林军： 你好！你和部分患者希望我从专业技术角度对未知病原体分离鉴定工作的具体内容提出建议。其实，未知病原体分离鉴定专业技术性很强，方法也是很多的。国内卫生部系统，农业部系统，中科院系统，以及重点大学的分子生物或微生物学国家重点实验室都可以开展这项工作。具体的方法学很复杂，要由主持工作的相关科研人员具体设计研究，我在这里不详细阐述了，只是从宏观的角度提出如下建议。 一、 病原体分离鉴定大方向
（一）反转录慢病毒 我认为“中国阴性感染者”是一种慢性感染性疾病。患者主诉很痛苦，多数患者外周器质性病变又不太明显，所以高度疑似是骨髓和中枢神经系统的慢性感染。在病原微生物谱系中，这类感染中枢骨髓系统的病原体多是反转录慢病毒。建议在慢病毒分离鉴定领域开展以下工作： 1、在患者人群中对人类已经发现并文献报道过的感染人类的反转录病毒进行排查：包括HTLV-1、HTLV-2、HTLV-3、HTLV-4、MPMV、MMTV、HRV-5、XMRV、HIAP-1、HIAP-2、SIV、SFV。
2、在患者人群中对可能感染人类的动物逆转录病毒进行排查，包括：VISNA、BLV、 FLV、MLV、CAE等进行筛查。
（二）支原体 支原体在病原微生物谱系中是介于细菌和病毒之间的微生物，属于柔膜体纲。这里提到的支原体不是医院医生普遍了解的肺炎支原体等常见支原体检测，而是未知支原体分离鉴定。支原体研究特别是艾滋病相关支原体研究是国际病原微生物研究的一个领域。在艾滋病相关支原体研究过程中，人类陆续发现了穿透支原体，发酵支原体、梨支原体等艾滋病相关支原体，并发现这类支原体与HIV病毒有协同致病作用。早在上世纪50-70年代，美国和西方国家就对感染人类、哺乳动物（猫、狗、马、牛、羊、猪等）和禽类（鸡、鸭、鸽子等）的支原体进行了细致的研究，并做出了明确的鉴定和分类规范。支原体所致疾病是很严重的，可以导致人类CD4免疫细胞急剧下降，CD4/CD8比例颠倒等临床指证，往往和艾滋病有相似的症候群，但又不是HIV感染，这从美国专利文献中就可以明显的看出（见本文附件英文部分）。我国近期出版的权威学术教材《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）中对国际学术界关于穿透支原体，发酵支原体、梨支原体与HIV病毒协同作用在艾滋病进展恶化中的机制研究动态进行了介绍，还明确指出了发酵支原体感染和慢性疲劳综合征（CFS）的关联性。国外部分网站的专业文献也揭示支原体感染，特别是发酵支原体感染与慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）、阿尔海莫氏病（ALZHEIMER）、帕金森病（PARKINSON）等疾病的关系（见我博客摘录的英文学术论文http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog\_6d6f292f0100m1ld.html）。此外，我国学者也提出过支原体感染与反应性关节病（ReA）、系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）等慢性疾病具有关联性的学术观点。互联网上关于支原体与慢性疾病的中英文论文很多，只要敲击相关关键词，就可以检索到大量文章。国内有很多学者曾呼吁应加强支原体与慢性疾病发病机制的研究。综合国内外学术观点，支原体慢性感染与人类中枢神经系统慢性疾病、风湿免疫慢性疾病有着高度的相关性，所以建议对患者开展以下支原体感染排查：
1、在患者人群中对人类已经发现并文献报道过的感染人类的支原体进行排查：包括解脲脲原体、 人型支原体、生殖支原体、 穿透支原体、 发酵支原体、 梨支原体等。（重点是发酵支原体）
2、通过超高通量PCR等手段，类比哺乳动物、禽类支原体序列，开展患者感染未知支原体序列的测定排查。尽管支原体培养目前仍然是诊断支原体感染性疾病的“金标准”，但是支原体培养费时且敏感性差，需要复杂的营养成分，甚至有学者试图从PCR阳性标本重新培养支原体也未获成功。因此，基因诊断PCR试验的设计十分重要，这包括标本的收集和处理，PCR扩增区域的选择，引物的选择和扩增方案，假阳性和假阴性的识别等复杂的技术问题，需要支原体研究领域的资深专家主持工作，认真研究，科学严谨地设计实验方案。
（三）耐药结核杆菌 通过现代分子生物学技术，将特定质粒DNA导入，使细菌产生高度的耐药性是一项非常简单的操作。由于部分患者结核检查呈阳性，部分为强阳性结果，且部分患者主诉抗结核药物可以暂时缓解症状。因此建议开展结核领域的相关分离鉴定，耐药性分析等工作。但是鉴于患者的感染方式绝大多数为粘膜感染，而支原体的最大特点就是极易侵袭人类和动物的粘膜表面，且支原体和立克次体（无形体也是立克次体的一种）一样，具有军事医学上的用途，容易加工制备成为气溶胶进行扩散和布撒。所以我认为结核杆菌应该不是这类疾病的主要致病原因，而仅仅是一个继发感染。此外，抗结核药利福霉素对支原体也是有一定作用的，所以不应仅将注意力集中在结核杆菌上。
（四）特定蛋白质颗粒 “中国阴性感染者”和慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、神经肌痛性脑脊髓炎（Myalgic Encephalomyelitis）、纤维肌痛（Fibromyalgia）、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）等这一大类疾病有一个共同特点就是疾病伴发明显的中枢心理症状。大多数患者主诉都十分痛苦，甚至想要自杀。很多患者都说“不得这种病，体会不到那种痛苦”。还有很多患者说“失去生活兴趣，脾气暴躁，对以往感兴趣的事情都全然不在乎”。敏锐的医生应该意识到，这个病应该高度怀疑和中枢神经系统有关联。因为只有中枢神经系统的痛苦才是最痛苦的，是很难用语言描述的，也是其他人体验不到的。就像你没有经历过触电，就永远感觉不到触电的痛苦；就像你没有吸过毒，就永远感觉不到吸毒的欣快和戒毒的痛苦一样。所以这种病的病原体很可能侵害中枢系统（脑白质）的某些特定功能区域。比如部分患者会出现听力问题，视力问题等等感官症状；部分患者表现出明显的焦虑和烦躁的心理症状；部分患者表现出逻辑思维和记忆障碍的认知症状。这些都提示病原体很可能持续损害中枢神经部分特定区域。这种中枢症候群可能是病原体直接寄生并损害中枢神经细胞所致，也可能是病原体基因序列表达特定有毒蛋白质所致，或者两种损害机制同时存在。2003年日本学者就发现过慢性疲劳综合征患者血液中一种特殊蛋白质ＣＨＲＭ１可以阻碍大脑和心脏等神经信息的传递，而在健康人的血液中没有发现，且这种蛋白质含量越高，慢性疲劳综合征越重(相关文献见互联网http://www.pharmnet.com.cn/yyzx/2003/08/07/121519.html)。此外，传染性朊蛋白颗粒Prion（普列昂）也可以导致类似的慢性中枢症状。因此建议在现有导致人类疾病的蛋白质中对患者血液中ＣＨＲＭ１蛋白和传染性朊蛋白颗粒进行检测。
（五）其他供参考的实验室检查 1、多数患者血清铁蛋白偏高，但是又不是太高，血清铁蛋白可能是一个具有统计学意义的指标。
2、国内有论文指出（论文见互联网http://www.51lunwen.com/clinical/2010/0729/lw201007291121494927.html），慢性疲劳综合征血清红细胞膜n-6系列必需脂肪酸含量与正常人有显著性差异，建议检测患者血清红细胞膜n-6系列必需脂肪酸含量，与正常人对照，为诊断疾病提供血清学上的线索。
二、国外文献致病假说介绍 国外的很多文献提示了一种观点。认为慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、神经肌痛性脑脊髓炎（Myalgic Encephalomyelitis）、纤维肌痛（Fibromyalgia）、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）等这一大类疾病是以支原体为载体（支原体在分子生物试验中用途广泛，前不久国际新闻界炒得火热的人造生命事件，主持科研的美国科学怪才克雷格·文特尔John Craig Venter 就是利用山羊支原体作为人造生命的基本试验载体的，见互联网http://baike.baidu.com/view/1191813.html），在支原体基因序列中加入布鲁氏杆菌（或梅毒螺旋体等病原微生物）的基因序列和特定毒蛋白表达序列（毒蛋白序列主要来自羊Scrapie病和人类库鲁病，都是脑组织进行性退化慢性疾病），利用支原体具有在细胞内长期潜伏寄生，且难于培养鉴定发现的特点，隐秘的、持续的损害人体多个组织器官，特别是脑组织，导致患者慢性进行性疾病，并通过这一手段，不断开发并扩散出包括重度焦虑抑郁症、慢性疲劳综合征、多发性硬化、海湾战争综合征，甚至艾滋病在内的各类慢性疾病的惊人观点。其核心就是为了销售制药大公司的各类药品而盈利。这些书籍和论文从疾病暴发流行特点，人为改造病原体技术可行性（尤其是70年代人类发明了DNA重组技术），污染疫苗注射、试验人群选择（多选择有特殊行为生活方式的人群，如同性恋、嬉皮士人群等），资金来源等多方面系统的进行了阐述，并有大量基础数据支撑。在欧美西方国家支持这种观点的重量级人物很多，但由于不是主流声音，一直以来没有被我国医学界所了解和重视。例如：美国哈佛大学教授，美国科学院医学部成员，《新英格兰医学杂志》前主编（该知名国际医学杂志的第一位女主编）玛西亚·安吉尔（Marcia Angell），曾经说过这样的话，“ 大型医药公司一方面减少抗疾病新药的研发，一方面推动疾病的发生，以便更多地销售他们的药物”。并写作出版了一部名为《制药公司的真相，他们如何欺骗我们，我们如何反抗》（The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About）的书。此外，现任美国总统奥巴马的精神导师赖特（Jeremiah Wright），以及2004年度诺贝尔和平奖得主，肯尼亚环境保护活动家旺加里·马塔伊等重量级人物也是这一观点的强力支持和宣传者。
我本人不是一个阴谋论的信奉者，但中国有一句俗语叫“无风不起浪”。我认为那么多国外高级知识分子，政界要员都支持的一种观点，虽然不是主流，也一定会有其合理成分。我国医疗界知识分子应该对这种观点有所了解，有所研究，这才是对中华民族负责的知识分子治学态度。记得慢性疲劳综合征发现早期就是被医疗界诊断为心理问题；海湾战争综合征发现早期也是被医疗界诊断为心理问题，但是时间和事实都证明，当时的诊断错了。前不久，美国总统奥巴马和国务卿希拉里也为在危地马拉进行的梅毒、淋病人体试验公开道歉了（互联网http://baike.baidu.com/view/4452598.htm），但是多少人已经为这些错误承担了无尽的痛苦和折磨，这是无法挽回的悲剧呀！今天，同样“中国阴性感染者”也被我国一些知名专家认为是心理问题。其实广泛收集一下国内外医学相关资料，深入细致地进行分析，尽快启动病原体分离鉴定实质性工作，在具有高通量PCR技术等先进分子生物学手段的今天，病原体是不难发现的，关键是中国医务人员的独立的、创新的科研意识和对人民群众健康的责任意识。
三、国内专家和相关单位资源 我从互联网上检索到国内的一些相关专家，我认为这些专家在卫生部的牵头下尽快参与到这项工作中来会有力的推动工作的开展。
（一）反转录慢病毒分离鉴定领域专家 舒跃龙 研究员卫生部中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病研究所副所长、国家流感中心主任；
陈化兰 研究员 中国农科院哈尔滨兽医研究所国家禽流感参考实验室暨农业部动物流感重点开放实验室主任；
王汉中 研究员 中科院武汉病毒所国家病毒学重点实验室人畜共患病毒病学科组组长。
（二）支原体研究领域专家（目前国内支原体研究相对滞后，急需加强研究）
吴移谋 教授 华南大学医学院《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）主编，国内支原体、立克次体、螺旋体研究领域专家；
赵季文 教授 东南大学公共卫生学院 《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）名誉主编；
王蓓 教授 东南大学公共卫生学院。 （三）朊蛋白研究领域相关单位 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所传染病预防控制国家重点实验室 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,家畜疫病病原生物学国家重点实验室,农业部畜禽病毒学重点开放实验室,农业部兽医公共卫生重点开放实验室； （四）新药研发设计领域专家（病原体分离鉴定后，新药研发必须尽快跟进） 彭师奇教授 原北京大学医学部药学院院长，现首都医科大学药学院院长，国家新药审评委员、国家自然科学基金委化学科学部有机化学学科评审专家、中国药学会药化专业委员会副主任委员。国内化学药物研发设计领域专家。 （五）临床治疗领域专家 本人认为在病原体分离鉴定之前，临床医生由于缺乏必要的手段，发挥的诊断治疗作用是有限的。
以上“中国阴性感染者”未知病原体分离鉴定专业技术思路仅是我的一家之言，可能并不成熟，仅供参考。介绍的致病假说在国外互联网站上可以检索到大量相关文章，我的个人博客也收录了一部分文献（http://blog.sina.com.cn/omahong911），无论正确与否，这种观点是应该让中国公众了解的。推荐的专家和有关单位是互联网上获取，他们应该代表着我国相关科研领域的权威，也一并作为参考。
祝患者们早日恢复健康！ 此致 敬礼 附件：美国支原体相关专利文献（Abstract部分明确指出感染导致的类艾滋病症状） 北京普通医务工作者 梁建 二〇一〇年十一月三十日

林军： 你好！你和部分患者希望我从专业技术角度对未知病原体分离鉴定工作的具体内容提出建议。其实，未知病原体分离鉴定专业技术性很强，方法也是很多的。国内卫生部系统，农业部系统，中科院系统，以及重点大学的分子生物或微生物学国家重点实验室都可以开展这项工作。具体的方法学很复杂，要由主持工作的相关科研人员具体设计研究，我在这里不详细阐述了，只是从宏观的角度提出如下建议。 一、 病原体分离鉴定大方向
（一）反转录慢病毒 我认为“中国阴性感染者”是一种慢性感染性疾病。患者主诉很痛苦，多数患者外周器质性病变又不太明显，所以高度疑似是骨髓和中枢神经系统的慢性感染。在病原微生物谱系中，这类感染中枢骨髓系统的病原体多是反转录慢病毒。建议在慢病毒分离鉴定领域开展以下工作： 1、在患者人群中对人类已经发现并文献报道过的感染人类的反转录病毒进行排查：包括HTLV-1、HTLV-2、HTLV-3、HTLV-4、MPMV、MMTV、HRV-5、XMRV、HIAP-1、HIAP-2、SIV、SFV。
2、在患者人群中对可能感染人类的动物逆转录病毒进行排查，包括：VISNA、BLV、 FLV、MLV、CAE等进行筛查。
（二）支原体 支原体在病原微生物谱系中是介于细菌和病毒之间的微生物，属于柔膜体纲。这里提到的支原体不是医院医生普遍了解的肺炎支原体等常见支原体检测，而是未知支原体分离鉴定。支原体研究特别是艾滋病相关支原体研究是国际病原微生物研究的一个领域。在艾滋病相关支原体研究过程中，人类陆续发现了穿透支原体，发酵支原体、梨支原体等艾滋病相关支原体，并发现这类支原体与HIV病毒有协同致病作用。早在上世纪50-70年代，美国和西方国家就对感染人类、哺乳动物（猫、狗、马、牛、羊、猪等）和禽类（鸡、鸭、鸽子等）的支原体进行了细致的研究，并做出了明确的鉴定和分类规范。支原体所致疾病是很严重的，可以导致人类CD4免疫细胞急剧下降，CD4/CD8比例颠倒等临床指证，往往和艾滋病有相似的症候群，但又不是HIV感染，这从美国专利文献中就可以明显的看出（见本文附件英文部分）。我国近期出版的权威学术教材《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）中对国际学术界关于穿透支原体，发酵支原体、梨支原体与HIV病毒协同作用在艾滋病进展恶化中的机制研究动态进行了介绍，还明确指出了发酵支原体感染和慢性疲劳综合征（CFS）的关联性。国外部分网站的专业文献也揭示支原体感染，特别是发酵支原体感染与慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）、阿尔海莫氏病（ALZHEIMER）、帕金森病（PARKINSON）等疾病的关系（见我博客摘录的英文学术论文http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6d6f292f0100m1ld.html）。此外，我国学者也提出过支原体感染与反应性关节病（ReA）、系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）等慢性疾病具有关联性的学术观点。互联网上关于支原体与慢性疾病的中英文论文很多，只要敲击相关关键词，就可以检索到大量文章。国内有很多学者曾呼吁应加强支原体与慢性疾病发病机制的研究。综合国内外学术观点，支原体慢性感染与人类中枢神经系统慢性疾病、风湿免疫慢性疾病有着高度的相关性，所以建议对患者开展以下支原体感染排查：
1、在患者人群中对人类已经发现并文献报道过的感染人类的支原体进行排查：包括解脲脲原体、 人型支原体、生殖支原体、 穿透支原体、 发酵支原体、 梨支原体等。（重点是发酵支原体）
2、通过超高通量PCR等手段，类比哺乳动物、禽类支原体序列，开展患者感染未知支原体序列的测定排查。尽管支原体培养目前仍然是诊断支原体感染性疾病的“金标准”，但是支原体培养费时且敏感性差，需要复杂的营养成分，甚至有学者试图从PCR阳性标本重新培养支原体也未获成功。因此，基因诊断PCR试验的设计十分重要，这包括标本的收集和处理，PCR扩增区域的选择，引物的选择和扩增方案，假阳性和假阴性的识别等复杂的技术问题，需要支原体研究领域的资深专家主持工作，认真研究，科学严谨地设计实验方案。
（三）耐药结核杆菌 通过现代分子生物学技术，将特定质粒DNA导入，使细菌产生高度的耐药性是一项非常简单的操作。由于部分患者结核检查呈阳性，部分为强阳性结果，且部分患者主诉抗结核药物可以暂时缓解症状。因此建议开展结核领域的相关分离鉴定，耐药性分析等工作。但是鉴于患者的感染方式绝大多数为粘膜感染，而支原体的最大特点就是极易侵袭人类和动物的粘膜表面，且支原体和立克次体（无形体也是立克次体的一种）一样，具有军事医学上的用途，容易加工制备成为气溶胶进行扩散和布撒。所以我认为结核杆菌应该不是这类疾病的主要致病原因，而仅仅是一个继发感染。此外，抗结核药利福霉素对支原体也是有一定作用的，所以不应仅将注意力集中在结核杆菌上。
（四）特定蛋白质颗粒 “中国阴性感染者”和慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、神经肌痛性脑脊髓炎（Myalgic Encephalomyelitis）、纤维肌痛（Fibromyalgia）、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）等这一大类疾病有一个共同特点就是疾病伴发明显的中枢心理症状。大多数患者主诉都十分痛苦，甚至想要自杀。很多患者都说“不得这种病，体会不到那种痛苦”。还有很多患者说“失去生活兴趣，脾气暴躁，对以往感兴趣的事情都全然不在乎”。敏锐的医生应该意识到，这个病应该高度怀疑和中枢神经系统有关联。因为只有中枢神经系统的痛苦才是最痛苦的，是很难用语言描述的，也是其他人体验不到的。就像你没有经历过触电，就永远感觉不到触电的痛苦；就像你没有吸过毒，就永远感觉不到吸毒的欣快和戒毒的痛苦一样。所以这种病的病原体很可能侵害中枢系统（脑白质）的某些特定功能区域。比如部分患者会出现听力问题，视力问题等等感官症状；部分患者表现出明显的焦虑和烦躁的心理症状；部分患者表现出逻辑思维和记忆障碍的认知症状。这些都提示病原体很可能持续损害中枢神经部分特定区域。这种中枢症候群可能是病原体直接寄生并损害中枢神经细胞所致，也可能是病原体基因序列表达特定有毒蛋白质所致，或者两种损害机制同时存在。2003年日本学者就发现过慢性疲劳综合征患者血液中一种特殊蛋白质ＣＨＲＭ１可以阻碍大脑和心脏等神经信息的传递，而在健康人的血液中没有发现，且这种蛋白质含量越高，慢性疲劳综合征越重(相关文献见互联网http://www.pharmnet.com.cn/yyzx/2003/08/07/121519.html)。此外，传染性朊蛋白颗粒Prion（普列昂）也可以导致类似的慢性中枢症状。因此建议在现有导致人类疾病的蛋白质中对患者血液中ＣＨＲＭ１蛋白和传染性朊蛋白颗粒进行检测。
（五）其他供参考的实验室检查 1、多数患者血清铁蛋白偏高，但是又不是太高，血清铁蛋白可能是一个具有统计学意义的指标。
2、国内有论文指出（论文见互联网http://www.51lunwen.com/clinical/2010/0729/lw201007291121494927.html），慢性疲劳综合征血清红细胞膜n-6系列必需脂肪酸含量与正常人有显著性差异，建议检测患者血清红细胞膜n-6系列必需脂肪酸含量，与正常人对照，为诊断疾病提供血清学上的线索。
二、国外文献致病假说介绍 国外的很多文献提示了一种观点。认为慢性疲劳综合征(ME/CFS)、神经肌痛性脑脊髓炎（Myalgic Encephalomyelitis）、纤维肌痛（Fibromyalgia）、海湾战争综合征（Gulf War Syndrome GWS）、不典型多发性硬化（Atypical MS）等这一大类疾病是以支原体为载体（支原体在分子生物试验中用途广泛，前不久国际新闻界炒得火热的人造生命事件，主持科研的美国科学怪才克雷格·文特尔John Craig Venter 就是利用山羊支原体作为人造生命的基本试验载体的，见互联网http://baike.baidu.com/view/1191813.html），在支原体基因序列中加入布鲁氏杆菌（或梅毒螺旋体等病原微生物）的基因序列和特定毒蛋白表达序列（毒蛋白序列主要来自羊Scrapie病和人类库鲁病，都是脑组织进行性退化慢性疾病），利用支原体具有在细胞内长期潜伏寄生，且难于培养鉴定发现的特点，隐秘的、持续的损害人体多个组织器官，特别是脑组织，导致患者慢性进行性疾病，并通过这一手段，不断开发并扩散出包括重度焦虑抑郁症、慢性疲劳综合征、多发性硬化、海湾战争综合征，甚至艾滋病在内的各类慢性疾病的惊人观点。其核心就是为了销售制药大公司的各类药品而盈利。这些书籍和论文从疾病暴发流行特点，人为改造病原体技术可行性（尤其是70年代人类发明了DNA重组技术），污染疫苗注射、试验人群选择（多选择有特殊行为生活方式的人群，如同性恋、嬉皮士人群等），资金来源等多方面系统的进行了阐述，并有大量基础数据支撑。在欧美西方国家支持这种观点的重量级人物很多，但由于不是主流声音，一直以来没有被我国医学界所了解和重视。例如：美国哈佛大学教授，美国科学院医学部成员，《新英格兰医学杂志》前主编（该知名国际医学杂志的第一位女主编）玛西亚·安吉尔（Marcia Angell），曾经说过这样的话，“ 大型医药公司一方面减少抗疾病新药的研发，一方面推动疾病的发生，以便更多地销售他们的药物”。并写作出版了一部名为《制药公司的真相，他们如何欺骗我们，我们如何反抗》（The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About）的书。此外，现任美国总统奥巴马的精神导师赖特（Jeremiah Wright），以及2004年度诺贝尔和平奖得主，肯尼亚环境保护活动家旺加里·马塔伊等重量级人物也是这一观点的强力支持和宣传者。
我本人不是一个阴谋论的信奉者，但中国有一句俗语叫“无风不起浪”。我认为那么多国外高级知识分子，政界要员都支持的一种观点，虽然不是主流，也一定会有其合理成分。我国医疗界知识分子应该对这种观点有所了解，有所研究，这才是对中华民族负责的知识分子治学态度。记得慢性疲劳综合征发现早期就是被医疗界诊断为心理问题；海湾战争综合征发现早期也是被医疗界诊断为心理问题，但是时间和事实都证明，当时的诊断错了。前不久，美国总统奥巴马和国务卿希拉里也为在危地马拉进行的梅毒、淋病人体试验公开道歉了（互联网http://baike.baidu.com/view/4452598.htm），但是多少人已经为这些错误承担了无尽的痛苦和折磨，这是无法挽回的悲剧呀！今天，同样“中国阴性感染者”也被我国一些知名专家认为是心理问题。其实广泛收集一下国内外医学相关资料，深入细致地进行分析，尽快启动病原体分离鉴定实质性工作，在具有高通量PCR技术等先进分子生物学手段的今天，病原体是不难发现的，关键是中国医务人员的独立的、创新的科研意识和对人民群众健康的责任意识。
三、国内专家和相关单位资源 我从互联网上检索到国内的一些相关专家，我认为这些专家在卫生部的牵头下尽快参与到这项工作中来会有力的推动工作的开展。
（一）反转录慢病毒分离鉴定领域专家 舒跃龙 研究员卫生部中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病研究所副所长、国家流感中心主任；
陈化兰 研究员 中国农科院哈尔滨兽医研究所国家禽流感参考实验室暨农业部动物流感重点开放实验室主任；
王汉中 研究员 中科院武汉病毒所国家病毒学重点实验室人畜共患病毒病学科组组长。
（二）支原体研究领域专家（目前国内支原体研究相对滞后，急需加强研究）
吴移谋 教授 华南大学医学院《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）主编，国内支原体、立克次体、螺旋体研究领域专家；
赵季文 教授 东南大学公共卫生学院 《支原体学》（人民卫生出版社，2008年1月版）名誉主编；
王蓓 教授 东南大学公共卫生学院。 （三）朊蛋白研究领域相关单位 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所传染病预防控制国家重点实验室 中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,家畜疫病病原生物学国家重点实验室,农业部畜禽病毒学重点开放实验室,农业部兽医公共卫生重点开放实验室； （四）新药研发设计领域专家（病原体分离鉴定后，新药研发必须尽快跟进） 彭师奇教授 原北京大学医学部药学院院长，现首都医科大学药学院院长，国家新药审评委员、国家自然科学基金委化学科学部有机化学学科评审专家、中国药学会药化专业委员会副主任委员。国内化学药物研发设计领域专家。 （五）临床治疗领域专家 本人认为在病原体分离鉴定之前，临床医生由于缺乏必要的手段，发挥的诊断治疗作用是有限的。
以上“中国阴性感染者”未知病原体分离鉴定专业技术思路仅是我的一家之言，可能并不成熟，仅供参考。介绍的致病假说在国外互联网站上可以检索到大量相关文章，我的个人博客也收录了一部分文献（http://blog.sina.com.cn/omahong911），无论正确与否，这种观点是应该让中国公众了解的。推荐的专家和有关单位是互联网上获取，他们应该代表着我国相关科研领域的权威，也一并作为参考。
祝患者们早日恢复健康！ 此致 敬礼 附件：美国支原体相关专利文献（Abstract部分明确指出感染导致的类艾滋病症状） 北京普通医务工作者 梁建 二〇一〇年十一月三十日

MDL; https://mydramalist.com/769197-where-is-the-love
BB: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%88%B1%E6%83%85%E5%8E%BB%E5%93%AA%E5%84%BF%E4%BA%86/15849436
Probably will not be subbed since it is on LeTV (for me unknown platform) but its interesting that these oldies are raised from the ashes.

Hello, here is a review of my understanding about the industry of plant factories:

Opening Remarks

🌿 T*he Green Revolution from Ancient to Modern Times *🌱—Unlocking the Secrets of Vertical Agriculture with Plant Factories, Rewriting the Rules of Food Production!
🚀 The crystallization of wisdom spanning millennia is no longer a dream! From ancient reverence for the land to the fantastic stage of modern technology, Plant factories are propelling vertical agriculture from concept to reality with a transcendent presence! Amidst towering skyscrapers, secret green bases are quietly staging a green revolution in food production ✨.
💡 Here, the interplay of light and shadow is no longer just the cycle of day and night, but a precise choreography of life under LED lights. Each crop grows leisurely in carefully controlled environments, showcasing the perfect fusion of technology and nature. In the unmanned plant factories of Chengdu, lettuce enjoys exclusive LED light SPA treatments, and every steel frame is a declaration to the sky for a bountiful harvest! This is not just gardening; this is the ultimate display of technology and nature dancing together! 🌟
🔥 Yet, this green journey is also the ultimate challenge of commercial models and cost-effectiveness, venturing into the depths of the "road to hell." Finding that golden key between high technology and economic benefits, unlocking the treasure trove of sustainable development, has become a mandatory course for every pioneer of plant factories 🔍.
💰 In this process, we witness the brilliance and challenges of AeroFarms, the safety declaration of Nuvege, and countless attempts and setbacks. Every fallen attempt is an indispensable stepping stone towards success, and every breakthrough is a brave conquest of "hellish" economics!
🌈 And in this land of hope, plant factories not only redefine "cultivation" but also open up endless imagination for environmentally friendly and efficient agricultural models. Amidst skyscrapers, they are writing a new chapter that emphasizes both green ideals and profits!

Current Crisis

The United Nations predicts that the global population will approach 10 billion by the year 2050, which will result in an overall 50% increase in food demand[1]. Meanwhile, human civilization faces numerous challenges, one of which is the impact of climate change on agriculture. Global warming is altering weather patterns, leading to increased heatwaves, droughts, floods, and extreme weather events. Elevated temperatures accelerate evapotranspiration of plants and soils, adversely affecting crop growth. Additionally, threats such as reduced water supply and increased pests and diseases pose risks to agricultural production[1].
Simultaneously, the available land area for cultivation is decreasing. Scientific analysis reveals that approximately 33% of soils have been degraded due to human-induced land use practices, including erosion, salinization, and nutrient depletion. This diminishes soil productivity[2]. Farmers are forced to abandon degraded lands and cultivate new areas for planting or grazing. It is predicted that by 2050, human civilization could lose an additional 400 million hectares of natural habitat, equivalent to twice the size of Mexico[3]. These challenges significantly impact global food security. Declining crop yields will push more people into poverty, especially in areas already facing food insecurity. It is estimated that by 2030, approximately 43 million people in Africa alone could fall below the poverty line due to these factors[1].
All signs point to the need for humanity to reduce dependence on weather and take greater control of the process of independently producing food.

Origins

Actually, since ancient times, humans have always hoped to reduce agriculture's reliance on weather conditions and achieve greater control over food production. In China, explorations and practices of controlling crop growth environments through artificial means began early. As far back as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a facility called 'yingjian' appeared. According to 'The Annals of Lv Buwei • Mid-Summer Chronicles, Volume Five,' 'yingjian' involved burning mulberry branches and leaves in winter to generate heat and maintain the temperature required for crop growth[4].
During the Han Dynasty, designs like 'wenpu' emerged in cold regions, utilizing piled-up cow dung to create warm beds, enabling vegetable production through winter[5]. The Ming Dynasty scientist Xu Guangqi also mentioned the structure of 'nuanwu' in his 'Complete Book of Agricultural Administration,' which enclosed space to cultivate vegetables with a greenhouse effect[6]. In the Western world, relevant records can be traced back to the Roman era; at that time, noble caretakers would move portable vegetable beds outdoors in good weather and indoors during inclement weather. When sunlight was abundant in winter, they covered the planting beds with transparent quartz and placed them outdoors[8].
Modern greenhouse-like structures resembling today's were not seen in Europe and America until around 1670, but they still relied on translucent oiled paper or glass to allow sunlight, limiting environmental control. In 1889, Liberty Hyde Bailey conducted the first experiment with artificial lighting for greenhouse planting at Cornell University, known as 'Electro-culture'[7], only about a decade after the invention of the incandescent lamp, which limited its economic feasibility. Subsequent experiments on controlled human planting were conducted, and in 1964, Emmert, an agricultural engineer at the University of California, Davis, used the term 'Controlled Environment Agriculture'[9].
In the 1970s, as controlled environment agriculture was applied in greenhouses and factory farming, the concept was further developed. In 1971, American scholar Tibbitts published a paper systematically discussing plant growth responses to environmental factors, advocating for optimizing crop production under controlled conditions[10]. Starting in the 1980s, NASA conducted a series of studies to produce food for astronauts in space; the findings concluded that agriculturally controlled environments could yield higher and more nutritious crops than traditional methods[11][12]. Against the backdrop of humanity's pursuit of highly controllable and customized agricultural environments, academia and industry have developed new subcategories and expanded concepts. The terms 'Plant Factory' and 'Vertical Farming' have emerged to denote the same concept in different ways[13].
In 1999, when Professor Dickson Despommier of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, along with 105 graduate students, delved deep into exploring the negative effects of agriculture, they collectively conceived the innovative concept of 'vertical farms'. These farms are multi-story buildings where different crops can be grown on each level. Crops in vertical farms can be cultivated in various ways: hydroponically, where plant roots are directly immersed in nutrient-rich water; aeroponically, by spraying nutrient solution onto plant roots; or through aquaponics, where fish farming provides nutrients for plants using fish excrement. Of course, if the building design allows, traditional soil-based cultivation methods can also be used[14].
After decades of technological development, the field of plant factories reached its modern pinnacle in 2011 with AeroFarms. Located in Newark, New Jersey, AeroFarms covers 70,000 square feet and is an indoor vertical farm founded by Professor Ed Harwood from Cornell University, along with David Rosenberg and Marc Oshima. In this modern farm, rows of propagation tables are filled with leafy greens such as arugula, watercress, and bok choy, stacked up to the ceiling. All operations inside the farm are precisely controlled by computers. AeroFarms employs its patented aeroponic technology, using only 5% of the water used in traditional agriculture. From air temperature and humidity to carbon dioxide concentration, LED light intensity, and optimal moisture levels, everything is managed automatically. Biologists and botanists can monitor real-time growth data of each plant around the clock through onsite technology or mobile applications. Compared to traditional agriculture, AeroFarms achieves yields up to 400 times per square foot[15].

Prospects

As a modern agricultural production system, plant factories utilize enclosed structures and artificial lighting to provide the necessary light energy for plants, using techniques such as hydroponics or substrate cultivation for plant growth. By combining advanced technologies and control methods to simulate and optimize plant growth conditions indoors or in semi-indoor environments, plant factories achieve efficient and sustainable plant production[13].
Through vertical and stacked planting methods, plant factories maximize the use of limited space and provide precise environmental control for crop cultivation, including temperature, humidity, light intensity, gas composition, and nutrient supply, to meet the growth requirements of plants[16][17]. The significance of plant factories lies in achieving food production independent of weather, enabling human society to truly control harvests autonomously. Compared to greenhouses, plant factories use closed, insulated building structures, whereas greenhouses are often constructed using semi-transparent, heat-dissipating materials. Greenhouses rely on sunlight for cultivating various plants and are still significantly influenced by daylight seasons. In contrast to the strict environmental control of plant factories, greenhouses have more lenient climate parameter adjustments[18].
In addition to AeroFarms mentioned earlier, many other plant factory companies continue to advance technologically:

• Nuvege in Kyoto, Japan, operates within a 30,000-square-foot aquaponic facility with 57,000 square feet of vertical growing space, cultivating various lettuces. Due to concerns about radiation pollution from the Fukushima nuclear power plant, Nuvege can boast the safety and cleanliness of its crops. Over 70% of the company's products are sold to supermarkets, with the remaining 30% supplied to dining service clients including Subway and Disney.
• PlantLab in Den Bosch, Netherlands, is constructing a three-story underground vertical farm that completely eliminates sunlight wavelengths that inhibit plant growth. Using the latest LED technology, PlantLab can adjust the composition and intensity of light based on specific crop requirements. All conditions including room temperature, root temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, light intensity, light color, air flow rate, irrigation, and nutrient value can be regulated. PlantLab claims it can achieve three times higher yields than conventional greenhouses while reducing water usage by nearly 90%[19].
• Bowery Farming in the United States is the largest plant factory company in the country, utilizing computer software, LED lighting, and robotics to cultivate and sell 16 varieties of vegetables across four major categories[20].
• Techno Farm in Japan uses LED lights to cultivate crops, scientifically adjusting light according to needs, providing continuous lighting 24 hours a day to meet the photosynthetic needs of crops, shorten growth cycles, and produce nearly 11 million lettuce plants annually[21].
• Encorp Strand Shopping Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, hosts the country's first urban vertical farm called Farmy, using hydroponics and special LED lights to simulate natural light for cultivating vegetables such as kale, basil leaves, mustard leaves, arugula, bok choy, and microgreens[22]."

In China, both industry and academia boast leaders in the field of plant factories:

• Commercialized entities include companies like Zhongke San'an and Zhonghuan Yida: Zhongke San'an focuses on plant growth systems and environmental control systems with core products such as RADIX planting modules, GAIA seedling modules, and ARK mobile container systems[23]. Zhonghuan Yida provides greenhouse and plant factory solutions, covering solutions for edible and medicinal mushroom factories and agricultural IoT systems[24]. Vegesense offers products for home and commercial planting around smart hydroponic gardens, LED plant lighting products, and digital twin software[25]. Additionally, Zhongnong Green Source and Four-Dimensional Ecology provide smart greenhouse and plant factory solutions[26].
• In academia, the Urban Agriculture Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences completed the construction of a state-of-the-art plant factory building in 2023, showcasing the most advanced agricultural technology. This seven-story, 44-meter-high plant factory building integrates six functional areas including fully automated plant factories, intelligent aquaculture factories, and medicinal mushroom factories, achieving highly automated and intelligent agricultural cultivation. Within the fully automated plant factory, a 100-square-meter system can yield an average annual production of 50 tons of leafy vegetables, with lettuce harvesting up to 15 seasons per year, indicating a yield 120 times higher than traditional field cultivation methods. This system excels in energy consumption control, with comprehensive energy consumption of leafy vegetables reaching an internationally leading level of 8.25 kWh/kg, achieved through methods such as light spectrum formulation, rare earth luminescent materials, packaging technology, and energy-saving LED light sources. This level of energy efficiency is crucial for plant factories as it directly impacts production costs and sustainability[27]."

Reality Gravity Opening the Gates of Hell

Although various research units at home and abroad often make new technological advancements, the promotion of plant factories faces multiple challenges. Firstly, there is the issue of high costs associated with plant factories, which is reflected not only in the initial construction and maintenance technology investments but also in the economic viability of commercial production. As a pioneer in the field, AeroFarms projected revenue for 2021 was only $4 million, with a staggering loss of $39 million. In fact, in June 2023, AeroFarms filed for bankruptcy protection and completed restructuring on September 18 of last year.
Another typical case is AppHarvest, whose product features a mix of natural and artificial lighting along with a rainwater collection system to achieve yields up to 30 times higher than traditional agriculture. However, according to the latest data, AppHarvest's stock price is only $0.0666 per share, with both its trailing twelve months (TTM) earnings per share and dividends (TTM) showing losses, and a price-to-book ratio (P/B) of only 0.04. The company's earnings per share are -$1.16, and its net asset value per share is $1.73, with negative free cash flow for several consecutive quarters. Additionally, AppHarvest has faced investor lawsuits, alleging misleading statements about the company's operational feasibility to investors. The company had to file for bankruptcy protection to support financial and operational restructuring, a decision that further drove down its stock price. Despite successfully raising $50 million in financing in 2022 and receiving considerable funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the declining trends in its liquidity ratio, quick ratio, net asset return ratio, and total asset return ratio still reveal issues with its short-term debt-paying ability and profitability.
Furthermore, other companies also face challenges:

• Fifth Season, with an investment of $27 million for an annual production of approximately 4 million salads, suddenly announced closure last year.
• IronOx, a company that operates its indoor farm using a robotic system, laid off nearly half of its employees.
• Agricool, a French company that plants leafy vegetables using recycled shipping containers, went bankrupt.
• Glowfarms, a Dutch plant factory company, went bankrupt.
• Infarm, with more than half of its employees, approximately 500, laid off.
• Future Crops, ceased operations.

These problems can be attributed to three main reasons:

1. High Initial Investment: The construction and installation of plant factories require expensive steel structures, sophisticated artificial lighting, efficient air conditioning equipment, high-quality insulation materials, and a series of sensors and automation systems for environmental monitoring and control. According to iFarm, a U.S. plant factory equipment supplier from the industry, the construction cost per square meter of planting bed space for plant factories ranges from $2,200 to $2,600, while the cost for high-tech greenhouses ranges from $250 to $350 per square meter.
2. Ongoing Operational Costs: In addition to hardware costs, plant factories require professional maintenance by technical personnel and energy consumption to maintain a constant environment, which constitutes ongoing operational costs. As mentioned earlier, the highly energy-efficient plant factory of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences is one of the few that can achieve a level of 10 kWh/kg. Most units, as estimated by Harbick, consume energy at a rate of 19 to 23 kWh/kg when growing lettuce. From an environmental perspective, according to research from Cornell University in the United States, the carbon footprint indirectly generated by plant factories' electricity consumption is 10 times that of traditional agriculture. Additionally, the cost of indoor cultivation is more than twice that of outdoor cultivation and transportation to cities in the Midwest. As Professor Graamans' team calculated, although plant factories achieve a production area yield 2.5 times higher than greenhouses, their energy consumption yield ratio is more than 4 times higher.
3. Mismatch Between Business Output and Costs: Currently, plant factories mainly commercially produce some common leafy vegetables, which have relatively low market value and struggle to economically support the high-tech investments and operational costs of plant factories. For example, a lettuce plant factory at Osaka Prefecture University can produce up to 5,000 lettuce plants per day, consuming 3,616 MWh annually. From an investment return perspective, even though the plant factory produces 5,000 lettuce plants per day, yielding approximately 750 tons of lettuce annually and selling at double the wholesale price in Japan, the revenue is only about 5 million RMB, meaning that the electricity cost alone exceeds the annual profit and severely limits the economic feasibility of plant factories. Many companies invest in automation and AI technology to reduce costs, but research and development costs are expensive, and the market return cycle is long. Investors misunderstand the economic benefits and technological potential of indoor agriculture, leading to expectations of quick returns that do not align with the reality of agricultural economics.

New Hope: Interdisciplinary Approach

Furthermore, as a product itself, a plant factory needs to demonstrate its value in the market to garner more support. The acceptance of a plant factory product in the market faces several challenges. When discussing this field with friends, they often ask, "How do you prove that vegetables produced in a plant factory are safe and healthy?" and "How do you demonstrate that plants produced in a plant factory are superior to those produced by traditional agriculture?"
After addressing the quality issues of vegetable production, market positioning also needs to be considered. Specifically, when building a plant factory, is it intended to compete with farmers or to provide farmers with new tools? If the former, given the principle that food is essential, why should vegetables produced by a plant factory be priced higher, of unknown origin, and nutritionally deficient? If the latter, what do farmers gain from investing heavily in a plant factory — a long return period or a more straightforward planting experience? These questions are currently unresolved in the plant factory field.
In fact, when exploring the teams behind plant factory enterprises, one often discovers that although the construction and operation of plant factories require knowledge across multiple fields including agriculture, architecture, materials, energy, and automation control, previous talent recruitment for plant factories has been primarily focused on agricultural technology, with outsourcing being the norm for optimizing construction, materials, energy efficiency, and control systems. On the other hand, even when convening a multidisciplinary team, many biological and physical phenomena within a plant factory are intricately interconnected. In fact, when constructing a plant factory, it is crucial to handle internal and external physical coupling issues properly because these directly affect the plant growth environment and factory energy efficiency.
Internal coupling issues primarily include:

1. Interaction between temperature, humidity, and airflow: The efficiency of air conditioning system exhaust and supply determines energy consumption. Therefore, a delicate balance must be achieved through precise energy management and aerodynamic design.
   
2. Impact of LED lighting: LED light sources not only provide necessary illumination but also affect temperature due to their heat dissipation effect. Optimizing light energy utilization and achieving light-temperature linkage are key technological challenges.
   
3. Influence of plant transpiration: Plant transpiration alters humidity and temperature in the surrounding environment, especially when canopy structures expand, demanding higher requirements for airflow distribution. When designing, dynamic correlations between plants and environmental parameters must be fully considered to ensure uniform and stable conditions.
   
4. Application of optimization algorithms: Integrating data management with environmental control systems to continuously optimize control strategies for light, temperature, water, and air elements.
   
5. Real-time monitoring of plant growth: Modern agriculture seeks precise tracking of plant growth status and real-time adjustment of management measures to ensure optimal environmental conditions at each growth stage. However, the higher the requirements, the higher the cost of plant factories themselves, including maintaining temperature and humidity conditions.
   

External coupling issues also pose numerous challenges:

1. Interaction between enclosure structure and outdoor climate: Designing a rational enclosure structure maximizes natural advantages while mitigating adverse weather effects on the internal environment, which is the core of light-temperature structure design.
   
2. Utilization of outdoor CO2 resources: Efficiently introducing and utilizing outdoor CO2 as a gas source for plant growth, achieving a clever linkage between air and CO2.
   
3. Effective use of solar energy: Fully leveraging solar radiation for illumination and converting it into electricity for plant factory use to achieve a complementary effect of light and electricity.
   

These aforementioned primary coupling issues can be further refined into at least two sub-problems, covering the design of efficient ventilation systems, balanced maintenance of environmental temperature and humidity, optimization and upgrading of LED lighting systems, management and regulation of heat output, optimization strategies for water supply, adaptability design of ventilation systems, integrated optimization of real-time data collection and environmental control, synchronous updates of optimization algorithms and adjustment of environmental parameters, real-time monitoring technology of plant growth status, adjustment strategies for nutrient and water supply, design and optimization of enclosure structures, effective measures to reduce climate impact, efficient introduction of outdoor CO2 and its supply-demand regulation, improvement of solar energy collection and conversion efficiency, and integration of electrical systems, among many specific directions.
Therefore, if each expert in the team only seeks the optimal solution within their own field, the superposition of everyone's solutions cannot guarantee that it is the optimal solution for the plant factory itself. This indicates that only by comprehensively considering and deeply integrating all relevant factors can humanity have the opportunity to explore and approach the optimal performance of this complex system.

Conclusion

In the vast expanse of human civilization amidst the surging waves of food demand and the dual challenge of climate change, a magnificent adventure about food self-sufficiency is unfolding. This article takes us through the intersection of history and the future, witnessing a green revolution from ancient times to the present, from theory to practice.
From the ancient "yingjian" technique of the Spring and Autumn Period to today's AeroFarms' LED photosynthesis symphony, humanity, with wisdom and creativity, has gradually unlocked nature's code, liberating agriculture from the constraints of the earth, and elevating it into a green fantasy within cities. This is not just a conquest of space but also a transcendence of time, allowing plants to dance in the vertical dimension, blooming in light and shadow.
On this path of conquering "hell"—the balance of commercial models and cost-effectiveness—we see challenges, yet we also capture sparks of hope. The pure declaration of Nuvege, the light magic of PlantLab—each name represents a legend, standing tall amidst skepticism, flourishing in adversity, demonstrating the immortal power of innovation and resilience.
And for those temporarily fallen warriors, like Fifth Season and IronOx, although their explorations were not perfect, they illuminated the path for those who follow, reminding us to seek that delicate balance point in the fusion of technology and nature—efficient yet environmentally friendly, economic yet sustainable.
Ultimately, the story of plant factories and vertical agriculture is a symphony of poetry about dreams and reality. It teaches us that even in the face of challenges akin to "hell," we should continue this green romantic voyage with a graceful posture, carrying an infinite longing for the future. Because we believe that in the harmonious resonance of technology and nature, a new agricultural era will emerge—one that nourishes humanity while nurturing the Earth. 🚀🌿🌟

Sources

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[2] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Status of the World’s Soil Resources: Main Report, 2015, xxvii-xxix.
[3] Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES),
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[4] 吕不韦. 吕氏春秋[M]. 上海：上海古籍出版社. 2007.
[5] 郦道元. 水经注[M]. 上海：上海古籍出版社. 2007.
[6] 徐光启. 农政全书[M]. 北京：中华书局. 1982.
[7] Dalrymple, D.G. Controlled environment agriculture: a global review of greenhouse food
production[J]. U.S. Agency for International Development, 1973.
[8] Pliny. Natural History (trans. by H. Rackham), Vol. V, Book XIX, No. XXII, p. 463, William
Heinemann, London, 1961.
[9] Emmert, F.H. A transpiration chamber for controlled environment studies[J]. Proceedings of the
American Society for Horticultural Science, 1964, 84: 554-563.
[10] Tibbitts, T.W. Factors controlling the development, growth, and productivity of plants in controlled environments[J]. HortScience, 1971, 6(5): 377-381.
[11] Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C. Sager, W.M. Knott, & W.L. Berry. Proximate Composition of CELSS Crops Grown in NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber[J]. Advances in Space Research, 1996, 18(4-5): 43-47.
[12] Wheeler, R.M., C.L. Mackowiak, G.W. Stutte, J.C. Sager, N.C. Yorio, L.M. Ruffe, R.E. Fortson, T.W. Dreschel, W.M. Knott, & K.A. Corey. NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber: A Testbed for Bioregenerative Life Support Studies[J]. Advances in Space Research, 1996, 18(4-5): 215-224.
[13] Despommier, D. The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century[J]. St. Martin’s Press,
New York, 2010, 305 pp.
[14] [Vertical Farms: From Vision to Reality – State of the Planet (columbia.edu)](https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2011/10/13/vertical-farms-from-vision-to-reality/)
[15] [Full History of Vertical Farming Who Invented Vertical Farming (verticalfarmingplanet.com)](https://verticalfarmingplanet.com/the-full-history-of-vertical-farming-when-did-it-all-start/)
[16] Kozai, T. Development and Application of Closed Transplant Production Systems[J]. Yoken-Do,
Tokyo, 1995, 191 pp.
[17] Kozai, Toyoki, & Genhua Niu. Plant Factory as a Resource-Efficient Closed Plant Production System. In Plant Factory, 2020, 93-115.
[18] 刘文科，杨其长. 植物无糖组织培养环境控制中的问题及对策（一）密闭式组培间的环境控制. 2006.
[19] [Vertical Farms: From Vision to Reality – State of the Planet (columbia.edu)](https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2011/10/13/vertical-farms-from-vision-to-reality/)
[20] Bowery. Produce. Bowery, 2023. https://boweryfarming.com/produce/.
[21] Techno FarmTM. Techno FarmTM. Technofarm, 2023,. https://www.technolfarm.com/.
[22] LED 在线. 全球 28 家植物工厂/垂直农场动态盘点. LED 在线. 2023. https://www.LEDinside.cn/news/2023/2/14/32810.html.
[23] [中科三安、京东等国内20家植物工厂大盘点—LEDinside - 知乎 (zhihu.com)](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/379916542)
[24] [北京中环易达设施园艺科技有限公司_百度百科 (baidu.com)](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%AF%E6%98%93%E8%BE%BE%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8/5045224)
[25] [VegeSense – 人人可上手，处处可安放](https://vegesense.net/)
[26] [中国的蔬菜种植机公司，能实现蔬菜自由吗？ - 小红书 (xiaohongshu.com)](https://www.xiaohongshu.com/explore/66041da1000000001203cf9d)
[27] [全球首座超高层垂直智慧植物工厂亮相成都-成都要闻-郫都区人民政府门户网站 (pidu.gov.cn)](http://www.pidu.gov.cn/pidu/c125560/2023-05/26/content\_9f87e1afe9144185a62d45603e6454ae.shtml)\[28\] [AppHarvest(APPH)股票股价_股价行情_财报_数据报告 - 雪球 (xueqiu.com)](https://xueqiu.com/S/APPH)
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[30] Yokoyama, Ryohei. Energy Consumption and Heat Sources in Plant Factories. In Plant Factory Using Artificial Light, 2019, 177–84.
[31] Harbick, K., & L.D. Albright. Comparison of energy consumption: greenhouses and plant factories[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 2016: 285–92.
[32] 食通社. 人造肉、植物工厂、垂直农场，这些黑科技会带来更好的食物吗？，界面新闻. 2019. https://www.jiemian.com/article/2843637.html
[33] Graamans, Luuk, Esteban Baeza, Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, Ilias Tsafaras, & Cecilia Stanghellini. Plant Factories versus Greenhouses: Comparison of Resource Use Efficiency[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2018, 160: 31–43.
[34] Graamans, Luuk, Martin Tenpierik, Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, & Cecilia Stanghellini. Plant Factories: Reducing Energy Demand at High Internal Heat Loads through Façade Design[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 262: 114544.

甚麼是大健康？
​
#大健康 是根據時代發展、社會需求與疾病光譜的改變，所提出的一種全局概念。
圍繞著人的衣食住行及生老病死，關注各類影響健康的危險因素和誤區，提倡自我健康管理，是在對生命全過程全面呵護的理念指導下提出來的。
追求的不僅是個體健康，也包含精神、心理、生理、社會、環境、道德等方面的完全健康。提倡的不僅有科學的健康生活，更有正確的健康消費等。
依大健康業態區分，可分為 "健康管理、醫療醫藥、復健智能、養老養生" 四個構面來進行區分。
大健康就是緊緊圍繞著人們期望的核心，讓人們 "生得優、活得長、不得病、少得病、病得晚、提高生命品質、走得安"。
(https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7/6724771)
/04 2024
​
https://www.isletforum.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=45586&extra=page%3D1
​

As with the last post, I will stick with the formatting of putting Yanshou's words in bold so it is easy to discern from my notes and comments. This post is an examination of a Question & Answer passage from Fascicle 3 of the Record of the Source Mirror.

[0428b03] 問。以心為宗。如何是宗 通之相。

[0428b03] Question: Taking the mind as the fundamental principle, what are the characteristics of its universality?
This post may be a bit heavier on some translation talk... The term "宗" (zōng) can be translated as "fundamental principle" or "essence," while "相" (xiàng) refers to "characteristics" or "marks." ... or "traces" (as in Teaching's traces - see my previous post, Yanshou on the Teaching's Traces).

[0428b04] 答。內證自心第一義理。住自覺地。 入聖智門。以此相應。名宗通相。此是行時。非 是解時。因解成行。行成解絕。則言說道斷。心 行處滅。如楞伽經云。佛告大慧。宗通者。謂緣 自得勝進相。遠離言說文字妄想。趣無漏界 自覺地自相。遠離一切虛妄覺想。降伏一切 外道眾魔。緣自覺趣光明輝發。是名宗通相。 所以悟心成祖。先聖相傳。故達磨大師云。明 佛心宗。寸無差悟。行解相應。名之曰祖。又 偈云。亦不覩惡而生慊。亦不觀善而勤措。亦 不捨愚而近賢。亦不拋迷而就悟。達大道兮。 過量。通佛心兮。出度。不與凡聖同躔。超然。名 之曰祖。
[0428b04] Answer: The primary principle of realizing the inner truth within one's own mind is the foremost step. Abide in the ground of self-awareness, enter the gate of sacred wisdom. In correspondence with this, it is called the characteristic of universality.

Yanshou says here to abide in the ground of self-awareness (自覺), and to enter the gate of sacred wisdom (聖智). 聖智 is also written as “圣知” (Shèngzhì), and according to Baidu, it "refers to an existence that is more ultimate than enlightenment and wisdom, omnipotent, and the highest form of wisdom."

In correspondence with this, it is called the characteristic of universality.

The characters here giving universality (宗通), are rendered as Zong Tong. Wikisource reveals: "In the context of Zen Buddhism, 'Zong Tong' means to have a thorough self-realization, which is referred to as being proficient in principle." And “'Shuo Tong' means to be adept at teaching the Dharma, referred to as being proficient in expression. One who is proficient in both is considered a great master."

This is during the practice, not during the explanation. Through understanding, practice arises; through practice, understanding is perfected. Then, verbal teachings are cut off, and the place of mind and action is extinguished. As stated in the Lankavatara Sutra: "The Buddha said to Mahamati (Great Wisdom), 'Universality means the attainment of victorious advancing characteristics by oneself. It is far removed from the delusions of words and thoughts, aspiring towards the self-aware ground of non-leaking, self-existence. It is far removed from all false and delusory thoughts, subduing all external paths and demonic crowds. It is based on the self-aware ground, advancing towards the manifestation of radiant brightness. This is called the characteristic of universality.'"

The "non-leaking" (無漏) means "anāsrava. No drip, leak, or flow; outside the passion-stream; passionless; outside the stream (of transmigratory suffering); away from the downflow into lower forms of rebirth." Such as in the Treasury of the Eye of the True Teaching, where it is found that Master Huanglong Xin said to an assembly, "Bodhidharma's school of mind has been transmitted up to the present without leaking a drop, without moving a hair. But if it does not move at all, how is it transmitted?"
And *anāsrava (*अनास्रव) is explained on Wisdomlib to mean several things according to the Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, such as “pure faculties”, “pure happiness”, “pure wisdom”, and “unsullied (characteristic of open space)”.
Yanshou wrote: "It is based on the self-aware ground, advancing towards the manifestation of radiant brightness" The radiant brightness (光明) is (āloka, prabhāsvara, amśu, tejas, prabhā). 'Bright light', 'radiance.' This is a "symbol of the wisdom of a Buddha or bodhisattva. It is an expression indicating the destruction of the darkness of delusion and the manifestation of the reality-principle. It is an expression of praise of the unlimited and unimpeded light of Amitābha Buddha, where 光 is distinguished into the light of his wisdom and the light of his form. 明 is the external manifest functioning expression of this wisdom."
Amitabha and Vairocana are often combined for the Dharmakaya (we will explore this at great length repeatedly through this record. Amitabha is one of the Four Dhyani Buddhas or Wisdom Buddhas which surround Vairocana Buddha (cosmic space Buddha) in the center of the four elements.

Therefore, to awaken the mind and become a patriarch, the ancient sages have transmitted. Thus, Master Bodhidharma said: "The clear understanding of the Buddha's mind has no discrepancy even to the slightest bit. Practicing in accordance with understanding is called a patriarch."

As Zen Master Linji taught, "If you want to be no different from the patriarchs and buddhas, then never look for something outside yourselves. The clean pure light in a moment of your mind--that is the Essence-body of the Buddha lodged in you. The undifferentiated light in a moment of your mind~that is the Bliss-body of the Buddha lodged in you. The undiscriminating light in a moment of your mind--that is the Transformtion-body of the Buddha lodged in you. These three types of bodies are you, the person who stands before me now listening to this lecture on the Dharma!"
Linji was referring here to the Three Bodies (Trikaya) which are symbolized too by Vairocana.
See for example Huineng and how he enlightened his disciple by reciting a verse about the Five Dhyani Buddhas, and how without the Three Bodies they would be Prajnas (wisdom) without bodies, and that one cannot talk about the three bodies as something seperate from the four wisdoms.

Furthermore, it is said: "Not observing evil and becoming disheartened, not observing goodness and becoming diligent, not abandoning foolishness and approaching wisdom, not discarding delusion and attaining enlightenment. Reaching the great path, surpassing measure. Penetrating the Buddha's mind, transcending limits. Not condescending to the mundane and the holy, transcending. This is called a patriarch."

The "great path" (大道) characters are, according to wiki, in Taoism 'the ultimate Tao'. Yanshou makes a good number of references to Daoism from what we have uncovered thus far from the record, even directly quoting the Tao Te Ching at times.
Yanshou is a great Zen patriarch!

Compendium of the Six Great Generals Of Old Era
Hello here,this is Kaijin(or by my reddit account Hezzyo),after previous post where I writed about Renpa,Chou Sha and Gakuki with Yan military,I decided to write some sort of compendium which would include everything we know about old Qin Six Great Generals(military achivments,campaigns,strategies,diplomacy) and ascension of Qin Military from a small army to a superpower(weapons,armours,ideologies included) .I also collaborated with Pallad(Apple) on this,and I would like to thank him for helping me with this.
Turned out the post is very big(apparently it has 55pages),I would upload it on drive and share the link so everybody can read it https://drive.google.com/drive0/folders/1H5j_fiIqunNG6i3RiPIt3pIalTA5DTeZ , I would also upload pdf there you don't even need to download it you can just click on it and read in browser.(the photos would be included as well and won't be messed in order like in the reddit post and i wont be limited by numbers of images either since here i need to be under or 20,in pdf there are more) - the only issue so far the ODT format get messy when it gets converted in pdf(an old problem),and by this,pdf format is having a little weird organisation,so I'm sorry for this.
The visual representations are not really accurate,but I choosed them based on how i felt and liked them at the moment of writing the post(I wasn't going to bore you with some ancient posters images,but the Battle Maps and the records are accurate,whenever a record conflicted I mentioned both variants and also my personal opinion)
This would be a giant post(55 pages,images included),hope you would enjoy it.

1. Shibasaku (Sima Cuo 司馬錯)

He was the oldest general of old era compared to other greats,given the fact that his first known war was in 316,and he also served under the previous Kings of Qin before King Sho.
Visual Representation of Shibasaku
Political Scene: ''He advocated the expansion of Qin towards the south and personally commanded the campaigns against the states of Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴. His political opponent Zhang Yi(he advocated instead for attacking Han) did not accept his argument that the conquest of the southern regions would economically support the further expansion of Qin towards the east. Shibasaku was right in his argument because the conquest of Shu did not only provide grain and tax income to the state of Qin, but also personnel to staff its large armies. Moreover, the region of Ba was an ideal base for the conquest of the state of Chu 楚 along the valleys of the Yangtze River and the River Han 漢.
Shibasaku words:'' If you win Shu,you ll win over Chu''.
Military:
316BC: Campaign against Shu and Ba
Shibasaku,alongside Zhang Yi and Captain Dan Mo,invaded Shu and fought with them at Jiameng Pass.King of Shu personally led his army in battle and adopted a defensive position at the pass.Initially it was a hard battle,but soon the Shu army was heavily defeated.King of Shu fled,and was later killed by Qin Troops in some months. In the winter of the same year,Shibasaku took the opportunity and attacked Ba as well .
(While we have no concrete evidence of how many troops were there for battle with Shu,The Old Qin dramas mention that in this battle Qin was outnumbered by the enemy,and most of historical records point this as 'heavy battle'.)
310BC: Chen Zhuang(regional commander of Shu appointed by Qin) rebelled and Shibasaku was sent to destroy the rebellion.The rebellion was crushed,and Chen Zhuang died.
301BC: Duke Ning Hui of Shu rebelled against Qin (some say he was later framed by his stepmother), and Shibasaku went to pacify the rebellion. He granted Ning Hui a sword=>and Ning Hui and his wife chose to take their own lives.
~ Shibasaku pacified the land of Shu three times. It is said that he personally oversaw the construction of towers, city walls, and gatehouses in Chengdu, and remnants of these structures endured until the Jin Dynasty.~
295BC: Shibasaku served as State Captain and led the army to attack Xiangcheng of Wei. (he succeded)
293BC: Hakuki succeded Shibasaku as State Captain while Shibasaku was promoted to Left Chancellar position. (State Captain was highest rank for military). - ''Zizhi Tongjian'' created by Sima Guang in Song Dynasty Time.
292-291BC: Shibasaku served as the Left Chancellor and was tasked with leading the army alongside attack the Wei state,capturing the Zhi territory of Wei.He also attacked the Han state alongside Hakuki, seizing the Deng territory of Han.
289BC: Shibasaku and Hakuki,invaded Wei,capturing 3 cities(Yuancheng, Jueqiao and Heyong).After this,the Qin Army arrived in previously captured Zhi territory,and captured another 61(both large and small cities) from Wei.
https://preview.redd.it/c29apq85tduc1.jpg?width=2048&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=dc84477fee6ca5bc6fa324f8766db933e67bca96
286BC: Shibasaku conducted the military campaign against the state of Wei 魏 and forced the king of this state to cede the territory of Henei 河內 and the former capital Anyi 安邑.
280BC: Shibasaku also realized the large riverine campaign along the River Fuling涪陵江 commanding 200k troops.
The Qin army defeated the Chu army and captured Qianzhong County 黔中(from where Chu was much easier to attack in future) of the Chu State forced the Chu State to cede the land north of the Han River and Shangyong to the Qin State.
-This is his last mention,so he probably retired and died later of either old age either an ilness,we dont know since his fate is never mentioned.His family continued to serve under Qin and other empires as well-> Sima Jin(his grandson), was the deputy general of Hakuki,he killed himself alongside Hakuki later. Sima Chang, the grandson of Sima Jin, was the chief iron officer of Qin(in charge of controlling the iron supply of Qin) .The son of Sima Chang was Sima Wuze was a Master of the Market of Han Dynasty.The son of Sima Wuze was Sima Xi,he was a Lord of the fifth rank. The son of Sima Xi was Ma Tan of Taishi Company. The son of Sima Tan was Sima Qian, the author of "Historical Records" of the Han Dynasty.

"Shibasaku was a strategist with innovative and pioneering ideas. His ideas not only helped Qin basically to destroy Chu, but also provided a reference for future kings who wanted to attack the Central Plains from Shu. When Shibasaku initially focused on attacking Shu, he said: "If you win Shu, you will win Chu. If Chu dies, the world will be united." This shows that he had foresight. -

Military Records Compilation Committee of Qindu

2.Hakuki(Bai Qi 白起)

He was also called "Ducal Grandson" Gongsun Qi 公孫起 because he was related to the house of Qin.He was appointed to the position of Right Militia after he had been recommended to King Zhaoxiang 秦昭襄王 by Counsellor-in-chief Wei Ran 魏冉, and was granted the twelfth grade of nobility.
''His lively gaze mirrored his decisive actions, thorough analysis, and strong will. He excelled in troop deployment and maintained a close bond with Wei Ran.''
Military:
294BC: Hakuki was sent to attack Xingcheng in Han.
Battle of Yi Que(293BC)
With Wei Ran's recommendation,Hakuki was promoted.Meanwhile the allied forces of Han, Wei and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty guarded Weihan to prevent Qin from advancing eastward.Hakuki was sent to deal with this situation.
Qin troops were 120k while Wei&Han combined army was 240k commanded by Gongsun Xi and Bao Yuan.
Yique terrain was dangerous,having mountains,forests and a river,making it an important strategical location.
Among the coalition forces of the states of Han and Wei, the Han army was weak, and their chief general, Bao Yuan, hoped that the Wei allied forces would take the lead in battle.
Gongsun Xi believed that although the Han army's combat strength was not particularly strong, their crossbows, armor, shields, bronze helmets,were all of excellent quality. Therefore, he hoped that the Han army would take the lead as the vanguard.
Hakuki stood on the gentle slope of Yi Que, overlooking the armies of Han and Wei. The Han army was positioned in front, with their allied Wei forces slightly behind and to the side.Scouts and Spies,brought news that the commanders of both the Han and Wei armies were showing signs of discord, with each side blaming the other and preserving their own strength, neither willing to engage with the Qin army first.
In response to this situation, Hakuki decided to adopt a strategy of avoiding the strong and striking the weak, aiming to divide and conquer while sowing discord among allied forces.
https://preview.redd.it/gokjrh05uduc1.jpg?width=598&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=14863559bc9ef3383cea0dc6f501196376c40101
At the onset of the battle, Hakuki first deployed a small number of decoy troops to confront the Han army, creating an appearance of intending to attack the Han forces.These decoy troops consisted of numerous banners and fluttering ribbons arrayed at the front lines, causing confusion among the enemy and leading them to mistakenly believe that this was the direction of the main attack.The Han army, unaware of the true situation, was thus held in check by the Qin decoy troops.
Hakuki then withdrew his elite main forces and maneuvered them to the rear of the coalition army, taking advantage of the unready troops of the Wei to launch a sudden attack.Caught off guard, the Wei army was overwhelmed and forced to hastily engage in battle in the narrow area around the Yi Que mountain.Unable to coordinate their formation in time, they scattered and fought individually, leading to a swift and devastating defeat.
Upon learning that their allied flank had been instantly routed, the morale of the Han army plummeted.Soldiers mutinied, and the commander lost control as the situation deteriorated. At this moment, the flank of the Han army was fully exposed to the formidable main forces of the Qin army. Before any orders could be given by the commander, they were immediately flanked by the Qin forces, leading to the swift collapse and retreat of the Han army.
Seizing the opportunity, the Qin army pursued the fleeing enemy, further expanding their gains,capturing Yi Que and other 5 cities.He also crossed the river and captured land from Han as well.
https://preview.redd.it/d0pi5wrbuduc1.jpg?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=5a7770e6c9389dfe5f73c693116390f8731ddd76
A big part of the combined army surrendered and he had them massacrated,all of them,all 240k(including Gongsun Xi) -but i believe this number its a bit inflated,also Qin casualties were in tens of thousands,but we dont know the exact number. Because the oustanding result,he was promoted to National Captain. I already discussed about how he took part in campaigns alongside Shibasaku(292,291,289BC),so I wont discuss that again but i ll add new details about the battles where I can.
Now we had an interesting record,in 282BC ,Hakuki was sent to attack Zhao,capturing 1 city.
And we have: ''Hakuki attacked the State of Zhao, beheading 20,000-30,000 peoples,wiping out a city'' -which appear in ''Historical Records'' and his Biography ,but on the other hand we have ''In 282 BC, the Qin State sent general Bai Qi to capture two places in the Zhao State. The next year, Qin sent troops to capture Zhao's Shicheng;another year later, it attacked Zhao again. The two countries fought and fought. Zhao lost more than 20,000 troops, but the Qin army's offensive was stopped'' which also appear in Historical Records,Zhan Guo Ce,Zhao records and General Military History of China(a modern book) as well,which implies that Hakuki was stopped by Zhao even tough it come at a cost of 20k troops and 1 city got destroyed. The Zhao General who has the achivment for stopping Hakuki is Rin Shou Jou(Lin Xiangru). -it was mentioned in the Military History of China(the book) and if you search for his chinese name it would be mentioned on those sites as well listing multiple modern sources.
This would also explain why when RSJ speaked with King Sho,the following years,Qin didnt dared to attack Zhao right away even after being deceived by RSJ with the Jade thing 2 times(and this was considered a great insult yet they didnt dared to attack).While Zhao deployed troops near border,Qin still outnumbered them but instead they opted for peace.So Qin and Zhao made peace.
Also when RSJ arrived back home he convinced his disciples to stay and he made peace with Renpa(even in manga it was shown for them to be at each other throats,but in a funny way) I wont enter in details here since you re here for 6GG but he said this:''The reason why King of Qin did not dare to use troops against Zhao was because of the two of us'' -reffering to him and Renpa.
So I guess it was a dificult battle for Qin,or they suffered big casualties,and the campaign wasn't worth anymore,Hakuki having a tendancy for stopping the attack if he is not sure in his chances or if the casualties would be too big.Either way,he stopped Hakuki.
https://preview.redd.it/qkjhesptuduc1.jpg?width=798&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=19170316e1c40c328d68efec62b17b5275af7b2c
Back to Hakuki
After Grand Riverine Campaign,Qin attacked Chu again,this time sending Hakuki.
Battle of Yanying(279-278BC)
At this time, political corruption prevailed within the state of Chu. King of Chu neglected state affairs,cities and fortifications as well as the army deteriorated over the years.
After analyzing the situations of both Qin and Chu,Hakuki decided to adopt a strategy of directly attacking the central regions of Chu's rule.
In 279 BC: 150k downstream along the Han River, capturing key towns along the coast. Hakuki ordered the destruction of bridges, burning of ships, and cutting off of retreat routes to show his determination for a decisive battle. Along the way, the Qin army searched for food to replenish their supplies(plundering grain supplies from conquered cities and villages right and left).
Meanwhile, the Chu army, engaged in fighting on their home turf, lacked morale as soldiers were preoccupied with concerns for their families, they were also unable to resist the fierce attacks of the Qin army, leading to successive retreats.
The Qin army advanced rapidly, swiftly capturing key locations in the Han River basin, including Dengcheng ,and advancing directly to the Chu capital, Yancheng,where Chu had assembled its main forces(100k but also civilians+militia etc) to block the Qin army's southward advance.Qin army was met with fierce resistance and the city endured prolonged attacks.Hakuki couldnt take the city by force.
Hakuki decided to take advantage of favorable conditions with Man River water flowing from Western Mountains to Eastern Side of the city.He ordered troops to build dams to store water,and also ordered them to construct long canals directly into Yancheng.The he flooded the city trough the canals,the city was unable to resist and was drowned,resulting in hundreads of thousands of soldiers and civillians deaths. He then led his army to capture Xiling.
In 278 BC,Hakuki launched another attack on Chu, seizing the capital Ying and burning the tombs of its previous kings in Yiling.
https://preview.redd.it/4a8io695vduc1.jpg?width=1920&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=2985edea0f0f7d6a7272379a50469e5fb43e54b0
The Qin army advanced eastward to Jingling , forcing King of Chu to move the capital to Chen for self preservation. In this battle, Qin occupied vast territories around Dongting Lake, south of the Yangtze River, and north to Anlu, establishing Nanzhong, and Hakuki was ennobled as the Marquis of Wu'an for his achievements. Meanwhile, witnessing the nation's gradual decline, the patriotic poet Qu Yuan, in frustration, threw himself into the Miluo River.
Link to an animation for this battle: https://baike.baidu.com/item/鄢郢之战/3999239 (when you enter on site its literally the middle video above the title even tough its in chinese)
277BC:Hakuki and Zhang Ruo(the governor of Shuzhong County) led their troops to capture Wu County and the Jiangnan area,and established Qianzhong County here.
276BC: Hakuki attacked Wei and captured two cities.
Battle of Huayang(273BC)
Zhao and Wei Army attacked Huayang(an important city of Han), Han sent envoys to Wei Ran for aid.Wei Ran, alongside Ko Shou and Hakuki led the army to rescue Han.
While the allied forces and the Han army were deadlocked at Huayang, which was far from Qin territory, Wei and Zhao estimated that the Qin reinforcements would not arrive in the short term and thus were lax in their defense. (Zhao general was Jia Yan and Wei general was Mang Mao)
Hakuki adopted a strategy of attacking unexpectedly and exploiting weaknesses.The army set out from Xianyang, conducting rapid marches averaging one hundred miles per day, and arrived at Huayang within just 8 days. They immediately launched an attack on the relaxed Wei army, annihilating 150,000 soldiers of the Zhao-Wei coalition, capturing Zhao generals, and forcing Wei's prime minister Mang Mao to flee. Subsequently, they attacked the Zhao army again, defeating the reinforcements led by General Jia Yan after fierce battles, and captured 20,000 Zhao soldiers, drowning them in the Yellow River.
(Ko Shou ,also beheaded 40k troops 1 year earlier,before this battle).
Anyway with the main force of the Wei army mostly annihilated and unable to continue fighting, General Duan Ganzi of Wei requested to cede Nanyang to Qin in exchange for peace.Qin and Wei made peace.
For this battle Qin had around 100k,the casualties on their side were tens of thousands while from Wei and Zhao(who combined had about 190k,Wei lost 130k and Zhao 20k)
*after this battle,Wei army was literally destroyed it would take good years to replenish*
Battle of Xingcheng(265-264BC)
Fan Ju, a man from the state of Wei, fled to the state of Qin due to persecution by the Prime Minister of Wei, Wèi Qí. In Qin, Fan Ju, in the capacity of a guest official, advised King of Qin against the shortcomings of Wei Ran, who repeatedly led Qin's troops to cross the borders of Han and Wei to attack the state of Qi, expending great effort for minimal gains(actually Wei Ran did this because it would help his private estate to get richer)
He proposed the famous strategy of "befriend the distant, attack the nearby", suggesting that Qin should use a combination of benevolence and intimidation to befriend the states of Wei and Han, while threatening the states of Chu and Zhao.Qin would then launch attacks on the nearby states of Han and Wei to expand its territory. King of Qin adopted Fàn Jū's advice and launched attacks on the neighboring states of Han and Wei.
In 264 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ordered Hakuki, to attack Xingcheng in Han, capturing five cities including Xingcheng and killing 50k(''beheading them'') Han soldiers, thus initiating the Battle of Xingcheng.
The following year (263 BC), Hakuki led his army to blockade the Taihang Mountains in Nanyang.
In 262 BC,Hakuki captured the city of Yewang in Han, severing the connection between Shangdang Commandery and the Han territory. The prefect of Shangdang Commandery, Fēng Tíng, had no choice but to surrender to the state of Zhao, triggering the famous Battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao.
*Explanation: Feng Ting did not want to surrender to Qin,because they were pretty brutal,so they instead surrendered to Zhao because this way Qin would be angry and the 2 states would fight.Zhao Court officials rejected the ideea because ''it would bring more disaster than benefits'',but who are you to say to Tojou Father to not accept a stupid decisions?So Zhao accepted the ideea.
Then Renpa was sent to defend Changping against Qin army.
Battle of Changping (Chouhei) 262-260BC
In 262 BC, the Qin army, led by Ouki(Wang He/Yi), invaded Shangdang, and Feng Ting had to evacuate the commandery fleeing to Zhao and merging with Renpa army.The Zhao army also mobilized, and after arriving at the front line, Renpa strategy in the beginning was to asses the enemy commander strength,so he set up 3 defensive lines pivoting south of Changping Pass.
The first was the Kongcangling , the second was the Danhe Line, and the third was the Bailishi Great Wall.
These three defense lines stretched east to west for dozens of miles, intricately interconnected.
https://preview.redd.it/738aczl0wduc1.png?width=831&format=png&auto=webp&s=47fae8327c2d4bb9f5e93a1e9065778115186301
Ouki troops: 550-600k
Renpa troops: 450K (Han troops included)
In April,Zhao Army first encountered Qin army west of Gaoping Pass on Renpa first defensive line.Initially Zhao army killed Qin scouts,but they were soon overwhelmed by Qin giant number,resulting in Zhao losing several skirmishes in the beggining resulting in losing the Commander in Gaoping(in April) and some strongholds nearby(1-2 months later,also losing 4 captains in process)
Renpa now assesed the enemy strength,he concluded that field battles are disadvantageous for Zhao Army,while he was outnumbered,so he opted to counter Qin by holding the 2nd line of defense along the Dan River(which was a large river)
https://preview.redd.it/zgfy1rg9wduc1.jpg?width=577&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=6f37a7733c9abd9ce7582780cc3fae43a5a1ba15
He started focusing on further reinforcing positions on the east bank of Dan River valley using fortified ramparts built along the mountain foothills, hoping to exhaust the Qin army, as Changping was much farther away from Qin territory than Zhao and keeping the army supplied would be much more taxing to the Qin due to the more rugged and winding mountain routes in the west.
The Qin army attempted to cross the river multiple times under Ouki command,once they even managed to breach a part of the 2nd line,but the only issue with this strategy was that Renpa could always surround them and deliver heavy casualties to Qin Army,thus repulsing Qin army back while Zhao Army did not suffered many.
This happened for more times,and Qin Army was pretty frustrated with how the war was going.
At this point Hakuki was holding the greatest rank in military,he also come to the battle multiple times inspecting and giving directions and commanding as well(before Ouki was being replaced by him) *Lian Po -is Renpa in case someone might ask*
Hakuki observing the battlefield
Sources- ''Bai Qi led a large army into the territory of Wu'an, when suddenly a scout came to report: "Twenty li to the east, we found the Zhao army's supply camp, heavily guarded by General Lian Po." " After hearing the scout report, Bai Qi was suspicious and went to inspect it himself. It was okay if he didn't look at it, but when he looked at it, he was shocked. He saw bags of food piled up layer by layer in Zhao's military camp. he military camp below was lined with large tents and the flags were in order. So he looked up to the sky and sighed: "Zhao's army has enough food and good soldiers, but God will not help me." He hurriedly ordered the troops to retreat. From then on, this nameless hill was called Sushan'' (this come from Tang Dynasty records)
There were also mentions in some modern records of Hakuki trying to attack some strongholds on 2nd line of Renpa defense but couldnt get them.
(In the anime 2nd season in Sanyou was mentioned in Qin court room that ''Even Hakuki could not get a castle from Renpa''.)- in the manga tough it was not shown.
(Those sources come from modern records (not the old ones like Shji and Zhan Guo) ,but they come from Li Dei from Department of War Theory and Strategic Research, from Academy of Military Sciences and from Directory of Chinese Generals from Ancient Times to the Tang Dynasty as well + others but those that i shared are the most relevant) -so with this we can conclude that this happened,and not just 1 time Hakuki himself comed to the field,at least from the modern records historical point of view,since the old ones doesn't mention this,but the old records also doesnt mention the abundance of details in battles that happened in general. Keep in mind that there were probably a lot of skirmishes, most don't have names, let alone details,most arent even mentioned.Often times, annals just mention at a certain year that something happened.A certain campaign might also have numerous battles, and the number of fights were even mentioned, but these minor fightings were almost never given details (if they are mentioned at all), and were considered to be under one military operation, of which only the results and the most decisive event were given a description (sometimes, even these aren't given descriptions)
Either way,back to Changping battle,both Qin and Zhao Kings were frustrated.Qin because suffered heavy casualties and the war become a stalemate since they didnt dared to attack again,while Zhao was mad with the lack of action and that it cost a lot to maintain the giant army fighting Qin.
So after years of war,Qin sent spies to the Zhao court,praising Choukatsu(Zhao Kuo) as great general,son of great Lord Ma'Fu (Chousha) and that Qin is afraid of him,not afraid of Renpa.
Tojou father having Tojou brain rot,called Choukatsu and asked him if he could defeat the enemy.Choukatsu agreed and said he could defeat them easily.
Zhao Court Officials opposed this ideea right away,saying that its foolish to replace the veteran Renpa with Choukatsu who didnt fought a single battle so far. Choukatsu mother also said he is not a great general and how his father often said that he took the war to lightly and he is good just on paper,but when it come to the real war he is not flexible and would do mistakes.
"The battlefield is a place of death, yet Chou Katsu speaks lightly of it. If Zhao does not make Chou Katsu its commander, that's the end of it. If they must needs make him commander, it’s Chou Katsu who will defeat Zhao’s army." -Chousha of 3GH
Gakujou also opposed this ideea,Rin Shou Jou(who was very ill at this time) literally begged the king to not replace Renpa with Choukatsu because it would bring a disaster to Zhao Army.
Either way Zhao changed Renpa with Chou Katsu,while Qin secretly changed Ouki with Hakuki.
*Now we know the total number of troops,but I have some records that conflict each other here,one is when Renpa in beginning of the war ,only had 200k and then receiving later another 200k(in months or next year) after the mobilization was complete,another is when Choukatsu replaced Renpa and he come with 200k as reinforcments(after 2 yrs of war),either way ,total Zhao troops should been around 450k with Han army,but I can't say exactly for sure with how many troops either Zhao or Qin begin the battle.Qin troops also grow exponentially as the War raged on,King Sho sended troops to the front multiple times - but I wanted to share this with you in case you might want to know.*
In July 260 BC, Chou Katsu arrived at Changping and took over command of the Zhao army.He discarded all previous strategies made by Renpa and also replaced all Renpa veteran officers with young officers from his side.
He decided to take his main force north to quickly cross the Dan River and attack the left flank of the Qin army stationed along the river's west bank,hoping a decisive offense would be enough to break the Qin army. In doing so, he left most of the provisions stored at the old main camp further south along the river, which was now relatively undermanned and could not secure the elongated supply line stretched along in front of the Qin army across the river.
Unknown to Chou Katsu,Hakuki had anticipated his plan and responded with a maneuver that resembled the later Battle of Cannae.
Hakuki had deliberately reduced the strength of his left flank stationed along the river, and had a line of hill fortifications further west of the river reinforced instead. When Choukatsu crossed the river and attacked, the Qin left flank quickly abandoned their riverside positions and withdrew back west toward the hills, drawing Choukatsu to chase after them. However, a Qin detachment of 25,000 men had then traversed north through the Taiyue Mountains to perform a wide left encirclement behind Zhao's third defensive line stapled around the Changping Pass, cutting off Zhao supply lines from the north. At the same time, another detachment of 5,000 light cavalry with bows and crossbows advanced on the right and crossed the Dan River to cut off communications between Zhao Kuo's new camp and their southern main depot, splitting the Zhao army into two, and Hakuki main force immediately followed in to secure and choke off the Dan River valley exits.These detachments eventually completed a triangular encirclement that trapped Zhao forces around a small mountain range.
Choukatsu soon found his attack against the enemy left flank halted by the Qin hill fortifications, unable to make any progress. He then realized that his rear were being ambushed by the Qin cavalry and provisions were quickly running low, and was forced to abandon his offensives and pull back across the river. The Qin army then counterattacked and pursued, inflicting heavy casualties upon Zhao retreating army. After being unable to reach the friendly forces in the south, the Zhao Kuo's army dug in on a hill and had to await relief.
However, since 295 BC, Zhao foreign policy had been dominated by opportunism, and had frequently shifted between hezong (合縱) (anti-Qin alliances) and lianheng (連橫) (pro-Qin alliances), depleting its diplomatic goodwill with other states. Therefore, as the battles in Changping unfolded, Zhao was unable to secure any help from either the State of Chu or the State of Qi.
King of Qin used this opportunity to mobilize additional forces against Zhao from, by bestowing one grade of noble rank on the population as merits and ordered a nationwide mobilization conscripting every able-bodied man over the age of 15, with the king himself personally overseeing the reserves to the Changping frontline in order to further bolster the encirclement.
With the enemy firmly trapped, Hakuki started repeatedly launching attacks to further wear out the Zhao army and deny them any chance of escape. Choukatsu improvised hill positions were besieged non-stop for 46 days, and by September, with winter nearing, his army's struggle for survival grew more desperate, with the starving Zhao soldiers slaughtering all the horses and allegedly even murdering and feeding on each other. The fighting was also so fierce that half of the Qin soldiers were killed in combat, but the exhausted and demoralized Zhao army was ultimately unsuccessful in breaking out. Chou katsu was eventually killed by Qin crossbowmen when leading his best troops in a final attempt to breach the encirclement. With their commander dead, the remaining Zhao army gave up and surrendered.
Hakuki wanted to take advantage of the victory and quickly lay siege to Handan, but guarding and feeding the large number of prisoners of war would be a huge burden, and releasing them was out of the question because the newly subdued local population was still hostile to Qin rule and these Zhao captives would likely get reconscripted or participate in revolts.
As a one-off solution, Hakuki ordered the captured Zhao soldiers all to be executed, presumably by being buried alive;only 240 of the youngest soldiers were spared and released back to Zhao to spread terror. Han dynasty historian Sima Qian stated in his chronicle (written about 150 years later) that over 450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle.
It is also debated if Hakuki alone decided to slaughter everyone or if he got the order from King Sho,either way this massacre had long term effects.Prior to this campaign, Zhao had been one of the most militarily powerful states of the Warring States and arguably the only one that could resist Qin's expansion aside from Chu. Instead, it never recovered from the loss of manpower at Changping. Meanwhile, three years of war had financially and domestically exhausted Qin as well.
About the casualties on both sides,Qin troops casualties were around 250k(most of them were against Renpa),while Zhao casualties were 450k. The 450k number seems exagerated,so it was probably lower,but we know it was so big that zhao was never able to properly organize an army bigger than 150k again,even after decades.
''The Battle of Changping was the largest war in the Warring States period.Its intensity was rare even in the era of old weapons worldwide.Not only does it deserve research for the strategic successes and failures of the highest decision-making levels of the major states, but it also concentrates the participation of the most outstanding military strategists of the Warring States era, such as Lian Po(Renpa) and Bai Qi(Hakuki). This battle involved these legendary generals commanding with unparalleled strategic acumen, thus embodying the ancient and rich military science theories and practical experiences of ancient China.'' -Anthology of Historical Records
https://preview.redd.it/kmxw9eurxduc1.jpg?width=1920&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=d80696d933869af0498128563d6ab34bba6cc444
After this battle,somehow Shadong County was recaptured by Zhao,and in 259BC Hakuki led the army again,he splitted his army into 3, Ouki(he gone and captured Buan and Pilao),Sima Geng captured Taigen,and Hakuki himself led his army to attack Kantan(Handan).
Zhao could not risk to send forces to defend against Ouki and Sima Geng,and they instead amassed everything they could at Kantan to stop Qin,since if Kantan falled,then whole Zhao would fall.
Fan Ju was jealous of Hakuki,he tought that it would overshadow his career in Qin,so he tried to convince the King Sho to stop the offensive because if he was to succeed then it would make Hakuki even more stronger in Qin. Hakuki has other opinion,he wanted to attack Zhao now because they couldnt properly organise after Changping Battle,and there was a good chance Kantan would fall.
Fan Ju convinced King Sho with things like ''qin troops are very tired of war'' and other things and Qin and Zhao made peace.This enraged Hakuki.
Fan Ju representation
1 year later,Qin attacked Zhao again,this time attacking Handan(Kantan).At this point Hakuki and Fan Ju were having a conflict.
Hakuki refused to command the army and feigned sickness.He believed that the State Zhao had been well prepared this time.Also, led by great general Renpa, every one of Zhao was ready to revenge for their sacrificed people in the Battle of Changping.He tought it would be a very difficult battle and advised King Sho to not attack Kantan.King Sho did not listen,and initiated the war.
With Battle of Handan(Kantan) ongoing,more defeats and high casualties occured in Qin army(we will speak about this right away when we go to Ouki),King Sho asked multiple times for Hakuki to led the army,but Hakuki stubborn in nature,refused.
''At this time, Hakuki recovered from illness, and King Sho intended to appoint him to lead the attack on Handan(Kantan).Hakuki advised King Sho, saying, "Handan is not easy to conquer. Moreover, if the other states come to its aid, their troops will arrive within a short time.The other states have resented Qin for a long time. Although Qin has defeated the Zhao army at Changping, the casualties were also big on our side. Our army is far away, contending for someone else's capital. If Zhao collaborates internally while the other states support externally, they will surely be able to defeat the Qin army.Therefore, we should not attack Zhao with our troops."
King Sho personally requested Hakuki to come out of retirement, but Hakuki declined. King Sho then sent Fan Ju to visit Hakuki and criticized him, saying: "You once won against the odds, achieving victories like a god (referring to his victories over Chu and defeats of Han and Wei coalition). How can you refuse to fight with strength against weakness and with numbers against few?"
Hakuki analyzed the situations during the attack on Chu and the defeat of the Han and Wei coalition, believing that he could win consecutively because of strategic advantages, rather than any supernatural prowess. He then pointed out that after the Battle of Changping, Qin failed to swiftly capitalize on its momentum to annihilate Zhao, which instead allowed Zhao time to recuperate and strengthen its resistance against Qin. Additionally, the people of Zhao would resort to defensive strategies and guerrilla warfare, making it difficult for Qin to defeat them in open battle. If Qin's military efforts yielded no results, it would prompt the other states to come to Zhao's aid. Therefore, Hakuki believed: "I see the harm but not the benefit." Fan Ju, feeling ashamed, withdrew after hearing Hakuki analysis and relayed his words to King Zhaoxiang. King Sho remarked, "Without Hakuki, wouldn't I be able to destroy Zhao?"
The battle unfolded exactly as Hakuki predicted,Chu and Wei come to aid Zhao,and Qin suffered heavy casualties.
Upon hearing this, Hakuki said, "In the beginning, the King of Qin did not heed my advice. What are the consequences now?"
King Sho, enraged, personally went to Hakuki residence and forcibly ordered him to lead the troops, saying, "Even if you are ill, you must lead troops for me. If you achieve military exploits, it is what I hope for, and I will reward you generously. If you refuse, I will resent you."
Hakuki said: "I understand that even if I go and achieve no military exploits,I can still avoid blame. But if I refuse to go, even if I have no fault, I cannot escape death. However, I just hope that the king can consider my humble strategy, abandon Zhao, and let the people recuperate to deal with the changes among the other states. To pacify the fearful, to attack the arrogant, to eliminate the unjust, with this, you can command the other states, and the world can be pacified. Why must Zhao be the first target of attack? This is what it means to yield to a minister yet conquer the world. If Your Majesty does not carefully consider my plan and insists on satisfying yourself psychologically at the expense of condemning me, it will also be conquering a minister but being subdued by the world. Which is greater, the prestige of conquering a minister or the prestige of conquering the world? It is said that wise kings cherish their countries, and loyal ministers cherish their reputations. A broken country cannot be made whole again, and the dead cannot be resurrected. I would rather face severe punishment and death than be the commander of a disgraced army. I hope Your Majesty will consider this carefully."
After this King Sho leaved without a response.Following this, Fan Ju once again requested Hakukito return to duty, but hakuki still claimed to be too ill. King Sho then demoted him to the rank of common soldier and exiled him to Yinmi.Hakuki did not immediately set out. Three months later, news of the Qin army's defeat continued to spread from Handan.
*I needed to literally stopped abruptly here because I exceeded the character count allowed on the post(over 40k,damn it REDDIT)\* You have the full continuation of the post,in the drive and on the kingdom discord(in both discords) in history spoilers section,PINNED.
I would want to thank you for reading this and arriving here,hope you liked this part of the post and I hope you would like the continuation that is in drive and on discord as well.

原文链接
网飞版《3体》的前五分钟让人不忍直视。
面对那些画面，我尽量不把眼睛闭上：1966年，在文化大革命的高潮中，一名物理教授遭到残忍的殴打。他被活活打死，遍体鳞伤，身上到处都是血。同为物理学家的女儿眼看着父亲在众目睽睽之下被杀戳，让她对人类失去了希望。
我强迫自己看完了这个暴力场景。此前，我从未在屏幕上看到“批斗会”被如此活生生地展现出来过。由于这部网飞根据中国最著名的科幻作品改编的剧集在中国引起的反响，我也觉得必须看完这个场景。
在中国的社交媒体平台上，评论者对这部剧集表达了各种不满：情节不都发生在中国；主要人物不都是中国人，而是不同种族的人；原著中的一个男性主角在剧中变成了女性，而且在他们眼里，扮演她的女演员不够漂亮。他们还列举了许多其他在他们看来是错误的东西。
原著《三体》是一部预示末日的三部曲之一，写的是人类如何应对即将到来的外星人入侵的故事。《三体》的中文版和翻译成十几种语言的其他版本的销量数以百万计，是过去几十年来世界上最著名的中国小说之一。美国前总统奥巴马也是《三体》的粉丝。中国没有几个如此成功的文化输出产品。
但网飞版的《3体》并没有在中国引起人们的自豪和庆祝，而是引发了愤怒、嘲笑和怀疑。这些反应表明多年的审查和思想灌输已如何塑造了公众对中国与外部世界关系的看法。该自豪的时候他们无动于衷，而且太容易被冒犯。他们也把娱乐太当真，但对历史和政治却太过漫不经心。多年的审查制度还削弱了人们对“文革”中发生的事情的了解。
一些评论者说，制作该剧的主要原因是网飞（或更确切地说是西方）想妖魔化中国，手法之一是展示“文革”期间的政治暴力，那是中华人民共和国历史上最黑暗的时期之一。
“网飞只是在迎合西方口味，尤其是在剧情开场时，”一名用户在微博上写道。
这部畅销书及其作者刘慈欣在中国有着狂热的追随者。这并不奇怪，因为中国社会从高层领导、科学家、企业家到街头百姓，都沉浸在技术乌托邦主义中。
三部曲第一卷的英文译本于2014年在美国出版。中国电子商务巨头阿里巴巴也是那年在纽约完成了轰动一时的首次公开募股。世界开始将中国视为一个新兴的技术和制造大国，而不只是一个模仿西方技术的国家。
网飞版《3体》把中国描绘为能与宇宙交流的科学强国。刘慈欣丰富的想象力以及他对善恶本质的探究是作品成功的关键。
他似乎并不认为中国甚至地球有什么特别。他曾在2022年的一次电视采访中说，任何一部科幻小说里描述的危机都是“人类共同面对的危机”。他还说：“从宇宙的眼光来看，我们就是一个整体。”
网飞在改编中延用了中文音译“三体”作为外星人的名称。而原著《三体》的英文翻译使用的是Trisolarian。上一次中文词进入全球流行文化是什么时候？但中国社交媒体上很少有人庆祝这点。
许多评论反而集中在该剧对中国的描绘多么有损形象、剧中的中国元素多么少等问题上。虽然网飞的服务范围不包括中国，但不少人已看过《3体》的盗版。
网飞版《3体》的故事主要在英国展开，而不是在中国。演员来自不同种族，包括拉丁裔、黑人、白人、南亚人和华人。一些评论称这种多元化的选角是“美国式的政治正确”，还有一些评论对该剧只让华人演员扮演恶棍或穷人（这不是事实）提出了质疑。
如果说他们对网飞版《3体》的主要抱怨是创作者对情节和主要角色的改编太随意的话，他们的另一大抱怨则是，该剧开始时的“文革”情景太真实或太暴力。
有些评论者对是否有必要提及该政治事件表示怀疑。还有些评论者指责剧作夸大了“批斗会”的暴力程度。
据不同的学者估计，有150万到800万中国人在1966年到1976年的十年动乱期间“非正常死亡”，逾1亿人受到波及。
文化大革命是毛泽东1966年发动的一场政治运动。他为了重塑自己的权威，号召激进的年轻人与当权派作斗争。国内有关“文革”的讨论都受到严格审查。由于编辑担心小说通不过审查，刘慈欣只好把“批斗会”从第一卷的开头移到了小说的中部。小说英文版以“批斗会”开始，得到了刘慈欣的认可。
“文化大革命在书中出现是因为它对情节至关重要，”刘慈欣曾在2019年对我的同事亚历山德拉·阿尔特说。“主人公需要对人类彻底绝望。”
随着中国越来越避讳“文革”的话题，很难想象刘慈欣现在能出版一本以此为前提的书。
2007年，独立电影制片人胡杰拍了一部关于卞仲耘的纪录片。卞仲耘是北京一所中学的副校长，是最早被红卫兵打死的人之一。她的丈夫给她赤裸的、遍体鳞伤的尸体拍了照片，胡杰在纪录片的开头使用了这些照片。《3体》的开头场景让我想起了这部纪录片。这部纪录片从未在中国公开放映过。
最近有人在社交媒体上转发了一篇关于叶企孙的旧文。叶是中国近代物理学研究的奠基者之一，与《3体》开场“批斗会”上的物理学家同姓。叶企孙在1967年被污蔑为“特务”，遭到关押、殴打，被迫供认所谓的罪行。他曾一度精神错乱，流落在北京街头，向行人乞讨食物和钱。文章在网上广泛流传后遭到了审查。
在中国的社交媒体上，关于《三体》的视频内容颇为盛行。但很少有人敢在视频中提出，是什么原因导致身为物理学家的女儿请外星人来入侵地球。百度网站上一段播放量超过500万次的视频将文化大革命称为“红色的年代”，但没有解释发生了什么。视频网站哔哩哔哩上另一段点击量超过800万次的视频称文革为“你懂的事件”。
这本书的粉丝可能听说过文化大革命，但他们对于中共和一些普通中国人在“文革”期间犯下的暴行没有具体概念，这并不奇怪。这是国内对网飞版《3体》的反应让一些人感到担忧的原因。
一名维权律师在微信上写道，他的年龄足够大，让他在小时候看到过一些批斗会。“如果我活得更久一点，我甚至可能会亲身体验，”他写道。“这不叫转世。这就是历史。”

Happy Anniversary, Feng Ling Yu Xiu! The show is seven years old today (31 March 2024).
Feng Ling Yu Xiu Firsts
This series is the first, true baihe or GL donghua.
It is said to be the first "double-heroine wuxia" story in any medium.
It appears to be the first donghua to use the “xuan paper effect," in which the animation looks like it was painted on quality rice paper, especially when lighter colors are used. This effect was used in season one.
Which era?
Fans of the series have pointed to everything from servants’ hats to knives to Yuxiu’s hanfu to demonstrate that the series is set in a fictionalized version of Song Dynasty China, which lasted from 960-1279.
A Mixed Audience
A survey of season one viewers found that 45 percent were women or girls, an unusually high number for a wuxia donghua. Writer Zheng Wei has praised the well-rounded portrayal of the heroines that defies donghua stereotypes, as well as their independence, their mutual trust and admiration for each other, and the subtle ways the animators reveal their emotions.
Traditional Chinese culture on display
The series is filled with Chinese cultural artifacts, including the three-dimensional, interlocking burr puzzle the Lu Ban lock, the jade flute, the game weiqi, better known as go, the musical instruments guqin and guzheng, I Ching trigrams, and sky lanterns.
A Team with Aliases
Many talented individuals were involved in helping make a TV series out of DDF’s music video “Hair Like Snow.” Like DDF, some of them use aliases or nicknames, such as producefundeco-planner “Christmas Eve Nightmare," whose wife sang the opening theme for season one, early screenwriter “Chinese Mugwort Leaf," editor “Please Call Me ‘Big Bull,’" which is slang for an outstanding individual or extraordinary person per Baidu Encyclopedia, and screenwriter “Dou Dou,” pronounced “doe doe,” using the character for “bean," among others. Christmas Eve Nightmare and Chinese Mugwort Leaf *helped to plan the plots for episodes 1 and 2, according to CEN.
*An explanation for the slang term can be found in Chinese here.
The Future of Feng Ling Yu Xiu
In an interview in the season one art book on page 160, DDF says, “We plan to make four seasons of Feng Ling Yu Xiu…” 「《风灵玉秀》我们打算制作四季......」.
For more fun facts about the series, see our trivia guide here.

加密货币的创新之路
之八、成王败寇话宇晨
作者：祝维沙
https://chainless.hk
字数：4789
中本聪打开了潘多拉盒子，放出了希望和魔鬼。什么是希望？什么是魔鬼？格雷厄姆有一句话：“股票短期是投票机，长期是称重机”。比特币问世十四年来，加密货币的头部项目经受了时间的考验，它们的币价肯定可以反映项目的价值。分析这些项目的得失会对还在路上的小伙伴有启发意义。
八、成王败寇话宇晨
孙宇辰尊称孙哥，被人们戏称为“孙割”。2023年9月11日，波场币TRX在币市值网站排第十名，市值69亿美元。孙哥仅比维塔利克大3岁，也是后生可畏。在加密货币排行前十名中有三位华裔，他们分别是第一、第四和第十，他们都是有故事的角色。孙宇晨的波场币TRX在2018年的总市值到过130亿美元，排行曾进入过前十，而后就一路下滑，当时有很多中国人发行的区块链项目，都排在他的前面，其中不乏加密货币的老江湖和带满光环的人们。时间是把杀猪刀，同样的环境，现在只有孙哥回到了前十。
这三位华裔中，我只认识孙宇晨，曾在一个朋友家一起吃过几次饭，感觉他彬彬有礼，与社会上的描述不同。2023年3月23日，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）宣布对八位名人提起加密货币欺诈指控，其中包括孙宇晨及其加密资产公司波场币(TRX)和BT下载（BitTorrent）的支持者。写孙哥是个苦差事，为他说好话，说他不是“骗子”，会认为我拿了他多少钱。权威官方指认他存在“欺诈”行为，对此我有些糊涂。因为孙哥不具备骗子的基本特征：“骗子只可骗一时，不可骗一世”，若骗一世的话，那就是“爱情恒久远”了。这也是格雷厄姆原理：“股票短期是投票机（骗一时），长期是称重机（不能骗一世）”。市场这句话很经典：“都讨厌孙割，却都想成为孙哥”。据文章介绍，2018年波场币TRX上线后，孙哥60亿波场币套现3亿美元。历史最高价出现在2018年1月5日，达0.1984美元，孙哥套现的均价是0.05美元。今天，孙哥的币价为0.078美元，在0.05美元接盘孙哥的韭菜们，远远跑赢A股，更别说跑赢恒大的许家印了。孙哥比起他们来是小巫见大巫。但是当时孙哥确实割了把韭菜，“孙割”由此得名。此名称的定位准确，不是“骗”是“割”，周瑜打黄盖一个愿打一个愿挨。孙哥的方法可能有失当之处，但是如果他不“割”，他能够度过这么多年的风险吗？孙哥也不是道德婊，当市场短期存在“投票”错误时，彰显了孙哥抓机会的能力。那么多项目今天死得连渣都没剩，而买了孙哥的韭菜们还有解套的机会。市场就是成王败寇，若项目输得渣都没了，就是对信任你的币民最大的背叛和伤害。一个负责任的企业家和项目方要永远记住长期投资者对你的信任，记住追求项目价值的持续性上涨的使命。
加密货币的发展让我想起了中国改革开放的初期，可谓混沌初开。中国有句话，早年的中国企业家不是在监狱，就是在去监狱的路上。权力的强横在全球都一样，吓得中本聪隐姓埋名，也吓得赵长鹏和孙宇晨到处东躲西藏。中国的改革开放出现了一个新元素——中国企业家。他们在创造自身财富的同时，优化了社会资源，带来了经济的繁荣。他们都是有缺陷的普通人，也是时代的功臣。骗子和创业家都是要讲故事的，一个是讲破了，另一个是讲成了。成了的是孙哥，不成的是孙割。孙宇晨的TRX跑赢大势，长期来看似乎是“成了”。
跑赢中本聪的孙宇晨
图一是比特币2017年以来的走势图，图二是波场币的走势图。波场币短期略微跑赢了比特币。前十名中还有以太坊基本跑平了比特币，剩下的都输给了比特币。从长期趋势看，TRX离高点的距离远小于比特币今日价位与历史高点的差距，长期趋势是称重机。在考虑了美国监管因素后，市场还是给孙哥投了赞成票，看来市场不同意孙哥是骗子的说法。
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图一 比特币的走势图
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图二 波场币的走势图
从第三方浏览器（oklink.com）2023年9月10日的数据上看，波场链的每秒交易笔数（TPS）是66，币安智能链是39，而以太坊是10。波场链非零地址是2亿个，以太坊是1亿个；波场USDT发行量420亿美元，而以太坊上的发行量是390亿美元。为什么有小的国家选用波场链而没有选用以太坊链？因为波场链速度快，交易便宜。波场旗下USDT以及TUSD都是稳定币，USDT占92%。TUSD有两种含义，TrxUSDT和TrueUSD，目前在波场官网已经找不到TrueUSD。
图三是波场发行的另一种稳定币TrueUSD（TUSD）。可以看出进入2023年后TUSD急速跳涨到32亿美元。清楚地说明了稳定币在波场上的变化。
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图三 TrueUSD在波场生态的跳涨
笔者特地选用了币市值网站（Coinmarketcap)的数据。这是一个趋势，一些加密货币的顶级数据统计网站开始上线波场的消息。根据知名加密数据分析服务研究机构马萨里（Messari）发布的2023年二季度公链（L1）报告显示，2023年二季度波场继续保持强有力的通缩，半年的通缩率达到2.8%。而在收入上，以太坊和波场占2023年二季度公链产生的总收入的93%，位列区块链网络前两位。
孙哥没有金汤勺，一个山沟的穷小子终于得到了主流研究机构的承认。小国使用波场链，反映孙哥农村包围城市的战略。孙哥最大的特点是“没框框”，这是好还是坏？不知道。对于草根来说，敢想敢闯也许能带来唯一的机会，万一成了呢？再说他也不是凡人。
不凡之人的“黑”历史
孙哥与一般的创业成功者都不同，他没有中本聪那种由深邃的思想产生的独创性，也没有维塔利克（Vitalik）和赵长鹏在改进型创新上的技术优势，所以他的道路更加艰辛。有一比的是，他与马云一样都不懂技术，都是赶上了时代的机遇，也都有着不同凡人的顽强毅力。
他和马云一样都会忽悠，都是懂互联网的营销大师，不愧是马云的湖畔大学毕业的，波场官网上介绍他的荣誉一共有7项，湖畔大学是其中一项，还不忘补一句唯一90后。这是他十分珍惜的，显然得到了马大师的忽悠真传。他和马大师一样都会用人，他的核心开发人员最早也是从阿里挖来的，连“会抄”都是阿里真传。
除了碰瓷马云，他还碰瓷巴菲特，花一笔钱忽悠了老先生三回。三次报道的效果远超过了4,567,888美元的价值。他做了不少别人不敢想和不能做之事：担任格林纳达常驻世界贸易组织代表；在伦敦佳士得20世纪艺术晚拍以2000万美元（1.3亿人民币）和200万美元（1300万人民币）的价格，分别拍下毕加索的《戴项链的躺卧裸女》和安迪·沃霍尔的《三幅自画像》；以1050万美元的价格拍下编号为3442的孙宇晨朋克（Justin sun Tpunks）头像；豪掷2500万美金购入飞往太空的船票。透着就是豪横。有钱代表什么？个人有个人的看法，但是在拜金的社会，这一定是引起关注和红眼的。不患寡患不均，所以黑他的料不胫而走，拥有众多的转载量。他也成了消费对象。
哪里有热闹，哪里就有他，他善于抢风头。2023年4月，分布式基金的肖风在香港主持召开了一个Web3的峰会，他拉上小耳朵女士（一个主持人）却出了大风头。如此不一而足。
就在昨天，比推消息，孙宇晨在X平台表示：“考虑对 FTX 持有的代币和资产提出要约，以减少其抛售对加密货币社区的影响。让我们团结起来，支持我们的加密生态系统”。成不成不知道，注意力有了，公众形象也有了。
互联网的传播具有水波波纹式传播的特点，要不点多，要不浪花大。这也叫事件营销。没有事件很难吸引眼球。如何持续地吸引眼球？目前常见的方式是项目负责人给自己代言。孙哥英文推特有346.5万粉丝，中文有6.6万，一共353.1万关注者，在币圈居第三位，比维塔利克少145万。币圈的热点事件不多，如果说谁的热点最多，非孙哥莫属，不走寻常路有好有坏。孙哥中文圈的粉丝只有6.6万，与英文粉丝不成比例，显然华人圈受黑料的影响非常之大。
波场2017年发币，2018年上线，从图二可以看出，到2022年已经比较平稳了，用户也在持续增长，目前它是链上非零地址最多的项目。作为互联网项目如果三年还没有搞出名堂，那基本就没有名堂了。孙哥的波场链用了三年成为加密货币第三大公链，这自然已有些名堂了。他具有互联网思维，并不拘泥区块链的教条。加密货币哪有项目收购的概念。？但孙哥收购了多个项目？孙哥能挣会花手笔大，让人眼花缭乱。波场链官网上完全没有这个帝国的全貌，因此不透明就是一大问题，这不由得让人想起了他的黑料。
孙哥的技术突破不大，孙哥说波场有7处比以太坊强，维塔利克给他加了一项：“还有复制粘贴”。加密货币技术是开源的，狗狗币和莱特币基本是抄比特币的，孙哥抄一些也不丢人，币圈拼的是创新、产品和市场能力。对于产品和市场能力，孙哥可以给币圈的小伙伴开课。现在到了加密货币拼商业应用的节点的时候了，若项目方没有市场能力，就没有比特币、以太坊当年的好命了。中本聪可以躺赢，以太坊需要大V无需营销；孙哥善于营销造热点、追热点。在产品和市场整合能力上，孙哥的水平就是标杆，没有他这两下子，未来在币圈就难混了。
如何看波场币的价值
比特币的价值有底价和市场价，底价由挖矿的成本决定，市场价由市场决定。以太坊的底价在由以太坊1.0转换到以太坊2.0那一刻决定，因为到了2.0再没有挖矿成本的概念，而底价是以太坊1.0所带来的。以太坊2.0是通缩型货币，以太坊的价值由两方面决定：燃烧交易费产生通缩，形成稀缺价值；抵押产生利息收入。利息收入价值就是与美国国债对比产生的无风险套利的价值。在美元这么高的利息条件下，不会有资金选择购买以太坊套利。以太坊的稀缺性取决于以太坊生态的发展，生态发展又取决于用户的发展和交易量的发展。波场币没有底价的概念，股权也没有底价的概念。在用户数据上，波场有两亿账户，是以太坊的一倍左右，活跃用户也超过以太坊的一倍多。2023年6月2日，知名区块链数据提供商南森（Nansen）数据显示，“波场交易量超1147万笔，是以太坊的十倍”。2023年从账户数、活跃用户数和交易量上，完胜以太坊。这是优点。但是在安全性、透明度、中心化程度和遵纪守法方面输给以太坊。
波场币和以太坊一样，表面看都不代表各自系统的价值。美国证监会也没有从证券的角度去攻击波场，但是从欺诈的角度提出了指控，对此笔者无法评论。
目前，对于加密货币中不是证券的货币，并没有一套完整的评估方法，也不适用股权评估的方法。在加密生态，发明了一套根据总锁仓量（TVL）估值的方法。2023年上半年波场总锁仓量是130亿美元，以太坊是84亿美元。笔者并不认同根据总锁仓量估值的逻辑，因为这个指标和交易量不是线性关系。只能说是一个相对指标。
2023年9月11日以太坊市值是1868亿美元，波场是69亿美元，波场只是以太坊的零头，是不是低估得太夸张了？
波场的未来之路
波场TRX初始发售1000亿个，代币分配如下：

1. TRON基金会(34.3%)：作为基金会以及团队使用；
   
2. 公开贩售(40%)：于2017年8月30日以1ETH=205,000TRX贩售400亿枚TRX币；
   
3. 私人贩售(25.7%)：于Tron基金会创立之前，以1ETH=1,025,000TRX私人贩售25.7%；
   
4. 根据社区治理奖励决议，每年增发1.8%用于超级代表和投票节点奖励,约18.5
   

亿/年。到2021年TRX总存量约为1,019 亿。随交易量扩大，2023年TRX上半年已经通缩了2.8%。
在通往未来的道路上，孙哥对市场的看法和技术底层的看法都非常尖锐，以应用为导向，不声不响地在数据上已经超越以太坊。
波场低估的的原因笔者整理了5条？
首先，他们是敢抄加赶超型的中国企业的作风，欧美若没有就无处可抄。它现在之所以超越不了以太坊，因为没有新思想。加密货币格外尊重创新，对跟随者，主流资金关注的兴趣不大。如何让主流资金关注？正如笔者在本系列之七《可能被低估的索拉纳》（chainless.hk)中所说，在金融方面波场也有缺陷，要想办法改进实现正确的金融逻辑。
第二个问题是透明度问题，看看以太坊的官网，再看看波场的官网就知道了，找到波场的发币数据真不容易。以太坊没有任何黑历史，透明度还做得好，至少每年发布基金会年报。对于波场来说，这个难做到吗？
第三个问题是过度营销。早期吸引注意力是对的，但是到了第二阶段就要讲道理，就像维塔利克所做的。大金融机构的投资者不是轻易可以忽悠的，忽悠韭菜的办法对大投资者无用。
第四个问题躲藏不是办法，正面面对美国证监会，错了认罚。一个有问题的项目很难有主流资金站台，解决这个问题，手上的币发点给投资者情况大不一样。
第五是投资收购思路不错，但是需要展现整体生态的关联和真正的目标，十年目标太空洞。
波场走过了草莽时代，若解决了上述问题，进入主流就有希望。
孙宇晨有这样的成绩不容易。他验证了一个道理：在应用产品上，中国人不输于欧美，抄的比原创还好。在这里，笔者不是道德评判者，而是用看到的数据论英雄。

It's now March 2024, which marks a happy 5 year anniversary for this sub! This seems like a good time to update the sticky post that has been otherwise unchanged over these years.
Rules
The subreddit rules are found on the sidebar, please read them as they are important. Please feel free to discuss or message moderators using modmail for clarification.
RI
Now, on Reverend Insanity, also known as 蛊真人, Gu Daoist Master, Daoist Gu or Master of Gu amongst other titles. Here is a summary:
A story of a villain, Fang Yuan, who was reborn 500 years into the past with the Spring Autumn Cicada he painstakingly refined. With his profound wisdom, battle and life experiences, he seeks to overcome his foes with skill and wit! Ruthless and amoral, he has no need to hold back as he pursues his ultimate goals. In a world of cruelty where one cultivates using Gu - magical creatures of the world - Fang Yuan must rise up above all with his own power.
Novel links:
Webnovel dot com (official EN source)
Novelupdates
Manhua links:
Meraki scans
Manga dex
Raws
The novel and manhua are both on hiatus at this moment. The novel was removed due to a change in policy by the Chinese government, while the manhua stopped due to insufficient funds. This will be updated should the situation change.
IB/New Novel
The author is currently writing another novel, Infinite Bloodcore (无限血核). Links are below:
Translation
Raw
Update Apr 2024 IB is officially on hiatus and the author has started another novel named 仙工开物. Link here(raw only)
Other links
RI has an official discord server here!
There is also a (fan-maintained) wiki here.
Fang Yuan page on baidu (fan-maintained).
Subreddit lingo page. (thanks to u/kopasz7)
More edits to this post pending as necessary.