As recently as the late 90s, many low support-needs autistics would have had even more severe social challenges and suffered even more isolation than they currently do.¹ The internet provided tons of informational resources that are very useful to autistic people, and made joining in discussions much easier because of the somewhat removed, text-based format we all know and love. But the internet also did something else that was very important: it broke down barriers that prevented the formation of autistic communities.
The internet fixed the geographical density issue that had long made the formation of autistic communities difficult or impossible, and of course online communities have significant accessibility advantages as well.
And as a result all of this new interaction between autistics, websites like wrongplanet.com, groups like Aspies for Freedom and the ASAN were founded, and the Neurodiversity Paradigm became the prominent understanding of autism among these autistics. In the early 2000s, the neurodiversity movement really took form in the heart of those online forums and communities made for autistics.
However, there is a problem with all of this.
Lately I’ve been reading some of the foundational texts of the neurodiversity movement, such as essays by Nick Walker, because I was curious to see how some of the ideas of the neurodiversity paradigm formed in their early stages. Although I agree with what they have to say, largely, one key issue stands out to me: the way they talk about autism almost completely seems to neglect level 2s/3s who are more severely disabled (for example, intellectually, or otherwise) because of autism.²
The social model does NOT completely explain autism, as some may claim. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and sometimes that creates some really big problems with development during childhood in a way that means you don’t really ever start developing at all, or only extremely slowly. As they grow up, that is not something that will go away. Some autistics struggle even with things like using the bathroom as fully grown adults. Some cannot form full sentences. My boyfriend’s brother is one such person. Texts on neurodiversity, while very helpful to me, often seem to have completely forgotten people like him.
Lower support needs autistics also often speak over and invalidate those with higher support needs.³ I came across a perfect example of this in a comment a couple of weeks ago, from a non-autism related subreddit:

As someone who has been diagnosed as autistic, nothing frustrates me more than seeing anyone, autistic or no, try to use their mental health condition as an excuse instead of, at best, an explanation.
Sure, it's a lot harder to learn social behaviors, but it can be done.

300+ upvotes. Sad.
Now, I’m sure I don’t need to break down what’s wrong here.⁴ You guys know. But what I’d like to discuss is the why. While they may seem unrelated, I think these two things, the lack of inclusion of severely disabled autistics in writings about neurodiversity, and the tendency of some level 1s to say bullshit like that, have the same underlying cause:
I think there is a survivorship bias problem in the autism community.
While the inernet allows us to meet so many other autistic people, it’s only a limited subset of autistics. Those with very high support needs, or whose presentation of autism makes them wholly uninterested in joining online communities/discussing autism online, never make it into such communities.
It’s very easy to see the broad neurodiversity of these online spaces and think that it must be most of the autism spectrum. But it isn’t, it’s only autistics that would be in such places in the first place! And so, it is very easy to walk away with a view of autism disproportionately skewed towards those with lower support needs, with many autistics completely missing from this vantage point.
I hope that one of the best solutions to this is simply awareness. So, here is that for you. Consider yourself aware.

1. If you’re curious to see what life was like, I recommend the book, Aquamarine Blue 5. It’s a short little collection of autistic autobiographies published in 2001, each one describing their experience in college. I’ve only read some of it so far, but I’ve found it illuminating and extremely interesting to compare and contrast my own life.
   
2. Frankly, the only online group that consistently seems to remember that such people exist is the “Autism Moms”. Granted, they also sometimes think it’s the ONLY kind of autism that exists.
   
3. Shoutout to SpicyAutism for first calling attention to this for me. If you visit, please make sure to respect that it’s a space for those with moderate to high support needs — dont go posting here regularly if you are not. I only ever comment, personally, when I decide that a particular discussion is probably also open to me.
   
4. Please comment and ask for a breakdown if you need it :)
   

As recently as the late 90s, many low support-needs autistics would have had even more severe social challenges and suffered even more isolation than they currently do.¹ The internet provided tons of informational resources that are very useful to autistic people, and made joining in discussions much easier because of the somewhat removed, text-based format we all know and love. But the internet also did something else that was very important: it broke down barriers that prevented the formation of autistic communities.
The internet fixed the geographical density issue that had long made the formation of autistic communities difficult or impossible, and of course online communities have significant accessibility advantages as well.
And as a result all of this new interaction between autistics, websites like wrongplanet.com, groups like Aspies for Freedom and the ASAN were founded, and the Neurodiversity Paradigm became the prominent understanding of autism among these autistics. In the early 2000s, the neurodiversity movement really took form in the heart of those online forums and communities made for autistics.
However, there is a problem with all of this.
Lately I’ve been reading some of the foundational texts of the neurodiversity movement, such as essays by Nick Walker, because I was curious to see how some of the ideas of the neurodiversity paradigm formed in their early stages. Although I agree with what they have to say, largely, one key issue stands out to me: the way they talk about autism almost completely seems to neglect level 2s/3s who are more severely disabled (for example, intellectually, or otherwise) because of autism.²
The social model does NOT completely explain autism, as some may claim. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and sometimes that creates some really big problems with development during childhood in a way that means you don’t really ever start developing at all, or only extremely slowly. As they grow up, that is not something that will go away. Some autistics struggle even with things like using the bathroom as fully grown adults. Some cannot form full sentences. My boyfriend’s brother is one such person. Texts on neurodiversity, while very helpful to me, often seem to have completely forgotten people like him.
Lower support needs autistics also often speak over and invalidate those with higher support needs.³ I came across a perfect example of this in a comment a couple of weeks ago, from a non-autism related subreddit:

As someone who has been diagnosed as autistic, nothing frustrates me more than seeing anyone, autistic or no, try to use their mental health condition as an excuse instead of, at best, an explanation.
Sure, it's a lot harder to learn social behaviors, but it can be done.

300+ upvotes. Sad.
Now, I’m sure I don’t need to break down what’s wrong here.⁴ You guys know. But what I’d like to discuss is the why. While they may seem unrelated, I think these two things, the lack of inclusion of severely disabled autistics in writings about neurodiversity, and the tendency of some level 1s to say bullshit like that, have the same underlying cause:
I think there is a survivorship bias problem in the autism community.
While the inernet allows us to meet so many other autistic people, it’s only a limited subset of autistics. Those with very high support needs, or whose presentation of autism makes them wholly uninterested in joining online communities/discussing autism online, never make it into such communities.
It’s very easy to see the broad neurodiversity of these online spaces and think that it must be most of the autism spectrum. But it isn’t, it’s only autistics that would be in such places in the first place! And so, it is very easy to walk away with a view of autism disproportionately skewed towards those with lower support needs, with many autistics completely missing from this vantage point.
I hope that one of the best solutions to this is simply awareness. So, here is that for you. Consider yourself aware.

1. If you’re curious to see what life was like, I recommend the book, Aquamarine Blue 5. It’s a short little collection of autistic autobiographies published in 2001, each one describing their experience in college. I’ve only read some of it so far, but I’ve found it illuminating and extremely interesting to compare and contrast my own life.
   
2. Frankly, the only online group that consistently seems to remember that such people exist is the “Autism Moms”. Granted, they also sometimes think it’s the ONLY kind of autism that exists.
   
3. Shoutout to SpicyAutism for first calling attention to this for me. If you visit, please make sure to respect that it’s a space for those with moderate to high support needs — dont go posting here regularly if you are not. I only ever comment, personally, when I decide that a particular discussion is probably also open to me.
   
4. Please comment and ask for a breakdown if you need it :)
   

Prompt:
Colin Powell, a four-star general and former United States secretary of state, wrote in his 1995 autobiography: “[W]e do not have the luxury of collecting information indefinitely. At some point, before we can have every possible fact in hand, we have to decide. The key is not to make quick decisions, but to make timely decisions.” Write an essay that argues your position on the extent to which Powell’s claim about making decisions is valid.
Making an extremely important decision will shake someone to the core, especially when there’s a time limit. How does one go about formulating an outcome under pressure? Colin Powell once stated, “The key is not to make quick decisions, but to make timely decisions.” This indeed may be a controversial supposition, though Powell is completely valid in claiming a timely decision has more value than a quick one.
First, it’s important to establish where quick decisions fall short before asserting timely decisions exceed them. It goes without saying that the best made decisions lead to the best outcomes, and there are undoubtedly some decisions where speed is vital — perhaps when being robbed or answering on a game show. This would clearly be because the decision will pass you by if you attack it with an excess of thoughtfulness. But for as many situations where swiftness can help, there are just as many where it hurts. Suppose you’re planning a vacation, and have a profusion of choices with regard to your excursions, flights, and hotels to be determined. In this case, quick decisions will surely fall short, as they would entail booking the first things you saw without having any prior information. It’s possible things will work out with a relaxing and adventurous vacation, but it’s much more likely that your decisions will make for a chaotic experience due to your lack of consideration while making them. Misguided isn’t even a fair word to use, as many quick decisions lack the requisite time to have any guidance at all. So on these grounds, speed is not innately synonymous with virtue in all cases of decision making, but when is it? For one to determine if a decision is best made quickly or with more leeway, they must deliberate based on two variables: how much time is available and how important the decision is. As stated, the best decisions make the best outcomes, so if the decision is unimportant, then the length of your consideration won’t really matter in the long run. All in all, the decision will barely make an impact. As for making a decision based on how much time is available, that’s where timeliness comes into play.
So what is timeliness? In decision making, my definition of timeliness is as follows — making the decision at the point in time most appropriate. So under this denotation, timeliness is a universal good when deliberating what to do. By no means is timeliness easy to accomplish, because one must know when exactly they ought to make a decision. If they can, though, they will always have enough time to gather information and factor in all the variables. Timeliness’ value in relation to speed is exemplified in the Cuban missile crisis. During JFK’s time as president, he found Soviet missiles were being held in Cuba. This clearly put the US in mortal danger, so how important the decision was, the second variable of decision-making, was definitely clear to JFK. In this case, JFK could’ve acted with the utmost speed, but it’s not unreasonable to suppose escalation would follow to the point of war. He didn’t, though, and this was because he considered how much time was available to him. The white house collected all the information available even through the stress, and in the end managed to successfully negotiate. Such an example demonstrates the triumph of timeliness over speed, but it also shows why timeliness is such a difficult virtue. JFK was undoubtedly tempted to make a quick decision, which was what his advisors wanted him to do. After all, how could he possibly know how long he had to think? Ease is found in getting the decision over with, but as Thanos once said, “The hardest choices require the strongest of wills.”
In totality, speed in decision making isn’t always correct, but timeliness is. The latter is simply an extension of the former, as timeliness is the ability to recognize when speed is correct and when it’s not. In all cases when speed is not a means to the best outcome, the timely person will be cognizant of this fact and act accordingly.

I recently read Richard Wright’s autobiography which dealt in part with his tumultuous time as a member of a U.S. communist group in the 1930’s. I also read a number of Orwell’s essays written shortly after the Spanish civil war in which he discusses the ideology. One thing Orwell brought up that I thought was interesting (partly quoted below) was the pervasive self-censorship by communist western writers during that time. Makes sense - nearly all US/UK communist parties were more or less emulating USSR standards.
Among the many issues Wright encountered while he was a member was the constant peer pressure to censor not just what he said in official writings (eg for their magazine), but also his own work. If any party member stepped out of line (or was even perceived to have - which was troublesome due to how much paranoia raged throughout the group) all sorts of bullying tactics were use. Such as expelling, threatening, shunning, attempting to get former members fired at their job, assaulting them on the streets, or worst of all being called a Trotsky-isk (it’s like being called a mix of Benedict Arnold, Hitler, and a 5 month old puppy that a spoiled child has grown bored of)
This censorship counters something I have noticed is more common in writers/artists than the average person - the desire for freedom of expression. what about the movement was appealing enough for writers to fight for something that denies this? (and perhaps huge portion of the entire literary canon)
But the core question is this: what caused writers / artists to be drawn to communism at higher rates than most other professions?
Most often when reading the work of those actively in favor, they talk earnestly of social and economic equality for all. But if that was truly their primary end goal, socialism alone seems more closely to align with it without the need for censorship. Furthermore, socialism was a moderately prevalent & established ideology at the turn of the 20th century (and had a number of notable writers gaining success releasing works with overarching socialist themes - eg Upton Sinclair & Jack London & Orwell). Was it just seen as old hat (too slow, ineffective) at that point? Or is the focus on the employed lower class just not personally applicable enough for an artist fortunate enough to survive on the profit of their art?
A while ago I read an essay by Chomsky in which he quoted a bit by either Marx or Engels indicating that the ideology has always hinted at a sort of aristocratic literati. Was this what really brought so many writers in (more than fixing economic inequality issues already addressed by socialism)? Sure, the revolution theoretically frees the workers & disposed of great economic inequality, but ( better yet) with our artistic skills we will be reserved a special place right at the foot of the ideological ruler’s throne! Who cares if it’s as jester or propagandist, we will still find ourselves comfortably sat near the table of power. not in the fields toiling, but amongst the intellectual elites. They can see through the propaganda.
(This brings to mind an article by a journalist stuck in an air conditioned hotel somewhere like Qatar with a bunch of other journalists during the Iraq war c. 2003. Every day they would come out to watch a news conference by a low ranking general who never appeared to know anything nor have any updates. The part that irked me was when the journalist wrote that every journalist in that room was rolling their eyes & joking about the bullshit waste of time… yet the journalists continued writing up & sending out the regurgitated bullshit en masse, acting like they were getting break news & the US people were being informed of it.
The journalists all know they’re being toyed with, so if those people who read the trickle down news conference updates and believed anything but the same - they were contemptuously stupid & deserve their own eye roll, no doubt.
Completely ignoring another option entirely - don’t carry on with the charade of being a government mouth piece… the press could print meaningful journalism or push real questions to the 1 star or call them out on the obfuscation [who else could? Only media allowed]. No, just an eye roll and jokes amongst themselves while they continue to perfectly fulfill their place as the apparatchiks, but at least they know it’s a farce.)
too pessimistic?
Orwell:

On the whole the literary history of the thirties seems to justify the opinion that a writer does well to keep out of politics. For any writer who accepts or partially accepts the discipline of a political party is sooner or later faced with the alternative: toe the line, or shut up. It is, of course, possible to toe the line and go on writing—after a fashion. […] Literature as we know it is an individual thing, demanding mental honesty and a minimum of censorship.
The atmosphere of orthodoxy is always damaging to prose, and above all it is completely ruinous to the novel, the most anarchical of all forms of literature. […] it is a product of the free mind, of the autonomous individual. No decade in the past hundred and fifty years has been so barren of imaginative prose as the nineteen-thirties. There have been good poems, good sociological works, brilliant pamphlets, but practically no fiction of any value at all. From 1933 onwards the mental climate was increasingly against it. Anyone sensitive enough to be touched by the Zeitgeist was also involved in politics. Not everyone, of course, was definitely in the political racket, but practically everyone was on its periphery and more or less mixed up in propaganda campaigns and squalid controversies. Communists and near-Communists had a disproportionately large influence in the literary reviews. It was a time of labels, slogans, and evasions. At the worst moments you were expected to lock yourself up in a constipating little cage of lies; at the best a sort of voluntary censorship ('Ought I to say this? Is it pro-Fascist?') was at work in nearly everyone's mind.
It is almost inconceivable that good novels should be written in such an atmosphere. 'Good novels are not written by by orthodoxy-sniffers, nor by people who are conscience-stricken about their own unorthodoxy. Good novels are written by people who are not frightened.

Edward Gibbon

08 May 1737 – 16 January 1794
Part of a Series on the Philosophy of History
Edward Gibbon and the Civilizational Perspective
Wednesday 08 May 2024 is the 287th anniversary of the birth of Edward Gibbon (08 May 1737 to 16 January 1794), who was born on this date in 1737.
We have a record of both the beginning and the end of Gibbon’s The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which add a note of personal poignancy of that great monument of Enlightenment thought, since Gibbon supplied us with the lived experience bookends of the experience of writing his book. Here is how he described his initial inspiration:

“It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1764, as I sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the bare-footed fryars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind. But my original plan was circumscribed to the decay of the city rather than of the empire: and though my reading and reflections began to point towards that object, some years elapsed, and several avocations intervened, before I was seriously engaged in the execution of that laborious work.”

On 27 June 1787, just shy of 23 years later, Gibbon finished his great project, and he memorialized the moment with a note that appears in his posthumously published autobiography:

“I have presumed to mark the moment of conception: I shall now commemorate the hour of my final deliverance. It was on the day, or rather night, of the 27th of June, 1787, between the hours of eleven and twelve, that I wrote the last lines of the last page, in a summer house in my garden. After laying down my pen, I took several turns in a berceau, or covered walk of acacias, which commands a prospect of the country, the lake, and the mountains. The air was temperate, the sky was serene, the silver orb of the moon was reflected from the waters, and all nature was silent. I will not dissemble the first emotions of joy on the recovery of my freedom, and, perhaps, the establishment of my fame. But my pride was soon humbled, and a sober melancholy was spread over my mind, by the idea that I had taken an everlasting leave of an old and agreeable companion, and that whatsoever might be the future fate of my History, the life of the historian must be short and precarious.”

Gibbon was living in Switzerland when he finished his book, for the simple reason that he could do his work remotely and the costs of living in Switzerland were cheaper than living as he would have lived in England. Thus Gibbon was able to enjoy the view of the lakes and mountains of Switzerland that he mentions in this passage.
Gibbon’s tale grew in the telling. When he first conceived the work, it was to describe the decline and fall of the city of Rome. Gibbon’s work grew to a narrative of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and, having come thus far, Gibbon then also narrated another thousand years of the ultimate failure of the Eastern Roman Empire, which had become Byzantium. In a letter to Sigmund Münz, Ferdinand Gregorovious said that he had returned to Gibbon’s original project, which Gibbon had effectively abandoned by expanding his work to a greater scope:

“This conception of medieval Rome as a city originated with me. I gave it a literary form and carried out Gibbon’s first idea; for it is well known that he had originally intended to write the history of the city of Rome during the middle ages.”

Gibbon’s book, once completed, comprehended well over a thousand years of history. Greater spans of history had been covered by others, but no one else brought historiographical unity of treatment to this longue durée account of an epoch of western civilization. The title of Gibbon’s book—The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire—is familiar to everyone with the merest passing acquaintance with history. Even the idea of a “decline and fall” has become something of a cultural meme. The idea of the “decline and fall” of a civilization is as familiar as the idea of the rise and fall of civilizations over historical time.
The eventual comprehensive form that Gibbons project took forced Gibbon to think from a civilizational perspective. Because of its comprehensive, civilizational scope covering more than a thousand years, Gibbon’s Decline and Fall narrates the histories of many peoples, many societies, and events of many different kinds, which means that some periods receive detailed attention while others are glossed over. Gibbon’s history lingers over events he finds most interesting while passing with barely a notice over events that do not stand up to his implicit standards of historical interest.
What are Gibbon’s implicit standards of historical interest? We find a clue to this late in the book when Gibbon skates over a great deal of material and acknowledges his reasons for doing so:

“…the events by which the fate of nations is not materially changed, leave a faint impression on the page of history, and the patience of the reader would be exhausted by the repetition of the same hostilities, undertaken without cause, prosecuted without glory, and terminated without effect.” (Chapter XLVI: Troubles In Persia.—Part I.)

By these criteria, historical interest for Gibbon is defined by events by which the fate of nations are materially changed, when hostilities are not mere repetitions, when they are undertaken with good cause, then are prosecuted with glory, and are terminated with great effect. This is what I mean by thinking on a civilizational scale, and from a civilizational perspective. By acknowledging that he was largely passing over events that do not meet his criteria of historical interest, Gibbon also implicitly acknowledges the possibilities of other histories that conform to other criteria of historical interest.
Georg Ostrogorsky, in his classic History of the Byzantine State, which goes into great detail on matters that Gibbon only touched upon in passing, cites several Enlightenment thinkers who shared Gibbon’s relative lack of interest in the Byzantine half of the empire:

“The seventeenth-century interest in Byzantium had had remarkable results, particularly in France. Byzantine studies, however, met with a most unfortunate setback in the eighteenth century. The enlightened age of rationalism was proud of its ‘reason’, its philosophical outlook and its religious scepticism, and it despised the history of the whole medieval period. It was particularly contemptuous of the conservative and religiously minded Byzantine Empire whose history was merely ‘a worthless collection of orations and miracles’ (Voltaire), ‘a tissue of rebellions, insurrections and treachery’ (Montesquieu), or at best only a tragic epilogue to the glory of Rome. And so Byzantine history was shown as the thousand years’ decline of the Roman Empire by Charles Lebeau in his Histoire du Bas Empire (Paris, 1757-86) and by Edward Gibbon in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 1776-88). Gibbon himself declared that his work described ‘the triumph of barbarism and religion’.” (pages 6-7)

Different standards of historical interest suggest the possibility of not only different histories—which, of course, have been written, and many of them—but also different conceptions of history.
Gibbon’s criteria that I quoted earlier for events that do not pass the threshold of materially chaing the fate of nations—“the same hostilities, undertaken without cause, prosecuted without glory, and terminated without effect”—constitute an the “ebb-and-flow” conception of history as applied to civilizations. What do I mean by an “ebb-and-flow” conception of history as applied to civilizations? It is often implied that civilizations have histories, whereas societies below the proper threshold of history merely experience events as an “ebb-and-flow” without any pattern or directionality. These societies are not civilizations, properly speaking, and it is for this reason that they are rightly passed over with little or no mention.
This idea that only civilizations have a history, properly speaking, is given one form by Hugh Trevor-Roper’s criterion of “purposive movement” as definitive of history:

“…history, I believe, is essentially a form of movement, and purposive movement too. It is not a mere phantasmagoria of changing shapes and costumes, of battles and conquests, dynasties and usurpations, social forms and social disintegration. If all history is equal, as some now believe, there is no reason why we should study one section of it rather than another; for certainly we cannot study it all. Then indeed we may neglect our own history and amuse ourselves with the unrewarding gyrations of barbarous tribes in picturesque but irrelevant corners of the globe: tribes whose chief function in history, in my opinion, is to show to the present an image of the past from which, by history, it has escaped; or shall I seek to avoid the indignation of the medievalists by saying, from which it has changed?”

This is from The Rise of Christian Europe (page 9) and Trevor-Roper made the same point in an interview. A 1992 paper by Finn Fuglestad, “The Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History. An Essay,” takes up Trevor-Roper’s purposive movement criterion from the perspective of an Africanist. While much of this paper is taken up with some parochial concerns of African vs. European history, it has applications to Gibbon’s implicit criteria of the properly historical:

“I shall argue later that the very notion of ‘purposive-movement’ history is to my mind absurd. But first I wish to make it clear that I find any distinction between ‘barbarians’ and ‘non-barbrarians’ highly questionable. By accepting such a distinction one also accepts the establishment of a sort of hierarchy or ranking list between cultures and civilizations; that is, one transforms history into a sort of Championship or Olympic Games. The problem here is twofold: first, such a viewpoint of history hinders any attempt to understand and/or acquire insight into a society or civilization within the framework of its own values and notions. Second, once one begins to evaluate societies and civilizations the question becomes on which norms and values should such an evaluation be based? The answer is all too obvious: the norms and standards pertaining to the dominant culture or civilization of the time. And the dominant civilization has been for the last five hundred years or so—and still is, of course—that of the West. Finally, it is all too easy to dismiss phenomena one cannot make head or tail of—for instance, the past of cultures one has difficulty deciphering—by qualifying them as the ‘unrewarding gyrations of barbarous tribes’.”

In the same paper, Fuglestad introduces the concept of what he calls “ebb-and-flow” history:

“…the contention that only ‘purposive-movement’ history is ‘real’ history needs to be rejected. I feel strongly that the only acceptable definition of history is that it is the study of the past, any past, including, for want of a better term, ‘ebb-and-flow’ history. Everything (or at least nearly everything) that has happened in the past ought to be of equal importance to the historian since it all partakes of the experience of mankind. It is this experience in all its diversity which we need to unravel and to comprehend as far as possible—if, that is, we want to understand ‘how we came to where we are’ and what and where we are not.”

What I am suggesting is that Gibbon implicitly made a distinction between history that is purposive movement, which rises to the level of historical interest worth narrating, and history that is an ebb-and-flow movement, which does not rise to the level of historical interest. However—and this is an important qualification—Gibbon allows that both forms of history can apply to civilizations. Gibbon chooses to narrate the purposive movement of civilization, and he largely passes over the ebb-and-flow of civilizations.
With Gibbon we can reasonably ask whether the criterion of purposive movement is precisely applicable, as Gibbon chose for his grand theme the decline and fall of Rome. Gibbon was not writing about the purposive movement of Roman history, unless we count the dissolution of a purposive movement as part of that purposive movement. I think this would be a reasonably way to construe history, that is, that a civilization in decline exhibits purposive movement, since as a civilization is failing it usually attempts a number of rearguard actions intended to retain and maintain the viability of its purposive movement, and these attempts are not at an end until the civilization itself is at an end. Certainly the decline and fall of a civilization is a material change in history, and we could make a finer distinction between purposive movement and material change.
We also could make a distinction between narrow and wide conceptions of what constitutes purposive movement in history, with the narrow conception being applicable to what Spengler calls high cultures prior to their entering into the stage of civilizational decadence and ultimate dissolution. The wide conception of purposive movement, on the other hand, would be the entire history of a civilization, from its earliest inception, when its purposive movement is still inchoate, to its final extinction, as its purposive movement grinds down to a standstill.
If Gibbon had implicitly held the narrow conception of purposive movement in history, he would likely have taken up Livy’s theme of the origins of Rome. The failure and collapse of Rome was, after all, counter to the purposes of the Romans, and happened in the teeth of all efforts to save the empire. But if we look at Roman civilization from the outside, from this perspective we can see the decline and fall of Rome as coincident with the purposive movement of the growth of Christianity and the expansion of northern European peoples into the Mediterranean Basin. All of these historical movements are integrated in actual history and bound up in each other. We could tell this story as a sequence of overlapping and intersecting historical movements. Gibbon chose to make all of this a part of the grand purposive movement, in the wider sense I mentioned, of the decline and fall of Rome. And within this grand purposive movement of Roman history, Gibbon was willing to treat ebb-and-flow history brusquely, even when it was the ebb-and-flow of civilization, which could also be understood as periods of stagnation.
Gibbon, obviously, doesn’t use the language of either purposive movement or ebb-and-flow history. Both of these are ideas from the twentieth century that I am reading into Gibbon as a way to understand what he found to be of historical interest, that is to say, worth narrating. We can defuse some of the disagreements of what is of proper historical interest, that is, the scope of history, or what we might call proper historicity, by making appropriate distinctions, as I have been suggesting here. Better yet, beyond a mere distinction between purposive movement and ebb and flow history, we could formulate a taxonomy of histories that would include both of these, perhaps with these two constituting the end points of a continuum of histories that stretch from purposive movement at one end to ebb-and-flow at the other end.
A taxonomy of histories is already implicitly known to us. Since the late twentieth century, micro-history has played an increasing role in historiography. Few question the value of, and many recognize the insights gained by, the detailed examination of a given village, or a particular life in the past that happens to be well documented—and most lives in the past were not well documented. John Romer’s book and television series Ancient Lives brought to life the ordinary events in the lives of individuals who lived thousands of years ago. I don’t believe that Romer was aiming at micro-history, but there is a significant overlap between archaeology and micro-history. The evidence of the past uncovered by archaeology often documents the lives of humble people, though the fantastic finds of tombs filled with gold and jewels may receive far more attention. Archaeologists have largely embraced this historical miniaturism and they now sift the remains of earlier excavations, in which only treasures were sought, to find the small clues that allow for the reconstruction of the lives of ordinary people in the distant past.
Compared with this historical miniaturism, Gibbon presents a grand sweep of history, from the height of the empire to its final dissolution in 1453 AD with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. This is what I called Gibbon’s civilizational perspective. We can identify even grander sweeps of history that have appeared since Gibbon’s time, especially in what has come to be called speculative philosophy of history as exemplified by Spengler and Toynbee. As we saw in the episode on Toynbee, he doesn’t limit himself to the decline and fall of one civilization, but maps out the panorama of the rise and fall of multiple civilizations over historical time. One could argue that this speculative philosophy of history passes a threshold that Gibbon did not cross, and for this reason we can call Gibbon’s work history, while the other work we could deny as being any kind of history. But we recognize, even in so saying, that Spengler and Toynbee have become stalking horses, and there are many other attempts to draw a larger historical picture than Gibbon, as in contemporary big history.
We could argue that micro-history falls below the threshold of proper historicity, and ought correctly to be understood as historical sociology. And we could argue, as above, that Toynbee is philosophy of history, or meta-history, and therefore not within the scope of proper historicity. Or we could accept that history ranges across the spectrum, but what distinguishes Gibbon’s history is that is the history of a civilization—or, at least, part of the history of a civilization. It isn’t the micro-history of one Roman city—though it might have been that if Gibbon had stuck with his original plan, later taken over by Gregorovius, of writing the history only of the city of Rome. And it isn’t an attempt at universal history, whether the universal history of Bossuet before Gibbon or the universal history of Toynbee after Gibbon. It is, as I said, a civilizational history.
Gibbon gives us the civilizational perspective on Rome and what we might call Roman-adjacent civilizations. Micro-history occurs on a scale below that of civilizational history, but it is still history. And the whole of human history is more than civilizational history, but it is still history. In my episode on Gregorovius I called this historical space between micro-history and big history meso-history, since it occurs somewhere near the middle of the scale of objects that might be of historical interest. Even within meso-history we can make distinctions of greater or lesser scope. Gibbon’s history branching through several closely related civilizations is near the higher end of the scale of meso-history, while Gregorovius’ history of Rome, being a little less comprehensive, is lower down the scale.
The meta-historical scale above the scope of Gibbon’s history verges on philosophy of history, as we see in the works of Spengler and Toynbee. Meso-history maybe philosophical as well. We saw in yesterday’s episode on Hume that the Enlightenment historians were sometimes called philosophical historians. We also can find warnings about reading any philosophy of history into Gibbon. For example, Paul Cartledge wrote: “Unhappily for those intellectual historians of today who wish to reconstruct or invent an elaborate Gibbonian ‘philosophy of history,’ Gibbon was not a systematic thinker.” It is true that Gibbon was not a systematic thinker, and the philosophy of history we would find in his work would not be a systematic philosophy of history.
We can also find claims that all history involves a philosophy of history. William Paton Ker wrote: “There is an implicit philosophy of history in every modern historian, even when like Gibbon or Macaulay he may seem for the time to have no interest beyond the narrative.” In my episode on Philosophy of History before Augustine I discussed the view of Hayden White that every history is predicated upon a philosophy of history, whether or not this philosophy is ever made explicit.
Gibbon was one of the great Enlightenment thinkers, and he brought his Enlightenment perspective to his civilizational history of Rome. In my episode of yesterday on Hume I said that Hume’s philosophy, also an artifact of the Enlightenment, implied a deflationary philosophy of history, and I quoted Gibbon on the role of miracles. In Gibbon’s essentially naturalistic narrative, even if guardedly naturalistic, he does exemplify the deflationary ideal by eliminating appeals to supernatural causes.
Insofar as Gibbon’s naturalism converges on our naturalism, we read him like a contemporary who shares much of our conceptual framework. For his reason, it is often difficult to see the problems with a perspective that we share with the author. As I mentioned in my episode on Marx, we don’t necessarily want to completely think our way into an author’s conceptual framework, as this eliminates any critical distance between ourselves and the work. But Gibbon has been around long enough for his critics to have seen the shortcomings of his work, at least, the shortcomings by their lights. Mark T. Gilderhus in History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction (p. 39) wrote of the later response to Gibbon:

“Critics such as Robin G. Collingwood in the twentieth century attacked Enlightenment historians on the grounds that their insensitivity in effect violated the integrity of history. More specifically, they failed to empathize properly with the historical actors or comprehend their behavior accurately on their own terms. Rather, Enlightenment scholars indulged in exposés, reviling the past to obliterate and overcome it. Consequently, Collingwood denounced their writing as an enterprise gone fundamentally wrong. They had failed to carry out the historian’s primary task, that is, to elucidate the past, not merely to condemn it.”

I wouldn’t go so far as to say that Enlightenment history was fundamentally wrong, but its perspective does incorporate limitations and blindspots, as does any distinctive perspective. A history on the civilizational scale, like Gibbon’s, is not going to be focused on reenacting the thoughts of historical agents, which was Collingwood’s focus. This smacks too much of historical miniaturism. And Collingwood, on the other hand, isn’t going to be forced into making the kind of abstract conceptual distinctions among kinds of history that I have attributed to Gibbon. Enlightenment historiography is highly abstract, even artificial, and for that reason, distant and often unsympathetic, but by taking this grand civilizational perspective, it reveals dimensions of history that are not shown in as sharp relief by the methods of reenactment, historical sociology, or microhistory.

Video Presentation

https://youtu.be/YPA6_Wk_9lc
https://www.instagram.com/p/C6vjb8_t8di/
https://odysee.com/@Geopolicraticus:7/edward-gibbon-and-the-civilizational:c

Podcast Edition

https://spotifyanchor-web.app.link/e/O0owybkesJb
https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-today-in-philosophy-of-his-146507578/episode/edward-gibbon-and-the-civilizational-perspective-174746331/
https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-today-in-philosophy-of-his-146507578/episode/edward-gibbon-and-the-civilizational-perspective-174746331/
​

PROMPT: “Colin Powell, a four-star general and former U.S. Secretary of State, wrote in his 1995 autobiography: ‘We do not have the luxury of collecting information indefinitely. At some point, before we can have every possible fact in hand, we have to decide. The key is not to make quick decisions, but to make timely decisions.’” WRITE AN ESSAY THAT ARGUES YOUR POSITION ON THE EXTENT TO WHICH POWELL’s CLAIM ABOUT MAKING DECISIONS IS VALID. (Sorry for grammar informalities, I wrote it in the 40 minute time frame).

 Argument Essay Colin Powell, a former four star general and United States Secretary of State, revealed in his autobiography much of his decision making process. Powell believes, roughly along the lines, that the circumstances that we make decisions under are often rushed, yet we must make timely decisions with all of the facts we have at hand—even if they are not the complete set. While Powell does not think this process to be rash decision making, but rather a matter of what is best regarding time constraints, this process of decision making is only valid in contexts similar to his. Given his career as a former general and Secretary of State, Powell has had a long history of making decisions regarding war, billions of people, and military expenditures. Naturally, Powell’s career has forced him to make adrenaline-based choices at the expense of a few men rather than the majority, and also at the cost of national well-being with only a few underlying problems, rather than an entire chasm of chaos. With the mindset that a decision has to be made at some point—overriding nuance for a popula’best’ choice—Powell’s decision making process is a more of a learned experience that directly correlates with the skills/thought processes that are highly valued in his career. In other careers or contexts, nuance in decision making may be more valid/valuable than making the ‘best’ decision given time or information constraints. For example, it would be more beneficial for a pharmacist developing a new medicine to completely consider all time issues and possible information at hand, considering the health of the population to come and considering the tedious scale at hand. The aforementioned pharmacist is not in a tense military expenditure that is largely action based—a decision based on factors like time or scarcity is not really necessary in this instance like it has been for Powell because accurate information is simply more useful than a moral-heavy/constrained decision. In contexts where there is little to no strain, or where other assets like accurate studies may be more useful/valuable than possible negative effects if a lack of information is present, Powell’s motto that the key is to make timely decisions even with a lack of information is not always valid or the best way to go about things—especially in careers/contexts distinctly different from his own. This decision making process of Powell’s is not valid in that it couldn’t be universally applied because it is specific to contexts he has learned in, like military or foreign policies, where the scale of the decision naturally falls in favor of one more morally favorable choice; other fields, like medical or humanitarian/ethical studies need nuanced thinking in order to produce valuable results specific to their nature, and Powell’s claim simply does not take into account such factors. Outside of the fact that Powell’s decision making process is only valid/necessary in fields akin to his own, his thought process also falters in the sense of how extreme and unaccountable it is. The message he conveys is overtly direct, “...before every possible fact is in hand, we have to decide….” As previously stated, every possible bit of information is sometimes necessary in opposite contexts, but beyond this, his decision making process defies that of which is typically, objectively correct in making a decision. From a young age, American culture teaches our youth to consider all possible outcomes, to carefully outweigh our consequences (much of which is embedded into our current education system)—Powell’s ideology goes against this teaching by telling his audience that sometimes decisions must be made, no matter what time or information is present. In some cases, this idea just isn’t as useful, but from a broader spectrum, his decision making process is really only an extremist niche, considering that it clashes not only against other contexts, but also the context of prevalent American culture as a whole. By going against such a norm, Powell’s thought process may be considered revolutionary in some settings—but that setting is only one where such methods are valued/useful, like in war or large-scale government negotiations. Ironically enough, considering the fact that conclusions regarding Powell’s ideology have to be nuanced and decided upon using the foothold of humanities logic/history, not simply decided offhand given time or constraint, that only further goes to show that the idea that decisions should be made depending only on the best context of the time/information at hand isn’t applicable everywhere. All things considered, timely decision making isn’t beneficial in all contexts, but also because Powell’s claim largely goes against norms of further investigating and attempting to gather the best decision possible (in order for the best outcome), his claim is not valid in contexts where action is not being taken similarly to the action he has had to take. His claim, in a more broad context, is also not valid/applicable when society is largely taught deductive reasoning decision making skills from birth, rather than action based decision making skills. Overall, Powell has a unique approach to decision making, claiming that action is the basis of decision making, over time and information. Not to say that Powell’s system of logic is incorrect or non-beneficial, seeing as it has led him to big-time success in his career as a general and overseer of foreign affairs for the U.S. government, but his system of logic simply does not function this way in all contexts, nor does it apply to the typical moral overarch of America today. That said, his success is largely his own, which while it is unique and beneficial for him and in his career, that is not to say such a broad claim, which implies direction to all decision making, is valid, especially when such an ideology does not consider contextual nuances, or even societal nuances at large—only his own lived experiences. 

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

I read books in a variety of genres and subgenres, so segregating with that would make my library appear far too congested. So I found that using genre groups, if you will, allows me to stay organized without creating too many folders. I have a total of 7 folders in my collections— 3 based on reading status, and 4 for my TBR, by genre group—.
A. Status: - Currently reading - Up Next - Read
B. TBR by Genre Group - Fiction (General) - refers to realistic fiction, including literary, historical, and contemporary, as well as most romance, mystery, and thriller novels. - Fiction (Speculative) - genres include fantasy, sci-fi, magical realism, dystopian , alternate history, horror, and paranormal. - Nonfiction (story-driven) - includes memoir, autobiography, biography, essays & true crime. - Nonfiction (informative) - for self-help, psychology, science, health, and other reference books.
Thought I would share with you. Share your setups too so we all could get some new ideas 😀
Edit: formatting

TLDR: Spent 5 months in the process, salary is ridiculous low (they offered me less than 20k yearly. My 3rd world country company pays me more than that) and either you get promoted in 6 months or you're fired.
Some background, I'm a developer with some experience (4.5 years), not going to give further details.
Ok, so let's begin. First of all, I knew Canonical's process is this mess, I've applied simply because I had some free time and wanted to get more interview experience (I've worked as a developer for the last 4 years, but just for a couple of companies).
Most of the process is exactly as told previously here, write an essay, do some technical tests, IQ tests and Psychometric tests (don't know if I've wrote that correctly).
Then you get some interviews, which I really liked, most were really challenging, with lots of questions and back-and-forth moments.
Then you get to a Talent Interview, which is basically HR screening.
Then I finally got a interview with my hiring lead. Instead of talking about my previous experiences, I was questioned about exam scores... really? After 5 months, you guys had an autobiography with all this info, and suddenly my exam grades matter right at the end of this?
I was pissed at this, but ok, let's hear what their offer... LESS THAN US$ 20k YEARLY. Really? I knew it was going to be low, but that's ridiculous. They say the payment is determined by your region, I get this, completely normal, but it's normal to pay like 70-50% less.
Instead they say it's they use the average payment of the country... This does not make any sense. The whole point of working to a company abroad is having a greater salary, and what makes it worse, they are always bragging about how they just want the best. You pay shit for the best?
I was already extremely disappointed at that moment. My expectation was really low, I would be happy with a 30k salary, this was just too low. But then things got a bit worse.
The hiring lead proceeds to say that (if I enter Canonical) I would have 6 months to be promoted in the company, otherwise I'd be fired. WTF...
Next morning Hiring Lead closes my application, but hey, the email brags about how Canonical have a lot of applications to review, isn't that great???
Seriously, I was not able to comprehend how bad this is. I had low expectations and got disappointed nonetheless.

After escaping my childhood, I extensively engaged in expressive writing, documenting the various forms of abuse, my fears, uncertainties, and the trauma I experienced, along with the daily struggles of being alive and surviving extreme abuse.
My writing was unstructured and sometimes grammatically incorrect, as its sole purpose was to release pent-up emotions. I recommend trying this approach if you ever feel overwhelmed by emotions and find yourself feeling paralyzed by them. It can be incredibly cathartic. But you can also write your story in more cohesive terms - anything from autobiography and memoir to diaries and journals, as well as oral testimonies and eyewitness accounts…short memoir pieces and personal essays, the possibilities are endless!
In writing about my trauma, I was also acquiring certain life skills that were helping me cope in my day-to-day life. In giving vent to my deep-seated pain and sadness, I was learning to accept them as a part of me. In accepting, I was healing; and, in sharing my story with my readers, I was emerging from my isolation and seeking solidarity.
Victims of sexual violence remain silent because, often, they aren’t believed. But, for example, when my mother wrote her book “ A Prisoner by No Crime of My Own” the response from her readers overwhelmed her- she found strength to keep going.
Like life – and survival – writing follows an organic trajectory where the individual must go from acknowledging one’s pain and defining it to confronting it, through action and words. To overcome one’s trauma is to be able to distance oneself from it, and writing teaches one how to achieve that critical distance.
Try it! Even 5 mins a day will help you change your own narrative forever.
B 🤍

Here's a list of 120+ book summaries that have been added since the launch of booksummary.pro about a month back.
Hopefully these serve as a useful reference:
Atomic Habits - http://www.booksummary.pro/Atomic_Habits_summary.html The Psychology of Money - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Psychology_of_Money_summary.html Elon Musk - http://www.booksummary.pro/Elon_Musk_summary.html The 48 Laws of Power - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_48_Laws_of_Power_summary.html Sapiens - http://www.booksummary.pro/Sapiens_summary.html 12 Rules for Life - http://www.booksummary.pro/12_Rules_for_Life_summary.html The Little Book of Common Sense Investing - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Little_Book_of_Common_Sense_Investing_summary.html The Intelligent Investor - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Intelligent_Investor_summary.html Outlive - http://www.booksummary.pro/Outlive_summary.html Slow Productivity - http://www.booksummary.pro/Slow_Productivity_summary.html Never Split the Difference - http://www.booksummary.pro/Never_Split_the_Difference_summary.html Thinking Fast and Slow - http://www.booksummary.pro/Thinking_Fast_and_Slow_summary.html The Anxious Generation - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Anxious_Generation_summary.html Nuclear War: A Scenario - http://www.booksummary.pro/Nuclear_War:A_Scenario\summary.html Supercommunicators http://www.booksummary.pro/Supercommunicators_summary.html Why Everyone (Else) Is a Hypocrite - http://www.booksummary.pro/Why_Everyone*(Else)_Is_a_Hypocrite_summary.html_Is_a_Hypocrite_summary.html) Influence - http://www.booksummary.pro/Influence_summary.html The Design Of Everyday Things - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Design_Of_Everyday_Things_summary.html On Writing Well - http://www.booksummary.pro/On_Writing_Well_summary.html Inspired - http://www.booksummary.pro/Inspired_summary.html Zero to One - http://www.booksummary.pro/Zero_to_One_summary.html How AI Works - http://www.booksummary.pro/How_AI_Works_summary.html The Coming Wave - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Coming_Wave_summary.html Age Of Revolutions - http://www.booksummary.pro/Age_Of_Revolutions_summary.html Chip War - http://www.booksummary.pro/Chip_War_summary.html AI For Good - http://www.booksummary.pro/AI_For_Good_summary.html Co-Intelligence - http://www.booksummary.pro/Co-Intelligence_summary.html Autobiography of a Yogi - http://www.booksummary.pro/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi_summary.html Crucial Accountability - http://www.booksummary.pro/Crucial_Accountability_summary.html Contact - http://www.booksummary.pro/Contact_summary.html The Power Of Habit - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Power_Of_Habit_summary.html The Body Keeps The Score - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Body_Keeps_The_Score_summary.html A Brief History Of Time - http://www.booksummary.pro/A_Brief_History_Of_Time_summary.html Factfulness - http://www.booksummary.pro/Factfulness_summary.html The Big Short - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Big_Short_summary.html The 4-Hour Workweek - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_4-Hour_Workweek_summary.html The Black Swan - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Black_Swan_summary.html How to Win Friends and Influence People - http://www.booksummary.pro/How_to_Win_Friends_and_Influence_People_summary.html Deep Work - http://www.booksummary.pro/Deep_Work_summary.html The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions_summary.html Don't Make Me Think - http://www.booksummary.pro/Don't_Make_Me_Think_summary.html The Happiness Project - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Happiness_Project_summary.html Man’s Search For Meaning - http://www.booksummary.pro/Man’s_Search_For_Meaning_summary.html Guns, Germs, and Steel - http://www.booksummary.pro/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel_summary.html Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - http://www.booksummary.pro/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_summary.html Absolute Power - http://www.booksummary.pro/Absolute_Power_summary.html Getting To Yes - http://www.booksummary.pro/Getting_To_Yes_summary.html Rocket Surgery Made Easy -http://www.booksummary.pro/Rocket\_Surgery\_Made\_Easy\_summary.html Easy - http://www.booksummary.pro/Rocket_Surgery_Made_Easy_summary.html The Worlds I See - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Worlds_I_See_summary.html Hidden Potential - http://www.booksummary.pro/Hidden_Potential_summary.html Thinking in Systems - http://www.booksummary.pro/Thinking_in_Systems_summary.html Sell More Faster - http://www.booksummary.pro/Sell_More_Faster_summary.html Read Write Own - http://www.booksummary.pro/Read_Write_Own_summary.html Build - http://www.booksummary.pro/Build_summary.html Superintelligence - http://www.booksummary.pro/Superintelligence_summary.html The Lean Startup - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Lean_Startup_summary.html How Emotions Are Made - http://www.booksummary.pro/How_Emotions_Are_Made_summary.html The Parasitic Mind - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Parasitic_Mind_summary.html The Selfish Gene - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Selfish_Gene_summary.html Godel, Escher, Bach - http://www.booksummary.pro/Godel,_Escher,_Bach_summary.html Designing Data-Intensive Applications - http://www.booksummary.pro/Designing_Data-Intensive_Applications_summary.html The First 90 Days - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_First_90_Days_summary.html The 12 Week Year - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_12_Week_Year_summary.html Code - http://www.booksummary.pro/Code_summary.html Economics In One Lesson - http://www.booksummary.pro/Economics_In_One_Lesson_summary.html Law 101 - http://www.booksummary.pro/Law_101_summary.html The Elements of Style - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Elements_of_Style_summary.html The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin_summary.html Enlightenment Now - http://www.booksummary.pro/Enlightenment_Now_summary.html Antifragile - http://www.booksummary.pro/Antifragile_summary.html One up on Wall Street - http://www.booksummary.pro/One_up_on_Wall_Street_summary.html Outliers - http://www.booksummary.pro/Outliers_summary.html Freakonomics - http://www.booksummary.pro/Freakonomics_summary.html The Undercover Economist - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Undercover_Economist_summary.html Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits - http://www.booksummary.pro/Common_Stocks_and_Uncommon_Profits_summary.html The Essays of Warren Buffett - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Essays_of_Warren_Buffett_summary.html The Little Book That Beats the Market - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Little_Book_That_Beats_the_Market_summary.html The Innovator's Dilemma - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Innovator's_Dilemma_summary.html Nudge - http://www.booksummary.pro/Nudge_summary.html Drive - http://www.booksummary.pro/Drive_summary.html The Signal and the Noise - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Signal_and_the_Noise_summary.html The Hard Thing About Hard Things - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Hard_Thing_About_Hard_Things_summary.html Skin in the Game - http://www.booksummary.pro/Skin_in_the_Game_summary.html Predictably Irrational - http://www.booksummary.pro/Predictably_Irrational_summary.html Why Nations Fail - http://www.booksummary.pro/Why_Nations_Fail_summary.html The Art of War - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Art_of_War_summary.html Creativity, Inc. - http://www.booksummary.pro/Creativity,_Inc._summary.html Bad Blood - http://www.booksummary.pro/Bad_Blood_summary.html The Power of Now - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Power_of_Now_summary.html Shoe Dog - http://www.booksummary.pro/Shoe_Dog_summary.html The Fifth Discipline - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Fifth_Discipline_summary.html Range - http://www.booksummary.pro/Range_summary.html The Everything Store - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Everything_Store_summary.html Homo Deus - http://www.booksummary.pro/Homo_Deus_summary Principles - http://www.booksummary.pro/Principles_summary.html The Checklist Manifesto - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Checklist_Manifesto_summary.html Lean In - http://www.booksummary.pro/Lean_In_summary.html The 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_22_Immutable_Laws_of_Marketing_summary.html Atomic Adventures - http://www.booksummary.pro/Atomic_Adventures_summary.html The Color of Law - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Color_of_Law_summary.html Grit - http://www.booksummary.pro/Grit_summary.html The Emperor of All Maladies - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Emperor_of_All_Maladies_summary.html The Vital Question - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Vital_Question_summary.html Why We Sleep - http://www.booksummary.pro/Why_We_Sleep_summary.html Life 3.0 - http://www.booksummary.pro/Life_3.0_summary.html Clean Code - http://www.booksummary.pro/Clean_Code_summary.html The Blind Watchmaker - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Blind_Watchmaker_summary.html Cosmos - http://www.booksummary.pro/Cosmos_summary.html Nonviolent Communication - http://www.booksummary.pro/Nonviolent_Communication_summary.html The Courage to Be Disliked - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Courage_to_Be_Disliked_summary.html The Origins of Political Order - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Origins_of_Political_Order_summary.html Political Order and Political Decay - http://www.booksummary.pro/Political_Order_and_Political_Decay_summary.html Be Useful - http://www.booksummary.pro/Be_Useful_summary.html The Almanack of Naval Ravikant - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Almanack_of_Naval_Ravikant_summary.html Rich Dad Poor Dad - http://www.booksummary.pro/Rich_Dad_Poor_Dad_summary.html 7 Habits of Highly Effective People - http://www.booksummary.pro/7_Habits_of_Highly_Effective_People_summary.html Rework - http://www.booksummary.pro/Rework_summary.html Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! - http://www.booksummary.pro/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!_summary.html A Short History of Nearly Everything - http://www.booksummary.pro/A_Short_History_of_Nearly_Everything_summary.html Astrophysics for People in a Hurry - http://www.booksummary.pro/Astrophysics_for_People_in_a_Hurry_summary.html Seven Brief Lessons on Physics - http://www.booksummary.pro/Seven_Brief_Lessons_on_Physics_summary.html The Elegant Universe - http://www.booksummary.pro/The_Elegant_Universe_summary.html Siddhartha - http://www.booksummary.pro/Siddhartha_summary.html

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.

(HIRE ME) Offering Online Classes Help!!!
Are you Looking for a professional writer to handle your online classes, assignments, essays and exams? I got you covered. Am an accomplished academic writer with passion, clarity and precision. Through my expertise, i strive to elevate the standards of academic writing and facilitate knowledge dissemination in academia. YOU CAN REACH ME VIA Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: jetbrains01
LOGISTICS 1. We are dedicated to rigorous standards and client satisfaction 2. On time delivery 3. Friendly prices 4. Assured Academic excellence. 5. Testimonials from past students provided upon request

1. Free revisions AREAS OF EXPERTISE
2. Calculus 1 & 2, pre-calculus, trigonometry, geometry, algebra, linear algebra, statistics and discrete maths
3. Python, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Sql, Html, Css, NoSQL, Ruby, R, R-studio3. Economics ( macro & micro), Econometrics, Finance, Financial markets, Accounting, Business law
   
4. Dissertations, Thesis, Article writing, Research reports, Autobiographies, Biographies.
   
5. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Enviromental science, Geology, Sociology, Psychology. I as well write quality essays. I have mastered all the referencing styles including - APA style, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Email: jetbrainss01@gmail.com Discord: Jetbrains01
   

I have unwavering commitment to quality, ensuring that every piece of writing meets the highest standards.