’s Chief Economist Pill said that it was “not unreasonable” to consider rate cuts over the summer, although it is unclear whether this refers to June or August. My bet August, and the rebound of GBP appears to back this up.

US-China trade war heating up one more

Shots have been fired by the Whitehouse after they unveiled steeper of tariffs on China, which include EV batteries, medical products and computer chips. EV duties have quadrupled from 5% to 100% and semiconductors have been doubled to 50%. Clearly this is a ploy to look tough on China in the name of in the name of American jobs in the lead up to the elections. Yet it is worth pointing out these inflationary policies could become an own goal and spark a fresh trade war. As expected, China were quick to vow retaliation and take measures to defend its interests.


Economic events (times in AEST)

  • 09:50 – Japan foreigner stock/bond purchases
  • 11:30 – Australia wage price index
  • 19:00 – Euro GDP, employment, industrial production
  • 22:30 – UC CPI, retail sales
  • 00:00 – Fed Vice Chair for Supervision Barr Speaks, US business inventories, retail inventories
  • 02:00 – Fed Atlanta GDPnow

Click the website link below to get our exclusive Guide to index trading in Q2 2024.
https://www.forex.com/en-us/market-outlooks-2024/q2-indices-outlook/
https://preview.redd.it/d4mjyzf18h0d1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=ac1f296f917ebc9a29ddef0c15452ca77a168935

ASX 200 technical analysis:

  • The ASX 200 cash index formed a relatively small bearish outside / engulfing day as it retraced against last week’s bullish range expansion
  • Given Wall Street remains supported and SPI futures were higher overnight, I suspect the cash index is building up for another leg higher
  • SPI 200 futures are on track for a bullish engulfing day, and prices have been coiling up within a small symmetrical triangle pattern which assumes a bullish breakout
  • The 1-hour chart shows a volume cluster around 7780, so any low-volatility retracements towards the 7772 low could be appealing to bullish sewing traders
  • RSI (2) is overbought, hence the bias for an initial retracement lower before the anticipated breakout occurs
  • A break above 7800 assumes bullish continuation, and brings the 7580 high into focus, below the 7866 high-volume nice
https://preview.redd.it/eufhsk888h0d1.png?width=780&format=png&auto=webp&s=966107cb4db59cbe85a6a0e0f1e4d0e691d2baf7
https://preview.redd.it/252ypwv98h0d1.png?width=1535&format=png&auto=webp&s=954fbdaf844e9b51941c8bda79eccfe9060d8488
-- Written by Matt Simpson
Follow Matt on Twitter u/cLeverEdge
https://www.forex.com/en-us/news-and-analysis/usd-falters-ahead-of-us-cpi-asx-set-to-track-wall-street-higher-asian-open-2024-05-15/
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2024.05.15 01:31 Housecuba1234 Please help me to solve this 2022 case.

Jane is retired after 33 years as an executive. Her income consists of interest, dividends, and social security. Your assignment is to prepare Jane's federal income tax return, Form 1040 for the year ending December 31, 2022. Jane resides at 2255 Court Street, Nashville, TN 37037. Jane's SSN 305-44-0001 Jane's DOB is 01/01/1955 Jane started receiving Social Security in January 2022. She received $3,345 per month in SS payments. Form 1099 INT: 5017 (No tax withheld) Form 1099 DIV: 10750 (No tax withheld) Form SSA 1099: 40140 (No tax withheld) Standard Deduction for Senior Single: 14700
Please, in trying to solve this for a test, by my math, line 37 (tax you owe) is 4016 but it's incorrect by the system and I don't know what more to do!!!!
submitted by Housecuba1234 to tax [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:25 NoNarwhal3182 Where to file i-131 form for an asylee with i-485 pending.

I am applying for travel document i-131. My status is asylum granted. I have an I-485 form pending. I live in New York. Where do I send my application?
It looks like I fit into 2 possible categories:
  1. Refugee travel document applicants (resident of New York)
USCIS
Attn: NFB
P.O. Box 4115
Carol Stream, IL 60197-4115
  1. Applicants with a pending Form I-485 (Form I-485 receipt begins with SRC)
USCIS
Attn: NFB
P.O. Box 660867
Dallas, TX 75266-0867
Which address should I send it to? Thanks for your help
submitted by NoNarwhal3182 to USCIS [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 01:02 globaldocs8416 BUY REAL AND FAKE SCANNABLE PASSPORT, RESIDENCE PERMIT, DRIVER'S LICENCE, SCHOOL CERTIFICATE, SSN. IELTS TOEFL IDP, GMAT, ESOL,NE BOSH, VISA STICKERS, DIPLOMAS. CALL/TEXT +18634100948 WhatsApp: @+44 7916 4794 91.

BUY REAL AND FAKE SCANNABLE PASSPORT, RESIDENCE PERMIT, DRIVER'S LICENCE, SCHOOL CERTIFICATE, SSN. IELTS TOEFL IDP, GMAT, ESOL,NE BOSH, VISA STICKERS, DIPLOMAS. CALL/TEXT +18634100948 WhatsApp: @+44 7916 4794 91. submitted by globaldocs8416 to globaldocus8416 [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:44 shaunrozario Embedded presents: Antigone, Spedned & Jack Jennings 17th May 2024

Location 📍- Wigwam, 54 Middle Abbey St, Dublin 1
Date 📅 - 17-05-2024 (Friday)
Time ⌚ - 23:00 - 03:00
Venue Type - Club (Indoors)
Organizer - Embedded
Ticket Link - https://ra.co/events/1908271
About the Event - From The Event Page
LINEUP
May 17th we welcome Antigone to his long await and highly anticipated Irish debut at Wigwam alongside Spedned & Jack Jennings.
At the the forefront of the French techno scene, Antigone stands as a leader and mentor for a whole new generation of electronic music producers and djs.
Well versed in multiple stylings, his entry into the world of electronic music has been highly acclaimed with his initial EP Forbidden Works published by Construct Re-form.
Now focusing his sounds on the techno movement of the late 90s into the early 2000s, he’s adopted a fresh stylistic approach.
Taking a step away from the BPM race that has taken over the industry in favour of quality cuts and groove-etched soundscapes to set dance floors alight.
It’s an honour to welcome such an important and influential figure in the techno community to his Irish debut.
Support coming in the way of some of the best talents the country has to offer.
Spedned one of the most technically gifted DJs we’ve seen in recent times who is now making waves with his productions.
Along with Jack Jennings who has consistently been ripping dance floors apart with some of the best productions about & excellent DJ skills
Tickets available via eventbrite & Resident Advisor: €5/10/17.5
Link in our bio
This one’s genuinely HUGE.
submitted by shaunrozario to MusicEventsIreland [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:41 kelsi_allen Informatics Positions for PAs

Looking for information on PA roles in clinical informatics including anyone's personal experience or knowledge of the filed.
Background: I have been working in the ER for over 6 years and prior to that spent two years working in a clinic and am very ready to make a change. I felt extremely trapped in my schedule at the clinic with patient's scheduling 6+ months out and with very little flexibility or PTO. I love my flexibility in the ER but the liability and burnout have made me realize I cannot continue for 30+ years. I have been looking into clinical informatics positions for PAs and am not seeing a lot posted. I was curious if anyone here has a job in informatics either at a hospital or consulting company etc. I have a sibling who works in informatics as a pharmacist and have spoken with some of the members of the small informatics team at my current hospital, but otherwise don't have many resources. I am having a hard time finding what a typical day looks like as well as the type of additional certifications or degrees that are preferred. I have seen some education options on the AMIA website, however they are about $400 for non-members and I am hesitant to commit if it won't be helpful. Any advice anyone has would be so appreciated. Any other non-clinical options you know of that don't involve sales, research or extensive travel are also appreciated.
submitted by kelsi_allen to physicianassistant [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:34 Vukobasa Prof. dr. Vojislav P. Nikčević: Crnogorski jezik (2.dio)

Prof. dr. Vojislav P. Nikčević: Crnogorski jezik (2.dio)
Prof. dr. Vojislav P. Nikčević CRNOGORSKI JEZIK
III. CRNOGORSKI PRAVOPISI
U dukljanskom periodu crnogorskog jezika u primarnoj službenoj upotrebi je bila kodifikovana književnostandardna, zvanična norma važeća za latinski jezik i abecedu. A kako je izgledala sekundarna kodifikovana norma crnogorskoga književnog jezika u tome istom periodu mi danas možemo samo da naslućujemo, jer se nije sačuvao nijedan njegov izvorni tekst u osnovi pisan mjesnijem jezikom dukljanskijeh Slovena. Biće da je norma toga književnog jezika pravopisno bila regulisana slično kodifikatorskijem normativima onijeh slovenskijeh naroda koji su se u ravni standardne upotrebe koristili svojijem govornim jezicima i latinicom. Takvi su na primjer hrvatski, slovenački, češki, slovački i poljski jezik. Teško se domaća riječ iskazivala stranijem pismima.
U toku trajanja zetskog perioda (1183-1360) na snazi je bio pravopis staroslovenskog jezika zetske (crnogorske) redakcije (recenzije), pod uticajem A. Belića u filološkoj i lingvističkoj literaturi najčešće neosnovano zvanoj tzv. "zetsko-humskom" redakcijom ili recenzijom. Njegov tip predstavljao je smjesu jezika makedonskijeh Slovena iz okoline Soluna i našega govornog jezika, u Zetu uveden za potrebe širenja pravoslavlja pod nemanjićkom vrhovnom upravom u doba trajanja srpske dominacije nad njom. Drugim riječima, lingvistički tip o kojemu je riječ nije bio ništa drugo do staroslovenski jezik artikulisan na zetski (crnogorski) način u novonastalijem društveno-političkim i kulturnim prilikama.
U predvukovskome periodu (od 1360. god. do početka tridesetijeh godina XIX stoljeća) dolazi do zaokreta od staroslovenskoga jezika zetske redakcije kao obrednog, liturgijskog jezika, prema upotrebi crnogorskog jezika. U tome veoma dugom periodu ponovo se u književnoj upotrebi koristi njegov govorni realizacijski oblik, isto onako kao što je široko upotrebljavan i u ranijemu, dukljanskome periodu. Naravno, uporedo s njim u Crnogorsko-primorsku mitropoliju ostao je i dalje da se koristi crkvenoslovenski tip jezika kao oponent svjetovnome narodnom liku jezika.
S obzirom na to da u Crnu Goru, navlastito od vremena dolaska Turaka u XIV vijeku, nije bilo škola, izuzev osnovnijeh manastirskijeh u koje su budući svještenici učili samo elementarnu pis- menost, čitanje i pisanje, da u nju nije bilo visokoučenijeh ljudi i lingvističke literature normativ- noga karaktera, pravopisa, gramatika, rječnika, kojima se utvrđuju pravila čitanja i pisanja, sasvijem je prirodno što se za sve vrijeme trajanja predvukovskog perioda pisalo onako kako se govorilo.
Pisani jezik u tome dugom periodu razvijao se i formirao zavisno od govornog jezika, spontano prirodno i jedinstveno, nekonvencionalno, koliko su to dozvoljavale neprimjerene mu i neadek- vatne ćiriličke i latiničke grafije, do njihova potpunog izjednačavanja, poistovjećenja. To je jedno od temeljnijeh načela po kojima se crnogorski standardni jezik razlikuje od mnogijeh drugih književnijeh jezika, što ga u odnosu na te jezike čini specifičnijem, osobenim. U stvari, Njegoševa maksima: "Ove gore ne trpe regule" ima svoju potpunu i odgovarajuću primjenu u spontano nastaloj samoregulaciji dva realizacijska pojavna vida crnogorskog jezika: podudar- nosti upotrebne (uzusne) norme njegova govornog oblika s nekodifikovanom književ- nojezičkom normom pisanoga jezika na koju je tokom vremena postepeno izvršena standardizacija crnogorskoga književnog kao tzv. folklornoga koiné tipa jezika.
U tome procesu primarnu, presudnu ulogu imala je izuzetno razvijena crnogorska usmena književnost u svijem žanrovima i vrstama, stvarajući na relativno malome geografskom prostoru interdijalektalni ili naddijalektalni tip jezika (koiné). Na taj način je norma usmenosti iz te književnosti postala obrazac, nekodifikovana norma pismenosti u crnogorskome standardnom jeziku i njegovoj pisanoj literaturi. Zapravo kao što je crnogorsko tradicionalno običajno pravo bilo podumijenta kodifikovanoga građanskog prava na daleko čuvenoga Opšteg imovinskog zakonika za kneževinu Crnu Goru Valtazara Bogišića (1888), tako je isto govorni tip jezika sadržan u lingvističkom modelu crnogorske usmene književnosti postao fundamentalna osnova do genijalnijeh umjetničkijeh visina tvorački realizovanome crnogorskom književnome jeziku u Luči mikrokozma (1845), Gorskom vijencu (1847) i Lažnome caru Šćepanu Malom (1851) Petra II Petrovića Njegoša.
Prvo teorijsko nastojanje pravopisnoga kodifikovanja crnogorskog jezika izvršio je dr Ivan (Antun, Gašpar) Nenadić (Perast, 1723-Dobrota, 1784). Na podlozi kompleksno sprovedene analize Nenadićeva manifesta o jeziku i pravopisu iz njegova Nauka krstjanskog (1768) u kon- tekstu niza pitanja istoriografske, lingvističke i književne naravi koje je pokrenuo, što se odnose ne samo na Boku njegova doba nego uopšte i na Crnu Goru, u zaključku sam kazao da pojava toga manifesta ima prvorazredni značaj za pravilno poimanje i naučno interpretiranje povijesti crnogorskog jezika. Takav njegov značaj na tome planu ogleda se u prvome redu u činjenici što je Nenadić prvi u našu zemlju istakao potrebu izrade pravopisa zasnovanog na fonološkome načelu, u skladu sa zahtjevom "da se lašnje može štjeti kako se govori, a da se izgovara onako kako se i štije". Tako je postupio stoga što je u njegovoj rodnoj Boki i široj Crnoj Gori na tome istom načelu u toku minulijeh stoljeća spontanom prirodnom standardizacijom formiran književni jezik Crnogoraca. Tek će pedeset godina nakon Nenadića, na istome fonološkom prin- cipu i prvashodno na crnogorskoj književnojezičkoj osnovici od koje je i sam polazio, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić u Srpskome rječniku iz 1818. godine teorijski utemeljiti svoj i Daničićev tip "srpskoga" standardnog jezika. Fonološko načelo koje je dr Nenadić zastupao, posredstvom novog pravopisa i Karadžić-Daničićeva modela književnog jezika, saglasno s njegovom kodifikovanom književnom normom "općena pravilnost", biće službeno i praktično odobreno tek sto godina poslije objavljivanja Nauka krstjanskog, tj. godine 1868, kada je ukinuta i pošljednja zabrana Vukove reforme i njegov pravopis uveden u srpske škole.
Prvi pokušaj pravopisne kodifikacije crnogorskog jezika za školske potrebe uradio je obrazovani Mostarac Dimitrije Milaković (1805-1858) u Srbskoj grammatici, sastavljenoj za crnogorsku mladež (Cast prva, Cetinje 1838). Iako je bio pristalica Karadžićeve filološke teorije, oličene u geslu: "jedan jezik (srpski) = jedan narod (Srbi)", Milaković je smatrao da Crnogorci postoje i kao poseban, crnogorski narod, koji pošeduje i svoj, crnogorski jezik. Šljedstveno ovome, on je u svoju Grammatiku ustrojio obšta i osobita pravila, dvije norme: glavnu u okviru obštih pravila, što znači kodeks za sve "Srbe" (= štokavce), i posebnu u sklopu osobitijeh pravila, koja obuh- vataju specifične crte što odstupaju od standardnoga jezika Crnogoraca, koji je bez ikakvoga is- torijskog osnova svrstao u hercegovačko narječje, uključio u osobita pravila, koja predstavljaju kodifikovanu normu književnoga jezika Crnogoraca, izvedenu "po ovdašnjem običaju govorenja".
Budući da Milakovićev tip standardnog jezika namijenjenog Crnogorcima sadrži opšte i posebne srukture iz internacionalnoga i crnogorskog nacionalnoga lingvističkog sloja, sa sigur- nošću se može tvrditi da ga je uspješno kodifikovao. To je uradio bolje od svijeh docnijih kodifikatora jezika koji su bili opterećeni etničkijem i jezikoslovnim unifikatorskijem idejama i opredjeljenjima, jer su kodifikovanu normu književnog jezika jedino temeljili na opštem, ispol- javajući pri tom izrazitu tendenciju koja je išla za brisanjem svijeh razlika u njegovome poslov- nom (administrativnome), naučnome i publicističkom stilu. Drugim riječima, i pored toga što je u osobita pravila uključio samo manji broj crnogorskijeh jezičkijeh specifičnosti, Milaković je ovi posao, gledao teorijski, načelno, valjano obavio upravo zbog toga što je polazio od činjenice da su Crnogorci i samosvojan narod koji pošeduje vlastiti jezik. Tako je izbjegao upotrebu bilo kakvijeh termina što imaju diskriminatorski karakter; u svoju kodifikaciju standardnog jezika Crnogoraca opšte i posebno je tretirao ravnopravno. Na taj način se približio njihovoj praksi iz- jednačavanja nekodifikovanoga književnog jezika s mjesnijem govornijem jezikom, tj. svojevrsnoga tipa sačinjenog od najranijega pismenog i pisanoga jezika čija se standardizacija u prošlosti vršila spontano stoljećima i u drugoj polovini XVIII vijeka već rezultirala definitiv- nijem prerastanjem pisanoga jezika u nekodifikovani književni jezik. U stvari, Milakovićeva kodifikacija se i pojavila kao rezultanta velike zrelosti i duge razvojne tradicije toga tipa jezika".
Uprkos tome što je Vuk Karadžić prije i poslije početka tridesetijeh godina XIX stoljeća u Crnu Goru imao velik broj pristalica, šljedbenika i nastavljača njegove reforme, pa čak među njima dvojicu književnika, najvećijeh Crnogoraca, Petra I i Petra II Petrovića Njegoša, nekodifikovani crnogorski standardni jezik se manje-više sve do školske 1863/64. godine razvijao na tradicional- nijem osnovama. Srpski književnik Ljubomir P. Nenadović je prvi put došao u Crnu Goru 1857. godine i tom prilikom je našao da je u crnogorske škole iz pedesetijeh i prve polovine šez- desetijeh godina jezik "crnogorski; u mnogome različan... od onoga priznatog, lepog jezika, na kom je biblija prevedena (misli se na Vukov "srpski" književni jezik - V. N.). Govorio sam jed- nom prilikom na Cetinju da bi trebalo, radi književnog jedinstva, da uvedu onaj jezik kojim se danas piše u Beogradu i Novom Sadu. Taj jezik, na kom se dosada najviše pisalo i radilo, ostaće za svagda kao srpski književni jezik. Ako Crnogorci produže svoje škole kao dosada, onda, posle sto godina, između ta dva jezika (crnogorskoga i srpskog književnog jezika V. N.) biće veća razlika nego što je između portugalskog i španskog. Ja ne kažem koji je jezik lepši; samo napominjem: da bi, za ljubav književnoga jedinstva, trebalo da manjina pristupi većini; i da svi koji jedno srpsko ime na sebi nose (ovde će se Crnogorci smatraju "Srbima" na bazi iden- tifikovanja srpskog imena s istočnijem pravoslavljem - V. N.) počnu i jednim jezikom pisati. No na Cetinju nisu nimalo skloni tome. Oni vele: mnogo je lepše i običnije kazati: 'lijepa, bijela, sijeda kosa u deda'; nego: 'lepa, bela, seda kosa u deda'".
Poznato je da su Srbi i Hrvati sredinom prošlog vijeka ispoljavali težnju da se ujedine u književnom govoru. Godine 1850. sastaju se u Beču Hrvati: L. Kukuljević, D. Demetar, I. Mažuranić, V. Pacel, S. Pejaković, Srbi: V. Karadžić, Dj. Daničić i Slovenac F. Miklošič. Tada, najviše pod Vukovijem uticajem, zaključuju da "jedan narod jednu književnost treba da ima", da "ne valja miješajući narječja graditi novo..., nego da je bolje od narodnijeh narječja izabrati jedno, da bude književni jezik", da "nije moguće pisati tako, da bi svak mogao čitati po svojem narječju". Stoga smatraju "da je najpravije i najbolje primiti južno narječje, da bude književno", tj. ijekavski govor. Mjesto e treba pisati ije, je; glas h de mu je po etimologiji mjesto, ali ne i u genitivu imenica množine; samoglasno r valja pisati bez popratnijeh znakova. Zaključke bečkoga Književnog dogovora sažeo je Karadžić u Glavna pravila za južno narječje.
U periodu od 1864. do 1918. godine počinje kontinuirano sprovođenje zaključaka bečkoga Književnog dogovora sadržanijeh u Glavnim pravilima za južno narječje, uvođenje Karadžić- Daničićeva "srpskog" standarda u nastavu cetinjske škole, u cetinjskome kalendaru i almanahu Orlić (od 1865) i periodičnijem publikacijama. Nastojanjem J. Sudenčića, izvanjca B. Novakovića, J. Pavlovića i ostalijeh u crnogorsku kulturu i prosvjetu postepeno, veoma sporo se zvanično uvode Vukov fonološki pravopis, Mrkalj-Karadžićeva reformisana ćirilica i Gajeva latinica (prvo u Orliću), direktno i preko Vukovijeh šljedbenika - Dj. Daničića, J. Boškovića, S. Novakovića i J. Živanovića. To se postiže posredstvnom naučnijeh dijela filološkog karaktera i gramatika namijenjenih školskijem potrebama. Od naznačenog vremena u crnogorski književni jezik počinje da se ukršta staro i novo, pa čak i da se sukobljava. Tokom vremena na Cetinje se sve više štampaju novom ćirilicom i Vukovijem pravopisom beletristička djela izvanjaca i Crnogoraca. Započeo je proces planskoga, sistematskog potiskivanja, arhaizacija crnogorskijeh primarnih jezičkijeh osobina iz 2. sloja oblicima Karadžićeve "općene pravilnosti" koji su do tada u govornome, odnosno standardnom jeziku Crnogoraca kao njihovi dubleti mahom bili dijalek- tizmi ili provincijalizmi. U stvari, zbog teorijski i deklarativno promijenjene etničke osnove, ušljed Vukove kodifikovane norme utemeljene na novoj, opšteštokavskoj koncepciji, tj. na pos- tulatima koji su fundirani na apstraktnoj upotrebnoj normi, sada su njihove uloge promijenje: ranije sekundarne crte postaju primarne, a primarne se tretiraju sekundarnima. One se pos- tepeno, kao provincijalizmi i dijalektizmi, isključuju iz književne upotrebe. U djelima literar- nijem, umjesto ranije neutralne, sada dobijaju samo stilsku vrijednost. Krupne promjene donosi kodifikovana književnojezička norma, koja se više ne oslanja na crnogorsku tradicionalnu uzus- nu normu. Nalazi se izvan prirodno konstituisanoga bića crnogorskog naroda, pa samim tijem i njegova jezika, uglavljena je upravo tako kao da su gotovo svi južnoslovenski (= štokavski) narodi jedna nacija koja se služi samo jednijem (srpskim) narodnijem i književnijem jezikom.
Tako je bilo u prijelaznome i vukovskom periodu.
U međuratno doba, shodno politici socijalnoga i nacionalnog ugnjetavanja Crnogoraca, dolazi do prinudnog brisanja, denacionalizacije i asimilacije karakteristika njihova standardnog jezika. Zvanično i nezvanično prodiru ekavizmi i dr. oblici iz srpskog jezika u crnogorsku ad- ministraciju, nastavu, udžbeničku literaturu i u periodične publikacije. Belićevijem Pravopisom Srpskohrvatskog Književnog jezika (Beograd 1923, drugo, prerađeno izdanje 1929. i treće, popravljeno izdanje 1934) iz crnogorskoga književnog jezika odstranjene su posebnosti: likovi tipa ćerati, ćešiti, českota, ded, delo, devojka, življeti, trpljeti, grmljeti, svrbljeti, rječca god, gode, oblici pridjevsko-zamjeničke tvrde o deklinacije: -ijem, -ijeh, -ijema (tijem, tijeh, tijema, žutijem, žutijeh, žutijema, koji su zamijenjeni do tada slabo frekventnijema u crnogorskome govornom jeziku kraćijem oblicima: tih, tim, tima, žutim, žutih, žutima), velik broj leksema, frazeologizama i dr. Crnogorski jezik se, u skladu sa zvaničnijem tumačenjem što negira postojanje Crnogoraca kao samosvojnoga naroda i nacije, odnosno službeno propagira da oni nijesu ništa drugo do etnička grupa "srpskog plemena", tretira i u lingvistici i filologiji interpretira kao "južni govor (dijalekat) sprskohrvatskog jezika". Nerazumljivi izrazi i oblici iz srpskog jezika ušli su čak i u bukvare: svet (svijet ili svetac?), jege (?!), šarage, (?!) i sl. I od Crnogoraca je malo ko tada pisao ijekavski. Ekavski su pisali ne samo crnogorski pisci koji su literarno izrazitije obilježili svoju epohu (Risto Ratković, Dušan Đurović), nego u početku i brojni književnici iz pokreta tzv. socijalne literature. Ekavizira se čak Gorski vijenac i toponomastika.
Crnogorski književni jezik i u periodu socijalističke izgradnje, do 1960. godine, razvijao se zavis- no do narodnosnijeh i jezikoslovnijeh koncepcija A. Belića, sadržanim u njegovom Pravopisu srpskohrvatskog književnog jezika iz 1950. i lingvističkijem djelima normativnog karaktera utemeljenijem na tome Pravopisu. Na taj način su i ovijem Pravopisom, odnosno normativ- nijem djelima u skladu s njim radenim, crnogorske jezičke posebnosti iz 2. i 3. sloja stavljene van zvanične književnojezičke norme. Drugijem riječima, izvlačeći iz imena jezika njegov sadržaj, proglašavajući spomenute posebnosti dijalektalnijem i pokrajinskijem oblicima, i pos- lijeratnom kodifikovanom normom isključene su iz standardne sfere upotrebe. Istina, za razliku od Belićevijeh pravopisa tzv. "sh. jezika" iz međuratnoga perioda, Pravopisom iz 1950. godine ravnopravnije su tretirani ijekavski izgovor i crnogorska leksika. No, i pored toga, njegov način postupanja bitno je uticao da crnogorski standardni jezik i u ovome periodu gubi svoje preos- tale strukturne odlike.
Godine 1953. Letopis Matice srpske iz Novog Sada pokrenuo je Anketu o pitanjima srpskohrvatskog jezika i pravopisa. Poslije prikupljenijeh odgovora, Redakcija toga časopisa je od 8. do 10. XII 1954. s anketiranim organizovala sastanak u Novom Sadu. Na njemu su donešeni Zaključci Novosadskog dogovora. Učesnici sastanka su povjerili Matici srpskoj iz Novog Sada i Matici hrvatskoj iz Zagreba da u duhu tijeh Zaključaka sačine zajednički pravopis. Crnu Goru tada niko nije zvanično zastupao. Dvije Matice su izradile Pravopis srpskohrvatskoga/hrvatskosrpskoga književnog jezika. Stupio je na snagu 1960. U 1. tačci Zaključka se veli: "Narodni jezik Srba, Hrvata i Crnogoraca jedan je jezik. Stoga je i književni jezik koji se razvio na njegovoj osnovi oko dva glavna središta Beograda i Zagreba, jedinstven, sa dva izgovora, ijekavskim i ekavskim"10. Prema tome, i ovom prilikom su Crnogorci, Srbi, Hrvati i Muslimani (koji se i ne spominju u Zaključcima) tretirani tako kao da čine samo jedan narod ("Srbohrvate/Hrvatosrbe"), koji pošeduje jedan narodni i književni, "srpskohrvatski/hrvatskosrpski jezik", i to s jedinstvenom upotrebnom i kodifikovanom književnom normom. A to uistinu nije tako.
Primjenom novog Pravopisa iza 1960. nastavljena je da se sprovodi do dana današnjega unifikacija standardnog jezika na način kako se to radi u toku više od sto potonjijeh godina. Čak se i jezik najvećijeh crnogorskih pisaca: Petra I i Petra II Petrovića Njegoša, S. M. Ljubiše i M. M. Popovića i u naše doba proglašava neknjiževnijem, provincijalnim i dijalektalnijem. I naj- novijom novosadskom kodifikacijom crnogorske specifičnosti su stavljene van oficijelne književ- nojezičke norme. Time se objektivno pokazuje i dokazuje da Crnogorci imaju svoj standardni jezik. Zbog Karadžićevijeh i njegovih šljedbenika i nastavljača pogrješnijeh etničkih i lingvis- tičkijeh koncepcija prouzrokovanih primjenom filološke i monogenetske teorije razvitak crnogorskog jezika od 1864. pošao je u suprotvnome smjeru od stanja u kojemu ga je zatekao Ljubomir P. Nenadović. U naše vrijeme on je doveo do gotovo potpunoga uništenja njegova standardnoga realizacijskog oblika.
Pravopisom iz 1960. i lingvističkijem normativnijem djelima s njim usaglašenim crnogorski književni jezik se razara uprkos tome što njegove osobine izriču posebne sadržaje. One su stoljećima efikasno izražavale crnogorski način života, mišljenja i ošećanja, duhovnu konstituciju Crnogoraca, njihovu etiku i estetiku, pogled na svijet, ukratko - bile su zasnovane na zakonitostima crnogorskoga razvoja i kao takve, u najvećemu broju slučajeva, pravilno funkcionisale. Na njemu su stvorena i Njegoševa genijalna djela.
Sve su to bili glavni razlozi kojima sam se rukovodio kad sam na naučnome skupu o prošlosti Crne Gore u diskusiji zastupao gledište o tome da bi takdvu praksu što prije trebalo prekinuti uspostavljanjem kodifikovane književne norme u skladu s interdijalektalnijem sadržajima u govornom jeziku Crnogoraca¹2. A to znači da se nameće prijeka potreba izrade Crnogorskog pravopisa koji bi obezbjedio da naš standard poprimi obličja što ih je imao do 1864, tj. da se približi crnogorskome govornom jeziku kao svojemu podumijentnom obliku na način kako su opstojali u jeziku Petra I i Petra II.
Razumije se, taj novi standard valjalo bi da bude kodifikovan tako da u njemu postoji koegzis- tentna ravnoteža između opštega, internacionalnog, i posebnoga, nacionalnog, što će reći između sadržaja iz 1. i 2. jezičkog sloja, da se iz njega odstrane sve vještačke, neprirodne strukture i sistemske jedinice koje je sam život kao arhaizme odbačio, s jedne, i da se priznaju svi u nj spontano dospjeli uticaji za pošljednjih više od sto godina, s druge strane. To je naš dug prema prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. Tako rade svi kulturni i civilizovani narodi i nacije na kugli zemaljskoj. Među slovenskim narodima i nacijama svojijeh pravopisa još uvijek nemaju samo Crnogorci i Muslimani. Razlog za to leži u činjenici što se oni ne priznaju kao samobitni et- nikumi. Zato izrada pravopisa crnogorskoga kao etnički ali ne i lingvistički posebnog jezika predstavlja jedan od bitnijeh elemenata takve verifikacije Crnogoraca. I u njihovome slučaju, za to odista postoje valjani istorijski razlozi. Uostalom, na takav isti način opstoje i svi ostali slovenski jezici, to jest kao varijantno polarizovani pojavni oblici jednog te istoga, nejedinstvenog praslovenskog lingvističkoga sistema kao njihova zajedničkog prototipa iz kojega su se svi ponaosob razvili na poseaban način kao etnički samorodni jezici.
(Nastaviće se)
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Ovo je dijelom odlomak iz jedinice Crnogorci - Jezik koju sam svojevremeno sačinio kao radnu verziju za 2. izdanje Enciklopedije Jugoslavije (tj. za potrebe njezine Redakcije za SR Crnu Goru u Titogradu). Ta je jedinica docnije, s mojom dozvolom, široko korišćena kao osnova za izradu i drugijeh njezinih neobjavljenih verzija od strane nekih autora u dugoj i teškoj proceduri oko usvajanja jedinice za štampu. Otuda sličnost među njima.
1 U prvoj rečenici objavljene jedinice Cmogorci - Jezik u 2. izdanju Enciklopedije Jugoslavije, 3, Crn - D, Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža", Zagreb 1984, 58, stoji:"Jezik crnogorskog naroda je srpskohrvatski" Očevidno je da je ova formulacija protivurječna u sebi i nesaglasna sa konstatacijom u istoj jedinici: "Srpskohrvatski je još i jezik Hrvata, Muslimana i Stba: Iz ovoga proizilazi kao da su jezik crnogorskoga naroda od njega preuzeli Hrvati, Muslimani i Srbi. To, međutim, ne odgovara stvarnom poretku pojmova. Niko ni od koga nije preuzeo svoj narodni jezik. Neosporno je da sva ta četiri naroda tvore širu dijalekatsku zajednicu, ali ona etnički nije srpskohrvatska i nadnacionalna. To je imao na umu i prof. dr Rikard Simeon kad je u Enciklopedijskome rječniku lingvističkih naziva, II, P-Ž, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1969, 421, napisao da tu istu zajednicu sačinjavaju samobitni nacionalni jezici: hrvatski, srpski, crnogorski". Etnička samosvojnost jezika je tu ipak odlučujuća.
2 Rikard Simeon, Enciklopedijski rječnik lingvističkih naziva, I, A-O, 185. U knjizi Mladi Njegoš. Pjesnikovi putevi ka sintezi, Obod, Cetinje 1978, 239, nap. 64, napisao sam i na konkretnijem primjerima pokazao kako u lingvis- tičkoj literaturi, u pogledu imenovanja crnogorskih govora, vlada velika neujednačenost i zbrka, da se rijetko mogu naći dva autora koji upotrebljavaju istu terminologiju, čak je pojedini proučavaoci jezika u toku života i sami po nekoliko puta mijenjaju. Uz to sam još kazao da njihova terminologija datira čak od vremena turskih i dr. ad- ministrativnih podjela naših teritorija, upravo je uglavljena na njima. Nakon ove kritike i akademik Josip Hamm. Crnogorsko t, d+ jat >ć, d. Crnogorski govori. Rezultati dosadašnjih ispitivanja i dalji rad na njihovom proučavan- ju, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Naučni skupovi. Knjiga 12, Odjeljenje umjetnosti, Knjiga 3, Titograd 1984, 80-81, izrekao je oštru kritiku na račn termina "zetsko-južnosandžački" govori istovremeno zamjerajući dijalektolozima što umjesto njega ne upotrebljavaju odgovarajući naziv crnogorski govori. Mato Pižurica, Predstavljanje javnosti knjige "Crnogorski govori rezultati dosatašnjih ispitivanja i dalji rad na njihovom proučavanju (Izdanje Crnogorske akademije nauka i umjetnosti, Naučni skupovi, knj. 12, Titograd 1984), Glasnik Odjeljenja umjetnosti. Knjiga 6, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Titograd 1985, 302-304, u vezi s Hamovim zalaganjem za upotrebu termina crnogorski govori, prvo izjavljuje da naši dijalektolozi nijesu zadovoljni postojećim terminima, što pokazuje njihovo nabrajanje i činjenica da se gotovo svi javljaju u "opticaju". Po njemu, pitanje nije tabuirano niti, pak, njegovo rješenje konačno. Za svoju tvrdnju se poziva na pisanje Pavla Ivića o spor- nome terminu. "Svi dosad predloženi nazivi za taj dijalekt imaju osetni nedostatak. Potreban je dvočlani naziv koji bi odgovarao tipičnim nazivima jedinica istog ranga (kosovsko-resavski, šumadijsko-vojvođanski, pa i istočnoher- cegovački i mladi ikavski)". U produžetku Ivić obrazlaže u čemu su sve nedostaci naziva "zetski", "zetsko-sjenički", "zetsko-južnosandžački", "zetsko-gornjopolimski" i "zetsko-lovčenski". Poslije ovoga Pižurica izričito veli:"Pred- loženi termin 'crnogorski nije prihvatljiv iz jednostavnog razloga što on neizbježno asocira na cjeloviti teritorij SR Crne Gore, a njega, kao što se zna, dijeli na gotovo dva jednaka dijela jedna od najmarkantuijih dijalekatskih meda na cijelom štokavskom prostoru (Zetski je pogodniji u nazivu zato što je neodređeniji, pa iako prostorna asocijacija nije jasna nije bar pogrešna). Onaj dijalekat koji ne bi bio (i nazivom) označen kao 'crnogorski značilo bi to da ne pripada Crnoj Gori. Iz tih razloga ovoj ideji ne treba pridavati zle primisli, još manje plaširi se ozbiljne zloupotrebe, jer bi upravo on protivurječio nastojanjima da se homogenizuje dijalekatski pejzaž prema današnjim administrativnim granicama." Pižurica ovako piše i pored toga što ga demantuje ne samo Ivić citatom koji je sam naveo nego još i naslov zbornika Crnogorski govori što ga je javnosti predstavio. Uz to, moralo bi mu biti poznato da se crnogorski govori zbilja ne mogu dijeliti na dvije pole, usljed toga što najvećim dijelom zaista tvore opšti, nad- Mitra Pešikana iz istog broja Glasnika Prilog kartografskoj obradi crnogorskih govora (177-190) i Uz zbornik "Crnogorski govori" (191-196). Pešikan demantuje Pižuricu i kad neodgovorno razbija teritorijalni integritet SR karaktera crnogorskog jezika, sam ga M. Peškin verifikuje kad konstatuje da bismo se, možda, mogli "i poviše služiti dijalektalni tip jezika. To se ne može činiti čak ni po akcentima, jer oni u istijem govorima variraju od dvak- cenatskog do četvoroakcenatskog sistema. U pogledu vještačke podjele Pižurici ništa ne mogu pomoći ni dva članka Crne Gore tvrdeći da crnogorski severozapadni govori pripadaju istočnohercegovačkom dijalekatskom tipu na bazi turske okupacije i pripadnosti ranijoj kratkotrajnoj zemlji hercega Stefana Vukčića Kosače (Hercegovini, 1448- 1482) i još ranijemu Humu, oblasti koja se u daljoj prošlosti dosta dugo nalazila u sastavu dukljansko-zetske države. On čak pojam istočnohercegovački kao naziv kojim se imenuje stvarna istočna Hercegovina stavlja pod navodnike (179-180) Pored mnoštva drugijeh dokaza, Pešikana ilustrativno pobija toponim Mala Crna Gora, selo u žabljačkoj opštini pod Durmitorom, koji je takvo ime dobio zato što postoji i velika Crna Gora kao geografski i državno-pravni pojam što obuhvata isto selo i sve severozapadne crnogorske govore. A što se tiče interdijalektalnog terminom naddijalekar" (185).
3 Primjeri su uzeti iz Rečnika uz Celokupna dela Petra II Petrovića Njegoša, III izdanje, knjiga sedma. Sastavili: Mihailo Stevanović (od A do O) i Radosav Bošković (od O do Š) uz surandju Radovana Lalića, Beograd 1974. Potvrde crnogorskih leksičkih i frazeoloških posebnosti naročito su iskazane u velikome (dvotomnome) Rečniku jezika Petra II Petrovića Njegoša, knjiga prva, A-O, strana 608, i knjiga druga, P-S, str. 660, 17x24,5. Izradili: Mihailo Stevanović či saradnici: Milica Vujanić, Milan Odavić i Milosav Tešić, Vuk Karadžić, Narodna knjiga, Obod, Prosveta, Srpska akademija nouka i umetnosti, Srpska književna zadruga, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Beograd, Titograd, Cetinje 1983. U vezi s Rečnikom vidi i Vojislav P. Nikčević, "Provincijalizmi" i "dijalektizmi" u Njegoševu jeziku, Ovdje, godina XVI, br 178, Titograd mart 1984, 9-10 i Dr Vojislav Nikčević, Leksikografski poduhvat, Stvaranje, br. 4, Titograd 1984, 549-562
4 Vidi o jatu: Dr Vojislav P. Nikčević, Kompleks vranjinskih povelja (Povodom knjige Vranjinske povelje XIII-XV vijek Božidara Sekularca, Leksikografski zavod Cme Gore, Biblioteka Montenegrina 2, Titograd 1984), Spone, br. 1, Nikšić 1985, 111-116.
5 Nevenka Novaković Stefanović, ljekavske varijante forme u savremenoj crnogorskoj jezičkoj praksi, Radovi IX, Institut za jezik i književnost u Sarajevu, Odjeljenje za jezik, Sarajevo 1982, 64, argumentovano pokazuje da čak i danas "crnogorski ijekavizam ima i svoje specifičnosti koje ga odvajaju od druga dva tipa ijekavštine: nijesam, sio, srio, zrio, sjedjeti (sedeti), vrijedjeti (vrijedeti), mrzjeti, kisjeo (kišeo), prvjenstvo, sjekirati se (šekirati)".
6 Osim navedenih, potvrde nekijeh crnogorskih jezičkijeh osobina u onomastici iz etnografske i etnološke literature o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima donijeću u završnome dijelu ovog poglavlja.
7 Vidi: Dr. Vojislav Nikčević, Mladi Njegoš. Pjesnikovi putevi ka sintezi, Obod, Cetinje 1978, 128-136
7a O karakteristikama iz svijeh triju jezičkijeh slojeva vidi i Dragoljub Majić, Starinske erte u govoru našeg krajit, Godišnjak nastavnika Podgoričke gimnazija, br. 4, kuj. IV, Podgorica 1933, 16-22.
8 Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, 3. Crn-Đ, 61.
9 Vidi: Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik, 7, Razred za filologiju, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zagreb
1985, 25. U vezi s istim uporedi i: Dr Vojislav Nikčević, Problemske književne studije (Jože Pogačnik: Teme i dileme, Izdavački centar "Revija". Radničko sveučilište "Božidar Maslarić", Osijek 1986), Stvaranje, br. 3. Titograd 1987, 327-328.
10 Vojislav P. Nikčević, Značaj manifesta o jeziku i pravopisu Ivana Nenadića, Ovdje, br 210, 9, i br 211, 8-9, Titograd novembar i decembar 1986.
11 Cmogorski govori. Rezultati dosadašnjih ispitivanja i dalji rad na njihovom proučavanju. Radovi sa naučnog skupa Titograd 12 i 13. maj 1983, Cmogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Naučni skupovi. Knjiga 12. Odjeljenje umjet nosti. Knjiga 3, Titograd 1984, 126-127.
12 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Stara Crna Gora. Etnička prošlost i formiranje crnogorskih plemena. Fototipsko izdanje, Slovo ljubve, Beograd 1978, 770.
13 Isto, 780-781
14 Isto, 785
15 Isto, 8061
16 Isto, 839
17 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Kuči, Bratonožići, Piperi. Fototipsko izdanje, Slovo ljubve, Beograd 1981, 483, 489.
18 Boka (Antropogeografska studija) od popa Save Nakićenovića, Srpski etnografski zbornik, knjiga dvadeseta, Naselja srpskih zemalja, knjiga IX, Srpska kraljevska akademija. U Beogradu 1913, 861-863
19 Crnogorsko primorje i Krajina od Andrije Jovićevića, Beograd 1922, 259.
20 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Stara Crna Gora, 875
21 Isto, 878
22 Isto, 879
23 Pop Sava Nakićenović, Boka, 857.
24 Isto, 859
25 Isto, 861
Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Kuči, Bratonožići, Piperi, 499,
26
27 Isto, 511
28 Isto, 514
29 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Stara Crna Gora, 780.
30 Isto, 792
31 Isto, 793
32 Isto, 821-822
33 Isto, 834
34 Isto, 849
35 Isto, 859
36 Isto, 871
37 Pop Sava Nakićenović, Boka, 842
38 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Stara Crna Gora. 780.
39 Isto, 788
40 Isto, 835. D(alibor) Bro(zović). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, 3. Crn - D. 59, smatra da je u crnogorskom konsonantizmu karakteristična puna otvrdlost glasa či u vezi s time dosljedna opozicija afrikatskih parova ča (dt) i č. 3 (d). Kako mnogi istočnodinarski govori posjeduju u sistemu i glas a (dz) i kako je za tu zonu karakteristična potpunost u najnovijem jotovanju (uključujući ne samo devojka, ćerati nego i śekira, ižest, trplet, a i gotovo opšti proces rjere predstavlja takode svojevrsno jotovanje), naći će se u većini (crnogorskijch) govora kompletan dvanaestočlani inventar kontinuiranih i afrikatskih visokotonskih (akutskih) konsonanata sześźć šču, što je inače rijetkost u jezicima. jezici Glasovi s i 2 uklopili su se u sistem izašavši iz okvira jotovanja i našli su svoju primjenu u hipokoristicima, koji su inače posebno karakteriatični u istočnodinarskoj morfologiji (deklinacija zeko, Lubo, genitiv zeka, Luba, dativ zeku, Lubu)".
41 Pop Sava Nakićenović, Boka, 864,
42 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović. Stara Crna Gora, 844.
43 Isto, 879.
44 Dr Jovan Erdeljanović, Kuči, Bratonožići, Piperi, 331.
45 Isto, 879.
46 Ilustrativan primjer kako se izoglose u opštemu tipu ponašaju i u njegovijem govorima manje-više obilježavaju pretežnu rasprostranjenost očevidno pokažuje rad Sudbina vokalske grupe A+0 (al, 61) u govorima Crne Gore Draga Cupića, Glasnik Odjeljenja umjetnosti, br. 6, 207-216.
47 Vojislav P. Nikčević, O postanku etnonima Dukljani, Zečani i Cmogorci, Ars, br. 3/4, Književna opština, Cetinje
1987, 100-111, i Prof. dr Vojislav Nikčević, Jezičko blago u Cmoj Gori kao izvor za istoriju naroda u zborniku radova Prošlost Crne Gore kao predmet naučnog istraživanja i obrade. Radovi sa naučnog skupa, Titograd, 26. i 27. aprila 1985, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Naučni skupovi. Knjiga 15, Odjeljenje društvenih nauka. Knjiga 7. Titograd 1987, 407-426.
1 Vojislav Nikčević, Jezički i književni značaj crkava i manastira s područja Skadarskog jezera u dukljanskom periodu, Skadarsko jezero. Radovi sa simpozijuma Titograd, 30. i 31. X i 1. XI 1980, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Naučni skupovi. Knjiga 9, Titograd 1983, 670, i Dragoje Živković, Istorija crnogorskog naroda (Od starijeg kamenog doba do kraja srdnjeg vijeka). Tom I, Cetinje 1989, 42-82.
2 Dr Vojislav Nikčević, O jeziku i pismu slovenskih originala legende Vladimir i Kosara Zečanina iz Krajine i Ljetopisa Popa Dukljanina, Stvaranje, br. 10, Titograd 1979, 1591-1603.
3 Dr Vojislav Nikčević, Periodizacija stare crnogorske književnosti, Zbornik radova profesora i saradnika Nastavničkog fakulteta, br. 5-6, Nikšić 1982. 286-290.
4 Dr Stjepan Babić, Jezik, "Panorama", Zagreb 1967, 38.
5 D(alibor) Bro(zović), Crnogorci Jezik, Enciklopedija Jugoslavije 3, Crm Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža", Zagreb 1984, 61.
6 Počev od 1980. godine Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod u Zagrebu izdaje II izdanje Enciklopedije Jugoslavije. Na početku svake od njezinih svesaka nalazi se Transliteracija nacionalnih ćiriličkih pisama na latinicu. Tu nažalost nema crnogorske azbuke, a ima bjeloruske, makedonske, ruske, srpske i ukrajinske ćirilice.
1 A. Belić, Učešće sv. Save i njegove škole u stvaranju nove redakcije srpskih ćiriličkih spomenika, Svetosavski zbornik, knjiga I. Rasprave, Srpska kraljevska akademija. Posebna izdanja, knjiga Gora u doba Nemanjića. Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore, Titograd 1970, 95-111; Josip Hamm, Staroslavenska gramatika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb 1970, 197; Petar Đorđić, Staroslovenski jezik, CXIV. Društveni i istoriski spisi, knjiga 47, Beograd 1936, 253-276; Dimitrije Bogdanović, Književnost, Istorija Crne Gore, knjiga druga. Od kraja XII do kraja XV vijeka. Tom prvi. Crna Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1975, 219.
2 Prof, dr Novica Vojinović, Sistem i jezik u crnogorskom Opštem imovinskom zakoniku, Stvaranje, br. 6, Titograd 1984, 799-806.
3 Vojislav P. Nikčević, Značaj manifesta o jeziku i pravopisu Ivana Nenadića, Ovdje, br. 211, Titograd decembar 1986, 9.
4 Vojislav P. Nikčević, Dimitrije Milaković kao lingvista, Ovdje, br. 198, Titograd novembar 1985, 11.
5 Sabrana dela Ljubomira P. Nenadovića, Beograd 1939, 876.877.
6 Dr Stjepan Babić, Jezik, "Panorama", Zageb 1967, 130.
7 Radivoje Šuković, Prve rasprave o cmogorskim udžbenicima materinjeg jezika i njihov značaj za čistoriju književnog jezika i literature, Zbornik radova povodom 140. godišnjice Njegoševe čškole iz 1834. godine, Cetinje 176, 233-245.
8 Dr Vojislav Nikčević, Vukova reforma jezika i pravopisa i Crnogorci, Obeležja, br. 1, Priština 1988, 28-29.
9 Vidi: Bogić Noveljić, Brisanje crnogorskog književnog jezika, Povodom pitanja školskih udžbewnika, Zeta, br. 14, Podgorica 1936, 3, i Bogić Noveljić, Cma Gora u školskim udžbenicima, Zeta, brč. 47, Podgorica 1937,3.
10 Pravopis srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika sa pravopisnim rečnikom. Izradila Pravopisna komisija, Matica srpska - Matica hrvatska, Novi Sad - Zagreb 1960, 7.
11 Dr Vojislav Nikčević, Neke osobine jezika Marka Miljanova u odnosu na Njegošev i Vukov tip književnog jezika, Obeležja, br. 6, Priština 1989, 181-201.
12 Prošlost Crne Gore kao predmet naučnog istraživanja i obrade, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Naučni skupovi. Knjiga 15. Odjeljenje društvenih nauka. Knjiga 7, Titograd 1987, 541.
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Izvor: Elementa montenegrina: Crnogorski jezik: hrestomatija, Volume 1, 1990.
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submitted by Vukobasa to Crnogorstvo [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:31 _jettywessy Image & PDF files form submission.

Good day everyone. Need lang po ulit ng inyong mga expert opinion. May pinapadagdag kasi saken na bagong feature sa submission ng data. Yung existing is pwede ka na makapag-input with 10+ fields na puro text lang. Then yun na. Yung bago and i-didiscuss this week yung may mga scanned copy na per submission. Siguro mga 5-10+ yung files then tngin ko kaya naman limitahan yung file size. But our IT admin suggested to make it 25mb max file per record. Ang concern ko lang ay mga ito.
Kahit suggestion or idea lang po. Need ko lang kasi ako lang mag-isa gumagawa sa project. Thank you po sa lahat!
submitted by _jettywessy to PinoyProgrammer [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:31 Maks_O Looking for orthodox friends

Hi everyone!
I'm a college student, residing in Philly, PA. I'm also an immigrant. I became an orthodox when I was about 15 years old, then I switched to Protestantism, and now I'm orthodox again. My family are not religious, so I came to faith on my own. I've been struggling with depression and my faith, especially when I moved to the US. I went to college and then a pandemic started, it was hard for me to find new friends. After COVID I got to know some people, but I often felt not close enough with them. I was struggling to find friends like me, especially those who would help me with a spiritual journey. When I'm home I may struggle with depression, and I feel like I get spiritual delusion, negative thoughts just filling my mind and I get apathetic. Before I became a Christian, I feel like I was more simple, but then smth changed with me. Overall, I'm a smart guy, I was TAing and took on some leadership roles in college. But it was often hard for me socializing, especially when I became a Christian, I quickly get busy and rarely speak with people. I wish to find people who would talk with me on any topic and would make meaningful conversations. Hope to get to know you all soon!
submitted by Maks_O to OrthodoxChristianity [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:31 a_smartman US company asked me (resident of another country) to complete W8 form, send my national ID, and to sign a consulting agreement on Docusign to start their "paid trial portion of our interview process", is that a common practice?

I am interviewing for a remote software engineer position for a company located in NYC. I am not a US nor Europe citizen so I am not familiar the common practices there. The company sent me a W8 form and asked me to fill it along with sending a copy of my id, and a written confirmation of my participation. After all that is received they will send me a consulting agreement through Docusign.
Is all that a common practice? and is it safe to send/sign these documents through Email? I feel like this is an overkill for just a technical assessment. Could this data be used in a malicious way?
submitted by a_smartman to digitalnomad [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:25 ItIsSummer391 Ojibwe Dictionary (page 67)

submitted by ItIsSummer391 to Summerlandbutbetter [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:25 restless_rapier Many Unique Spyderco Knives, Accessories and Merch

All prices include shipping within the continental U.S. but I'll ship anywhere if you cover the cost. Ships before this weekend. Please be patient if I don't respond immediately.
Factory New Knives (Never cut, carried, etc):
REC Paramilitary 2 204P (I have two of these!) - $210 each
Knife 1 Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Knife 2 Timestamp 1 2
Both knives together Timestamp 1
Subvert Carbon Fiber Sprint Run 20CV - $330
Timestamp 1 2 3 4 5
Tenacious LW - $45
Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Ikuchi - $175
Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Modified Knives:
Smock (Originally a DLT Trading Exclusive. M390 Steel. Custom Titanium scales machined by Kevin Smock himself. Includes certificate of authenticity. Second detent has been removed so the button compression lock can deploy the blade. Edge is professionally sharpened and polished to a mirror finish. MXG Gear Titanium deep carry pocket clip that matches perfectly) - $375
Timestamp 1 2 3
Nightstick (The top edge that comes blunt from the factory has been sharpened to make this a true dagger. Both edges are professionally sharpened and polished to a mirror finish. Light scratch on the sheath.) - $225
Timestamp 1 2 3
Dragonfly carbon fiber + K390 (This was originally an Almadon LCC exclusive that has had the blade swapped to K390. The hardware and back lock bar has also been swapped to stainless steel to match the blade. This was a user. The blade has a light patina and small oxidation spots have formed but there is no rust.) - $150
Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Caribbean leaf shape (The blade has been acid etched and then stonewashed. LC200N gets a very unique pattern from this process. I've included a closeup picture. The scales have been dyed red. The clip has been swapped to a darker finish Spyderco clip to match the blade. The edge had been professionally sharpened and polished to a mirror finish but I have used it for light tasks since then.) - $160
Timestamp 1 2 3 4 5
Para 3 LW SPY27 (A Spyderco lapel pin has been set into the front scale. A small sharpening choil has been added. This knife was a heavy user. The blade has many scratches.) - $75
Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Users
McBee (Has been sharpened and has light marks on blade. Has a leather lanyard.) - $110
Timestamp 1 2 3 4
Subway Bowie ( Heavy user. Many scratches) - $60 SOLD
Timestamp 1 2 3
Accessories / Merch
Spyderco Bandana (Unopened) - $10 SOLD
Timestamp 1
Spyderco Para 3 Black G10 Scales - $20
Timestamp 1
Spyderco Knife Pins (Yojumbo, Slysz Bowie, Military 2, Stretch 2. All are slightly worn) - $5 each
Timestamp 1
Spyderco Rubber Mat - $15 SOLD
Timestamp 1
If you have detailed questions about blade centering, lock up, action, etc feel free to message me.
Thanks for looking.
submitted by restless_rapier to Knife_Swap [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:18 fnmjd Problem registering in Pennsylvania

So I was recently given a Z6 motorcycle from a client who had let it sit and the lead acid batteries all died. He did not want to spend the time fixing it up. For free, I figured I would make it a hobby. I put a new LiFEPO4 battery in, did the necessary wiring and have it running like a charm. Problem is, I can't get it registered in PA. Problem is the bike came from a secondary seller in Philly that got it through Flybike.com. There is no title or cerificate of origin. Called Flybike to inquire, and they told me that before 2022 they were not required to issue a certificate or title for those bikes. I feel like I'm at a dead end. Anyone have any suggestions? The tag place also said that PennDOT would not accept a signed letter from the original buyer.
Thanks, Mike.
submitted by fnmjd to Electricmotorcycles [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:15 Cqn1ne Waterlooo residence form

I was looking at the form and I couldn’t find where you rank your residence choices, only where you rank the university collages/campus housing, not where you can rank the specific buildings. Is that on a different form somewhere?
submitted by Cqn1ne to OntarioUniversities [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:11 ar_david_hh Second Iran bridge \\ Army command exercises \\ Pro-West parties unite \\ Pashinyan: I will have one EU with some fries and ketchup, please \\ Day 6 of Ninth Crusade: Archbishop vs. Deputy Rector \\ Bentley tax? \\ Yerevan's €25M project \\ Global warming & Sevan \\ Wage stats \\ Gago's Jesus

14-minute read.

average monthly nominal salaries and YoY change in Q1 2024

Yerevan +8% to ֏324K/$836
Syunik +7% to ֏295K/$760
Shirak +7% to ֏142K/$366
Yerevan had the highest wages. Syunik had the highest wages among provinces, while Shirak had the lowest.
REPORT: While the average nominal monthly salary does not always show the level of economic prosperity in a region, its rise has made a tangible difference in Syunik.
SUREN PARSYAN (economist): Syunik has higher wages and strong employment. It is the most prosperous province with the lowest unemployment rate in Armenia: 24% in Armenia, 15% in Yerevan, and 2% in Syunik.
REPORT: Over the last 5 years, the average monthly nominal salaries have risen by 40% while the inflation was 21%.
source,

Armenian army launches command staff exercises

They will exercise the practical implementation of deployment and combat plans, evaluate the commanders' skills, improve the synchronized work between various groups, develop the officers' moral characteristics and practical skills during preparation and combat operations, etc.
They will use automated control systems and modern technologies during the exercises.
source,

Armenia and India will form a new working group for defense cooperation

Defense ministries of AM and IN held a meeting on Tuesday. They discussed the 2024-2025 cooperation plan and the creation of a new working group to coordinate the cooperation.
source,

from PM Pashinyan's speech at Copenhagen Democracy Summit:

PASHINYAN: Democracy has indeed become a reality in Armenia. Before the 2018 Velvet Revolution, massive electoral frauds were the usual companion of elections in Armenia. There was no trust among the citizens that there was a real chance for them to elect the government.
Now the situation is totally different; citizens know that they are powerful enough to decide. The two general elections that were held in Armenia after the Velvet Revolution have been acknowledged as democratic, free, and competitive both by the Armenian society and the international community.
Armenia made huge progress in strengthening the democratic institutions, an achievement reflected in reputable democracy indexes:
(a) Now we are the 43rd in the Reporters Without Borders’ Freedom of Speech index, compared to 79th place in 2017.
(b) Categorized as having partially free internet in 2017 by Freedom House, now we enjoy the status of a country with free internet.
(c) In Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, Armenia is now 62nd instead of 107th in 2017.
(d) In the Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index we are 84th compared to 111th in 2017.
In order to assess this progress, it's essential to note that alongside democratic reforms, Armenia has been contending with external security challenges: the 44-day war in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan's invasion of Armenia in 2021 and 2022 and the occupation of over 200 km2 amid inaction by [Russia's] CSTO, the forced displacement of over 100,000 Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, have cast doubts among Armenian citizens weather democracy is the right choice. So, democracy needs to prove its efficiency while dealing with security, economic and humanitarian challenges.
We are pleased with the deployment of EU monitoring mission alongside the Armenian-Azerbaijani border, and we welcome EU’s decision to expand its capacity. On the other hand, we hope for the inclusion of Armenia into the European Peace Facility and in this regard, we rely on the support of all EU member states [Hungary].
A new set of commitments aimed at strengthening Armenia’s economic resilience, state institutions, and addressing the humanitarian needs of refugees has been taken on by the European Union and United States during the high-level meeting on April 5 in Brussels. The rapid and effective implementation of those commitments is of utmost importance.
Despite all the challenges, we believe that the real and most aspiring companion for democracy is lasting and sustainable peace. My government took the share of its responsibility for this. Recently we reached an agreement with Azerbaijan to launch the delimitation of our interstate borders on the basis of the Almaty Declaration of 1991. That means that during the delimitation we should simply reproduce the Soviet-era administrative borders. This is the implementation of the agreement reached in Prague in 2022. Now it is time to incorporate and reflect those agreements in the peace treaty and have it signed.
Another key point for our regional stability is the «Crossroads of Peace», project, initiated by my government. This project implies that Armenia and Azerbaijan restore and open transport and other communications in accordance with the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the countries through which they pass, and comply with the principles of equality and reciprocity. These elements of the concept were agreed upon during the July 2023 meeting with Ilham Aliyev and Charles Michel. //

... Politico reporter's Q&A with Pashinyan

REPORTER: [Ex-NATO leader] Anders Fogh Rasmussen called your neighbor an autocracy. You are in a very difficult geopolitical and geographical position. How do you solve the security problem in that environment?
PASHINYAN: I would not like to comment on the internal situation of our neighboring countries. Democracy fully corresponds to the mentality of our people. It is a strategy for our government, it is our political belief, it is also our political identity. The members of our political team have spent most of their lives fighting for democracy, the rule of law, and freedom of speech. Now we have the opportunity to realize all these values in our country.
The security situation was complicated because of the regional and global situation; the world order is collapsing at the moment. My assessment is, and I have had occasion to say this publicly, that the 2020 war was a prelude to further developments. And now the main issue is security.
What is our strategic point of view, how are we going to guarantee the security of our country? Recently, I gave a speech in our parliament, where I said that the most important tool for ensuring security is a foreign policy based on legitimacy. This is the reason why we so often speak about the 1991 Almaty Declaration.
It is very important that during the 2022 Prague meeting, two very important agreements were reached. Armenia and Azerbaijan recognize each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty on the basis of the Almaty Declaration and will use it as the basis for the border demarcation. This is the reason why I said that we are not drawing a new border, we just need to reproduce the existing one on the ground. This process is happening right now, and I hope that we will continue it steadfastly.
REPORTER: The border conflict that has occurred in recent years has had a negative impact on relations with Russia and Russia's role for Armenia. What would you say about this?
PASHINYAN: Armenia is a member of CSTO. We are officially a CSTO member, but I have announced that we have frozen our participation.
REPORTER: So are you still a member or...?
PASHINYAN: It is a matter for further discussion, but it is very important to record the current situation. A crisis arose in our relations after Azerbaijani troops invaded Armenia, and according to CSTO procedures, the Organization and its member states had to support Armenia in this situation. But even after the formal application, the CSTO refused to take any concrete steps, and in fact, that is the main reason for freezing our participation in the CSTO at all levels.
REPORTER: Do you expect the West to occupy the current vacuum and ensure your security?
PASHINYAN: We are diversifying our foreign relations in all spheres. Now we are developing defense cooperation with India, France, and other countries. We have a certain cooperation with the European Union because as I mentioned, we are happy about the deployment of the EU Civilian Observation Mission on the border. It is a civilian mission but in a way, it is a new factor for the security of our region. This is the first time that the European Union participates in the security agenda of Armenia.
REPORTER: Would you like to become an EU member?
PASHINYAN: We are waiting for the EU's decision to include Armenia in the European Peace Facility. We also hope to start visa liberalization negotiations, and last year I announced in the European Parliament that Armenia is ready to be as close to the European Union as the European Union deems it possible. This is our position.
REPORTER: Can you elaborate on what initiatives Armenia is taking in the fight against corruption?
PASHINYAN: We have made huge progress but have not eradicated corruption from Armenia. We must continue to be persistent in the agenda of democratic reforms. This is the reason why cooperation with the European Union is of utmost importance for us because today the European Union is our main partner in the implementation of our democratic reform agenda. We hope that the European Union, as well as the USA, will increase their support to Armenia in the implementation of democratic reforms, because, as I said, democracy is a strategy for us.
By the way, in 2019 we started a Strategic Dialogue with the USA, and today we see the strengthening of our cooperation with the European Union. We recently had a tripartite meeting with the participation of the USA, EU, and Armenia. It was an unprecedented format, where we adopted a huge agenda of institutional and economic reforms. It is also very important that we receive more tangible support from the EU and the US to address the humanitarian needs of the Nagorno Karabakh refugees because it is a very sensitive and emotional issue for us.
REPORTER: In which year would you like Armenia to become a member of the EU?
PASHINYAN: This year [as soon as possible]. //
Pashinyan met Anders Fogh Rasmussen. The latter emphasized the importance of the “Crossroads of Peace” project in the context of unblocking the regional infrastructure.
Pashinyan discussed various topics with the PM of Denmark. The latter accepted his invitation to visit Armenia.
full video, source, video, other, other, source, video,

former regime continues to hold protests and briefly shut down roads in Yerevan with demands for PM Pashinyan's resignation

ԳԼՈՒԽ 1
Dozens of participants were detained and released the same day for blocking roads. The detentions decreased from 170 on Monday to ~63 on Tuesday. They want Pashinyan to resign or to be impeached. The protest organizers visited universities to gather student supporters, some of whom joined them with a dance. The organizers also stopped by at a bakery where they were given free food.
A felony investigation was launched after a police vehicle, "with the sirens on", struck a reporter on the street. In another instance, an investigation was launched against a protester who brought a long sword. One other case was launched over alleged threats made on Facebook by a Galstanyan fan who wants scores of people to be beaten in dalans and exiled from Armenia, "մենակ էտ դեպքում էս սրբազան հողը կմաքրվի էս տեսակ շան ծնունդներից, ուրիշ ձև չկա!!!!"
ԳԼՈՒԽ 2
A ruling faction member of Yerevan City Council complained about "harassment" by opposition figures who are attempting to convince ruling party members to join the protests and the impeachment.
RULING MEMBER: That is not how it works. No one will join you with that conduct. People will join if they see you have a legitimate agenda with trustworthy leaders. Instead, you are "ethnically cleansing" the citizens of Armenia [referring to one opposition speaker telling non-Armenians to leave] և հեռու չէ են օրը երբ դուք գուցե ասեք որ հայ լինելու համար պետք է Հայկ նահապետից տեղեկանք բերել: //
ԳԼՈՒԽ 3
Yesterday the protest co-organizer Archbishop Bagrat Galstanyan said he received a report suggesting that the Deputy Rector of Yerevan State University supposedly urged deans and others to retaliate against students who joined the protests. Galstanyan said he was unsure whether the report was true, but decided to read it out loud anyway. On Tuesday he rallied his supporters to the backyard of the University where he demanded to speak with the Deputy Rector for clarification.
The Deputy Rector went downstairs and greeted Galstanyan, who shook her hand but wouldn't let it go for an uncomfortably long period, prompting her to ask him to let go of her hand. The Deputy Rector declared that whatever Galstanyan read about her was a defamatory lie.
GALSTANYAN: I never believed it myself.
DEPUTY RECTOR: Then you should not have said out loud something you did not believe.
GALSTANYAN: Listen, there is a recorded fact...
DEPUTY RECTOR: Where is that "recorded fact"?
GALSTANYAN: It was on the media. As I said yesterday, I had no verification that it was true, which is why we came here to clarify it. If it's false, then I apologize.
DEPUTY RECTOR: Thank you. //
The Deputy Rector urged the protest organizers not to enter the building or disrupt the classes, and that "anyone who wants to follow you can follow you, anyone who wants to stay in classrooms should stay in classrooms".
The angry Deputy Rector left. Another university official criticized Galstanyan for not checking the information before reading it to his followers. Galstanyan said he stands behind his words, and that he was "just reading what was on the media", but reiterated that he had no intention to insult the Deputy Rector.
ԳԼՈՒԽ 4
Galstanyan and his supporters visited the monument dedicated to Operation Nemesis. He praised the figures behind Nemesis for "assuming personal responsibility". In front of the crowd, Galstanyan introduced Hambig Sassounian who recently joined his movement. He pointed to the Nemesis monument and said Sassounian is "one of the successors, one of the brightest people." In related news, on Sunday a ruling faction MP complained about receiving death threats with reference to Operation Nemesis.
ԳԼՈՒԽ 5
DANIEL IOANNESIAN (NGO chief): When this protest dies down, we need to discuss the following: (1) The transparency of political and media funding. There are some regulations in place, but they are incomplete and easily bypassed. For example, I'd like to know who paid for Archbishop Galstanyan's giant stage in Republic Square. In 2018 Pashinyan organized a fundraising for it and disclosed a detailed report. (2) Should the media organizations that do not respect the rules of financial transparency enjoy all the mechanisms for the protection of journalists? (3) Are the customs authorities confident that the church is not facilitating the business activities of certain figures disguised as donations? (4) Is it fair for the church and clergy members not to pay taxes? Should they be able to have a Bently and LX570 without paying taxes? [The "Bentley" is based on a true story.]
ԳԼՈՒԽ 6
Archbishop's fans spotted Miss Armenia 2003 and a H1 host Lusine Tovmasyan drinking a coffee at a Yerevan café and approached her.
PROTESTER: (unintelligable)
LUSINE: I was here drinking coffee yesterday, and a year before that.
PROTESTER: Why have you not joined the holy struggle?
LUSINE: Լավ եկեք թարգեք, շատ զզվելի ա, էնքան զզվելի ա․ //
ԳԼՈՒԽ 7
Pro-Kremlin propagandist Alexander Dugin praised the pro-Russian forces' protests in Armenia and criticized the pro-EU protests in Georgia.
Pro-Kremlin Russian politician Semyon Baghdasarov praised Archbishop Bagrat and the ongoing "uprising" in Armenia against the "traitor" [Nikol] who "rigged" the elections with the help of "Turkey, UK, and US". Nikol is a Turkish MI6 agent. video,
ԳԼՈՒԽ 8
Video of a protest recorded from above: video
source, video, video, video, video, source, source, source, source, source, source, source, video,

Armenian government has upgraded other diplomatic channels to reduce reliance on ARF's diaspora structures in the US, says pro-West NGO chief

KHURSHUDYAN: The status of the Armenian Ambassador to the U.S. [Lilith Makunts] has been significantly upgraded. I won't go into specifics because it's tied to our neighbors, but she plays an interesting role there. We have great conditions for the U.S. Congress to pressure Azerbaijan. This is outside of ARF's lobbyist groups in the U.S.
REPORTER: ARF Hay Dat's recent conduct has been shameful.
KHURSHUDYAN: And its influence on the Lemkin Institute was obvious. //
Yesterday Kurshudyan accused the Lemkin Institute of caving to ARF's pressure and meddling into Armenia's internal affairs to assist the protests by the pro-Russian former regime.
KHURSHUDYAN: Lemkin Institute accused Pashinyan's April 24 genocide remembrance day statement of containing "victim blaming". Lemkin did not comment on Pashinyan's statement for several weeks, waited 15 days, and as soon as these pro-Russian protests began in Armenia, they gave them a պաս:
source,

Armenia's four most prominent pro-West opposition parties announce the formation of a unified platform

Republic Party, led by ex-PM Aram Sargsyan.
Hanun Republic Party, led by Arman Babajanyan.
European Party of Armenia, led by Tigran Khzmalyan.
Christian-Democratic Party, led by Levon Shirinyan.
Have the following agenda...
(1) Promotion of Western values in Armenia and Armenia's membership in EU and NATO.
(2) United front against threats and risks of destabilization coming from Russia.
(3) Vetting judges to clean up the courts, and resolution of issues left unaddressed by the Pashinyan administration.
(4) Continuation of border demarcation based on 1991 Almaty.
(5) The use of international law to achieve a fair resolution for Nagorno-Karabakh residents.
The platform is open for like-minded forces to join.
source,

Armenian army chief denies being a Russian citizen

A statement released by the defense ministry denies media reports that CoGS LtGen Edward Asryan is a dual citizen of Russia. His wife is an ethnic Russian with Armenian citizenship and his kids are dual citizens, but Asryan only has citizenship in Armenia. The whole family has resided in Armenia since 2006, said the statement.
source,

Georgia passes controversial ‘foreign agents’ bill despite widespread opposition

The law will require organizations receiving more than 20% of their funding from abroad to register as “agents of foreign influence” or face crippling fines.
The bill will be sent to the President who is expected to veto it, but her veto is expected to be overruled by the parliamentary majority later.
Georgian PM Kobakhidze had an "honest conversation" with U.S. deputy foreign minister James O'Brien, telling him that the Georgian government is interested in deepening the partnership with the U.S., "which requires mutual efforts and relations based on fairness."
James O'Brien demanded to speak with the manager - Bidza Ivanishvili. The latter refused to meet O'Brien, saying he won't hold any meetings under "blackmail".
The White House said the U.S. will review its relations with Georgia if the bill becomes law.
source, source, source,

how many of the 101,000 Nagorno-Karabakh refugees have left Armenia and haven't returned yet?

As of...
Dec: 6.6K
Jan: 6.9K
Mar: 8.0K
Apr: 9.1K
May: 9.9K
The former Ombudsman of Nagorno-Karabakh said many of them have family members and friends in Russia who invite them to move.
source,

temperatures are rising rapidly in Armenia

REPORTER: The rainy May is not going to be enough to alleviate the negative consequences of the rapidly rising temperatures in Armenia. With a ~3 Celsius anomaly, Armenia had the second-highest increase in temperature over the last 6 months among a group of monitored countries.
WEATHER CENTER: High temperatures increase the evaporation of water and reduce the amount of snow in the winter. In December and January, we recorded rain instead of snow in certain mountainous regions, which is bad for water resources.
REPORTER: A conference was recently held in Yerevan within the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification.
UN official: Around 40% of global soils are degraded. Millions of people will be forced to migrate from their communities by 2050 as a result of climate problems. Emergency action is needed to reduce the rate of rising temperatures. //
Armenia joined the Convention three decades ago and has assumed the responsibility to restore degraded soil by 2030. The government is promoting drip irrigation systems for farming and wants to plant more trees.
video,

is the decline of Lake Sevan levels finally slowing down?

see the YoY chart

Yerevan Municipality to receive a €25 million loan from European Investment Bank to raise energy efficiency

It's part of the implementation of Eastern Partnership programs. The Armenian government and the EU are co-financing it.
The goal is to raise energy efficiency and carry out seismic retrofitting in 6 medical clinics and 32 kindergartens run by the municipality. The length of the program is 4 years.
video, video,

Gagik Tsarukyan is inside you

there is a bit of Tsarukyan inside all of you
see it to believe it

Gagik Tsarukyan says the new Jesus statue is ready and will be installed by the end of 2025

It will be a tourist attraction site. There will be a ropeway. Also, Tsarukyan needs you to know that he is a man of God and an avid believer.
video,

Armenia and Slovakia discussed AM-EU visa liberalization

source,

Lithuania will help retrain Armenian law enforcement agents to combat cybercrime, analyze crimes, etc.

source,

Armenia's Economy Minister Papoyan met the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Energy Resources Geoffrey Pyatt

In a Washington meeting participated by the Armenian Ministry delegation and Armenia's Ambassador, they spoke about the Crossroads of Peace logistics project proposed by Armenia, several topics relating to Armenia's energy and economic security, and the Armenian government's ongoing efforts to classify Armenia as a "market economy".
source,

Armenia and Iran discussed the construction of a second bridge over the River Araks

The first bridge began operating in 1996. It came to replace the floating bridges on the river.
Iran says the AM-IR traffic through the Meghri checkpoint significantly increased last year. Coupled with the fact that Armenia is building a modern North-South highway, they believe it's necessary to have a second AM-IR bridge to handle the rising traffic.
The parties are currently discussing the formation of a working group consisting of experts to discuss the topic.
source,

a new study on mice indicates that more exercise might be better than more sleep for clearing brain of toxins

They injected a dye into a brain and tracked the speed of its movement during sleep and exercise.
The findings show that the clearance of the dye was reduced by 30% in sleeping mice compared with mice that were kept awake. This has not been confirmed on humans yet.
Previous research has suggested that sleep is important for preventing dementia as it is during this time that toxic proteins are cleared from the brain.
source, source,
submitted by ar_david_hh to armenia [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:09 Sea_Equivalent_8736 Ready to FIRE?

Think I’m getting very close to being able to FIRE but want to gauge some views first. Sick of the corporate BS and the stress is damaging my mental health, happiness, family life and (worst of all) I’m putting on weight!
Stats are 42M with net worth of £965,000. This is excluding personal residence which has £300k mortgage. I’m also excluding wife (who works FT) and her finances to keep this about me only and my situation. Also, we have 3 young kids.
£965,000 net worth broken down as follows:
  1. £390k - SIPP
  2. £275k - ISA
  3. £300k equity in a B2L. The house is worth £650k. Rental of £24k/ year less mortgage
Required income to retire of approx £40,000 - £45,000 pa I reckon. This would be reasonably comfortable as sharing household expenses with wife and at the top end still keeps me as basic rate taxpayer. Based in northern England/ regions. No private school fees.
Current financial priority is to put money into SIPP until I reach level of lifetime allowance (assuming it was ever reintroduced at same level as before accounting for inflation). I think im getting close to that point and can then cease pension contributions completely.
How close am Ito being able to FIRE? How much more do I need in pot to pull trigger?!
submitted by Sea_Equivalent_8736 to FIREUK [link] [comments]


2024.05.15 00:01 DisplaySalt8451 Application successful! 🎉 and a checklist for those in need

Hello all,
We’ve just received our visa decision letter and it was a yes! It has been a long road and I thank everyone here for the great support you’ve offered, the posts that helped our application with both timelines and checklists, and lastly the super helpful people who answers questions and calm worries. We could not have done this without this subreddit.
As usual, a timeline from us:
We had a long wait for this one even with priority, but received no questions or asks for additional documents / proof.
I used some of the checklists folks provided here, and will give my own below:
Relationship: - Marriage certificate. - individual cover letter from both applicant and sponsor. - Pictures with each other and flight details. All dated. - Passports: All pictures of applicant’s passport pages, ID page of sponsor.
Employment of Sponsor: - 6 months payslips. - 6 months bank statements. - letter from employer confirming job. - Employment contract.
Accommodation: - Letter from landlord. - Tenancy agreement. - Evidence of payments already shown in bank statements. - Council tax form.
Additional requirements: - IELTS certificate. - We did not need a TB test due to country of origin.
I will still continue to battle for the changes made to the Visa requirements as I know some will not have been able to make the deadline. Do let me know if I can help in anyway, with questions or with support to calm nerves.
submitted by DisplaySalt8451 to SpouseVisaUk [link] [comments]


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