A place to discuss birth control methods.
Alesse (Levonorgestrel) - is a brand of hormonal birth control that allows women to have control over their fertility and avoid unwanted pregnancies.Alesse is a combination birth control pill.
so i went to a cardiologist for mild tachycardia (that i have had since before i could remember but no doctor thought it was anything) and initially everyone thought i was just anxious. well they told me i have mitral valve prolapse (and i checked the note after and it said mild mtr), that it’s just a birth defect and it is what it is 💀
some people have surgery for it.
they said they would call me in two weeks to further discuss and once i left the office, i started thinking i was done for and that i should write my passwords down just in case so my mom can have my money 😭
heart issues are just too serious. if i needed surgery, i would be convinced i would not wake up. and what if this gets worse and i need surgery at like 57? how am i going to recover from heart surgery at 57? it’s over for me
Introduction
In this post, we'll be discussing something called "Virtue Ethics." This is a normative theory of ethics that's most associated with Aristotle, though has in recent times experienced a resurgence of sorts from modern philosophers, some of whom have tweaked and modified it, and in doing so have created different branches on this tree of moral theory. We will be comparing these different flavors of Virtue Ethics to that of the New Testament's, pointing out where they're similar, as well as highlighting where the NT differs (and is actually superior) from the heathens' views.
I want to preface all this with a verse and a warning:
"Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ."-Colossians 2:8
The entire Bible, over and over again, warns against syncretism. It's a running theme throughout to condemn the practice, with this verse being one of the more explicit ones to do so.
Mapping the ideas of Pagans (and especially Greek philosophers) onto the Scriptures has
always resulted in people severely misinterpreting the Bible, as looking at the Word of God through a Hellenistic lens is and always has been extremely innapropiate to the author's original intent.
Whenever Greek philosophy or ideas are referenced, they're always portrayed in a bad light or otherwise used to make a point. Examples of the latter could be found in the apostle Paul's writings, as he was a fully educated Roman citizen of his day, and so he made use of known Hellenestic philosophy and literature (that he would have been familiar with) by redefining their terms and ideas in a way that would be consistent with the theology of his own religion. The apostle Peter did the same within his own epistles whenever he mentioned "Tartarus," the abyss/prison for certain disobedient angels that rebelled against God, despite the fact that the word has its roots in Greek mythology and not Hebrew religion (though, the belief that there were a group of spiritual beings that rebelled against the highest authority in the heavens was one technically shared between the two ancient cultures; even if the parties involved were vastly different, as well as the contexts of the rebellion itself).
The affect Hellenstic philosophy has had on the way people think (even subconsciously) can still be felt to this day, and can be seen in the confusion modern "Christianity" has brought on through its adoption of Gnostic teachings such as Dualism or the inherently fatalistic views that many unknowingly hold due to the error of Classical Theism.
While yes, I will be commending the heathen (unbeliever) whenever they are right with their ideas as pertaining to this subject, I will also show where they are
wrong.
Let's begin.
"What Is Virtue Ethics?"
First, we need to define some terms and point out the differences between this view and others within the larger debate of normative ethics.
There are three major approaches in normative ethics, those being: Consequentalism, Deontology, and Virtue Ethics. The following are definitions of the terms:
Consequentialism – a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for judgement about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.
Deontology – theories where an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.
Virtue Ethics – theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences. The virtue ethicist would argue that actions themselves, while important, aren't as important as the character behind them. To the virtue ethicist, consequences are also important, but they would say that good consequences ultimately flow from a virtuous character who has made virtuous decisions. Theories of virtue ethics do not aim primarily to identify universal principles that can be applied in any moral situation, instead teaching that the best decisions can vary based on context, and that there are only some actions that would be universally evil, only because those actions could never flow from a virtuous character in the first place (e.g., rape).
Aristotle's idea of ethics is in an important respect different from most people's, especially today. Heirs as we are to Kant’s idea of duty – there is a right thing that one ought to do, as rational beings who respect other persons – and to Mill’s idea of utility – the right thing to do is that which produces the greatest good for the greatest number – most of us see ethics as concerned with actions. "The function of ethics is to help me see what I ought to do in a given situation," the modern says. Aristotle’s approach was different. His ethic is not so much concerned about helping us to see what we ought to do, as about what sort of person we ought to be.
Aristotle was concerned with character, and with the things that go to make up good and bad character; virtues and vices. His sort of ethic does not look at our action to see if it fulfils our duty, or produces a certain outcome, such as the greatest good of the greatest number, and therefore merits approval. Instead, it looks at us; at the character behind the actions, to see whether we merit approval.
Comparing Virtue Ethics with philosophies such as Deontology and Consequentialism, we are able to divide ethical theories into two kinds; act-centered theories and agent-centered theories. Kant’s (Deontological) and Mill’s (Utilitarian) approaches are act-centered, because they concern themselves with our actions, whilst Aristotle’s is agent-centered because it concerns itself with the character of a person, which in his view was ourselves and our own dispositions that prompt our actions.
Both approaches have ardent present-day advocates, and so both are alive and well. Virtue Ethicists are dissatisfied with the answers ‘modern’ act-centered philosophy offers, and look for a more flexible, person-centered approach that takes more account of the subtle varieties of human motivation. Those in this camp see ethics as being about people – moral agents – rather than merely about actions. Of course, your actions matter. But, for Aristotle and his present day advocates alike, they matter as
expressions of the kind of person you are. They indicate such qualities as kindness, fairness, compassion, and so on, and it is these qualities and their corresponding vices that it is the business of ethics to approve or disapprove.
All this seems simple and uncontroversial; there are two ways of looking at an action to evaluate it morally. You can take the action in isolation and judge it, or take the agent and judge him or her.
Virtue ethicists argue that act-centered ethics are narrow and bloodless. What is needed is a richer moral vocabulary than just ‘right and wrong’. There are subtle but important differences between actions that are good because they are kind and those that are good because they are generous, and those that are good because they are just. Likewise, there are subtle but important differences between actions that are bad because they are selfish and those that are bad because they are cruel and those that are bad because they are unfair. These, and many other, distinctions are lost when we talk simply about doing one’s duty, or promoting utility. Questions of motive and of character are lost, in these asceptic terms. Modern moral philosophy won’t do: it is cold, technical and insensitive to the many kinds and degrees of value expressed in human actions. Ethics is more than just thought experiments and hypotheticals about what would be the right course of action to take in any given situation we might conjure up from the comfort of our armchair. Ethics is about
doing, and about
context and
character.
The Different Kinds of "Virtue Ethics"
Virtue Ethics has has been developed in two main directions: Eudaimonism, and agent-based theories.
Eudaimonism (Aristotle's view) bases virtues in human flourishing, where flourishing is equated with performing one’s distinctive function well. In the case of humans, Aristotle argued that our distinctive function is reasoning, and so the life “worth living” is one which we reason well. He also believed that only free men in the upper classes of society (i.e., the aristocrats) could excel in virtue and eschew vice, being that such men had greater access to the means in accomplishing this task as they had the wealth and resources to better perform their distinctive function of 'reasoning,' and thus "live well." For the Eudaimonian,
inner dispositions are what one ought to focus on in order to cultivate virtuous traits, and thus a virtuous character.
In contrast, an agent-based theory emphasizes that virtues are determined by common-sense intuitions that we as observers judge to be admirable traits in
other people. There are a variety of human traits that we find admirable, such as benevolence, kindness, compassion, etc., and we can identify these by looking at the people we admire, our moral exemplars. Agent-based theories also state that the motivations and intentions behind an action are ultimately what determine whether or not said action is actually virtuous. Whereas Eudaimonism understands the moral life in terms of inner dispositions or proclivities to act in certain ways (whether righteous or wicked, just or unjust, kind or cruel, etc.), agent-based theories are more radical in that their evaluation of actions is dependent on ethical judgments about the inner life of the agents who perform those actions, that is, what the motivations and intents are of a person.
[Note: While both Eudaimonism and agent-based theories are both agent-
centered, Eudaimonism is not to be confused with an agent-
based theory. Both branches concern themselves more with agents rather than acts themselves, but Eudamonism focuses on the
self to improve whereas the agent-based theory focuses on
others to improve.]
Common Critcisims Toward Secular Forms of Virtue Ethics
Firstly, Eudaimonism provides a self-centered conception of ethics because "human flourishing" (here defined as simply fulfilling our base function as humans, which is "
reason" according to this view) is seen as an end in itself and does not sufficiently consider the extent to which our actions affect other people. Morality requires us to consider others for their own sake and not because they may benefit us. There seems to be something wrong with aiming to behave compassionately, kindly, and honestly merely because this will make oneself happier or "reason well."
Secondly, both Eudaimonism
and agent-based theories also don't provide guidance on how we should act, as there are no clear principles for guiding action other than “act as a virtuous person would act given the situation.” Who is a virtuous person? Who is the first or universal exemplar?
Lastly, the ability to cultivate the right virtues will be affected by a number of different factors beyond a person’s control due to education, society, friends and family. If moral character is so reliant on luck, what role does this leave for appropriate praise and blame of the person? For the Eudaimonian, one ought to be born into a status of privilege if they wish to excel in being virtuous. For the proponent of an agent-based theory, one ought to be born into a society or family with good role models and preferably be raised by such, else they have no moral exemplars to emulate.
The New Testament's Virtue Ethic
The New Testament authors didn’t sit down and do a self-consciously philosophical exercise, for this was not what they were concerned with. They were concerned with giving practical instruction to disciples of the faith, and merely trying to express the ethical implications of their spiritual experience. That being said, we know the apostle Paul was familiar with the writings of Aristotle. We can actually identify places where Paul displays knowledge of Aristotle and incorporates some of the philosopher's ideas into his own epistles. Before we do this, however, it's important we refute common misnomers about what the Bible teaches concerning ethics in general.
You probably have heard many attack the ethics of the New Testament as being primitive and simplistic. "God dictates universal commands to follow: 'do not lie,' do 'not divorce,' 'do not insult.' And the only motivating factor is escaping hellfire and obtaining the reward of eternal pleasure." But in reality, this is a gross misrepresentation of the ethics laid out in the NT. I will argue the NT advocates for a form of
virtue ethics, instead of claiming the NT contains a form of deontic ethics, as it is so often assumed.
Elizabeth Anscombe was one of the most influential virtue ethicists of the 20th century. Her work helped to revive virtue ethics in the modern era, however she also criticized the ethics of the Bible for promoting a form of ethics different than what Aristotle promoted:
"...between aristotle and us came Christianity, with its law conception of ethics. For Christianity derived its ethical notions from the Torah. (One might be inclined to think that a law conception of ethics could arise only among people who accepted an allegedly divine positive law..." (
Modern Moral Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 124, 1-19)
We've already dealt with the issue of the Torah
in another post. The Torah is not laying down moral laws, but describing justice in the form of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature. But does the New Testament teach a deontic form of ethics? Anscombe might appear justified in her claim, as some "Christian" theologians have explicitly taught the ethics of the NT is deontic.
However, other theologians have argued the ethics of the NT is best characterized as a form of virtue ethics. In a study of the NT, we'll support this notion. As noted earlier, one of the central features of this approach to ethics is that the aim of ethics should be on living a virtuous life. Other forms of ethics focus on directing actions when confronted with a moral dilemma, but for virtue ethics
every action is a moral or immoral action because all of our actions contribute or do not contribute to living a virtuous life. In other words, for a virtue ethicist, everything we do will contribute to living a fulfilled life. Now, the NT promotes a similar idea with a slight modification. The NT changes the distinctictive function and purpose for man in Eudaimonism from "reasoning" to loving God and others instead, and thus "living well" is changed from self-centered 'flourshing' (as defined by Aristotle) to
glorifying God instead. The apostles taught everything we do contributes to living a life that glorifies God:
"Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God."-1 Corinthians 10:31
"And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him."-Colossians 3:17
So we see the same idea in Paul, that everything we do can be seen as a moral or immoral action. Everything we do should be seen as contributing to living a life that glorifies god or not. As a believer, the aim is not just doing good actions to avoid punishments, but to see everything we do as glorifying God. On secular virtue ethics, all our actions are either advancing a good life or not: nourishing your body contributes to living a good life. In a Biblical context: taking the time to properly dress contributes to living a good life,
and not giving into the sin of sloth. So all our actions can be moral actions in this context, and so likewise for Paul and Jesus, all we do can contribute to living a life that glorifies God.
Since God made our bodies to thrive and enjoy life, we should nourish our bodies so we can thrive as God intended for our bodies to do, thus ultimately glorifying Him. Since we were created to experience and feel enjoyment, laughing and enjoying things throughout life glorifies God as well since we're experiencing emotions that God created to be experienced. Everything we do should be to glorify God, and often all that is is living our lives in the way that they were intended to be lived. Biblical ethics is very much more than merely performing right actions, but living a virtuous life that brings glory to God.
As Jesus said:
"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind."-Matthew 22:37b
It is also important to focus on what it means to love, which is an important aspect of what it means to be a believer. Paul makes the radical claim that to love is the entirety of the law of God:
"For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."-Galatians 5:14
Jesus also taught that to love God and love others were the two greatest commandments (Mark 12:28-31, Matt. 22:34-40). He also extends the commandment to love beyond one's brethren, and to love our enemies (Matt. 5:44). Loving those around us is central to what it means to be a believer (John 13:34; 15:12-17, Rom. 12:10; 13:8, 1 Cor. 13:1-8; 16:14, 2 Cor. 8:8, Eph. 4:2; 5:2, Phili. 1:9, Heb. 10:24, Jam. 2:8, 1 Pet. 1:22, 1 John 2:10; 3:23).
One might suggest this is no different than the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do to you," or a Kantian rule: "I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law." In other words, "to live well is to perform good deeds or actions and nothing more." But an important point about loving someone is it cannot be done through actions alone. For example, one could buy a gift for their spouse to cheer them up. However, one could perform this action merely because they value performing right actions without any love for the person. One could donate to charity because it is the right thing to do, and not because she cares for the people who would benefit. In such scenarios, they can be seen as idolizing moral laws, not necessarily caring about helping others.
But to love someone requires more than merely performing right actions. You cannot love someone and not care about who they are as a person and where they are heading in life. To love is to will the good of the other. Jesus chastised the Pharisees of his day for only performing right actions, but not loving their brethren in their hearts. His criticism follows Matthew chapter 22, where Jesus says the greatest commandments are to love. The implication is the Pharisees perform proper actions, but have the wrong motivations for doing so. James Keenan puts it like this:
"Essential to understanding this command is that we love our neighbors not as objects of our devotion, but rather as subjects; that is, as persons. Thus, we cannot love others only because God wants us to do so, since then we would love them as means or as objects and not as persons. We can only love one another as subjects, just as God loves us." (
Jesus and Virtue Ethics: Building Bridges Between New Testament Studies and Moral Theology, pg. 86)
A critic may bring up that verses of the NT are still phrased as commands, and therefore the structure implies duties were the central aspect of Christian ethics. But the importance of duties is not foreign to Virtue Ethics. Instead of being central to the ethical framework, duties
flow from a virtuous character. Virtues are active and have certain demands for which a person must fulfill in their active behavior.
According to Aristotle, knowledge of the virtues gives us practical wisdom in how to properly act. Duties flow from the understanding of the demands of virtues. To put it another way, for virtues to manifest in persons, they have certain demands that must be fulfilled. For the believer, the command of love flows from being virtuous and
aligning oneself with the character of God. Commitment to the character of Christ, who perfectly carried out the will of the Father, allows us to perform right and proper actions.
The NT also contains lists of virtues the believer ought to emulate, the most famous of these is in Galatians chapter 5:
"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, Meekness, temperance:
against such there is no law." (vss. 22-23)
Now, the connection with Aristotle cannot be more pronounced. The Greek phrase "against such there is no law" is almost identical to what we find in Aristotle's
politics (3.13.1284a). It seems clear Paul is teaching a similar ethical framework to what Aristotle advocated for. Paul is teaching that the believing community ought to be persons who display key virtues, and that their conduct would not need to be regulated by a law. Instead, their
character should be the standard others can measure themselves by. Romans chapter 2 is also a place we see references to Aristotle, where Paul notes that when Gentiles do what the law requires, they are "
a law unto themselves" (vss. 14-15). In other words, they do not need to be told to act a certain way. They have the proper virtuous character that directs their actions, to do the good the law requires. Paul is advocating in Galatians that believers should think in a similar way.
So in Galatians 5, we have affinity with the teachings of Aristotle, and in other lists of virtues throughout the NT we see a similar idea, which is that Christians were meant to display virtues primarily (Rom. 5:3-5, 1 Cor. 13:1-8, Col. 3:12-17, 1 Tim. 3:2-3; 4:7-8, Jam. 3:17-18, 2 Pet. 1:5-8). From that, good deeds will properly manifest in our actions.
Anscombe made a great point on what the focus of ethics should be:
"It would be a great improvement if, instead of 'morally wrong', one always named a genus such as 'untruthful', 'unchaste', 'unjust'. We should no longer ask whether doing something was 'wrong', passing directly from some description of an action to this notion; we should ask whether, e.g., it was unjust; and the answer would sometimes be clear at once." (
Modern Moral Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 124, 1-19)
Interestingly enough, Paul lays out a similar idea in explaining Christian ethics:
"Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things. Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you."-Philippians 4:8-9
In other words, the central aspect on living a Christian life was on what is virtuous, not on what is lawfully right or wrong. Right actions flow from whatever is honorable, true, and pure. Correlating with this is how Paul responds to the Corinthians who claimed that "all was lawful." Paul reminded them the emphasis is not on what is lawful, but on what is good for building a virtuous character:
"All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not."-1 Corinthians 10:23
One's main focus ought to be on what is good, not on laws that dictate behavior.
One of the key aspects of Virtue Ethics is the idea we ought to learn from virtuous teachers and imitate them. A virtuous character is obtained by imitating what a virtuous person does. This parallels a key aspect of Christian ethics. Imitating Christ was (and still is) crucial to living a virtuous life:
"For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:"-1 Peter 2:21
Paul says in Romans 8:29 that Christians were predestined "to be conformed to the image of his Son." Jesus often taught his followers to do as he does (Matt. 16:24, Mark 8:34, Luke 6:40; 9:23, John 13:15, 34). Paul says in 1st Corinthians 11: Be ye followers [i.e., imitators] of me, even as I also am of Christ" (vs. 1). Hebrews 13:7 says to imitate the faith of the patriarchs. 1st Thessalonians 2:14 says to imitate each other. And jesus taught to imitate the good Samaritan from his parable (Luke 10:37). Imitating virtuous teachers was key for Christian ethics.
Aristotle tended to compare acquiring virtues with that of learning a practical skill, like playing an instrument or learning how to become a builder. Such practical skills are best picked up when trained by a master of that particular skill, because a teacher can always provide more insight through lessons they learn from experience. For example, an expert salesman can provide examples from his experience of what works with specific customers that a sales textbook could never provide. Many professions today require on-the-job training or experience before even hiring an applicant. The reason is: experience is key to learning a profession. Merely acquiring knowledge from a textbook or an instruction manual is often insufficient to master a skill, so why would mastering the skill of virtue be any different?
In the NT, a believer is to see the world through the eyes of Christ and to love as he loved. One cannot learn how to be a virtuous person without knowing what that life would look like. A key component of Christian theology is that the Messiah perfectly represented the Father and His will on earth, to show us how to properly live as God intended for man. This central tenet of the NT aligns well with agent-based theories of Virtue Ethics, and modifies it so that the person of Jesus Christ is the universal exemplar that one is meant to emulate. We are called to imitate him through our actions, thoughts, and desires, and to conform ourselves to the way he lived. As Paul said:
"I am crucified with Christ: nevertheless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me."-Galatians 2:20
If learning from Christ is key, we should briefly take a look at the Sermon on the Mount, which is said to be one of Jesus' most important series of teachings. Daniel Harrington notes:
"The sermon begins with nine 'beatitudes' (see 5:3–12) in which Jesus declares as 'happy' or 'blessed' those who practice certain virtues, and promises them an eternal reward and the fullness of God's kingdom." (
Jesus and Virtue Ethics: Building Bridges Between New Testament Studies and Moral Theology, pg. 62)
Jesus laid out what a life for those that follow him look like in detail. One ought to be merciful, pure in heart, a peacemaker, thirst for righteousness, etcetera (Matt. 5:2-10). The Sermon does not merely include what right actions are, but includes sections on proper desires. Not only is it wrong to murder, but it is wrong to
desire to murder or wish ill on someone (Matt. 5:22). Avoiding adultery is good, but one also should not covet after another man's woman in their heart (Matt. 5:28). In other words, merely avoiding immoral actions is not enough. One must also not desire vices. A believer is called to desire what is good.
The Sermon is not necessarily laying down universal moral commands. For example, Matthew 5:9 says, "Blessed are the peacemakers," but this doesn't imply absolute Pacifism, as it would contradict passages in the Old Testament where it explicitly says there is a time for war (Ecc. 3:8). The point of the Sermon is to teach what a virtuous life ought to look like. A follower of Christ ought to use reason to know what is proper to do in various circumstances. For example, in Matthew chapter 6, Jesus offers guidance on how one ought to pray by presenting the Lord's prayer (vss. 9-15). This is a
model of how to pray. It's not a command for followers to always pray in this exact way.
In reality, the Sermon on the Mount mixes in exhortations, parables, hyperbole, declarations, commands, etc. It is best understood as displaying what a virtuous life ought to look like. It's not a law code. Building on this, it's important to understand a proper action is context sensitive. Under Virtue Ethics, one should not necessarily apply a universal maxim to every situation. Sometimes the proper action will depend on what is at stake, who is involved, what is the background, etc. Aristotle advocated against the idea there were fixed universal laws that dictate actions, and instead he argued the right action would depend on the circumstances one finds themselves in. Although the ethics of the NT may be a bit more strict, it still places an emphasis on being sensitive to the context of situations.
In 1st Corinthians chapter 8, Paul lays out instructions on how to deal with meat that has been sacrificed to Pagan idols. Instead of stating an absolute prohibition against meat sacrificed to idols, Paul instructed Christians to use reason to come to the proper ethical decision based on context. In other words, the right action is not determined only by a law. Instead, the Christian had to make the proper decision based on the context: if eating caused another to stumble, then you ought to abstain; if not, then there's no harm done. The value of the action depends on the context.
A Deontologist might reply that there's still a universal law given here: that one should always abstain if it's going to cause another to stumble. This objection can be addressed by asking: how are we to know if eating the meat will cause another believer to stumble? To answer such a question, one must be sensitive to the
context, which in this case would be knowledge of the fellow believer and your relation to him. It is the context that determines the right action, not a universal law. Moreover, Paul states that the primary goal for the believer should be to love (1 Cor. 13). The first consideration is once again not the rightness of action, but having love for one another. From this, knowledge of the proper action will follow.
Paul often explains that living a proper life as a believer will take work and practice. He reminded Timothy to attend readings, practice what these things mean, and keep a close watch on himself (1 Tim. 4:13-14). Elsewhere, he directs that all believers must work on their faith (Phili. 2:12). Beyond this, he also noted that not all Christians would have the same gifts, and to accept that this was normal (1 Cor. 12). For some, certain things may be a hindrance, whereas for others it is acceptable (Rom. 14:2-4). What matters is that we love and build one another up (1 Thess. 5:11). Right actions flow from love and knowledge of virtue. Rules are not the primary motives that dictate our actions; rules are secondary in this regard.
An interesting case can be studied with regards to divorce in the Gospels. Jesus preaches against divorce (Mark 10:7-9) and it is often interpreted to mean "divorce is always wrong, regardless of circumstances." However, it should be noted the prohibition on divorce is not a universal law. The context can affect whether or not a divorce is permissible. Jesus says that one can divorce over sexual immorality. Paul also has a situation where divorce is permissible, namely if one spouse is an unbeliever and wishes to leave (1 Cor. 7:15). The implication one can derive is divorce is not ideal, but there are circumstances where it may be the proper action to take. Given the other features of Christian Virtue Ethics we already covered, the proper action to take will depend on the circumstances and what the virtuous agent thinks is the most loving thing to do. A universal prohibition on divorce is not a Christian ethic. Instead, one ought to discern the proper action from circumstances. However, it's clear in most cases divorce would not be the virtuous thing to do.
Building on this, it's important to note that within NT ethics, certain acts are always wrong. For example, idolatry and sexual immorality are always wrong (1 Cor. 10:14, Col. 3:15, 1 Pet. 4:13). There are no possible scenarios where it would be okay to rape, because such an act would never flow from a virtuous character. But this concept is not foreign to theories of Virtue Ethics. Aristotle noted that for some actions,
no qualifications could make them virtuous. Actions such as rape or murder are always wrong, because they would never flow from a virtuous character. So it's not as if a Virtue Ethicist cannot claim that some actions are always wrong. They simply are qualified as being unable to flow from virtue, whereas actions like lying or waging war could be considered virtuous for the right reason.
Now, despite Christian Virtue Ethics having many similarities with Eudaimonism (Aristotelian ethics), there are also numerous differences beyond what we've already noted. One of the deficiencies of how Aristotle lays out his ethical theory is that it is essentially an all-boys club. Aristotle writes mainly to aristocratic men, excluding women and slaves. In his view, women were inferior to men and slaves lacked the necessary rational faculty. But the Christians rejected this mentality, as the teachings of Christ and the apostles were available to all (Matt. 28:19). Paul said, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). Peter wrote that all Christians were part of the priesthood of Christ (1 Pet. 2:5). Jesus had women followers (Luke 8:2-3), and they were entrusted with delivering revelation (Mark 15:40–16:8). What we find throughout the NT is a radical change to how women were viewed in the ancient world. Paul is also likely building on Aristotle's household structure and refining it. David deSilva says the household codes of the NT are "...following the pairs laid out as early as Aristotle to such a degree as to suggest that these were standard topics in ethical instruction" (
Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity, pg. 231). But Paul adds an important preface: submitting to one another out of reverence for Christ (Eph. 5:20-21). DeSilva says:
"...husbands, we cannot then ignore the distinctively Christian addition they bring to this arrangement; husbands are to be subject to their wives as well." (
Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity, pg. 233)
Thus Paul doesn't break down the traditional perspective on the structure of the family, but he does add the idea that we all must submit to each other in reverence, love, unity, and cooperation because all are equal before God. There is no explicit mention in the NT calling for the abolishment of slavery, but it should be noted that Paul taught that slaves should be seen as equals. In the letter to Philemon, Paul is clear that his slave is no longer "as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved" (vs. 16). Thus, within Christian ethics class distinctions were supposed to evaporate. All were brothers and sisters of one family.
An important aspect of Christian ethics is that it wasn't a standalone ethical theory. It's embedded in the larger Christian worldview. The ethical framework is dependent on Christian doctrines. For Aristotle, his ethical theory is for men who were raised well. This is why these specific men desire to be virtuous and perform right actions. As for why the believer does good and desires to be virtuous, it's not because one was raised well, but because they have been activated by the power of God's Spirit (John 3:6, 1 Cor. 12:13). For believers, the reason as to why we desire to be good and virtuous is because the Spirit of God has regenerated us. He loves us so we can love others (1 John 4:19). One is meant to look to the life of Christ and what he has done by dying on the cross, to know that we are loved and forgiven. This in turn is meant to activate a good life, having seen what we have gained and been forgiven of. He calls and activates us to do similar to those around us. This is a more open system for people of all groups and classes. One only has to call upon the name of the Lord to be included. It does not require a specific gender or to be raised a certain way.
The goal of Aristotelian ethics is to achieve 'eudaimonia.' However, within the Bible the goal is as the Westminster Shorter Catechism puts it: "Man's chief end is to glorify God, and enjoy Him forever." Since the central aspect of Biblical Eschatology is that humans will continue on forever in resurrected bodies, the aim of ethics is more than living a good life presently. Living a good life now is important, but it was only one aspect in the Christian worldview. Humans are meant to live beyond this life, so the aim is also about building virtuous souls that will continue on. The importance of this is more crucial than it may seem at first. Paul said that we must all appear before judgment, so that "every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad" (2 Cor. 15:10).
Being a virtuous person requires integrity, because one will still have to answer to God after death. If one can commit an evil act and no one finds out, then from the outside perspective he or she may still appear virtuous. Culturally speaking, the ancient world was very different from our own. All wrongdoings centered around public honor and shame. One did good to receive public honor, and one did not do what was bad to receive public shame. Right and wrong were connected to one's public honor and shame in the ancient Greco-Roman world. Thus good and evil were
public ideas, not personal ideas. Ethical demands were grounded in the community in one's public appearance
The Biblical idea of an omniscient God who cared about our ethical status laid a foundation for integrity and personal guilt to emerge. Now one ought to do good because he is beholden to God, not just the community. Believers are to remain focused on God's approval and on the actions that lead them, regardless of the world's response. This lays down fertile ground for integrity to emerge. So the Biblical worldview has another important element built in that encourages ethical behavior, regardless of the honor it brings. One ought to do good because of a commitment to God not, because it might bring honor to one's name publicly.
Implications for Preterists
Paul believed that
the Second Coming would happen in his generation, and prescribed certain things in the NT on the basis of that belief. An example of an exhortation that would no longer apppy to us today would be 1st Corinthians 7:24-29, where Paul argues that the times him and his fellow Christians were in called for celibacy, being that the Lord was fast approaching. It wasn't a sin if you
did get married, of course; it was just harder to serve the Lord in this context if you had a family to worry about. Thus, Paul encouraged being single.
So, we need to be careful when reading the NT and determining what prohibitions or exhortations are still applicable to us today. Context is key.
Hey all, I sincerely apologize as I already posted last night about Furnace, but the- really interesting- discourse in that thread got me thinking about the questions we have left about Sukuna as a whole, that I wanted to see the discussion on in one place now that we’ve gotten most of an explanation for his CT and birth. So here they are, that I can think of;
-What are the meaning of his tattoos, which he can seemingly control (he hid them from Angel) and manifest differently in a vessel vs incarnated?
-What’s the deal with his afterlife send offs? We now know for sure they were real and he remembers them, they’re oddly generous on his part, there’s nothing else like them in the series and it’s only happened twice (assuming Gojo’s had nothing to do with him)?
-Why is he “the fallen one”? Is it just a generally cool negative term Angel gave to him for, y’know, being an evil bastard?
-How did he expand his head to bite off Hana’s arm?
-Is his freakish body and CE reserve just the result of eating and fusing with his twin, or is it deliberate given the last question? What even is that thing on his face (not srs)
-Is there more to his “understanding of love” than his simply intellectualizing it, or did he have some type of “normal” life at one point that he “fell” from? I think the “show you love” plot thread was ended with the Kashimo scene but still interesting
Anyway, I think it’s really cool that Sukuna has these mysteries still beyond just how strong he is- he’s of course a completely evil bastard but whether it’s unique or not I really appreciate these hints of a deeper emotional world in him beyond eating people
Im tagging this as trigger just in case but it also goes under question, just cant do both cause reddit sucks. Anyway does anyone here have experience with being in love with an object that no longer exists? I dont want to say what specifically because full transparency im lowkey embarassed and not a huge fan of "doubles" (i think thats the term) but broader examples include like a building or ride thats been remodeled/demolished or a car thats been scrapped. Something along these lines right. How do you cope with being in love with these objects even after theyre gone? I think of the object as still alive somehow and honestly dont understand why (posic moment) and im not particularly bothered by its destruction like it died or anything if that makes sense. The object still feels alive to me and i really like them but they arent physically there anymore (even if they were itd be long distance tbf so not a lot would change). But like how does this work? Can i still date them? I really want to but how does that work if they literally do not exist? And how do i cope with knowing ill never get to see or touch them? (like i said long distance but still short enough for me to feasably travel to if they still existed) I dont know whats considered protocol in this type of situation. I really really like this object more than ive liked any other one before but what can i do to be with them? Ive heard about the lady who married the berlin wall (dont remember her name) who underwent something similar but from what ive seen she seems to think of the wall as dead when i dont think of my object as such for some reason. Theyre somehow alive but theyre basically entirely destroyed? Honestly i just want to know if itd be weird to officially date the object or not. I refer to them as my partner but moreso as a joke because i like them a lot but i really really want to actually date them but im not sure how if its even possible. Sorry for the yap sesh im sure this coukd have been communicated in much fewer words but i just want to make the situation im in as clear as possible and dont know when to shut up
Hi all! Those of you that have traveled out of country for a wedding, is there a type of travel insurance you can buy to cover your gear? I’m doing the wedding as a trade so there’s no payment involved so I don’t need any type of work insurance but I’m hoping just to cover the cost of my gear in case anything happens. Not sure if this would fall under the normal baggage category of travel insurance or if I need something extra. Any tips are appreciated!
Thank you!
Hi so I’ve been on opil for 2 months now and I had gotten my period on 04/28 and it was supposed to end on 05/2-3 and as of today(05/15) I’m still bleeding. It’s not as bad as it was when It first started and I barely cramp compared to when I was cramping the first week. I know this is a side effect with some birth control and even experienced prolonged bleeding when I started my last birth control but it definitely didn’t last 18 days. I have pcos so before birth control periods have been extremely rare for me(at most I would get them twice a year) and I’m just worried and concerned if I should see a doctor or not
I was wondering if anyone who’s also taking Opill has experienced the same thing and if so for how long? Any information is helpful thank you so much
Omg soooo much fun boosting out of orbit. I get from ground level to out of orbit in like 3 seconds soooooo satisfying.
Just want to clear up a misconception before I get started. I am using a 6A FSD (SCO) which I engineered and added an experimental mass to and it works a dream.
Like a lot people are saying it burns through fuel. It also heats up your system something fierce. Which damages all your components.
In spite of all that it’s still so worth it. Did I mention breaking out of orbit can be done in like 3 seconds. Love it.
It’s not so good for really long distances like 30,000 as u can’t keep it going for too long and you slow down when u exit. My mate says there is way to not loose velocity by disabling something but never tried it. If you do please share.
It’s great for when ur stuck in a gravity well kinda try an aim for a remaining time of 30seconds.
That works for a lot of situations but you get a feel for it your self.
Definitely useful for 2 to 5k distances.
The control loss the longer your in it super boost sucks but it’s easier to get used to the hyper space high way in my experience.
No matter what you will get damage to your ship even for tiny hops. So if your out in the black unless you have the full array of repair stuff I would not rely on it.
Oh I almost forgot you can break atmosphere from the surface in like three seconds possibly my new favourite thing in the game.
How have you used it any cool use cases I missed?
Hi, first of all I’m very aware of my privilege living in Europe. The stories here and desperate cries for help from all over the world are heart breaking, bone chilling even. I can not comprehend how in 2024 women are still struggling to get access to abortion clinics or meds. And how in the US things have really fallen off a cliff. This is insane to me and I’ll do everything I can to support any charity who are trying to move things forward.
So yesterday I had my medical abortion at home. On Monday I was given the Mifepristone pill. Took it and had a totally normal day cleaning up and preparing my flat. I bought diapers, vitamin pills, pain meds, easy digestible foods..
Yesterday I started off the procedure at 9 am by sticking 4 miso pills in my vagina (this is how the doctor told me to do it here, abortion is totally legal here).
I started getting very severe cramps after half an hour. Had to crawl to the toilet to defecate, had to vomit, the full range of ‘expulsion’. Started to bleed a little..
A friend arrived around lunchtime. This is when the cramps calmed down considerably. I took a bath (not advisable but fuck it) and mentally prepared for the second phase. Two more miso pills went in. This set off another few hours of very bad cramps, like I was surfing really high waves of pain that seemed endless. Puked again: don’t hold it back, it HELPS!
What also helped: no inhibition: moan and curse all you can, hot water bottle and cherry kernel cushion.. I preferred the cushion as I was able to rub my back with it, it felt like a giant warm man’s hand which helped break the contractions.
I took Ibuprofen 2 x 600 mg, Tramadol (1 pill was given to me), 1000 mg Paracetamol throughout the day.
Passed blood and clots after 6-7 hours.
Around 20pm I was ok.
The process is intense. I advise everyone to have someone near you to check on you. In the morning I was alone and felt like I was gonna pass out and choke on vomit , so I put myself in the safety position in case I did pass out. Left my door unlocked etc.
I don’t regret it at all. Good luck to everyone here.
So like i said in the title i found out 3 days ago that i'm pregnant about 2 weeks and since i found out about my pregnancy i'm thinking on what to do cause i'm full of doubts and fears about my and my bf (Carl) future.
Me and Carl are together since 6 years and our relationship at the beginning was extremely difficult because i didn't knew anything about autism, how to act with him, if i was pushing to hard in certain situations and all this kind of stuff. Carl's parents weren't usefull at all cause they were overprotective with him so i didn't knew what to do but then finally i realized that it would took time, patience (a lot actually hahahah) and hard work and with time i saw him changing a lot and i'm actually extremely proud of him and how much effort we both put to make pur relationship work.
Now Carl kiss me, he is not afraid of intimacy, we are holding hands, he finally looks me in the eyes (even if it's for a short time but we are working on that) and i like to think that i made him more secure about himself and his self-confidence. So yes since a year things are going great and we are both extremely happy about us and our life as a couple. We both work but he is the "breedwinner" cause he makes like 10 times more than i do and his most recent success, in his job, is to actually have his own business accounting agency. Carl is extremely good with things of numbers, profits and costs and all this kind of stuff that i'm really ignorant about and thinking that he is only 25 and now thanks to his hard work and dedication he have his own agency is just unbelievable and makes me so proud of him. (Carl is one of those "gifted" people and his ability is with numbers, calculations and all this stuff while i'm a simple secretary but i'm counting on taking a degree)
So we are both in love, money is not a problem at all, we recently bought our first house (and i hope it's our definitive one with some renovations and adjustments) so for real things are going extremely well and sincerly i would never bet on it but it's great to be wrong in this case.
So the problem comes now cause like i said i'm pregnant and first of all we always used protection. Carl is very methodic on this and he ALWAYS used protection and i ALWAYS used the pill but somehow it didn't worked and here we are. (Before anyone says it i would never cheat on my Carl)
But the thing is that i don't know what to do cause yes Carl changed a lot in this years and i'm proud of him for this but now this. A baby is a life changing thing and i'm full of doubts and fears on how he would take this, would he love the baby, how we could rise a baby with Carl, it would be difficult, how he would react on my crisis during pregnancy? So all this fears and many others are now in my mind and i don't know what to do. I didn't told him yet about my pregnancy cause i want to think wisely before doing anything.
Carl is a sweetheart, always lovely and romantic (like i "teached" him hahahah) and i'm pretty sure that our baby would grow up with no problems but what if would have some problems? How Carl would react to this? How can i be sure that everything would be fine?
So here i'm. Maybe someone that had been in my situation what's your advices? What or how should i act? Should i have this fears?
Thanks you all in advance.
TL:DR; I(25F)am pregnant with my autistic bf's(27M) baby and i don't know what to do.
In recent years, HTML and WYSIWYG technologies have been among the biggest changes in web development. By facilitating visual revision and connecting the technical domain of code with the intuitive domain of web development, this technology renders the process more accessible and conducive to collaboration.
In the past, web development was predominantly dependent on programmers who used HTML code to construct websites line by line meticulously. Despite providing granular control, this method posed a substantial obstacle for non-technical users. Conversely, the advent of WYSIWYG editors has facilitated the accessibility of web development by enabling users to visually modify their creations, thereby promoting a more intuitive user experience.
This guide will examine the impact of the conversion from
HTML to WYSIWYG on web development practices. We will discuss how this technology helps developers and content makers by making the workflow more efficient and team-based.
Understanding HTML to WYSIWYG Conversion
Progression toward WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editors resulted in a paradigm shift in web development. In contrast to the conventional method of creating websites line by line through HTML code, these tools present a noticeable departure.
Visually intuitive interfaces, including tools, icons, and menus, which accurately represent the ultimate webpage layout, are the primary focus of WYSIWYG editors. By doing so, content creators and marketers can actively engage in the web development process without requiring extensive code knowledge.
Nevertheless, WYSIWYG editors possess capabilities that extend beyond their visual imagery. A complex conversion procedure exists beneath the surface. The software effortlessly converts user inputs (such as text or images) into corresponding segments of HTML code as the user interacts with the editor.
Determining the webpage’s structure and visual presentation, this code functions as the page’s foundation. For example, if a person adds a paragraph with bold text and an image, the WYSIWYG editor translates it to the following HTML code
Example of HTML generated by a WYSIWYG editor This is a
bold text.
This code is then interpreted by the web browser, which proceeds to render the content exactly as intended. Critically bridging the gap between the intuitive realm of visual editing and the underlying code that regulates the web, WYSIWYG editors serve as an intermediary between the two.
Why Embrace HTML to WYSIWYG?
In the realm of contemporary web development, converting existing HTML into a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) format offers compelling advantages in accessibility, efficiency, and team collaboration. Let’s delve deeper into why this transformation is a smart move:
Accessibility and Efficiency
Before the rise of WYSIWYG editors, crafting web pages often required in-depth HTML knowledge. Consider this simple example:
HTML
Welcome to My Website!
This is where the magic happens.
WYSIWYG editors empower individuals without extensive coding experience. They provide user-friendly interfaces for content creation and formatting. This democratizes the web development process, allowing content creators, marketers, and designers to actively contribute.
Real-time Previews and Streamlined Workflow
Let’s imagine you’re making layout changes with traditional HTML:
Image Here
Main Content
Using a WYSIWYG editor, you can visually adjust elements and get instant feedback. This eliminates the need for repeated coding, previewing, and revision — saving valuable time and effort.
Enhanced Collaboration
WYSIWYG editors foster a shared visual language. Designers can express ideas without extensive coding knowledge, making it easier for developers to translate those ideas into working code. Additionally, content creators can directly populate layouts:
- Designer: Visually creates a hero section with a compelling image and headline.
- Developer: Implements the structure using clean, semantic HTML.
- Content Writer: Seamlessly adds engaging copy within the WYSIWYG editor.
HTML to WYSIWYG conversion isn’t about eliminating code; it’s about streamlining the web development process, making it more inclusive and efficient. By embracing this approach, teams can build better websites, faster.
Choosing the Right HTML to WYSIWYG Tool
Choosing the best HTML to WYSIWYG conversion tool depends on recognizing characteristics that meet your workflow and project needs. Here’s a detailed checklist of critical capabilities to emphasize during your evaluation process:
FeatureDescriptionCustomization Options
- Ability to customize the editing interface (toolbar layout, keyboard shortcuts).
- Create and implement project-specific content modules or drag-and-drop pieces.
- Integration of third-party plugins for specialist functionality.
Compatibility
- Seamless integration with various Content Management Systems (CMS) platforms for hassle-free deployment.
Modern Web Standards
- Following HTML5 and CSS3 standards ensures code quality and future-proofs web development projects.
- Optimized website display across devices and screen sizes using responsive design.
Ease of Integration
- Simple installation with minimal settings.
- An intuitive interface that reduces learning time, especially for non-coders.
Support and Community
- Effective technical assistance and troubleshooting channels.
- Resourceful online community forum with tutorials and user-generated solutions.
Optimizing the WYSIWYG Editor Usage
Here are some tips to streamline your workflow and maximize your editing speed within a WYSIWYG editor:
- Use keyboard shortcuts: Most editors have shortcuts for common activities, dramatically improving editing speed.
- Use built-in formatting tools: Use bold, italics, headings, and bullet points to format your material efficiently.
- Clean up: Remove any unneeded parts or code generated by the editor to keep your code clean and efficient.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Even with user-friendly interfaces, problems can occur when using WYSIWYG editors. Here are some tips for troubleshooting typical issues:
- Unexpected formatting: If the formatting appears irregular, check that you are not mistakenly nesting styles or employing conflicting choices.
- Image display issues: Double-check image paths and file sizes to avoid broken links and delayed loading times.
- Limited responsiveness: Test your WYSIWYG-generated content on various devices to ensure it displays properly on all screen sizes.
An Overview of Advanced WYSIWYG Editor
The ideal HTML to WYSIWYG conversion tool finds the optimal blend of usability and strong capabilities. Consider solutions that provide users with a clean visual editing experience while also allowing them to customize the editor to their requirements.
Several top WYSIWYG editors excel in these categories.
Froala is one such case. This powerful tool has a user-friendly interface, allowing intuitive content development, even for those with limited coding skills. Furthermore,
Froala offers considerable customization options, allowing developers to tailor the editor’s interface, functionality, and content modules to fit smoothly into their existing workflows and project requirements.
Conclusion
These simple solutions enable a wider spectrum of people to participate in content creation, resulting in a more collaborative and efficient development process. Teams that embrace the power of WYSIWYG conversion may streamline workflows, shorten development cycles, and produce richer, more engaging web experiences. Explore innovative solutions such as
Froala to maximize the benefits of HTML to WYSIWYG conversion and change your web development efforts.
This post was originally published on the Froala blog. I (32m, Canadian) will be travelling into NY via the Peace Bridge into Buffalo, staying Thursday - Monday. Can I cross with a case of beer or is that an absolute no-no? I’ve been looking online for this official answer but it’s very legislative and I can’t decipher if it’s allowable or not.
My aunt (69 years) lives alone in Kolkata in a rented 500 sqft apartment. She has been residing here for 41 years paying 8000/- rent per month and due to the disputed nature of the property, has seen transitions of various landlords and hence pays the rent at the Rent Control. The current landlord has filed an eviction case against her and has filed a motion for her to pay 30000/- pm rent since 2019. She is not well to do, and is a widow with no children. Her main source of income is from teaching English to the neighbourhood kids. If the motion is granted by the judge then she has no means to pay the requested pending rent. What is the possible outcome of not being able to pay the amount?
This is what I remember about the ending of the movie.
-The main characters are a brother and siste or couple -there is a cult hunting them down -the women character is killed and turned into a preserved doll in a glass case in a hallway with a bunch of other preserved women. -she is dressed very regal with makeup and a dress. Her eyes are closed and she looks glossy. - the brother is killed , and later a character gives birth. The baby is then named after the brother hinting at some kind of rebirth. -movie came out somewhere between 2000-2012
Marguerite Simpson in 1967 talking about the USC college campus.
"I love it.....it's like a resort.....it's beautiful"
Marguerite on OJ same interview.
"OJ is very serious.....he loves football......he's just a serious person".
Right at the start of the "Made in America" documentary, and 5 months into her marriage, look at the contrast between Marguerite's words about the campus ("love") and her newlywed husband ("serious" X2).
Faced with a television camera and asked about her husband, she doubles down on how "serious" he is. Adding that he "loves football". I think it's foreboding that these are the things she has to say about her husband and what "type of guy" he is. It's a refreshingly honest answer and portrayal. There is no hyperbole here, absolutely nothing about any love and care he provides at home or towards her. Just football and seriousness.
He's either away playing football, or he's being "serious" at home. I take this to mean everything had to be just as he liked it, and if it wasn't things could get serious. There was likely overarching control over Marguerite at home, which manifested itself in a "serious" countenance, perhaps a sternness, and resulting annoyance from OJ if things were not "just so".
Of course this being late 1967, perhaps this fits the culture of the time. Patriarchy. OJ was providing financially, and she should be thankful and submissive. But such an early revelation of this "serious" side he seemingly possessed at home, contrasts markedly from the public image he always generated. Where laughing and joking, outward friendliness and socialising and partying were the order of the day. I would doubt this was the case at home.
I think the submissiveness of Marguerite was something he expected in every woman. I believe she acquiesced with his control and accepted his Jekyll and Hyde nature. And much later, when Nicole wouldn't tolerate this behaviour, he instinctively resorted to violence, coercion and threats, culminating in her murder and the murder of Ron Goldman. Marguerite's one sentence description gives us an early insight into OJ's countenance when living with a wife who he sought to dominate and control.