Economic graph maker

MakerDAO

2015.08.16 02:57 i3nikolai MakerDAO

The Maker Protocol, also known as the Multi-Collateral Dai system, allows users to generate Dai by leveraging collateral assets approved by “Maker Governance.” Maker Governance is the community organized and operated process of managing the various aspects of the Maker Protocol. Dai is a decentralized, unbiased, collateral-backed cryptocurrency soft-pegged to the US Dollar. Resistant to hyperinflation due to its low volatility, Dai offers economic freedom and opportunity to anyone, anywhere.
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2017.03.01 02:25 Rockachaws Isometric D&D

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2008.12.28 07:46 Today I Learned (TIL)

You learn something new every day; what did you learn today? Submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here.
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2024.05.21 09:50 Gaswden Tech market brings important development opportunities, AIGC is firmly top 1 in the current technology field

The year of 2023 has been a unique year for AI which occured countless product launches, power changes within the company, and the race to launch the next major AIGC innovation.
Currently, OpenAI’s ChatGPT has been huge success, prompting each major technology company to release its own version. Large technology companies have fully invested in the development of generative AI, and various AI models have emerged, such as Meta LLaMA 2, Google’s Bard chatbot and Gemini
In addition, generative AI allows artificial intelligence technology to develop, bringing a historical turning point in the large-scale adoption of machine learning. The new round of technological revolution initiated by generative AI is far beyond the imagination of ordinary people today, which means that a huge historical opportunity is coming.
From an application point of view, various applications derived from generative AI are gradually trying to land in various industries, including art generation, text generation, music generation, and more complex tasks, such as video generation and virtual reality environment generation. Generative AI-based knowledge base search, text summary, content, or code creation takes productivity to a new stage.
Generative artificial intelligence (AIGC) is firmly top 1 in the current technology field, and AIGC represents a new trend of AI technology development. In the past, traditional AI favored analytical capabilities, but now AI is generating new content, making a leap from perceptual understanding of the world to creating the world. According to the prediction of industry insiders, from 2024, it will enter the era of generative AI applications, and even become the 2.0 era of changing traditional industries.
Generated AI will contribute about $7 trillion to the global economy and increase the overall economic benefits of AI by about 50 percent, according to data released by leading consultancy McKinsey. According to the “Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends of 2024” released by global IT research and consulting firm Gartner, by 2026, more than 80% of enterprises will be connected to generative AI or large models, but the proportion is less than 5% at the beginning of 2023.
Companies began to compete in the AI field
Due to the rise of generative AI, especially the application of large language model, is fundamentally change the operation of technology industry, industry technology is driven by AI into a new era, this will prompt generative AI and industry model technology, no longer limited to the boundary of the industry, become an important strategic development direction of technology giants.
In January, Microsoft released Azure OpenAI services by combining Azure’s enterprise capabilities with OpenAI’s generative AI model capabilities; in March, Google opened the API of the AI big model PaLM and introduced generative AI into Google’s enterprise online collaboration platform Google Workspace.
Amazon entered generative AI a little later than Microsoft and Google, but the company has not followed the two giants, taking a new approach. According to the news, Amazon recently announced the launch of a number of blockbuster releases around the theme of reconstructing cloud infrastructure, computing, storage, and enterprise generated AI, to help cloud customers quickly realize digital transformation and improve the speed of enterprise generated AI innovation.
In addition, Amazon has introduced five new Amazon SageMaker features that make it easier and faster for enterprises to build, train and deploy machine learning models that support a variety of generative AI usage scenarios, enabling customers to easily integrate generative AI into their workflow.
WiMi Hologram Cloud leads to the future of generative AI
With the continuous transition of the base of generated AI, the scenario landing of application innovation in various industries has gradually entered the fast lane. This is a track with huge room for growth. For enterprises seeking business competitiveness, generative AI will undoubtedly provide new opportunities for enterprises to transform and upgrade. Public information shows that the world’s leading AI technology enterprise WiMi Hologram Cloud(NASDAQ: WIMI) coverage from the universe, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, motion capture, 3D real-time rendering innovation technology, at the same time speed up the layout of generative AI in retail electricity, advertising, financial and other industries penetration, accelerate the formation of industry power, drive industrial innovation bring more possible in the future.
According to public information, WiMi Hologram Cloud is committed to cutting-edge research and development in the field of artificial intelligence, and constantly expands its application scope. It has excellent technical strength and rich experience in application scenarios. Now, generative AI is becoming a hot spot in the industry. WiMi Hologram Cloud will use existing AI models and technical strength, and use new AIGC technology to empower various industries, so as to provide more intelligent solutions and help vertical industries complete the development of digital intelligence, so as to achieve comprehensive empowerment.
Obviously, more and more enterprises have found an effective path for business transformation and application innovation, and generative AI has been at the critical point of comprehensive explosion. As one of the leading enterprises in the layout of AIGC, WiMi Hologram Cloud’s strategic choices and action path at historic nodes will help to establish and maintain long-term core competitive advantages in the field of generative artificial intelligence, and set a new benchmark for the evolution of enterprise-level generative AI.
Conclusion
The emergence of AIGC is bringing disruptive changes to every industry, leading all industries to an era of efficiency. It is foreseeable that AIGC is both an important opportunity and an inevitable trend. With the continuous progress of artificial intelligence technology, the capability and quality of AIGC are also constantly improving. In the future, the application scenarios will be more diversified, which will bring more possibilities for all walks of life.
submitted by Gaswden to WallStreetbetsELITE [link] [comments]


2024.05.21 04:01 iwasmitrepl First year maths papers, a PSA

Since we get a lot of questions about first year maths papers, I thought I would write up a short guide. There used to be a very nice booklet with flowcharts and everything explaining how the courses fit together, but I haven't seen such a thing since before MATHS 150 stopped existing and a quick Google brings up no results.
Disclaimer. This is not official course advice. If you want advice specifically tailored to your situation, contact an academic advisor either for your major or for the maths department (https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/science/current-students/planning-science-degree/academic-advisers-undergraduate.html). One of the advisors for the maths department definitely lurks around on this sub so if you are lucky you might even get sensible answers to your questions after posting on here.
Background. I am a PhD student in pure mathematics who did a BSc(hons) and a MSc in mathematics at UoA as well as tutoring and marking a range of maths papers. I also did some time at the University of Toronto when I was an undergrad, and I did work in industry for a short while.
With all the disclaimers etc. out of the way, here is the information.
The two courses that require essentially no maths background are MATHS 190(G) and MATHS 102.
The two courses which are for people who have done Y13 maths but aren't doing a really maths-heavy subject like physics are MATHS 108 and MATHS 110. They are basic introductions to calculus, for subjects that require a bit of maths but aren't really maths heavy, for example if you are doing higher level organic chem or applied CS (if you are interested in software engineering but not really maths-heavy CS subjects like machine vision).
MATHS 108 leads you to the second year course MATHS 208, which is the standard higher-level maths course for people in the non-mathematical sciences. This is the kind of pathway you should be taking if you are interested in quantitative chemistry (it used to be CHEM 240/340 but no idea now).
There are three required courses for maths majors. Two of them (MATHS 120 and MATHS 130) are fairly heavy proof-based courses, and if you just scraped a pass in Y13 maths (e.g. if you didn't get M's and E's in the NCEA level three calc externals) then you should be taking 108 first. If you are not a maths major, but are interested in going further in physics then you should be taking 120 and 130 at some point in your first year and a half of study. The third (MATHS 162) is more general, and you can take it alongside 108 if you want.
120/130 lead to the standard progression in maths papers for majors: 120/130 -> 250/253/254/260, and then 340/361 (for applied maths) or 332/320 (core papers for pure maths).
Final remarks
I am happy to answer any questions anyone might have, but I won't give specific advice about your degree (i.e. don't ask "I want to be an astronaut but I am failing MATHS 102, should I pivot to STATS", I won't answer that). I can do things like talk about my own experiences or recommend books, for example. I also can't give advice for stats or CS, but I can say some intelligent things about physics.
submitted by iwasmitrepl to universityofauckland [link] [comments]


2024.05.21 03:10 Gyanbng123 Today’s Headlines

“Wake up to every sunrise with gratitude and at the sunset, be grateful that you made it through the day..”
Very Good Morning 🍄
Today's Headlines from :
Economic Times
📝 CCI to boost strength for better oversight of digital, other sectors
📝 Airtel Africa’s Dutch hold-company completes $550 million bond repayment
📝 India Cements Q4 Results: Net loss narrows to Rs 50.06 crore
📝 Global Health Q4 Results: Net profit rises 25% to Rs 127 crore
📝 Centre may get around ₹1 lakh crore in RBI dividend
📝 Kalpataru Projects International bags SAR 3.4 billion contracts from Aramco
📝 Global fund KKR puts Lighthouse on the Block, eyes $1.2 billion valuation
📝 Godrej Properties acquires 10 land parcels in FY24 to build Rs 21,000 crore worth projects
📝 RITES signs pact with Bangladesh Railway to supply 200 passenger coaches
📝 Nikhil Kamath, Manyavar family office may join A91 in Rare Rabbit’s Rs 500 crore funding
📝 Google invests 1 billion euros in Finnish data centre to drive AI growth
📝 EPFO created 11.4% more formal jobs in 2023-24 at 15.4 million, shows payroll data
Business Standard
📝 Randstad Digital eyes GCCs in India to drive growth in its IT business
📝 PGIM India Asset Management aims to double AUM to Rs 50,000 cr in 2-3 yrs
📝 Ujjivan SFB board to decide universal bank transition timelines in FY25
📝 High Court gives relief to Pepsico India over Rs 2,800 crore tax demand
📝 Rail maker Wabtec Corp eyes $30 million exports from its India operations
📝 Serum Institute ships its first set of malaria vaccine doses to Africa
📝 Short-term govt bond yield may fall on Rs 60,000 crore T-bill supply cut
📝 RBI in talks with Sebi to allow mutual funds to sell debt to ARCs
📝 Optimism in real estate industry stakeholders highest in 10 years: Report
Financial Express
📝 Tata Digital rejigs top team
📝 16 companies enter Rs 1 trillion m-cap club so far in 2024
📝 Waaree Renewable eyes threefold growth in FY25
📝 Apollo Pipes Q4 Results: Profit at Rs 6.90 crore; co announces new business line with initial investment of Rs 45 crore
📝 Adani Group plans to bid for airport privatisation
Mint
📝 Oil prices rise after Iran president's death, brent crude at $84.24/bbl
📝 Competition Commission of India to soon bring new set of merger regulations
📝 Coal stock 25% higher y-o-y at 147mt, says govt as power demand surges
📝 Oil India Q4 results: Net profit rise 18% to ₹2,333 cr, announces 1:2 bonus shar
📝 IRFC Q4 results: Net profit rises 34% to ₹1,717 cr, declares dividend of ₹0.70
📝 PE firm TA Associates lines up a unicorn bet in Vastu Housing Finance
📝 Fake documents for hospital accreditation, NABH warns of stern action.
submitted by Gyanbng123 to IndianStockMarket [link] [comments]


2024.05.21 00:41 chadmikeisupforahike Would self-studying a subject I received a C+ during my master's in matter for PhD admissions?


Greetings; I've looked at previous posts here dealing with the issue of receiving a C+ in grad school and would conclude that simply having one on my transcript is not a sufficient condition to be outright rejected from programs. By my estimations my final GPA for my master's program will be something between 3.58 - 3.6, which I understand to be acceptable if one was doing quite a few other things besides classes during grad school (I have been). But I guess my question is a bit more specific.
For a few reasons I'm considering an economic history PhD but failed to manage time and commitments well enough this semester to grasp Int'l Econ II, hence the C+. I had the same issue with Int'l Econ I (B) though to a lesser extent.
I would certainly not go on for further study in the mathmematics of economics or to be an IMF person tasked with exchange rates; I am not inherently good at these things. I guess the older disciplines of political economy + historiography, where presentations of ideas through formulas and graph-drawing are usually optional, are more what I would pursue. From my understanding there are a few programs like this.
Anyway, my question is whether self-studying for one or either of these courses I mentioned above would help my chances if I do apply to such a program. I just totaled up my grades since fall 2022 and they are as follows:
A 5
A- 8
B+ 2
B 1
C# 1
My idea would be to study the main texts/excercises for one or both of the Econ courses in my free time over the next several months, print out the midterm and finals after I feel quite good about both, and then retake them in a controlled environment. I'd then, if my professors agree for a reasonable sum or as a favor, send off my tests to them for them to "re-grade." If results were much better, I'd then plan to share this process on future applications or in job interviews as relevant. Obviously it wouldn't be something I could put on a resume or transcript.
Does anyone actually experienced in PhD admissions actually believe such an idea has merit, or is this silly?
As I graduate next week I at this point do not seem to be able to retake the course over the summer unless academic advising changes their mind and permits me to do it remotely; even if they do, it is crazy expensive and maybe not in my budget. Hence this idea.
I truly appreciate any feedback!
TLDR: Received a C+ for a grad school class quite relevant to (but certainly not the same as ) a field I'm considering a PhD in. Would effective "self-study" in the class subject, plus verification by a professor after the study period that I had improved my knowledge, help my application?
submitted by chadmikeisupforahike to gradadmissions [link] [comments]


2024.05.21 00:26 Repulsive_Union2244 Precalculus exam help Reddit AP Precalculus exam helper Hire Reddit Pay someone to take my Precalculus exam Online Reddit Precalculus Homework Assignment Help Reddit Precalculus quiz test taker Reddit Precalculus class Help reddit Precalculus course help for online course helper reddit

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2024.05.21 00:08 Constant-Show2229 Pre-Calculus Concepts & Their Applications

Pre-Calculus concepts are mathematical ideas and techniques that are typically studied before diving into Calculus. They provide a solid foundation for understanding the more advanced mathematical concepts of Calculus, and are essential for success in a variety of fields, including science, engineering, economics, and computer science.
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Here are some of the key Pre-Calculus concepts:
1. Functions
2. Graphing
3. Trigonometry
4. Analytic Geometry
5. Systems of Equations
6. Inequalities
7. Polynomials and Rational Functions
8. Exponents and Logarithms
9. Conic Sections
10. Sequences and Series
These Pre-Calculus concepts are essential for understanding the more advanced mathematical concepts of Calculus, and are used in a variety of fields, including science, engineering, economics, and computer science.
Here are some real-world applications of Pre-Calculus concepts:
Pre-Calculus concepts are essential for understanding the more advanced mathematical concepts of Calculus, and are used in a variety of fields, including science, engineering, economics, and computer science. By mastering these concepts, students can gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and develop problem-solving skills that will serve them well in a variety of careers.
submitted by Constant-Show2229 to Studentcorner [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 23:49 chadmikeisupforahike Would self-studying a subject I received a C+ during my master's in matter for PhD admissions?

Greetings; I've looked at previous posts here dealing with the issue of receiving a C+ in grad school and would conclude that simply having one on my transcript is not a sufficient condition to be outright rejected from programs. By my estimations my final GPA for my master's program will be something between 3.58 - 3.6, which I understand to be acceptable if one was doing quite a few other things besides classes during grad school (I have been). But I guess my question is a bit more specific.
For a few reasons I'm considering an economic history PhD but failed to manage time and commitments well enough this semester to grasp Int'l Econ II, hence the C+. I had the same issue with Int'l Econ I (B) though to a lesser extent.
I would certainly not go on for further study in the mathmematics of economics or to be an IMF person tasked with exchange rates; I am not inherently good at these things. I guess the older disciplines of political economy + historiography, where presentations of ideas through formulas and graph-drawing are usually optional, are more what I would pursue. From my understanding there are a few programs like this.
Anyway, my question is whether self-studying for one or either of these courses I mentioned above would help my chances if I do apply to such a program. I just totaled up my grades since fall 2022 and they are as follows:
A 5
A- 8
B+ 2
B 1
C# 1
My idea would be to study the main texts/excercises for one or both of the Econ courses in my free time over the next several months, print out the midterm and finals after I feel quite good about both, and then retake them in a controlled environment. I'd then, if my professors agree for a reasonable sum or as a favor, send off my tests to them for them to "re-grade." If results were much better, I'd then plan to share this process on future applications or in job interviews as relevant. Obviously it wouldn't be something I could put on a resume or transcript.
Does anyone actually experienced in PhD admissions actually believe such an idea has merit, or is this silly?
As I graduate next week I at this point do not seem to be able to retake the course over the summer unless academic advising changes their mind and permits me to do it remotely; even if they do, it is crazy expensive and maybe not in my budget. Hence this idea.
I truly appreciate any feedback!
TLDR: Received a C+ for a grad school class quite relevant to (but certainly not the same as ) a field I'm considering a PhD in. Would effective "self-study" in the class subject, plus verification by a professor after the study period that I had improved my knowledge, help my application?
submitted by chadmikeisupforahike to gradadmissions [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 23:48 Brilliant_Maddy Algebra Exam Help Reddit Online Exam Helper for Hire Reddit Pay to do my Algebra exam reddit take my Algebra Exam reddit algebra Course Help Reddit Algebra homework assignment Help Reddit Linear Algebra Helper Reddit Quiz Test Taker Reddit Online Class Help for Algebra course Reddit

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ABOUT MY RATES & PAYMENT OPTIONS:
CURRENT RATES -- AS OF SUMMER / FALL 2022 -- SUBJECT TO CHANGE:
THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:
MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your comptia or any other WGU Exam or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
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2024.05.20 23:43 ThinSpring6424 May 20th Recap $MSFT Unveils New Laptops 🧑‍💻 $NVDA Too Expensive $DELL Could Be Worth A Look 👀

Stocks Chop While Investors Wait On NVDA 1.39%↑ 👀
Monday saw a day of highs and lows in the market with the Nasdaq Composite clinching a record close off the momentum of Nvidia’s anticipated earnings later this week. Investors have become more optimistic about the Federal Reserve delivering a rate cut despite the caution thrown out by policy makers. Let’s take a look at how our indexes performed:
Now eyes shift to Wednesday on the economic front with the release of minutes from the Fed meeting in May, today Fed Vice Chair of Supervision Michael Barr pointed to a disappointing inflation in Q1 as a reason to hold rates higher for longer.
On our corporate front NVDA 1.39%↑ is set to release its earnings Wednesday and the key catalyst for a massive rally in the market. Expectations could not be higher with a EPS having seen 400% growth and revenue seeing a 240% growth, now it comes down to can the AI chip maker deliver. JPM -5.15%↓ saw a 5% decline in their action today after CEO Jamie Dimon hinted at retirement coming closer than people may think especially Wall Street.
Dell & NVDA Partnership Set To Bring AI-Enabled Workstations To Masses 👀
Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang announced a partnership with Dell Technologies to expand artificial intelligence capabilities to a broader range of customers. The collaboration aims to help businesses and organizations create their own "AI factories." Huang emphasized the importance of delivering an entire infrastructure, not just a product, to support AI development. Dell, a significant provider of computing infrastructure, will enable Nvidia to reach government agencies and businesses, a market it doesn't directly serve. Nvidia's growth has been driven mainly by data center operators, including Microsoft, Meta, Amazon, and Alphabet. However, Dell is also a significant customer.
Nvidia's expansion strategy relies on encouraging agencies and businesses to develop their own AI capabilities, which will increase demand for Nvidia's products. Dell will provide the necessary storage, networking, and computing infrastructure. Michael Dell, Dell's CEO, praised Nvidia's innovation and its ability to spread AI technology across various industries.
Nvidia's stock has risen more than 90% this year, while Dell has also seen a 90% increase. Nvidia is set to report its latest earnings on Wednesday, with analysts estimating a 243% sales growth last quarter. Dell unveiled a new line of AI-optimized PCs, while Nvidia remains the leading seller of AI accelerators. Huang declined to comment on whether Nvidia would produce central processing units (CPUs), which would put it in direct competition with Intel, AMD, and Qualcomm. Michael Dell playfully suggested Huang return next year to discuss potential moves into the CPU market.
Microsoft Unveils Copilot+ PCs with AI Chips & GPT-4o Integration 💻
Microsoft has announced a new category of PCs called Copilot+ PCs, equipped with AI chips and running on Microsoft's latest version of Windows 11 and Copilot AI software. These PCs will now run on OpenAI's GPT-4o model, allowing users to interact with their PC via text, video, and voice. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella emphasized the importance of AI experiences that harness the power of the cloud and the edge, leading to a new category of devices that turn the world into a prompt. Copilot+ PCs are an offshoot of AI PCs, which run on Intel, AMD, and Qualcomm chips with built-in neural processing units. These new PCs will include 16GB of RAM and 256 GB of storage for optimal performance. In a demonstration, a user asked Copilot how to craft a sword in Minecraft, and the assistant could see what the user was doing and guide them through the process. Microsoft plans to integrate Copilot for various gaming apps, and it will run on the PC's NPU rather than its GPU, ensuring no impact on overall performance.
Microsoft also highlighted the performance of Copilot+ PCs, claiming a 20% longer battery life, 23% better peak performance, and 58% better sustained multithread performance compared to Apple's MacBook Air. The company demonstrated Adobe's Photoshop running on its Surface laptop, outperforming Apple's MacBook Air with M3 chips in certain tasks. Copilot+ PCs will be featured in Microsoft's Surface Laptop and Surface Pro devices, as well as products from Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo, and Samsung. This announcement comes just weeks before Apple's WWDC developer event, where the company is expected to debut its own AI features across its product lines.
submitted by ThinSpring6424 to VoiceofRetail [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 23:09 ryanmark234 chemistry exam taker reddit

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submitted by ryanmark234 to examhelprz [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 22:20 healthmedicinet Health Daily News May 19 2024

DAY: May 19 2024
submitted by healthmedicinet to u/healthmedicinet [link] [comments]


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ABOUT MY RATES & PAYMENT OPTIONS:
CURRENT RATES -- AS OF SUMMER / FALL 2022 -- SUBJECT TO CHANGE:
THE OBLIGATORY "IS THIS A SCAM?" QUESTION:
Considering the fact that you found my contact information online, it’s understandable to be skeptical regarding the legitimacy of my services. Therefore, I’m willing to do all of the following to help you feel more secure in trusting me with your academic needs:
MY REBUTTAL TO THE OBLIGATORY “IS THIS A SCAM?” QUESTION:
At the risk of sounding arrogant, I consider myself to be at least marginally more intelligent (both academically & socially) than the average person. Therefore, if I ever decided to suddenly risk prison time, risk my reputation, and risk enduring the wrath of modern-day “cancel culture” by scamming people out of their money:
Paid Help from Hiraedu: If You're struggling to handle your comptia or any other WGU Exam or any other coursework, get help from Hiraedu and pay after the exam. Contact details for Hiraedu is: WhatsApp: +1 (213) 594-5657 OR Call: +1 727 456 9641
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submitted by mdarrenj0 to Statisticshelpers_ [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 21:22 Former-Blackberry39 I created a map generator or "let's play Carcassonne*"

I created a map generator or
Hi all. I'm developing a map generator for Project Zomboid!
What you see in the screenshot is the result of my program - Zeta: Map Generator. But let's take it in order.
Zeta is a program that randomly places already prepared cells on the field. Zeta operates in a certain logic - this helps us avoid illogical connections between cells. The Zeta engine fully simulates the playing field to create maps.
-What is the main disadvantage of Zeta? -Zeta cages are made by hand. Perhaps this is its main disadvantage
-What are the prospects for Zeta? -Zeta logic scales very well. This means that the more cards we have available, the more logical connections we can create. Thus, we can generate almost realistic cities, roads, and so on! At the moment Zeta is a bit stupid and you can see a lot of illogical roads, but I will definitely fix that
-What is the future for Zeta? -If I see enough response from the community, I will continue to develop Zeta. My goal is to completely generate the map from scratch. This is too far a goal. But there are also advantages: I know that it is possible!
At the moment Zeta is in beta because its operation cannot give satisfactory results. Zeta was created in Python and is currently privately available. But as soon as I see the desired result from the program, the Zeta maps will be publicly available!
If you are a map maker and would like to join the Zeta database, please message me on Discord: avr_143. Also, if you are good at programming, I will consider collaborating with you!
*Carcassonne is a German-style strategic and economic board game in which the player must correctly place squares with roads, fields and cities
**Please don't write that the map looks unrealistic or stupid. I know it. This is just one of the tests!
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2024.05.20 20:27 tbrowndolly calculus exam help Service Reddit

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2024.05.20 20:07 Material_Baker8256 take my online class!!! Help on Reddit

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2024.05.20 18:53 wittgensteins-boat Options Questions Safe Haven Thread May 20-26 2024

For the options questions you wanted to ask, but were afraid to. There are no stupid questions.   Fire away. This project succeeds via thoughtful sharing of knowledge. You, too, are invited to respond to these questions. This is a weekly rotation with past threads linked below.

BEFORE POSTING, PLEASE REVIEW THE BELOW LIST OF FREQUENT ANSWERS. .

..
Don't exercise your (long) options for stock! Exercising throws away extrinsic value that selling retrieves. Simply sell your (long) options, to close the position, to harvest value, for a gain or loss. Your break-even is the cost of your option when you are selling. If exercising (a call), your breakeven is the strike price plus the debit cost to enter the position. Further reading: Monday School: Exercise and Expiration are not what you think they are.
Also, generally, do not take an option to expiration, for similar reasons as above.
Key informational links • Options FAQ / Wiki: Frequent Answers to Questions • Options Toolbox Links / Wiki • Options Glossary • List of Recommended Options Books • Introduction to Options (The Options Playbook) • The complete options side-bar informational links (made visible for mobile app users.) • Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options (Options Clearing Corporation) • Binary options and Fraud (Securities Exchange Commission) .
Getting started in options • Calls and puts, long and short, an introduction (Redtexture) • Options Trading Introduction for Beginners (Investing Fuse) • Options Basics (begals) • Exercise & Assignment - A Guide (ScottishTrader) • Why Options Are Rarely Exercised - Chris Butler - Project Option (18 minutes) • I just made (or lost) $___. Should I close the trade? (Redtexture) • Disclose option position details, for a useful response • OptionAlpha Trading and Options Handbook • Options Trading Concepts -- Mike & His White Board (TastyTrade)(about 120 10-minute episodes) • Am I a Pattern Day Trader? Know the Day-Trading Margin Requirements (FINRA) • How To Avoid Becoming a Pattern Day Trader (Founders Guide)
Introductory Trading Commentary    • Monday School Introductory trade planning advice (PapaCharlie9)   Strike Price    • Options Basics: How to Pick the Right Strike Price (Elvis Picardo - Investopedia)    • High Probability Options Trading Defined (Kirk DuPlessis, Option Alpha)   Breakeven    • Your break-even (at expiration) isn't as important as you think it is (PapaCharlie9)   Expiration    • Options Expiration & Assignment (Option Alpha)    • Expiration times and dates (Investopedia)   Greeks    • Options Pricing & The Greeks (Option Alpha) (30 minutes)    • Options Greeks (captut)   Trading and Strategy    • Fishing for a price: price discovery and orders    • Common mistakes and useful advice for new options traders (wiki)    • Common Intra-Day Stock Market Patterns - (Cory Mitchell - The Balance)    • The three best options strategies for earnings reports (Option Alpha)
Managing Trades • Managing long calls - a summary (Redtexture) • The diagonal call calendar spread, misnamed as the "poor man's covered call" (Redtexture) • Selected Option Positions and Trade Management (Wiki)
Why did my options lose value when the stock price moved favorably? • Options extrinsic and intrinsic value, an introduction (Redtexture)
Trade planning, risk reduction, trade size, probability and luck • Exit-first trade planning, and a risk-reduction checklist (Redtexture) • Monday School: A trade plan is more important than you think it is (PapaCharlie9) • Applying Expected Value Concepts to Option Investing (Select Options) • Risk Management, or How to Not Lose Your House (boii0708) (March 6 2021) • Trade Checklists and Guides (Option Alpha) • Planning for trades to fail. (John Carter) (at 90 seconds) • Poker Wisdom for Option Traders: The Evils of Results-Oriented Thinking (PapaCharlie9)
Minimizing Bid-Ask Spreads (high-volume options are best) • Price discovery for wide bid-ask spreads (Redtexture) • List of option activity by underlying (Market Chameleon)
Closing out a trade • Most options positions are closed before expiration (Options Playbook) • Risk to reward ratios change: a reason for early exit (Redtexture) • Guide: When to Exit Various Positions • Close positions before expiration: TSLA decline after market close (PapaCharlie9) (September 11, 2020) • 5 Tips For Exiting Trades (OptionStalker) • Why stop loss option orders are a bad idea
Options exchange operations and processes • Options Adjustments for Mergers, Stock Splits and Special dividends; Options Expiration creation; Strike Price creation; Trading Halts and Market Closings; Options Listing requirements; Collateral Rules; List of Options Exchanges; Market Makers • Options that trade until 4:15 PM (US Eastern) / 3:15 PM (US Central) -- (Tastyworks)
Brokers • USA Options Brokers (wiki) • An incomplete list of international brokers trading USA (and European) options
Miscellaneous: Volatility, Options Option Chains & Data, Economic Calendars, Futures Options • Graph of the VIX: S&P 500 volatility index (StockCharts) • Graph of VX Futures Term Structure (Trading Volatility) • A selected list of option chain & option data websites • Options on Futures (CME Group) • Selected calendars of economic reports and events
Previous weeks' Option Questions Safe Haven threads.

Complete archive: 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

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2024.05.20 16:17 theananthak Malayalam literature for beginners

So my last post asking why Indians don't read Indian books anymore had me surprised with the number of people genuinely interested to know more about Malayalam literature. A lot of them asked me for recommendations, so I thought I'd make a post. Now this won't be just a simple list of books to read. The reading list at kerala is probably better for a complete list of Malayalam books to read than a random internet post, but I hope with my post you will understand and appreciate Malayalam literature and Kerala better.
Malayalam evolved from Tamil. It branched off from Tamil in those parts of Tamilakam (a collective name given to the ancient Tamil kingdoms) which were most influenced by Sanskrit. The earliest literature that is distinctly Malayalam are from the 1100s, but the true beginning of Modern Malayalam starts from the 15th century with Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, master poet and father of Malayalam. Now Ezhuthachan (whose name literally means 'teacher of writing') was a lower caste Ezhava man who dared to study the Vedas and even began to write and teach others to write in an age where literacy was gatekept by Brahmins. His seminal work is the Adhyathma Ramayana, a retelling of the Ramayana from the lens of the Advaita or nondual philosophy. Here is an excerpt from the same work, translated by me. This verse is an opening verse where Ezhuthachan asks Brahmins for permission to retell the Ramayana. Sounds very serious and solemn, yes? Now watch Ezhuthachan mock the hell out of the entire class system of medieval Kerala.
For who can speak of the greatness of that lofty creed, owners of the earth, commanders of the Vedas, whose ceaseless boons and curses, drive even Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva to their wit's end. But pray, may I, born out of the feet of Brahma, number one among the unknowledgeable dare tell Rama's tale for the unconscious ones.
By the 1800s Malayalam literature had modernized very much. It was the first Indian language to start translating the works of Shakespeare, Milton etc. and the 19th century brought with it a fascination for Russian literature in Kerala that still has not ceased. Most big Malayalam bookstores have whole sections devoted to Russian literature translated from the original to Malayalam.
We get our first Malayalam novel in 1889 with O. Chandu Menon's Indulekha. Indulekha is about a young Nair lady of the same name, well educated in English and Sanskrit, in love with Madhavan, a western educated young man torn between modern culture and the culture he grew up in. Later, modernity and the past clash again when old Brahmin men try to marry Indulekha according to the old system. A saddened Madhavan runs away to Bengal in haste, leaving Indulekha to make her decision. The novel shows Indulekha as a modern, unwavering woman, willing to challenge her patriarchs, and shows how the society of Kerala had changed by the 1880s, when the decision of a woman could no longer be overruled. Must read for fans of Victorian fiction like those of Jane Austen, or even PG Wodehouse. (Spoilers - Madhavan realizes his mistake and returns for Indulekha.)
CV Raman Pillai's Marthanda Varma is another behemoth from the 1800s. Based on the life of the 18th century king Marthanda Varma, known as the maker of modern Travancore. Marthanda Varma was born in the royal family of Venad in a Travancore where the ruling family had lost all power to a group of eight Nair families known as the Ettuveettil Pillamar or the Pillas of the Eight Houses. The treasury of the kingdom was almost zero and real power and wealth were in the hands of the Pillas who had even started charging taxes and tarrifs. What follows is a brutal and bloody game between Marthanda Varma, a young prince who just won't give in, and the Eight Houses conspiring to kill him, told from the point of view of a love story involving a chivalric knight and an upper class girl. I've always noticed how Indian books and movies like portraying historical figures like superhuman gods perfect in every way. This book is for those who want to see the real nastiness of history. I recommend Marthanda Varma to fans of books like Shogun or even Game of Thrones.
With the 20th century we have writers like Thakazhi, a towering figure in Indian literature, whose Randidangazhi tells the story of a peasant uprising against landowners during the formative years of modern Kerala. Set in the paddy fields of Kerala, it shows how the poor, after having lived in a state of blissful ignorance starts to slowly come out of their coccoon and realise the horror of their slaving lives. Randidangazhi is a glimpse to how Marxism and Socialism began to get imported to Kerala and how it influenced the culture of Kerala. The less critically acclaimed but more popular novel of Thakazhi, is Chemmeen or Prawn, later made into one of the most succesful Malayalam movies ever. Chemmeen is set in the fishing landscape of Kerala in the shores of the Arabian sea, where fishermen believe that if a woman cheats on her husband while he is at sea, the Sea-Mother would swallow her up. Presented in this socio-cultural context is the story of Parikutty, a muslim fisherman in love with Karuthamma, the daughter of a Hindu fisherman. Their story is a more realistic and tragic version of Romeo and Juliet, with Karuthamma having to marry another man. But her love for Parikutty never dies, and they end up dead in the shores of the ocean.
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer - probably my favourite Malayalam writer. Basheer was a well educated Muslim man who grew up in the rural Muslim dominated areas of Kerala. He wrote in simple colloquial Malayalam and was looked down upon by the literary giants of his day, but today he’s seen as one of the masters of Malayalam fiction. He was once called by an English writer as the Chekhov of India to which a Malayalam writer responded saying that Chekhov was the Basheer of Russia. Basheer wrote about very ordinary people from the most ordinary places. The most famous and finest book of his I have read is called (and this sounds hilarious in Malayalam cause it’s basically a sentence squished into a word in a thick Muslim accent) Ntuppuppaakkoraanendaarnnu! which means My grandpa had an elephant! or more accurately Mygrandpahadanelephent! It’s a coming of age story about a little girl named Kunjupaathumma or little Pathu, who grows up in a family that once used to be rich but is growing poorer by the day. Little pathu gets consoled by her mom on almost a daily basis telling her ‘your grandpa had an elephant!’ clinging on to old pride while doing nothing to solve their present crisis. The English translation is actually called Me Grandad 'ad an Elephant, which kinda captures the original vibe.
MT Vasudevan Nair - the greatest writer to have ever written in Malayalam. Award winning novelist, short story writer, screenwriter and director. His first foray into fiction begins with winning a prize in a short story writing contest held by the New York Herald Tribune in 1953. What proceeded is one of the most impressive literary careers in history. His novels Naalukettu and Asuravithu show the shifting economic landscape of Kerala's Nair households. In Kaalam, the protagonist living in the city begins exploring the nostalgia of his past in feudal Kerala, having to face his crippling loneliness.
MT's most celebrated work and the second (you'll hear of the first very soon) most read Malayalam novel ever is Randamoozham or The Second Turn (translation is weirdly titled Bhima: The Lone Warrior, but English readers swear its very good). Let me begin talking about this novel by simply showing you the opening lines.
The sea was black in colour. Even after having swallowed a palace and an entire city, as if it's hunger hadn't died, the wave beat her head on the shore and screamed in agony.
You just read MT describe the sinking of Dwaraka. Randamoozham is about the Mahabharata, specifically about Bhima, the second of the Pandava brothers, well... dealing with being the second. He reinterprets the events of the Mahabharata with such skill that he makes you empathize with even the cruelest characters. Modern retellings of Indian epics like Asura or Jaya basically rewrite the story and change major events and add plot twists. MT changes nothing, and I mean nothing from the Mahabharata. He simply points out things you never thought about, and explores what might have been the deeper emotional reasons behind the actions of each character. MT being the most empathetic writer I've read has this incredible talent of seeing through people and making characters feel real and tangible. In Randamoozham he explores so many emotions, Bhima's feeling of being inferior to Arjuna, his feeling of emasculation and sexual helplessness, his intense love for Draupadi never repaid as she always prefers Arjuna over him.
Khasakkinte Ithihasam or the Legends of Khasak by OV Vijayan is usually considered the best Malayalam novel ever written. If you google 'greatest Malayalam novel' either this or Randamoozham comes up (google switches them up now and then). The novel is basically magical realism, the same genre of 100 years of solitude of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. But Vijayan's magical realism is a very different beast from that of Marquez. The distinction is subtle. Unlike the novels of Marquez, whether the magical parts of the book are real or not is left ambiguous. Let me explain, the protagonist is Ravi, a stoic man separated from his girlfriend, arriving at a muslim village called Khasak in the middle of nowhere to work as a school teacher. At first its a weird disjointed series of sketches of life in this strange village filled with strange characters who attribute every event and occurence to the workings of magical beings, spirits, or even long dead Muslim warriors. But the novel slowly reveals itself to be the story of a man learning to disconnect from reality and start seeing the magic buried within life. There's a scene where the mc recollects a memory as a child of looking up at the suns and seeing the weird wiggly things that move around in your eyes. His mother explains to him that they are actually Devas or tiny gods in sky, shying away when you look at them. This scene perfectly encapsulates the genre of this novel. I'll also share the fantastic opening para:
When the bus came to its final halt in Koomankavu, the place did not seem unfamiliar to Ravi. He had never been there before, but he had seen himself coming to this forlorn outpost beneath the immense canopy of trees, with its dozen shops and shacks raised on piles; he had seen it all in recurrent premonitions—the benign age of the trees, their riven bark and roots arched above the earth. The other passengers had got off earlier and Ravi sat alone in the bus, contemplating the next part of the journey as one does an ominous transit in one’s horoscope.
Mayyazhipuzhayude Theerangalil or On the banks of the Mayyazhi river by M. Mukundan - This is a novel spanning generations of French Indians in the French colony of Mahe in Kerala. It just wonderfully rolls out history like a scroll and shows you the glacial shifts of history from the reverent attitude of the locals towards the French in the beginning of the novel to complete rebellion by the end. And all of this is interspersed with a love story and magical realism concerning an island where dead people go to and turn into dragonflies. It really opens up a new world unknown to even most Malayalis, where French words are sprinkled in between Malayalam sentences to sound cool the way we use English today and where French aristocrats have to use Malayalam to get their kids to wake up. Some of it sounds jarring and outright weird to Malayali ears.
Mon petite! Mon petite! Ezhunekkoo! Samayam vaiki! Mon petite! Translation - Mon petite! Mon petite! Wake up! It's late already! Mon petite!
Aadujeevitham or Goat Days by Benyamin - as promised, here is the most famous and most sold book in Malayalam. I really really hope at least some of you recognize this from the recent movie Aadujeevitham or Goat Life starring Prithviraj. If not, see the trailer and get an idea of what this book is like. It's fairly recent, from 2008, and is single handedly responsible for rejuvinating Malayalam literature after almost a decade of hibernation. Benyamin became an overnight sensation and a household name with this novel, and It's probably the most read Indian novel in any language. So Aadujeevitham which literally means Goat Life is based on the true story of a man named Najeeb who travelled to Saudi Arabia after he was promised a job by a friend. But at the airport he is basically tricked by an smelly fat Arab into a truck and taken to a goat farm in the middle of the desert. What follows is a tale of survival spanning 4 years of animal-like living herding goats in the middle of nowhere. Najeeb has no access to actual food, and has to dip Khuboos in water pretending it's curry, has no access to toilets and must clean himself after excretion using sand, and has no access to new clothes or shaving. The novel explores the slow devolution of a man into a barely recognizable beastlike figure, living among goats, losing his status as a human and becoming synonymous with a goat. Now how does a human go from that to running across the desert for 4 days to escape? Read the novel and find out. Every Indian must read this honestly, it's quite horrible when it really sinks into you that this shit happened. With the movie recently we got quite a lot of interviews with the original man, and it blew away so many Malayalis that some of the most horrible stuff that happens in the novel wasn't made up, that it actually happened.
The next is the last novel I'll recommend. It's from 2009 but I didn't keep it till the end because of its recency. I kept it at the end because this novel created shockwaves in the Malayalam literary community, became a very controversial book, and ended up as a sensation among the youth. This novel is credited with bringing back or introducing so many young Malayalis (including me, this is the first Malayalam novel I read) into Malayalam literature. But fair warning, this really may not be for you.
Francis Itty Cora by T.D. Ramakrishnan - Possibly the most fascinating novel I have ever read in my life. You will either love this, or hate this. I'll tell you the premise in simple words:
There are 18 secret families, whose members are some of the wealthiest people in the world, spread all over the globe who are tied to ancient rituals and satanic sex cults, protecting secret texts and scriptures, They basically control the world. All of this is interspersed with a clusterfuck of a historical mystery involving the Indian origins of calculus, Cleopatra, Florence, Fibonacci and Hypatia, and how there’s nothing in common with any of these except for the fact that all of these elements are mysteriously connected to a single 15th century pepper trader from Kerala named Francis Itty Cora. Read that again.
Still interested? The novel opens with a young American man named Xavier Itty Cora, a war veteran, who has been having erectile dysfunction ever since he sexually assaulted a girl in Iraq. He seeks help to regain his sexual health from three college girls in Kerala running a makeshift sex resort, who begin suspecting his real intentions for contacting them out of anyone else in the world. It is revealed that Xavier Itty Cora had gotten to know that his family descends from a 15th century Christian pepper trader from Kerala named Francis Itty Cora who travelled around the world and started 18 families. The three college girls set out on a hunt to find the real truth about this man all the while being chased by a secret family that still worships him as his god. Now if that does not excite you, you probably won't like it. But personally, this novel ruined Da Vinci Code for me, as every Dan Brown novel I read after this just felt stupid and dumb compared to the sheer breadth and scope of this novel. T.D. Ramakrishnan uses history to not just give you a kick, but every mystery, every detail he adds is there to support his basic thesis that violence and lust is the driving force behind human civilisation.
I hope this post was helpful in showing you the insane diversity of Malayalam literature there is. It's not a monolith, Indian languages are whole literary traditions of themselves and not just niches or small genres compared. I wrote this hoping to start a chain reaction in this subreddit, and I expect more such posts on every other Indian language from you fellow readers. Happy reading!
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2024.05.20 16:07 ianbell78 Air Conditioners (AC) Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Outlook, Report and Forecast 2024-2032

Air Conditioners (AC) Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Outlook, Report and Forecast 2024-2032
https://preview.redd.it/0hzazq6h9l1d1.png?width=830&format=png&auto=webp&s=cb37b86df257436cd118fa33f8dd04afe533eb91
According to the report by Expert Market Research (EMR), the global air conditioners (AC) market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% between 2024 and 2032. Aided by the increasing global temperatures, rising disposable incomes, and the expansion of the construction sector, the market is expected to witness substantial growth by 2032.
Air conditioners have become a quintessential aspect of modern living, providing comfort in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. The rising awareness about the benefits of maintaining optimal indoor air quality and temperature control is a key driver for the market. Additionally, technological advancements in HVAC systems, such as energy-efficient models and smart ACs, have further accelerated market growth.
Get a Free Sample Report with a Table of Contents: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/air-conditioners-ac-market/requestsample

Market Drivers

One of the primary factors driving the air conditioners market is the escalating global temperatures due to climate change. As summers become hotter, the demand for efficient cooling systems has soared. This trend is particularly prominent in urban areas, where the heat island effect exacerbates temperature rises, making air conditioning a necessity rather than a luxury.
Rising disposable incomes, especially in developing economies, have also played a pivotal role in boosting the AC market. As more households move into the middle-income bracket, the affordability of air conditioning units increases, leading to higher sales. Moreover, urbanization and the subsequent growth in residential and commercial construction have significantly contributed to market expansion.
The burgeoning construction industry, with its focus on building energy-efficient and sustainable infrastructures, has also propelled the demand for advanced air conditioning systems. Modern construction projects increasingly integrate sophisticated HVAC systems that ensure optimal energy use and enhanced comfort, further boosting market growth.

Technological Advancements

Technological innovation is a cornerstone of the air conditioners market's growth. The development of energy-efficient AC models, driven by stringent government regulations and the growing consumer preference for sustainable products, has reshaped the market dynamics. Inverter technology, which allows for more precise temperature control and energy savings, has become a standard feature in new AC models.
Smart air conditioners, which can be controlled via smartphones and integrate with home automation systems, represent another significant advancement. These AC units offer convenience, better energy management, and compatibility with other smart home devices, appealing to tech-savvy consumers and driving market growth.
Read Full Report with Table of Contents: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/air-conditioners-ac-market

Market Challenges

Despite the optimistic outlook, the air conditioners market faces several challenges. Environmental concerns related to the refrigerants used in ACs, which contribute to global warming, have prompted regulatory bodies worldwide to impose stricter standards. Manufacturers are under pressure to adopt eco-friendly refrigerants and improve the energy efficiency of their products.
Additionally, the high initial cost of advanced and smart AC units can be a barrier for some consumers, particularly in price-sensitive markets. Ensuring widespread adoption of these technologies will require addressing these cost concerns through subsidies, incentives, and advancements in manufacturing processes that lower production costs.

Market Segmentation

The air conditioners market can be segmented based on type, technology, end-use, distribution channel, and region.
Market Breakup by Type
  • Split AC
  • Window AC
  • Portable AC
  • Others
Market Breakup by Technology
  • Inverter AC
  • Non-Inverter AC
Market Breakup by End-Use
  • Residential
  • Commercial
  • Industrial
Market Breakup by Distribution Channel
  • Offline (Retail Stores, Specialty Stores)
  • Online (E-commerce Platforms)
Market Breakup by Region
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East and Africa

Regional Insights

North America: The North American air conditioners market is characterized by high demand for energy-efficient and smart AC units. The region's stringent regulatory environment and consumer preference for technologically advanced products drive innovation in this market.
Europe: Europe's AC market is influenced by the increasing emphasis on energy conservation and environmental sustainability. The adoption of eco-friendly refrigerants and energy-efficient models is more pronounced here due to strict regulations.
Asia Pacific: The Asia Pacific region represents the largest and fastest-growing market for air conditioners, driven by rapid urbanization, increasing disposable incomes, and extreme climatic conditions. Countries like China, India, and Japan are key contributors to market growth.
Latin America: The Latin American market is witnessing growth due to rising temperatures and improving economic conditions. However, high prices of advanced AC units can be a limiting factor.
Middle East and Africa: The hot and arid climate of the Middle East makes air conditioning essential, driving significant demand. Economic diversification efforts and infrastructure development in the region further boost the market.

Competitive Landscape

The EMR report examines the market shares, capacities, expansions, investments, and mergers and acquisitions of leading companies operating in the global air conditioners market. Some of the major players explored in the report include:
  • LG Electronics
  • AB Electrolux
  • Fujitsu General Limited
  • Nortek
  • Johnson Controls
  • DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, Ltd.,
  • Others
The global air conditioners market is set for substantial growth over the forecast period, driven by rising temperatures, increasing disposable incomes, and advancements in technology. While challenges such as environmental concerns and high costs of advanced units exist, ongoing innovations and a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability are expected to overcome these hurdles. As urbanization continues and consumer preferences evolve, the demand for air conditioning systems will only intensify, making this a dynamic and promising market.

About Us

Acquire unparalleled access to critical industry insights with our comprehensive market research reports, meticulously prepared by a team of seasoned experts. These reports are designed to equip decision-makers with an in-depth understanding of prevailing market trends, competitive landscapes, and growth opportunities.
Our high-quality, data-driven analysis provides the essential framework for organisations seeking to make informed and strategic decisions in an increasingly complex and rapidly evolving business environment. By investing in our market research reports, you can ensure your organisation remains agile, proactive, and poised for success in today’s competitive market.
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2024.05.20 14:59 Current-Carrot6051 Paramount Takeover

Home Stock Ideas Long Ideas Communication Services Paramount Takeover Talks: Sony-Apollo Deal Closure Could Lead To Large Gains May 20, 2024 5:16 AM ETParamount Global (PARA) Stock, PARAA StockAPO, SNEJF, SONY9 Comments International Investor profile picture International Investor 19 Followers
Summary
Paramount shares at $12-$13 trade far below the lowest price in the Sony-Apollo bid at $22. The major voting shareholder of Paramount is forced to raise cash to pay debts, which may lead to Paramount being sold. Sony has been interested in buying Paramount for a long time now. PARA shares are unjustly trading far lower than PARAA shares, which have the same economic rights.
Editor's note: Seeking Alpha is proud to welcome International Investor as a new contributing analyst. You can become one too! Share your best investment idea by submitting your article for review to our editors. Get published, earn money, and unlock exclusive SA Premium access. Click here to find out more »
Paramount Pictures AlexandreFagundes
At the moment, I believe Paramount Global (NASDAQ:PARA) shares (which are the Class B shares) are far depressed compared to the underlying value of all the company's assets. A non-binding offer by Sony and Apollo Global could lead to a deal taking the company private at $22 or more per share, rewarding new investors in PARA with massive gains compared to the current stock price of $12-$13. Existing investors who bought above $20 may or may not be rewarded, depending on the details of the Sony-Apollo offer. Longer out-of-the-money call options might win big if the Sony-Apollo deal proceeds at $22 per share or more.
In this article, I will try to explain why I think Sony-Apollo will offer more than most investors expect and why the PARA shares are far undervalued compared to the Paramount Global (NASDAQ:PARAA), or the Class A, shares.
A fair warning, though: investing in Paramount is not for everyone. One could make a corporate drama movie about what happened with the stock. In the last few weeks alone, we had Warren Buffett selling his PARA shares at a massive loss and publicly talking about it at the Berkshire (BRK.A) (BRK.B) annual shareholder meeting, "We lost quite a bit of money"
Meanwhile, we have the trial of Bill Hwang running in the background, who blew up his hedge fund Archegos while investing in shares of ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global).
Earlier Offers from Skydance and Apollo Then we have Skydance led by David Ellison (son of Larry Ellison) vying to buy the controlling stake held by heiress Shari Redstone in Paramount Global via her investment vehicle National Amusements (NAI). To me, this appears more of a take-under kind of deal that would seriously dilute the value of PARA shares. National Amusements, the Redstone family company, needs to repay debts. Shari Redstone has already sold some real estate and is looking for cash to pay these NAI debts. The greatest asset of NAI is the 77% of voting rights of PARAA. These shares give Redstone control over all important decisions relating to Paramount Global.
When Apollo Global Management (APO) showed up to make a $27 billion cash bid based on the Enterprise Value of Paramount on April 3, 2024, other Paramount shareholders found out that Skydance was also interested in Paramount and that there were exclusive negotiations going on. Skydance tried to structure a buyout of NAI in order to gain control over Paramount Global by overpaying for PARAA and diluting PARA holders, who own about 90% of the economic value of the company.
This move caused a lot of public backlash from large PARA investors such as Ariel Investments. The threat of serious litigation probably made the decision makers at the board and the special committee of Paramount wary of the Skydance deal. In an April 2024 Delaware court decision involving Match Group, it was ruled that a transaction with a majority voting shareholder on both sides must be evaluated by a completely independent special committee and approved by a majority of the minority stockholders. In the case of Paramount Global, this would mean the majority of the PARA holders because the company is registered in Delaware.
After the exclusivity period with Skydance came to an end, Apollo Global came back along with Sony (SONY) with a non-binding offer of $26 billion. Paramount's special committee met on Saturday (4 May), a day after the one-month window with Skydance expired, and decided to consider its approach to the Sony-Apollo bid. Discussions between the companies are currently ongoing.
Why Sony and Apollo? From the perspective of Redstone, who always said she wanted to keep the company in one piece, Sony might be a semi-acceptable candidate. They have been part of Hollywood for a long time. Sony Pictures and Columbia Pictures are big names. There is a decent chance that Sony would keep most of the company. Some parts, such as CBS, are more tricky because of regulatory approval and foreign ownership. But that is where the partnership between Sony and Apollo could help. Apollo as a US-based entity should have less regulatory issues. In a recent interview, Apollo CEO Marc Rowan said regarding the FCC 25 percent foreign ownership cap: "Look, regulatory is an issue for every transaction, but these paths are well trodden."
From Sony's perspective, the company is a content provider. Two of their segments mentioned as reporting their own financial in the recent earnings call were Pictures and Music. Paramount has a large catalog and content that would add value to many parts of the Sony business. The movie catalog, for instance, could be combined with like Columbia Pictures (owned by Sony since 1989). Other IPs such as Star Trek and Sponge Bob could be used to create games and used to increase value in other distribution channels. When the Sony bid came out, an estimated $3 billion per year in savings was mentioned by combining the companies.
Valuation of the Sony-Apollo offer Now, this is where things get really interesting. Most investors seem to think that the current Sony-Apollo offer is for $26 billion including the debt. The net debt is estimated at about $12.2 billion. With 40.7 million PARAA and 625 million PARA shares outstanding and assuming no premium for the PARAA shares, this would be a little over $22 per share. If the PARAA holders get a 5-10% premium, PARA holders would get only slightly less. This would be still a great investment considering the current market price of $12-$13 if the deal happens, with an increase of more than 80%.
Because Shari Redstone knows what the company could be worth, I am not expecting PARA to be sold for $22 per share. Redstone would want more for her PARAA and PARA shares (she paid $32.36 per share for 646,764 PARA shares in May 2022).
The recent earnings call showed that the turnaround strategy is working, and the streaming losses are decreasing, mainly due to growth in Paramount Plus revenue (+50%) while free cash flow increased to $208 million and the leverage ratio went down to 4.3. This, in my view, makes the negotiation position of Paramount quite a bit stronger.
When the Sony-Apollo deal came out, some of the financial media such as Bloomberg and Reuters published the offer as $26 billion in cash and assumed the debt. In a Bloomberg article on May 2, 2024, they use similar wording. WSJ states it like this: "Private-equity giant Apollo Global Management submitted a $26 billion offer, including about $12 billion in equity plus assumption of debt." These two things are surely not the same, and the majority of the press and the investors seem to lean towards the way WSJ states it. I find it strange that an experienced M&A company like Apollo picks the wording assumption of debt and mentions a $26 million all-cash offer rather than referring to the equity value of the deal. It makes more sense to value the whole equity with a bid number. In the case of Paramount Global, there are of course difficulties in giving a price per share, because of the PARAA vs PARA discussion and potential premiums. But if the offer is indeed $26 billion in cash AND the assumption of debt, this would mean that Sony would leave all the low-interest debt outstanding, and the $26 billion would be for the shareholders of PARAA and PARA to split up. Without a premium for PARAA versus PARA, this would be about $41 per share, A or B class.
I could be very wrong here, and that they just wrote assuming the debt is long-term, low-interest debt and Sony-Apollo would like to keep it outstanding, but it would be inconsistent with the earlier bid history and my estimated value of the company and looking at what happened before. In reference to the $27 billion solo bid made by Apollo, there are actually different wordings and a mention of $27 billion Enterprise Value, encompassing equity and debt.
At the moment, PARA stock is trading much lower than one would expect when there is a potential offer, even at the lowest offer price. I think this is partly due to investor fatigue and distrust from the earlier Skydance discussion (with the dilution risk), and also because of the large shorting. There were about 70 million PARA shares short just recently, and the shorters seem to have issues trying to get out of the shares. It is much harder to obtain PARAA shares because most of them are owned by NAI and other large investors. This makes shorting them very difficult and might partly explain the large price difference between PARAA currently trading at around $21 and PARA at around $12-$13.
Another reason could be that some investors believe that there will be a premium for PARAA shares vs PARA. Mario Gabelli, who manages 5 million shares of PARAA for clients, is one of them. I think there might be a small premium for PARAA, but US law seems to limit this, especially in cases where the economic rights are the same for different share classes. A lot of negative news in various media, such as CNBC, seems to keep retail investors wary of PARA shares.
Options The serious shorting and the flow of negative news also affect option prices. On 15 May, one could buy, for instance, a call on September 20, 2024, at strike 15 for 0.84 cents ask. This call would most likely go far in-the-money if a deal were announced. Profits would start when PARA shares hit $15.84 before September.
I normally don't buy options, but because of the outsized risk/reward I think exists here, I am long various series in July, September, and December at strikes starting at $15 and higher. Because I expect any deal to take some time for due diligence and possible renegotiations, I did not buy any options expiring before July.
Why I think the Sony-Apollo bid is higher than $22/share Apollo bid $11 billion for only the studios and the catalog in March 2024 Apollo bid $27 billion including the debt for the whole company in April 2024. Why come back with a lower offer of $26 billion and partner with Sony, which has billions of dollars' worth of synergies combining the businesses? Apollo knew what Shari Redstone would get in the Skydance deal. The combined PARA and PARAA offer assuming the debt would be a similar package for Redstone but without the legal issues. The offer for $22 per share would compare poorly to the $64 offered by Skydance. The negotiations started on a Saturday, right after the Skydance exclusivity ended. Would Redstone be interested in dealing with a very low offer immediately after Skydance was offering her a lot more just days ago for her PARAA package by buying NAI at a large premium? Sony already inquired about acquiring Paramount Global some years ago when PARA was trading at a higher price. A sum-of-the-parts assessment of Paramount based on partly public bid information suggests that the parts are worth more: Studios is valued at $11 billion at the least, based on the earlier Apollo offer, Showtime is valued at over $3 billion, and BET at about $3 billion - all of which adds up to $17 billion. A quick estimate puts CBS with their sports contracts at least at $10 billion. Byron Allen called out a price of $10 billion for ABC last year, and CBS has more viewers.
If MTV, Nickelodeon, and Comedy Central together are worth $3 billion, then we are at $30 billion, which would be $4 billion above the Sony-Apollo offer. Because Paramount does not split up the numbers, it is difficult to give an exact estimate, but Nickelodeon by itself is a strategic asset because it is very strong in the kids segment. From the Q42024 SEC filing: "Notably, Nickelodeon delivered the number one preschool property among kids two to five in PAW Patrol and the number one animation property among kids two to 11 in SpongeBob in total television viewing minutes." For services like streamers, having kids' content is important to help retain customers.
Note that this would value all other assets such as the streaming business with Paramount Plus and Pluto TV at zero.
Risks Management decision-making: Paramount Global currently has 3 CEOs. The previous CEO Bob Bakish left the company just days before the earnings call. During the latest earnings call, no questions were answered. Instead, they played the Mission Impossible (a co-production between Paramount and Skydance) theme song in a loop.
Corporate governance concerns: There were no press releases about any offers, either about Skydance or any other negotiations starting or ending.
Non-alignment of the majority PARAA holders with PARA shareholders: The best example is the treatment of the Skydance offer, as explained in this article. If they find a way to make it happen, there could be another Skydance offer.
Deal terms uncertain: There is no clear public price communicated yet. Some investors are still discussing the assumption of the debt part of the announcement, and there could be discussions about PARAA vs. PARA price premium because of the dual-class share structure.
Shorting: Paramount Global is one of the most shorted stocks in the S&P 500. The PARA stock price is currently trading about $9 below that of PARAA despite having equal economic value.
Regulatory: Approvals required for a takeover of CBS and other parts are more difficult with foreign buyers such as Sony because the deal needs to be ratified by FCC and other regulatory bodies. If the Sony-Apollo deal does not get done, the share price may go down by 20-30% in the short run.
Catalysts Announcement of the start of the due diligence or more clarity on the Sony-Apollo offer could bring the share price up due to more demand from investors and force the shorts to cover.
Conclusion With a current market price of PARA shares at between $12 and $13 per share and a potential takeover price of around $22 (or about $41, if the Sony-Apollo offer is cash and assuming the debt), PARA could be a great medium-term investment. Buying PARA shares or longer out-of-the-money call options - for instance, the series between 15 and 20 strike for July, September, or December 2024 - might be very rewarding for investors, in my opinion.
Editor's Note: This article discusses one or more securities that do not trade on a major U.S. exchange. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.
submitted by Current-Carrot6051 to ParamountGlobal2 [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 10:33 spunchy M&B 2024 Lecture 2: The Natural Hierarchy of Money

M&B 2024 Lecture 2: The Natural Hierarchy of Money
For our schedule and links to other discussions, see the Money and Banking 2024 master post.
This is the discussion thread for Economics of Money and Banking Lecture 2: The Natural Hierarchy of Money.
The key takeaway is that money is hierarchical. One form of money is an IOU for a higher form of money. The nature of this hierarchy is independent of the monetary standard that sits at the top of the hierarchy. We start by assuming a gold standard. But it could be anything.
From the notes:
I have used the word “natural” in my title, and now I want to explain why. I use it to emphasize that the hierarchical character of the system, and its dynamic character over time, are deep features of the system. The institutional organization of the monetary system is hierarchical because of this underlying feature, not vice versa. That is to say, the hierarchy is not something imposed from the top down, e.g. by the government or the central bank. Monetary systems are naturally hierarchical, from the ground up. —Lecture Notes
Much of what we learn in this course will flesh out the structure and mechanics of the hierarchy. You may find yourself coming back to this lecture again and again to reorient yourself.

Part 1: FT: The Eurocrisis, Liquidity vs. Solvency

Here's the balance sheet that shows Draghi's plan for the ECB buying up short-term peripheral European sovereign debt.
https://preview.redd.it/y6akdkddkj1d1.png?width=744&format=png&auto=webp&s=9f562be195fc96a8a09c8c919f4f98ccb64f471d
We can call this "monetizing" the debt because, from the bondholders' perspective, the ECB is replacing the short-term bills with money. In quadruple-entry accounting terms, this is an asset intermediation. The bondholders move from holding bills directly to holding money liabilities of the ECB. The ECB holds the actual bills.
https://preview.redd.it/qrqgihffkj1d1.png?width=751&format=png&auto=webp&s=c551fbb24bb6be02ecb511fa110cb553c29be905
By buying up this peripheral debt, the ECB can boost that debt's price on the market, and thereby suppress its yield. This doesn't make the debt go away, but it does make it cheaper for governments to continue to borrow. They can better afford to roll over their existing debt and add new debt.
By contrast, George Soros wants to help reduce the debt burden of the peripheral countries by shifting their longer-term sovereign debt (bonds) onto the balance sheet of a new European Fiscal Authority (EFA) to make it easier to write off.
https://preview.redd.it/va7vbjlhkj1d1.png?width=838&format=png&auto=webp&s=2ec572769790582c4c3608197f4966820245c5b7
Now we have what amounts to a three-way transaction.
https://preview.redd.it/mdsc6jajkj1d1.png?width=751&format=png&auto=webp&s=a7ec36a902885186d01ee101f13311ebd90c5fb0
But we can decompose the three-way transaction into two two-way transactions.
https://preview.redd.it/1ccer49nkj1d1.png?width=339&format=png&auto=webp&s=a42323b37656b1f2629e112424ffb6ae857e7b86
The EFA borrows money from the ECB by issuing Euro Bills (mutual obligation). Then they spend that money to buy the excess bonds from the bondholders (assets swap).
The mechanics are similar to the Draghi ECB plan. We're intermediating long-term bonds instead of short-term bills. And we've inserted a second intermediary: the EFA. The excess bonds are now on the balance sheet of the EFA. The long-term sovereign debt has been monetized.
Here's the writing-off operation.
https://preview.redd.it/n1j5i1lpkj1d1.png?width=514&format=png&auto=webp&s=1cdaa6232f06eb6b7545336626ae52423c23f25c
We've removed a liability of the peripheral country, which is an asset of the EFA. The EFA's net worth takes a hit. Enough of this process could push the EFA's equity into negative territory. But the EFA is in a better position than any of the peripheral countries to suffer a reduction of net worth.
According to our definition of solvency, when governments are net in debt, they are technically insolvent. This is true just based on accounting identities.
It's not normal for a bank to be insolvent, but it can be normal for a government to be insolvent. It can also be normal to describe that government as solvent by imagining future tax revenues as an asset on the government's balance sheet.
If a government fails to make a payment on its debt, everyone can see that. Liquidity is objective reality. Solvency is in the eye of the beholder.
The above diagrams sheets show a mechanism by which we can shift some "insolvency" from the balance sheets of individual European member nations to the balance sheet of Europe as a whole.
Whether or not the EFA writes off any of its sovereign bonds, the ECB can shrink its balance sheet back down by selling the Euro bills to the banks in exchange for some of their excess reserves.
https://preview.redd.it/mnkh5nnskj1d1.png?width=767&format=png&auto=webp&s=e4f9953a85d447bed1bbcd449ac19ed3d071cf11
Compare this to the Draghi plan that monetizes short-term sovereign bills. After having monetized the long-term sovereign bonds, the Soros plan has "Euro-bill-ized" that money. Instead of the banking system and bondholders holding excess peripheral bonds, they hold short-term Europe-issued debt.
Here's what it looks like if we net out the ECB's temporary role as intermediary.
https://preview.redd.it/2bl59z4vkj1d1.png?width=338&format=png&auto=webp&s=e0051d86255f6a328a48ee11b662437f089e532f
We have "Euro-bill-ized" Europe's peripheral sovereign debt. Nothing is monetized. We needed the ECB and its money issuance only temporarily, and then the money went away.
When central banks do very bold things, it's because someone else isn't doing their job. —Lecture
As a result of the Covid crisis, the European Commission approved the issuance of "common bonds" that are liabilities of the whole EU. We can think of this as a step in the direction of a Europe-wide fiscal authority.
As far as I can tell, the mechanism is a bit different. They are not issuing short-term bills against sovereign bonds of individual member countries. Instead, they issued long-dated bonds directly and distributed the funds to prevent the member countries from having to borrow as much in the first place.

Part 2: Hierarchy of Financial Instruments

Hierarchy is evident in the alchemy of banking. To emphasize the hierarchy, we can orient our payment diagrams vertically.
https://preview.redd.it/vtjc2bcxkj1d1.png?width=188&format=png&auto=webp&s=52f2b72d23fd9782040c16dfda8f3b12cf09ddd8
Whenever one entity uses another entity's liabilities as money, that defines a hierarchy. I pay the bank to issue money for me because I can't create money for myself. The bank accepts my liability (the loan) in exchange for its own liability (the deposit), which I can use as money.
https://preview.redd.it/61qxl52zkj1d1.png?width=168&format=png&auto=webp&s=44d6d93b95ce45509394bb3860ac61d2222fe3a3
The ultimate money sitting at the top of the hierarchy sets the monetary standard. In the above diagram—and throughout this lecture—"gold" stands in for whatever the monetary standard happens to be. There have been times and places in history where gold has been the monetary standard. But gold doesn't have to be the monetary standard. It isn't today.
Things that look like they are equivalent are in fact not, structurally. —Lecture
A depositor can normally go to his bank and shift back and forth between deposits and currency at par. Price-wise, deposits and currency might seem equivalent. They're both money. But structurally, one is an IOU for the other. If the bank fails, the deposits lose their value.
Mehrling points out that it can be jarring and counterintuitive for people to see money as a liability—a negative value. That's partly because your money is never a liability. To you, it's an asset.
Money is better than credit. Credit is a promise to pay money. —Lecture
What counts as money and what counts as credit depends on where you are in the hierarchy. What you use as money comes from above. You can borrow to create more credit, but you can't borrow to create more money at your own level of the hierarchy.
Mehrling says in the lecture that we can always differentiate the hierarchy further. And we can also look at it from a more modern international perspective. Below is a diagram that Mehrling uses in some of his more recent papers and lectures.
https://preview.redd.it/ckkkedf3lj1d1.png?width=353&format=png&auto=webp&s=92d89749af9bc1a36e35167e6ee65e758849d4ea
This figure shows the US dollar at the top of the international money-credit hierarchy. The C6 swap lines are lines of (dollar) credit extended by the Fed to five other big central banks:
  • The European Central Bank
  • The Bank of England
  • The Bank of Japan
  • The Bank of Canada
  • The Swiss National Bank
These central banks can borrow dollars from the Fed any time they want. They have the equivalent of deposit accounts at the Fed that get credited whenever they borrow.
Technically, these swap lines are foreign exchange swaps (FX swaps). That means the Fed is simultaneously borrowing foreign money at the same time that it's lending dollars.
https://preview.redd.it/3moqjuc8lj1d1.png?width=785&format=png&auto=webp&s=233510e91f9f2a97a49f73eda4c73a1af0e5e923
But this is a technicality we can usually ignore. The Fed never needs euros. But the ECB sometimes needs dollars. Notice that on these balance sheets, the only money is the US dollar on the balance sheet of the ECB. Euros are not money to the Fed because the Fed doesn't settle payments in euros.
We can think of the euros as collateral for the dollar loan. The main thing that's happening is that the ECB is borrowing dollars from the Fed.
https://preview.redd.it/8bvpnimblj1d1.png?width=188&format=png&auto=webp&s=3c808762673fbacbe4062c6c51b1381519a25db4
The third layer of this international hierarchy consists of dollar borrowing arrangements that aren't directly with the Fed. The final two layers map onto the first hierarchy above.

Part 3: Hierarchy of Financial Institutions

For the purposes of this lecture, the key feature of a central bank is that the central bank's liabilities are the monetary reserve for the banking system. The banking system's liabilities are, in turn, the monetary reserve for the private sector.
https://preview.redd.it/62zd6gxflj1d1.png?width=838&format=png&auto=webp&s=26e4d82c7f388f3a88d4b4f269f7325b186f1447
Mehrling defines "outside money" as an asset that's nobody's liability. Under the gold standard, gold is outside money for the entire system.
When you don't have a promise to pay gold, it becomes a little less clear what is the ontological status of currency. Is it credit? Is it outside money? —Lecture
Mehrling gets the terms "inside money" and "outside money" from Gurley and Shaw, but he defines these terms differently from how they do. We'll see this when we do the Gurley and Shaw reading in a few weeks.

Part 4: Dynamics of the Hierarchy

We can think of the money-credit hierarchy as a pyramid with gold at the top.
https://preview.redd.it/fw07najilj1d1.png?width=473&format=png&auto=webp&s=5fecf10aa694b124e30631bda00404d2fb3ee3d4
The amount of gold in the system is "vanishingly small" compared to the volume of derivative credit below it. But that doesn't necessarily mean that the importance of the monetary standard is vanishingly small.
The pyramid expands and contracts as credit expands and contracts both with the daily clearing of payments as well as with the business cycle.
https://preview.redd.it/kzdw323llj1d1.png?width=397&format=png&auto=webp&s=d962aecee8d05532ab5f7a74a479c0c57fe175c1
The daily expansion and contraction of credit is a normal part of the smooth functioning of the payment system. But a contraction of the credit cycle tends to be associated with some kind of crisis.
We can distinguish two dimensions of this fluctuation. First, and most simple, is the expansion and contraction of the quantity of credit, which takes place at all levels of the system. Second, and more subtle, is the fluctuation of the “moneyness” of any given type of credit. In this respect, the quality of credit tends to increase during an expansion, and to decrease during a contraction. —Lecture Notes
The quality of credit only tends to suffer during a business cycle (or credit cycle) contraction. The daily contraction due to the payment system does not cause a loss of credit quality in the same way.

Part 5: Discipline and Elasticity, Currency Principle and Banking Principle

The currency principle emphasizes the scarcity of ultimate money, and the banking principle emphasizes the elasticity of derivative credit. Monetarism is more aligned with the currency principle, and Keynesianism is more aligned with the banking principle.
When we issue credit, by default, we can only expand credit at our level of the hierarchy and below. But institutions that sit above us in the hierarchy can choose to help us out. That's what banks do. Banks are in the business of replacing our credit with their credit. This is what it means for banking to be "a swap of IOUs."

Part 6: Hierarchy of Market Makers

Prices make it look as if everything is just quantitatively—rather than qualitatively—different. Those prices come from dealers making markets between different levels of the hierarchy.
https://preview.redd.it/i1bf0n7olj1d1.png?width=402&format=png&auto=webp&s=4972db18f1b5bcea0cafdae7d117906cbba70b1d
An assertion of the hierarchy causes differentiation between the assets and liabilities of institutions that straddle the layers of the hierarchy. Security dealers can adjust prices in response to stress. Banks fail as banks if they try to deviate from par.
If the market makers do their job well, we will observe continuous markets at the various prices of money. In other words, the qualitatively differentiated hierarchy will appear as merely a quantitative difference between various financial asset prices. It is this transformation from quality to quantity that makes it possible to construct theories of economics and finance that abstract from the hierarchical character of the system (as most do). —Lecture Notes
Too much stress will cause the market makers to stop making markets entirely.

Part 7: Managing the Hierarchy

We can understand monetary policy as an attempt to manage the natural fluctuation of the system for the general good, rather than for the profit of the central bank. —Lecture
The central bank can help out the banking system by buying up securities and releasing more money into the system.
https://preview.redd.it/h1tx5uaslj1d1.png?width=997&format=png&auto=webp&s=5e6bf589db7f46e507224e8db45cdb52634858f9
By doing so, the central bank is essentially converting lower forms of credit into higher forms of money. As you can see in the above set of balance sheets, the central bank helping out the banking system looks the same as the banking system helping out the private sector. Everyone down the hierarchy gets non-money assets replaced with money from above.
https://preview.redd.it/qsdejgfulj1d1.png?width=591&format=png&auto=webp&s=ff8b0f00adad2c2f4b38dd710db0fd75f9002cd5
The origin of monetary policy lies with the central bank preventing conditions that would force it to act as lender of last resort. If you have to take responsibility for managing the crisis, then it's in your interest to put some effort into preventing the crisis in the first place.
Modern central banks are perhaps not so much concerned with the shape of the hierarchy per se as they are with how that hierarchy articulates with the real economy, specifically aggregate demand and aggregate supply. That’s fine, but it is vital not to lose sight of the underlying mechanisms of money and credit. As you might expect, the attempt to use monetary policy for non-monetary purposes can put strain on both par and the exchange rate, and more generally on the institutions charged with maintaining quantitative equivalence between qualitatively different levels of the hierarchy. —Lecture Notes
Please post any questions and comments below. We will have a one-hour live discussion of Lecture 1 and Lecture 2 on Monday, May 20th, at 2:00pm EDT.
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2024.05.20 04:30 Moocao123 Vertical integration of the healthcare insurance, service, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and analytics - the case of UnitedHealth Group (United Healthcare + Optum)

Vertical integration of the healthcare insurance, service, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and analytics - the case of UnitedHealth Group (United Healthcare + Optum)
Good evening fellow Healthcare_Anon members
As previously discussed, we will go ahead and review a case study of the vertical integration of the various services of the healthcare industry, which if done correctly, does indeed post a very big beast and will be difficult to compete against. It will be like the multi-headed hydra within Greek Mythology, where failure of one head will have the support of another. This again ties into the post previously prepared:
https://new.reddit.com/Healthcare_Anon/comments/1culz57/medicare_advantage_capitation_model_prio
Which stemmed from a discussion post thanks to u/ Fabulous-airport-273:
https://new.reddit.com/Healthcare_Anon/comments/1ch5d36/your_thoughts_on_this_april_2024_policy_pape -> https://www.economicliberties.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Medicare-Advantage-AELP.pdf
Since this paper will be quoted quite extensively, we will give full acknowledgement of the authors' work:
Rooke-Ley H, Brown E, Grumbach K, Hoffman A, Ryan A, Roy V, Grogan C, Appelbaum E, Lipschutz D. Medicare Advantage and Vertical Consolidation in Health Care. American Economic Liberties Project, April 2024. Available: https://www.economicliberties.us/our-work/medicare-advantage-and-vertical-consolidation-in-health-care/#, accessed 05/19/24 (for this subreddit post)
We thank our readers on sending us important topic papers, and we encourage others on submitting literature that could concern the future of healthcare.
Since this paper is indeed a beast, and we are discussing vertical integration within this post only, we will jump directly to page 17 of the paper titled: "A NEW FRONTIER OF CONSOLIDATION". We will discuss Neoliberal economics, capitation consensus (page 1-16), the RAND Insurance experiment, and other important topics AT A LATER DATE.
"These vertical acquisitions are frequently framed as value-based care (VBC) investments. In primary care alone, it is estimated that $50 billion has been invested by these corporate entities in recent years, with similar activity in home-based and post-acute care. And private equity is lubricating these rollups, increasing investment in VBC-aligned companies by more than 400% between 2019 and 2021. As one PE investor recently said, “All roads lead to Optum.”"
https://preview.redd.it/n09dbc62nh1d1.png?width=727&format=png&auto=webp&s=6cc7f68b677a98e509741a4bef885ed4cce79df9
As you can see from the above graph, UnitedHealth Group, CVS Health, Cigna, and Humana have very very similar graphs on their goals of vertical integration. All players uses an insurance to "funnel" the cash through their subsidiaries. I do not agree that the graph should look like a chain ring, as the funneling always STARTS with the insurance and then "trickles down" through the subsidiaries, but not always in a linear fashion. The overall "value" will be its earnings/profits. It is through the initial funneling that this produces the value added parts of subsection (or chain, in the graph). What this graph lacks, which the 10K and 10Q can furnish, is this: how much money do you think the funneling is occurring? I think we can answer that question with my own work - the Excel for 10K on UNH between 2021-2024:
https://preview.redd.it/gw71f3v1oh1d1.png?width=926&format=png&auto=webp&s=95180f582823e831fe870a7cbb7278506243b677
Sources available at: https://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/content/dam/UHG/PDF/investors/2023/UNH-Q4-2023-Form-10-K.pdf
https://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/content/dam/UHG/PDF/investors/2024/UNH_Q1-2024_Form-10-Q.pdf
Now, I want you all to look at something very interesting: There is a section called eliminations, what I think this means is that there is a revenue that is both reported within one segment of UNH that has to be "eliminated" since it is also reported within another segment. My guess is Optum and UHG is crossing over their revenues in certain spots, since UHG is referring patients to Optum, which is under the same umbrella as UNH.
As you can see, each year the eliminations is a higher percentage. In fact, it is now > 33% and approaching 40%. Or another way of saying this more clearly - we don't know why this is the case, but it seems UHG is having more and more patients being served by Optum, and so the eliminations revenue is higher % each year, which all goes under the parent company UNH. In fact, if you eliminate the eliminations, revenue of both UHG + Optum combined is higher than UNH - which cannot happen if the revenue comes from an outside source. We can even track its YoY trend.
Let us turn to the profits section. Again, very similar story. Between 2021-2023, UHG + Optum profit is greater than UNH profits, which indicates that UHG is directing a certain portion of the profits into Optum, but they have to cross each other out during reconciliation for UNH's earnings report. The only time this was an exception was during Q1 2024 durring the Change Healthcare cyberattack, where Optum Insight's profit dropped by ~ 8.5%. Therefore 24Q1 the added total earnings was exactly 100%.
What this means is that I personally think there is potential market crowding and market preference within the UNH group. We will need further conclusive proof from the DOJ antitrust investigation to ascertain whether there is a true market distortion practice occurring OR if Optum services are so good UHG must always choose Optum as their partner due to quality (OK, can I start laughing now??? HAHAHAHAHAHA).
Furthermore, we haven't even discussed Home Care. "UnitedHealth is also moving into in-home care, with both primary and post-acute providers. In 2021, it bought PE-backed Landmark Health for $3.5 billion and recently merged Landmark with Prospero Health, after acquiring it in 2022. UnitedHealth also acquired LHC Group for $5.4 billion in 2022 and is currently seeking to purchase Amedisys, a home health and hospice company, for $3.3 billion. These home-based assets complement UnitedHealth’s 2020 purchase of PE-backed NaviHealth, which is one of a handful of post-acute “conveners” that have emerged within capitation-based models, particularly MA."
If anyone forgot, NaviHealth was the healthcare AI that denied rehab care to patients on a scale so large it got its own lawsuit: https://www.statnews.com/2023/11/14/unitedhealth-class-action-lawsuit-algorithm-medicare-advantage/
Subsequent to page 23 the position paper discusses on the methods to how capitation invites capital distortions, which we will further delve into at a later date. This post is long and dense enough as it is, especially if you have to stare at the graphs and start piecing things together.
As a conclusion, I believe there is definitely a way to cross review some parts to this dense position paper via 10K/10Q, and this is reflected within the financials of UnitedHealth Group. We will delve into the failure of Bright Health Group, the struggles of CVS/Aetna + the struggles of Humana at a later date. Suffice to say, vertical integration is the name of the insurance game, and unless something breaks the equilibrium, this will be the standard model for health insurance companies based on UNH's template.

submitted by Moocao123 to Healthcare_Anon [link] [comments]


2024.05.20 03:51 Gyanbng123 Todays Headlines

“In life every experience is a coin in your piggy bank.”
Good Morning and Happy Week Ahead ji 🤝🍄
Today's Headlines from :
Economic Times
📝 KKR in talks to buy into healthcare BPO company Infinx
📝 India calls for details on ambit of proposed EU deforestation norms
📝 Banks want to regain power to issue lookout notices, to move FinMin
📝 IMD predicts heatwave in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar and parts of Gujarat during next five days
📝 Govt recovers Rs 852 crore under amnesty scheme for exporters
📝 DLF rental arm DCCDL's office rental income rises 7% to Rs 3,460 cr in FY24
📝 Tata Motors group hikes investment outlay to Rs 43,000 cr for FY25
📝 Bank of Maharashtra tops among PSU banks in business growth in FY24
📝 Smartphone Co HTech plans to raise $100 million to diversify operations
📝 Attero plans to invest over Rs 8,000 crore in 5 years to ramp up e-waste, battery recycling capacity
📝 JSW steel to spend over Rs 19,000 crore to expand Dolvi plant
Business Standard
📝 Promoters reluctant to sell Haldiram Snacks despite offers by PEs
📝 CMS Info Systems to bid for management contracts for 20,000 ATMs
📝 Rajnish Kumar, Mohandas Pai to leave edtech major Byju's advisory council
📝 Som Distilleries to invest at least Rs 1,000 crore in three years: CMD
📝 Share of women in urban salaried jobs at 6-year low in Q4FY24: PLFS
📝 FAME-II guidelines clear and companies defaulted knowingly, says govt
📝 UK PM Sunak faces revolt over plans to scrap Graduate Route visa: Report
📝 Covid vaccine makers gear up to launch new-generation jabs in India
Financial Express
📝 Adani building team for retail, hospitality foray
📝 L&T to buy out NPCIL stake in its forging arm
📝 Telecom industry’s attrition rate declines to 43.4% in FY24; industry sees demand for entry-level customer-facing, tech roles
📝 Indian airport operators to record revenue growth of 15-17% in FY25; passenger traffic to increase by 8-11% YoY, says ICRA
📝 Govt procures over 26 MT wheat
📝 MGNREGS in for a revamp; plan to plug leaks, make state govts stakeholders
Mint
📝 ITC’s Sanjiv Puri takes over as CII president for 2024-25
📝 No merger but PSB privatization still on cards
📝 Centre explores ways to stabilize sugarcane production amid weather shocks
📝 Q4 results so far: Total revenue up 10.6%, bottomline rises 10.1%
📝 As Russian discounts fall, Indian refiners join hands to negotiate better terms
📝 India may relax rules to export non-basmati rice to Mauritius, onions to Qatar.
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