2024.05.14 17:40 Chico237 #NIOCORP~ Tariffs Are Coming For EV's & Critical Minerals In US, Washington places NEW tariffs on $18 billion in Chinese imports in a new warning to Beijing, & a bit more....
MAY 14th, 2024~Tariffs Are Coming For Critical Minerals In USTariffs Are Coming For Critical Minerals In US the deep divehttps://preview.redd.it/5sbc7i63te0d1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=62917af688d960caf78c1a132e39c9bab45c9094US President Joe Biden recently unveiled a series of measures directed for an increase in tariffs on $18 billion worth of imports from China. This directive, made under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, is aimed “to protect American workers and businesses” from the adverse effects of “China’s unfair trade practices,” including technology transfer and intellectual property violations, as well as market flooding with artificially low-priced exports. As part of this initiative, tariffs on critical minerals and components vital for the electric vehicle (EV) industry and clean energy sectors will see substantial hikes. Beginning in 2024, the tariff rate on lithium-ion EV batteries and battery parts will rise from 7.5% to 25%. By 2026, tariffs on lithium-ion non-EV batteries and natural graphite will also increase to 25%. Additionally, certain other critical minerals will face a tariff increase from zero to 25% starting in 2024. These measures align with Biden’s broader economic strategy, encapsulated in the Investing in America agenda, which the White House has already boasted to have spurred “more than $860 billion in business investments” across future-focused industries such as EVs, clean energy, and semiconductors. This agenda is further supported by legislative frameworks like the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, CHIPS and Science Act, and Inflation Reduction Act. Currently, China dominates over 80% of specific segments in the EV battery supply chain, especially in critical minerals mining, processing, and refining. This concentration poses significant risks to U.S. supply chain resilience and national security, prompting the Biden administration to invest nearly $20 billion in grants and loans to expand domestic production capacity for advanced batteries and battery materials. The Inflation Reduction Act also offers tax credits to stimulate investments in U.S.-based battery production. In connection, Biden has launched the American Battery Materials Initiative to secure a reliable supply chain for batteries and their components, employing a comprehensive governmental approach to build domestic industrial strength. Some observers note that this law could further exacerbate the inflation situation. “Not only are we killing fossil fuel investment. But we’re making the green energy transition even more expensive,” said industry observer Brandon Beylo on X, adding to highlight that “the US doesn’t have domestic infrastructure to pick up the slack.” MAY 14th, 2024,~TARIFFS ON CHINESE EVS, CRITICAL MINERALSBiden Raises Tariffs On Chinese EVs, Critical Minerals (fordauthority.com)Biden Raises Tariffs On Chinese EVs, Critical Minerals (fordauthority.com)In recent months, more than one Ford executive – including CEO Jim Farley himself – have expressed concerns about the possibility that cheap Chinese EVs may wind up making it to U.S. soil, flooding the market and making life quite difficult for domestic companies like The Blue Oval. While Ford continues to work on developing its own low-cost EV platform and consumers admit they’d be willing to buy Chinese EVs if they’re cheaper than American-made ones, many politicians are also calling for those vehicles to be banned from U.S. soil, and Mexico recently took steps to prevent that from happening, too. The Biden Administration has been mulling its options for months now, and has long been expected to at least raise tariffs on Chinese EVs – and now, that’s precisely what has happened.https://preview.redd.it/8o18yufdte0d1.png?width=850&format=png&auto=webp&s=65e1f436eccdfb575be8ff3dce5787e6567d05bc Additionally, the Biden Administration will also move to increase the tariff rate on EV batteries and the raw materials that are used in their construction. Lithium-ion batteries will get a tariff rate boost from 7.5 percent to 25 percent in 2024, while others will jump to 25 percent in 2026. Battery components will get an increase from 7.5 percent to 25 percent this year as well, while natural graphite and permanent magnets will increase from zero to 25 percent in 2026 and certain other critical minerals will go from zero to 25 percent in 2024. MAY 14th 2024, ~Biden to increase tariffs on $18 billion in Chinese imports in a new warning to Beijing:Biden to increase tariffs on $18 billion in Chinese imports in a new warning to Beijing CNN Politicshttps://preview.redd.it/bwyycx9fqe0d1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=ba7ba4b426e84e4ee0424c0cf608b89772d6140cWashington — is increasing tariffs on $18 billion in Chinese imports across a handful of sectors deemed strategic to national security – an attempt to cripple Beijing’s development of critical technologies and instead prioritize US production. The increases will apply to imported steel and aluminum, legacy semiconductors, electric vehicles, battery components, critical minerals, solar cells, cranes and medical products. The new tariff rates – which range from 100% on electric vehicles, to 50% for solar components, to 25% for all other sectors – will take place over the next two years. “China’s using the same playbook it has before to power its own growth at the expense of others,” said Lael Brainard, director of the White House National Economic Council. “China’s simply too big to play by its own rules.” Biden’s predecessor, former President Donald Trump, enacted a sweeping tariff program on $300 billion in Chinese imports during his administration, drawing authority from a provision in US trade law that allows tariffs to be used to stifle competition that would threaten national security interests. That same trade law also requires the effectiveness of such tariff programs to be evaluated every four years, and the Biden administration decision is the result of that study. CNN previously reported on the forthcoming changes. White House officials said they also redrew the parameters of the program to reflect the Biden administration’s policy priorities, most notably the transition to clean energy. “China can’t be the only country that produces clean technology for the world we need,” a senior administration official said. “We need diversified, not concentrated, production of our most critical goods and technologies. … That’s the kind of dynamic we think will produce resilient supply chains and clean technology.” Electric vehicles imported from China will see their tariffs more than quadrupled from 27.5% to 100% – a policy lever meant to challenge Beijing’s practice of encouraging aggressively low pricing by domestic EV manufacturers while levying a 40% tariff on US car imports. Chinese manufacturer BYD’s Seagull electric vehicle retails for roughly $10,000, a fraction of what rival American products cost. “It was important to have a large enough step-up in the tariffs to ensure that we try to level the playing field,” a second senior administration official said. Beijing has been known to introduce costly counterpunches. Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin told reporters Tuesday that China opposes “the unilateral imposition of tariffs which violate (World Trade Organization) rules, and will take all necessary actions to protect its legitimate rights.” After Trump unveiled his wide-ranging tariff policy, China slapped tariffs on $101.4 billion in US exports, retaliation that the Brookings Institute estimated affected 294,000 American export-related jobs. The White House has declined to speculate on how Beijing may hit back now. Officials have pointed to parallel investigations by partners in Europe, Brazil and Turkey as bolstering their position. “China is producing [goods] at a rate and with a trajectory that’s far in excess of any plausible estimate of global demand,” the first senior administration official said. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and Secretary of State Antony Blinken each raised that point with Chinese counterparts during formal visits to the country in April. Administration officials discussed releasing the changes in April to set the stage for a tariff speech Biden delivered mid-month, but ultimately held off to preserve the diplomatic visits, according to two sources familiar with the matter. On April 17, Biden spoke at the United Steelworkers headquarters in Pittsburgh, calling for a tripling of tariffs Trump placed on certain steel and aluminum products imported from China, and a new investigation into unfair shipbuilding practices. The Chinese government, Biden argued, is providing state money to Chinese steel companies to make more steel than the economy demands, pushing down the price and making it impossible for other companies to compete. “They’re not competing,” Biden said of China. “They’re cheating.”It’s a message that plays favorably across the so-called blue wall, the handful of Midwest manufacturing-heavy states that will be critical for either candidate during an election where trade will once again figure prominently.It played less favorably across the Pacific, with China’s Ministry of Commerce accusing the US of “false accusations” and “wrong practices.” In a separate executive order issued on Monday, Biden forced MineOne, a Chinese-backed cryptocurrency mining company, to sell its land near the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming. The order said MineOne’s close proximity to the Air Force base raises national security risks due to the company’s use of “specialized and foreign-sourced equipment potentially capable of facilitating surveillance and espionage activities.” The decision comes amid recent attempts by Washington to limit Chinese companies’ influence on US consumers and national security, especially ahead of the 2024 presidential elections in November. MAY 14th, 2024 ~Australia to invest $15 billion in renewable energy, critical minerals:Australia to invest $15 billion in renewable energy, critical minerals Reutershttps://preview.redd.it/l9hz7al2re0d1.png?width=720&format=png&auto=webp&s=7f87282aa39b37282b61b375e0617bb963e9f299SYDNEY, May 14 (Reuters) - The Australian government on Tuesday announced a A$22.7 billion ($15.0 billion) package to boost domestic manufacturing and renewable energy as the country seeks to reduce its reliance on foreign suppliers for key technologies. Details of the Future Made in Australia package announced in the government's annual budget included billions in subsidies for the emerging critical minerals and clean energy industries and efforts to reduce red tape for investors in the sector. The spending will be made over the next decade and comes as major economies invest billions to support clean energy projects and compete with China in manufacturing electric vehicles and semiconductors, seen as vital for prosperity and national security. Australian Treasurer Jim Chalmers said the budget invested in the country's ambitions to become a "renewable energy superpower". "The world is committed to net zero by 2050," Chalmers said in his budget speech. "This will demand the biggest transformation in the global economy since the industrial revolution." The package will introduce tax incentives worth A$7 billion for the processing and refining of 31 critical minerals and A$6.7 billion for renewable hydrogen production from the fiscal year ending June 2028 to the 2039-40 fiscal year. Additionally, A$1.5 billion will support investment in the domestic production of solar panels and the battery supply chain. While Australian factories enjoy close proximity to essential raw materials used in production, they have for decades struggled to compete globally due to high labour costs and distance from major international markets. Australia wants to build a battery chemicals industry to reap more value from its mineral wealth, but the nickel sector is facing thousands of job cuts after a jump in Indonesian supply saw prices plunge. Earlier this year, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese's government classified nickel as a "critical mineral", allowing the local industry access to billions of dollars in cheap government loans. FORM YOUR OWN OPINIONS & CONCLUSIONS ABOVE:Should be interesting for U.S. Critical Minerals & Mining operations, U.S. Automakers like Stellantis & other industries like U.S. Steel & Aluminum as the playing field continues to even out! Bodes Well for Niocorp & everything they will produce once FINANCED!FULL STEAM AHEAD! Chico |
2024.05.14 17:34 Professional_Disk131 3 Small-cap Gold Juniors to Take Notice of $ELEM $GLDR $SOMA
(The information on the three gold companies in this report is not definitive. Instead, this information will drive you to do more due diligence and make an investment decision.) submitted by Professional_Disk131 to PennyQueen [link] [comments] A different way to invest in gold is to look for great properties. If you bundle the three companies/properties in this piece, you could own three great properties collectively for under CDN2.00 a share. https://preview.redd.it/2a5jjgtnue0d1.jpg?width=1500&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=0b3e8b9fcfaec48738da64373c6f8f249e19adf3 GOLDEN RAPTURE MINING (GLDR: CSE) is a collection of premier Ontario mining properties in the Rainy River region that have done enough work to unveil potential, below but left a significant amount of gold with great g/t numbers. As of this morning, some numbers will indeed up its profile. Considering the stock has been listed for about two weeks, these results are excellent. Forgive the length of the table, but given the quality of the results, investors must get the whole picture. https://preview.redd.it/dx4gw4rxue0d1.png?width=833&format=png&auto=webp&s=78494f84852748f11fc863182e2394854238467c First, the newest, being listed in the last month, is Golden Rapture Gold. The Company intends to reactivate past mines in the Rainy River area of Ontario. The property is so new that management has only walked about 5% of it, but the numbers are already impressive over its two projects. The Company holds a 100% interest in the high-grade Phillips Township Gold Property, Rainy River District, NW Ontario. The land package totals 225 claim cells for approximately ten thousand acres located close to 4 mineral deposits. These assets include the New Gold Rainy River Mine (+8 million Oz.), the Cameron Lake Deposit (1.8 million Oz.), the Agnico Eagle-Hammond Reef deposit (3.3 million Oz.), the Tartisan Nickel, Copper, and Cobalt Deposit, and many others. Mature local infrastructure, workforce, heavy-duty equipment, hospitals, major highway systems, and local services are nearby. https://preview.redd.it/r8vp08xyue0d1.png?width=1135&format=png&auto=webp&s=5e86a9c6bf8b28f14ac73d53fb316cd8403093bc Mr. Richard Rivet, CEO of Golden Rapture, commented: “I am incredibly pleased that we have just made some essential and rapid steps toward identifying additional high-grade drill-ready targets. We were pleasantly surprised to discover many high-grade quartz veins on the surface, with the majority of them carrying gold. Unlike many exploration companies, we are not just chasing the typical geophysical anomaly but also many vast high-grade gold structures identified on the surface that can be drilled at any time. https://preview.redd.it/m5bzqc30ve0d1.jpg?width=1804&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1330fb14e92c8a55dcd3437f998209d3fc97eaeb https://preview.redd.it/nwmp4e30ve0d1.jpg?width=1732&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=2fa11958d6804e1b7e1347317413903ec3161e33 The Company holds a 100% interest in the high-grade Phillips Township Gold Property, Rainy River District, NW Ontario. The land package totals 225 claim cells for approximately ten thousand acres located close to 4 mineral deposits. These assets include the New Gold Rainy River Mine (+8 million Oz.), the Cameron Lake Deposit (1.8 million Oz.), the Agnico Eagle-Hammond Reef deposit (3.3 million Oz.), the Tartisan Nickel, Copper, and Cobalt Deposit, and many others. Mature local infrastructure, workforce, heavy-duty equipment, hospitals, major highway systems, and local services are nearby. Ryan Yanch CIM, a director of GLDR, states***, ‘One extremely important fact is that GLDR’s drilling cost is an industry-leading CDN140 a meter. It is not unusual for other gold comp[anbies to spend CDN200-400 or more a meter. One major contributor to this is that one significant cost is the location of the drilling company. 17 km away from the properties significantly lowers the capital cost and allows a more robust drilling program”.*** Given the uniqueness and exceptional quality of GLDR’s properties, there could be excellent investor support. Gold is rallying, and the prospect of further rises may portend in the shadow of interest rate cuts. Previous work on the properties quickly removes the ubiquitous ‘drill’ on the property or other tropes. These are serious businessmen and women with decades of mining and entrepreneurial experience. In the world of junior mining IPOs, there is a feeling that the stars must align to profit. Au contraire***. The keys to investing success are the right properties, management, and, in this case, a rallying gold price.*** Numero Deux https://preview.redd.it/0jl49k71ve0d1.png?width=461&format=png&auto=webp&s=317b5b03c6bb0f579266a8d38f99042f0cef8e1b Element79 Gold Corp (the “Company”) (CSE: ELEM) (OTC: ELMGF) is a fascinating gold company and the second in our gold triumvirate located primarily in Peru through its flagship Lucero, Peru, property. (Full Disclosure: James Tworek, CEO of Element79, is an adviser to the GLDR Board. Your humble scribe owns a small position in each Company.) The past-producing Lucero Mine (“Lucero”) is one of the highest-grade underground mines in Peru’s history, with grades averaging 19.0g/t Au Equivalent (“Au Eq”) (14.0 g/t gold and 373 g/t silver). https://preview.redd.it/wacgvbu2ve0d1.png?width=557&format=png&auto=webp&s=af5e28a9d2941bf72eebecabb824716062a64c58 In its past 5 years of production, ending in 2005, it produced an average of 40,000oz+/yr. Assays from March 2023 yielded 21-ore-grade and high-yield up to 11.7 ounces per ton of gold and 247 ounces per ton of silver from underground workings, further validating the potential for a significant high-grade future operation. Consolidating its focus in this region and its impressive geology, ELEM acquired the Roxana Vein and surrounding 1200ha property, Lucero del Sur 28, via auction held on May 17, 2023. The property is located strategically just east of the high-grade Lucero gold-silver project. Instead of going into much history, let’s look at the Press release ELEM put out on April 23. New assays were released, and CEO James Tworek stated, “The data obtained is not just promising; it’s the cornerstone upon which our future endeavours will be built,” said James Tworek, CEO of Element 79. “These recent results, coupled with historical data, represent the bedrock upon which we are advancing our Lucero project.” Corporate Presentation. https://preview.redd.it/757zd444ve0d1.jpg?width=800&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=4b9b6543b7475c955bee27ce693350c718e6983c From the PR: A total of 97 samples were sent for assays, 56 of which returned greater than 0.1 g/t gold (up to 8.55 g/t gold and 523 g/t silver. Several samples also were rich in base metals (up to 23.7% lead and 9.9% zinc), all of which underscores the richness of our project, further supporting the Company’s belief a robust resource base can be delineated. (Actual assay numbers are shown in the PR) James C Tworek further states, “Element79 Gold has transformed from an asset amalgamator and seller to a near-term production story, responding to Peru’s government push for formalizing artisanal mining operations. We at Element79 Gold are thrilled to share our unwavering dedication to bringing our Lucero gold project in Peru into production. This past-producing, high-grade gold and silver mine holds immense potential to revitalize our Company and foster economic growth and prosperity in the region. “ The other ELEM property brings us back to North America. Nevada, to be precise. Reason to pay attention? https://preview.redd.it/yhcb5f95ve0d1.png?width=504&format=png&auto=webp&s=bfe06f46ebed40c20c58b486adb9d2ef29905928 Maverick Springs is adjacent to the Carlin Trend. For the uninitiated, the area contains several of the largest gold mines on Earth. The area includes a number of the largest gold mines on Earth. Maverick Springs is a blind deposit comprising a 30-120 metre thick, flat-lying zone centred on an anticlinal structure with oxidation pervasive to 120 metres and intermittent to 270 metres. (5) West Whistler property is in the same area as Maverick, closer to the Battle Mountain Trend, alongside Carlin: Near several gold deposits, including the Cortez Mine, North America’s third largest gold mine with 2021 gold production of 828,000 ounces. Finally, the Clover Property, 16 km west of the massive Hecla Mine in the Northern Nevada Rift. The property sits at the top and centre of the Carlin and Battle Mountain Trends. Nevada Gold’s active Turquoise Ridge Mine, the third largest gold mine in the United States with 537,000 ounces of gold production reported in 2020, as well as the Twin Creeks open pit mines and the dormant Pinson and Getchell mines. Element 79 has drilling programs announced for the 2023/24 years and a more vigorous program for 2024/25. https://preview.redd.it/c30916h6ve0d1.png?width=943&format=png&auto=webp&s=06c02fc942928e97ddaa5a38c0725175e5573ac7 As (GoldSilver.com) an aside, the gold price—and silver—have softened after particularly gold had a decent run. The first two in our group have slid a bit but seem to be holding in nicely. If one follows gold forecasts, the pundits call for USD 2500-3000 over the next few years. The strategy is simple: A move to USD 3,000 represents a 50% appreciation. However, that also comes with physical and liquidity issues should you want to sell. And the Gold price? On December 30, 2022, gold closed the year at $1,819.70 per ounce. Flash forward to one year later, and gold closed 2023 at $2,062.40. That’s a gain of 13.3% in a single year. With gold pushing to new record highs, it’s a fascinating time for gold investors. Predicting the future of gold prices is never easy, but to offer some insights into what 2024 might hold, we’ve (compiled an array of gold price forecasts, outlooks, and predictions from renowned banks, industry experts, and financial analysts. Let’s take a look. https://preview.redd.it/2o1f4i67ve0d1.png?width=1385&format=png&auto=webp&s=973e0778e971a7ab93672aa3ac10c4b11ea6a7b3 Numero Three https://preview.redd.it/l0fdxn3eve0d1.png?width=368&format=png&auto=webp&s=9cc5f9ec8672a68c10d2fbbde546f8b5e121122d Off we go to South America. This time, Columbia with SOMA Gold. (TSXV: SOMA) (WKN: A2P4DU) (OTC: SMAGF) (the “Company” or “Soma“) recently announced that gold production for Q1 2024 was 7,335 AuEq ounces, an increase of 8% over the same period in 2023. Let’s not get ahead of ourselves. https://preview.redd.it/9soyq36fve0d1.png?width=625&format=png&auto=webp&s=00d351e23310ea8e9d2b607b5a012c302687f038 The Company owns two adjacent mining properties in Antioquia, Colombia, with a combined milling capacity of 675 tpd. (Permitted for 1,400 tpd). The El Bagre Mill is currently operating and producing. Internally generated funds are being used to finance a regional exploration program. https://preview.redd.it/55x97d2gve0d1.png?width=872&format=png&auto=webp&s=fa38819b9e52fd10910434894d64e823f2447798 Soma is further ahead than our previous companies, which doesn’t make it better; it is just a different stage of development. Corporate Presentation, 2023 results, Tech Report. https://preview.redd.it/wjhvosugve0d1.png?width=729&format=png&auto=webp&s=cbc332e83495ff1ac9e40b33f30609a7b02533ab Properties Cardero Mine
While I like the companies, I would buy them for their land positions. All have land that isn’t some dust pit but has either historical or proven assays. And most are near large producers. Element79; Nevada.Carlin Trend? Seriously? |
2024.05.14 17:34 Anonymous_150 Using Corsair G keys with Stream Deck?
2024.05.14 17:33 BitEquivalent3133 VERSES AI ($VERS) Sets New Standards in AI with Benchmark Tests
2024.05.14 17:32 alphariusomega123 I'm so sick of people's stupid nerfs to Superman that's why I'm making this post (long post).
Were Kryptonians only planet busters in the Post Crisis? submitted by alphariusomega123 to PowerScaling [link] [comments] Short answer absolutely not, long answer: let's explain this false belief. This post arises because, among other things, in several blogs and YouTube channels and tik tokThis is a very common myth. It is often mistakenly believed that Superman is a hero who is only limited to protecting the Earth and who moves on planetary scales, but the truth is that in the more than 80 years of the character's history, he has traveled to all kinds of places both within their own universe as well as outside it, and even outside their multiverse. The same can be applied to his cousin Kara. Without going any further, since the beginning of the 90s, DC's own writers have declared that Superman's adventures move on a cosmic scale, putting at risk not only the fate of the world, but often that of the galaxy or even the universe. So the idea of Superman as someone limited to saving Metropolis and little else is wrong., it is stated that in DC's post-crisis continuity, Superman and the rest of the Kryptonians who escape from him only possess a destructive power that reaches planetary (or multi planetary) at its maximum. which is absolutely false and we'll see because, although this publication will be focused for the moment on the post-crisis, I will also make one for the new 52 that is also nerfed horribly. Without further ado let's get started. 1) "SUPERMAN TENDS TO MOVE AT PLANETARY SCALES": This is a very common myth. It is often mistakenly believed that Superman is a hero who is only limited to protecting the Earth and who moves on planetary scales, but the truth is that in the more than 80 years of the character's history, he has traveled to all kinds of places both within their own universe as well as outside it, and even outside their multiverse. The same can be applied to his cousin Kara. Without going any further, since the beginning of the 90s, DC's own writers have declared that Superman's adventures move on a cosmic scale, putting at risk not only the fate of the world, but often that of the galaxy or even the universe. So the idea of Superman as someone limited to saving Metropolis and little else is wrong. https://imgur.com/a/8t9bwdj 2) "KRYPTONIANS HAVE A DIFFICULT DESTROYING PLANETS": If there is one thing that has been consistent throughout the Post Crisis period, it is how Kryptonians like Superman or Supergirl can achieve planet-level feats quite casually. Let's review some examples:
-According to Batman at the end of the Emperor Joker arc, Superman could juggle planets if he wanted to. https://imgur.com/a/NDLoiZC
-Superman dragged the weight of the Earth, the Moon and a spaceship and it has also been said that he could move the Earth if he wanted to. https://imgur.com/a/YxIUAa7 https://imgur.com/a/cBdlBp0
...among other examples. So it is illogical to think that his limit is there. 3) "SUPERMAN NEEDED HELP TO MOVE THE EARTH AND THE MOON": Not really. This happened on three occasions, and all three have a context behind them:
https://imgur.com/a/0XQsICz https://imgur.com/a/5eEnSWH
https://imgur.com/a/77Mirm9 https://imgur.com/a/mgGFkJe https://imgur.com/a/3UKvISM
https://imgur.com/a/cEY374Q https://imgur.com/a/R8zvdVo As we can see, the evidence normally used to claim that Superman needs help moving celestial bodies is not such, and even one of them, far from being a demerit, is in fact a remarkable feat against someone very powerful. 4) "BRAINIAC CLAIMED AT THE END OF OWAW THAT SUPERMAN DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO MOVE A PLANET": This is heavily taken out of context. What Brainiac-13 claimed was that Superman did not have the power to move HIS planet away from him, referring to the War World, which Brainiac had taken control of. This distinction is not mere semantics, since Brainiac-13 has just absorbed the universal energies of Imperiex with which he wanted to cause a new Big Bang that would destroy the current universe and replace it with another. These energies were going to allow Brainiac-13 to remodel the entire universe to his whim. https://imgur.com/a/SBbc4lI https://imgur.com/a/CgW145M https://imgur.com/a/S6QhtCF That Superman needed to overload himself with solar energy to face such an enemy is not strange if we take this into account. So managing to move the War World against Brainiac's will is a very high-level feat for Superman, not a demerit. Let's remember that Superman could not destroy the War World, because if he did this he would automatically activate Imperiex's Big Bang and destroy the universe. https://imgur.com/a/uplJ0rD https://imgur.com/a/uplJ0rD 5) "SUPERMAN WAS KNOWN BY A PLANETARY ATTACK AND A MOON EXPLOSION": Once again we find two extremely decontextualized situations. Let's analyze them:
And Superman is vulnerable to magic, as we all know and as mentioned in the same instance, which makes this attack that much more devastating. But also in the next instance we discover that Superman and Batman allowed themselves to be captured to take them to Luthor, making Hawkman and Captain Marvel believe that they had defeated them. Which disproves that Superman was actually knocked out by Horus' claw. https://imgur.com/a/hIs6WU6 https://imgur.com/a/E4cNnap
https://imgur.com/a/fw4IedY I don't know Superman's weight, but according to the DC wiki he weighs 107 kg (they don't cite sources). Accelerating at 0.99 c, that's 5.86x1019 Joules. The figure Batman gives for the moon's mass is incorrect, but assuming he's right, that would be 1.8x1026 Joules. Multiplying both energies, the result is an explosion of 1.06x1046 Joules or solar system. But if we use the real mass of the moon, it generated 1.43x1032 Joules, which multiplied by Superman's energy gives a result of 8.3x1051 Joules, well into the solar system+. https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Superman_(Clark_Kent) https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=relativistic+kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%22107+kg%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22relativistic+kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%220.99+c%22&lang=es https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%2281000000000+t%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%227614000+km%2Fh+%22&lang=es https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%226.4%C3%9710%5E19+kg%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%227614000+km%2Fh%22&lang=es So this is indeed another feat that far exceeds the planet level. It is also interesting to mention that the substance of the creator of said moon (Shadow Thief) is an apparently infinite dimension and that with that same power, Starbreaker was able to fight and defeat Dharma, who kept two universes together. https://imgur.com/a/uelOSzz https://imgur.com/a/lkuv9cX 6) FREQUENT REFUTATIONS TO SUPERIOR EXPLOITS: Faced with the constant exposure of feats above the planet level (like the ones here), a series of preeminent refutations usually arise to try to disprove them, often dishonestly distorting the context of the original scene to give it a completely different meaning. These are the most common: 6.1) "The Nebula Man is not a living universe, because his size is not that of one" A: Just because Neh-Buh-Loh is human-sized on the outside does not negate that it is a universe on the inside. In the same scan already shown from Seven Soldiers: Frankenstein, it is said that he is a sentient and mobile mass of malleable super-matter, indicating that his universe is scalable to his size; and in fact, in JLA: Classified (same story in which he confronts Superman), we are also shown its nature as a sentient universe and the Justice League traveling inside it (from which they come and go through boom tubes). ). https://imgur.com/a/qFpZ23a https://imgur.com/a/GYDphjd https://imgur.com/a/wXWHUcS In fact, in the aforementioned Seven Soldiers, it is revealed to us that if it were not for the Ultramarine Corps, Neh-Buh-Loh would have already grown to replace the current universe. This is therefore the same case as the Galactic Golem, which on the outside barely measured several meters, but on the inside it was a vast dimension with many planets and stars. https://imgur.com/a/Qflwyo5 https://imgur.com/a/7wB5Zys https://imgur.com/a/CJSPuN0 6.2) "Absorbing energy to vaporize half a galaxy does not count as resistance, it is a hax" A: It's not just about the act of absorbing energy. In the same comic it is mentioned how said energy was anti-sunlight, that is, harmful to Superman. In fact, we are clearly shown Superman being damaged by said energy and Batman and Martian Manhunter initially believed that Superman had died trying to absorb it. So it's clearly scalable to the physical attributes of it. https://imgur.com/a/jTizZ8h https://imgur.com/a/1XBq9Ce https://imgur.com/a/Y9gY9SE 6.3) "Superman did not move the Mageddon, he was just trying to free himself from the chains that held him while it tortured him" A: Martian Manhunter himself explicitly mentions that Superman was turning the wheels of Mageddon. This is later confirmed, where Martian explains how Superman is now one of the components of the machine and is using his strength. On the other hand, if Superman was just being held against his will, there would be little point in him breaking the chains so easily when Batman managed to snap him out of the trance the Mageddon kept him in. https://imgur.com/a/6P1uXbz https://imgur.com/a/2IRf9Ps https://imgur.com/a/jTizZ8h 6.4) "There is no mental limiter. Superman has been defeated on previous occasions and even died against Doomsday" A: The limiter is subconscious, not conscious. Superman can't choose when he stops using it. At least not until he completed his training with Mongul. It is important to clarify that it is mentioned that his fight against Doomsday was the only time where he was able to free himself from the limiter. https://imgur.com/a/GeFw1SQ https://imgur.com/a/bFYi4tb 6.5) "The universal black hole was a dream, Superman wakes up in the following pages" A: This is half true. Sure enough, Superman wakes up from the "sleep" in the following pages. However, just before that, Death clarifies the event as something real and explains that it took place within a plane where mind and matter intersect to shape dreams and turn them into reality. Let us also remember that in DC, dreams give birth to new universes, so it matters little even if we take what happened as a literal dream. https://imgur.com/a/1l9YagO https://imgur.com/a/fhE2MMw 6.6) "Superman did not receive the Suneater explosion, in fact, he had to escape from it" A: This, on the other hand, is a complete lie. Superman received the explosion, as we can see in the panel; What he had to escape from was a cloud of red solar radiation born as a result, which Jonathan mentions would have incinerated him (not killed him) if it had reached him; Well, as we all know, red sunlight weakens Superman and deprives him of his powers. In fact, Superman had previously received several bursts of red solar radiation, making this feat even more impressive. https://imgur.com/a/Ff1c327 https://imgur.com/a/Ff1c327 https://imgur.com/a/M72EsPn 6.7) "The solar system that Superman moved was barely the size of buildings while he moved it" A: The solar system had not yet reached the size it would have according to the scale of our universe, but that does not mean that its mass was proportional to its size. The system was adjusting to the new scale from its microscopic size, since it was originally from a compressed universe. Therefore, its mass was equal to that of a real one, evidenced by the mention that very soon the gravity of its star was going to destroy Metropolis. If he didn't have it, he wouldn't be able to generate such a gravitational field, being so small. https://imgur.com/a/v35zZ8G https://imgur.com/a/v35zZ8G 6.8) "In the same story, it is mentioned that his best hits barely destroy planets" A: And where exactly is it mentioned that those were his best shots? 🤔 Because in fact, it is implied that these were casual. https://imgur.com/a/BQ4crIz 6.9) "The Void Hound did not destroy all those star systems at once. Furthermore, it is only mentioned that those systems died" A: Nowhere in the story is such a thing stated or even hinted at. In fact, the mention that the Void Hound was only tested once suggests that it destroyed all of those systems with a single attack. Regarding the other, the mention is accompanied with images of celestial bodies being destroyed, which makes it extremely unlikely that by "killing them" they were not referring to the fact that they were destroyed. https://imgur.com/a/emjfscA https://imgur.com/a/emjfscA 6.10) "Superman only covered the Mnemon fissure before it broke free, and he also had to get help from John Stewart because it was too much for him" A: Under the pretext that covering the fissure was not a feat of strength, it makes no sense to argue that he needed John Stewart's help to keep it closed. In any case, Superman himself mentions that he was enduring "unimaginable" pressure to keep his hands closed. Regarding it being "too much for him", this was due to the visions that the Mnemon sent to Superman, with the aim of driving him crazy and making him release his grip on him. https://imgur.com/a/Wk4YuSz https://imgur.com/a/GA04Vi4 As for John Stewart's "help," it simply consisted of acting as a backup for Superman (in case his hands opened) and creating the construct of a magnet to generate an electromagnetic field strong enough to reduce the pressure of the Mnemon enough that Superman could safely release it and throw it into a wormhole. https://imgur.com/a/ZwFuBAz https://imgur.com/a/0nGPfTo 6.11) "Resisting the explosion of the La Fuente wall was an outlier, since it is a structure superior to the multiverse" A: Superman only had to resist a tiny portion of the wall's destruction. Specifically, the one he had right in front of him. He couldn't do it all either, even if he wanted to. Since the Source Wall is a pan-dimensional structure that surrounds all of existence, the only way Superman could take all the destruction from it would be by being omnipresent throughout the multiverse. This does not mean that it is a great feat, since a mere breach is enough to destroy a universe. https://imgur.com/a/vsBBg06 6.12) "That Orion has a power comparable to the Big Bang is hyperbole" A: We know that it is not hyperbole because emanations of Orion have feats of a similar level, such as containing an explosion that was going to destroy the universe at a quantum level, fighting against a god that was going to destroy the universe and defeating him (along with Superman, btw), killing an emanation of Darkseid that became one with the universe, contributing the energy to destroy the universe from the anti-life equation, etc. https://imgur.com/a/ahiiHL2 https://imgur.com/a/u0CpFm9 https://imgur.com/a/hATcdrI https://imgur.com/a/CprsHWy https://imgur.com/a/3R8tsvj https://imgur.com/a/lNiMVkI CONCLUSIONS: As we can see based on all this, it makes no sense to believe that Kryptonians who have been absorbing sunlight from a yellow sun are only planetary (or multi-planetary) in attack power, at least as far as Superman and Supergirl are concerned. it means. The opposite has been proven in countless instances, and the evidence in all of them is that destroying planets is only a small fraction of these characters' true destructive potential. Therefore, to affirm that this is its limit or that the many feats that exceed this level are outliers is to speak without any type of foundation. |
2024.05.14 17:31 ristst1978 Create Custom Script to add a MAK license to onboarded devices
2024.05.14 17:21 cocaine_blood_bath Bagger for John Deere L100
2024.05.14 17:18 Ethereal_Fade Lose Your Space Suit, Not Your Sense of Humor with GRANDMA!
2024.05.14 17:16 Ethereal_Fade British Banter and Space Antics: GRANDMA's Intergalactic Invasion!
2024.05.14 17:05 kayakero Stochastic Oscillator – How does it work and how to use it in trading?
What is the stochastic oscillator?A stochastic oscillator chart allows you to identify momentum in the price of a financial asset. At the core of this indicator is the stochastic oscillator formula. What it does is compare the closing price of a security with the recent high and low prices. It then converts it to a figure between 0 and 100, which is the actual value of the stochastic oscillator.Let's say you talk to two traders independently and ask them what the stochastic oscillator shows. You will most likely get two very different answers. On the one hand, the stochastic oscillator is an indicator of both up and down momentum. On the other hand, some traders may see it as an indicator of overbought and oversold prices. Both explanations are correct in theory. The fundamental difference lies in how you use the indicator within your investment strategy. https://preview.redd.it/75cd3582pe0d1.png?width=623&format=png&auto=webp&s=7f594c2024beede3d8096e690387ae660095b242 There are other factors to take into account. One of them is the period during which the low price and the high price are taken. You will need to research the ideal indicator settings for your particular trading method. Are you happy to opt for a flatter long-term trend? Alternatively, would you prefer a more sensitive short-term indicator that could alert you to short-term trading opportunities? A brief history There is some debate about the origins of the stochastic oscillator. Especially the %D indicators which we will cover later in this article. Many believe that C. Ralph Dystant was the original creator of the indicator. However, George C. Lane is perhaps more commonly credited with playing his role in popularizing it. The latter also introduced several tweaks and adjustments. We can trace the stochastic oscillator itself back to the 1950s, when C. Ralph Dystant taught courses on the stock market. In these courses, his original focus was on commodities. The classes were one of the first to focus on charts, moving averages, and other indicators as a means of attempting to predict future price movements. By the way, George C. Lane supposedly started working for C Ralph Dystant in 1954. That was the same year that technical “guru” Roy Larson retired. It was a coincidence? It would be fair to say that both C. Ralph Dystant, and George C. Lane, were integral to the creation of the stochastic oscillator indicator and the influence it still has on investors today. In many ways, the key to its success is its relative simplicity. The masterstroke introduced an easy-to-understand range between zero and 100. In the words of Kelly Johnson, former principal engineer at Lockheed Skunk Works, “keep it simple, stupid.” Many traders today refer to this quote as the KISS principle, because in English it would be “keep it simple, stupid.” How does the stochastic oscillator work? Now let's examine how the stochastic oscillator works. We'll also see how quickly you can adjust the sensitivity of the indicator. The basic concept behind the stochastic oscillator is momentum. It gives you the ability to monitor the price momentum of an asset. Doing so allows you to see if, compared to recent highs and lows, you are potentially oversold or overbought. However, therein lies a potential conundrum. A simple exampleWhat if we look at the S&P 500? The E-Mini S&P 500 futures contract is among the highest volume assets in the futures market. What will its momentum show us if we look at it? Imagine the example of shooting a rocket into the sky. It will not stop suddenly and return to earth immediately after running out of fuel. The fading momentum will continue to push you higher at a drastically decreasing speed. However, when the positive momentum finally ends, the rocket will spin and head toward the earth. As a result, you gain new momentum along the way. This is the idea behind the stochastic oscillator. Using the recent highs and lows, for comparison, you should be able to identify a change in momentum. That result should also be reflected in the graphs.There is a general consensus that when stochastic oscillator levels fall below 20, it indicates that the asset is oversold. Meanwhile, if it moves above 80, that indicates that the asset is overbought. Let's take 50 as our average value. In theory, positive momentum is above the line, while negative momentum is below it. Although this is often the case, you should be on the lookout for potential false signals. Now let's go ahead and take a look at the ways to read and understand the Stochastic Oscillator indicator. Stochastic Oscillator Formula and CalculationIn this section, we will look at the stochastic oscillator formula. We'll also point out which elements of the formula you can adjust to change the sensitivity. The formula is the following:C = the most recent closing price L14 = the lowest price traded during the last 14 trading sessions H14 = the highest price traded during the last 14 trading sessions %K = the current value of the stochastic indicator as a percentage To give a practical example of how the indicator works, we will look at the S&P 500 index. This is the figure on which the E-mini S&P 500 futures contracts are based. Current level = 3490 Low point in the last 14 trading sessions = 3300 High point in the last 14 trading sessions = 3500 The calculation is as follows: 3490-3300/3500-3300 = 190/200 (190/200) x 100 = 95% ExampleSo, according to the Stochastic Oscillator indicator, the S&P 500 Index has strong momentum and is in possible “overbought” territory. Many people would classify this as the standard stochastic oscillator indicator calculation based on 14 trading sessions. However, what does the situation look like based on eight trading sessions?Current level = 3490 Low point in the last 8 trading sessions = 3400 High point in the last 8 trading sessions = 3500 3490-3400/3500-3400 = 90/100 (90/100) x 100 = 90% Finally, what indication does the calculation with a 30-period moving average give us? Current level = 3490 Low point in the last 30 trading sessions = 3200 High point in the last 8 trading sessions = 3500 3490-3200/3500-3200 = 290/300 (290/300) x 100 = 97% The shorter the period in question, the more sensitive the formula will be to daily movements. The reason is that the difference between the maximum and minimum point should be relatively small, in theory. In the three examples above, the S&P 500 index has strong momentum for 14 and 30 days. However, it is noticeably lower if you only look at it over 8 days. And, on the other hand, they all indicate a potentially overbought scenario. How to read stochastic oscillator charts?Next, let's take a look at two stochastic oscillator indicator charts. We will highlight some of the turning points that could have been beneficial for traders. The first chart is the traditional (fast) stochastic oscillator indicator with a smoother %D trend line based on the %K factor.https://preview.redd.it/vzf6c7wfme0d1.png?width=1377&format=png&auto=webp&s=512182433e3783fa53bcf9fad33fbc81b5a40bef The second chart is what we call a “slow stochastic oscillator indicator”. It averages the index level over a longer period. Then we have the %D factor, which is based on the %K and gives an even smoother line. The longer the period over which prices are examined, including high, low and current prices, the smoother the chart will be. However, there will be a significant delay. On the plus side, in many ways, this can help offset the short-term peaks and troughs that can sometimes tempt people to buy and sell when they shouldn't. https://preview.redd.it/b7k655aime0d1.png?width=1420&format=png&auto=webp&s=ee2a182215d415eb4e5f7b8e528b81247e601a2a How to use the stochastic oscillator?The key to using the stochastic oscillator is finding the time frame that best suits your investment strategy. Those looking for short-term trading will focus on relatively short periods, which can lead to somewhat volatile changes in the indicator. Those looking for confirmation of longer-term trends will extend the period in question. These graphs will be smoother and, due to the long delay, are not as susceptible to short-term changes.What are the best and most accurate settings?There are three variables to consider when looking at the stochastic oscillator setup, which are:%K = based on the number of time periods used in the calculation Slowdown = simple moving average (SMA) factor applied to %K %D = %K moving average factor As we mentioned earlier, the stochastic oscillator has three different types. Among them are: The Fast Stochastic Oscillator (Traditional Indicator)Fast %K = basic %K calculation for 14 periodsFast %D = Fast Stochastic Oscillator Three-Period SMA %K The slow stochastic oscillatorSlow %K = Fast %K expressed as three-period SMASlow %D = Slow %K three-period SMA The Complete Stochastic Oscillator%K full = %K fast smoothed over a period X SMAFull %D = Full %K Period X SMA The beauty of this system is the fact that all previous variations of the original indicator produce figures from 0 to 100. As a result, it is easy to compare and contrast the variation in the trend lines. The longer the periods in which you calculate the simple moving average, the smoother the line will be. As we mentioned above, the simple fast stochastic oscillator will throw up many possible overbought and oversold positions. Some of them will inevitably be false signals. As you can see from the charts above, the Fast Stochastic Oscillator can be quite volatile, frequently trading above or below the 80 and 20 levels for a short period of time. On the same chart, you can see areas where the %D (SMA figure) is not as volatile and does not always fall below or move above the 80 or 20 levels like the Fast Stochastic Oscillator does. Trading strategies with the stochastic oscillatorThere are many ways you can use the stochastic oscillator indicator to open positions, close positions or even reduce your position if the chart is at a critical point.Identifying overbought/oversold levelsAs you will see in the chart below, there are a variety of very useful indicators that could have generated some significant gains. The first overbought indicator shows the Fast Stochastic Oscillator figure reaching the 80% level and then turning sharply downwards through the three-period SMA. These crossover points are considered by many to be strong indicators that momentum is shifting and the short-term trend may be about to reverse.The second overbought position begins to emerge when the Fast Stochastic Oscillator and the SMA move above 80%. A move above 80% or below 20% should not necessarily be seen as a signal to sell or buy, but rather as an early warning that momentum may be about to change. https://preview.redd.it/3taqkc2kne0d1.png?width=1912&format=png&auto=webp&s=e7a55840fdae584d81ebe937210f3b3fe70ecb32 Many people prefer to wait for a sustained drop below 80% or move above 20% before reacting, thus eliminating a degree of volatility that can sometimes create false signals. This is where SMA lines can be very useful, smoother and less volatile, although you won't necessarily sell at the top due to the lag. You can also see the two false overbought signals where the Fast Stochastic Oscillator figure and the SMA fell below 80. However, they reversed quite quickly when the momentum picked up again and the chart moved back into higher territory. You will find that where there is a strong uptrend, which has not been broken, at some point there will be a pullback which can be an opportunity to buy into the weakness. This is the reason why the fast stochastic oscillator is more appropriate for day traders, or also for short-term traders. Bullish/bearish divergence There will be times when there is a bullish/bearish divergence between the actual chart and the stochastic oscillator indicator. As you can see with the chart below, the lowest point on the chart would indicate the possibility of a further decline. However, when you look at the stochastic oscillator indicator, the trend is moving in a different direction and is slightly bullish. This may be an indication that the stock has bottomed and momentum may be about to change. One of the main signals to watch out for with this particular chart is the fast stochastic oscillator moving through the SMA line. https://preview.redd.it/rku5zd2joe0d1.png?width=1087&format=png&auto=webp&s=e6583cea6a63f18ed49327c4f626a39608b9e016 You are equally likely to see a reversal where the main chart indicates an intact uptrend, while the stochastic oscillator shows a slowdown in momentum and a turn towards a downtrend. These are some of the rarest trading signals, but they are very interesting, especially when you incorporate simple trend lines into price charts. Price trendThe relationship between the Fast Stochastic Oscillator and the SMA is very important. As you can see in the chart below, the first section is dominated by the strong downtrend with the Fast Stochastic Oscillator and the SMA descending in parallel.Then there is a bounce on the chart followed by a move into choppy waters with an obvious downtrend. As you will see, both indicators remain below the 20% level, indicating that the momentum is relatively weak. That is until the Fast Stochastic Oscillator breaks the SMA line towards the end of the choppy price action area. https://preview.redd.it/v5d3gkatoe0d1.png?width=520&format=png&auto=webp&s=caa386e1e0e6979fc9210fe18c06c0e3acb9738b This change in momentum is demonstrated by the uptrend, although it is not difficult to see where the momentum begins to fade above 80%. When the short-term trend line breaks through the SMA and falls below the 80% level, this indicates another change in the trend – a possible sell signal. Advantages of using the stochastic oscillatorMomentum is very important when it comes to trading and there is no doubt that the stochastic oscillator indicator is a very useful tool. There are a number of advantages to consider which include: –Sensitive to impulse changeThe shorter the period during which the high, low and current price are compared, the more volatile the stochastic oscillator indicator will be. Using SMA trend lines can also create very strong buy/sell signals when the lines cross, especially above 80% and below 20%. This event would indicate that the short-term trend is changing and assuming it continues, a new trend will follow.Opportunity to identify bullish/bearish divergenceDue to the way the Stochastic Oscillator indicator is calculated, you will sometimes see a divergence between the price chart and the indicator. While the price chart may indicate that a downtrend is still intact, the stochastic oscillator chart may already be identifying a change in momentum before the price changes. As you will see in the chart above, these can be powerful trading signals. How long you can wait to see if a new trend emerges will vary between traders. How brave are you?The formula is flexibleThe shorter the period in question, the more volatile the stochastic oscillator indicator will be. However, there is the possibility of identifying short-term trading opportunities. However, for those who have a longer-term investment strategy, they can extend the number of periods in question. This will flatten the line of the Fast and Volatile Stochastic Oscillator and give a smoother line, which can make it easier to identify any changes in long-term trends.Risks and limitations of the indicatorAs with any technical indicator, the stochastic oscillator is not immune to false signals and is probably best used in conjunction with other trading indicators. Risks and limitations include:False signalsThe shorter the period over which the fast stochastic oscillator is calculated, the more susceptible it is to extreme volatility. This can create numerous false signals, although the impact can be reduced by adding a simple moving average line.Sideways TradingThe indicator works best when there is a new uptrend, a downtrend or perhaps a short, sharp period of consolidation before the trend re-emerges. During periods of sideways trading, this can create a relatively small gap between the high and low points, therefore creating sharp movements in the indicator on relatively small price movements.SMA lines delay trend changesUsing longer periods to calculate %K and SMA trend lines can make it easier to identify changes in the trend. However, due to the delay, you may miss a significant element of a changing trend before you decide to buy or sell. You can adjust the variables of the full stochastic oscillator indicator to help you with your specific investment strategy, lengthening or shortening the periods and adjusting the SMA.Stochastic Oscillator vs Other IndicatorsThe Stochastic Oscillator indicator is extremely flexible and you can adjust the periods and SMA variables to suit your trading plan. However, especially when looking at limited periods, there will be times when the indicator will create a false signal. Therefore, it is wise to consider other means of technical analysis to clarify whether a potential change in momentum indicated by the stochastic oscillator is also reflected elsewhere.Stochastic Oscillator vs RSIWhile it is true that you can use both the stochastic oscillator and the RSI (Relative Strength Index) to measure price momentum, they work on very different principles. The RSI measures potential overbought/oversold positions by comparing recent gains to recent losses. The idea behind the stochastic oscillator is based on the assumption that the current price should follow the current trend. When the current price moves against the trend, it can indicate a change in momentum and a possible buy/sell signal. So who wins the fight, the Stochastic Oscillator or the RSI?If the two oscillators indicated the same trend, this would be a powerful signal for investors. For example, if the price of an asset moved towards the upper end of its recent high/low range, it would indicate positive momentum. Assuming that the RSI oscillator is also showing a relatively strong trend, this would reduce the chances of a false signal. Stochastic Oscillator vs MACDThe Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) is a prominent momentum indicator, although it is very different from the stochastic oscillator indicator. The MACD is calculated by subtracting the 26-period exponential moving average from the 12-period exponential moving average. Many traders use the MACD technical indicator in conjunction with the stochastic oscillator, often looking for crossover points between the two.Those who consider technical indicators from a distance might wonder why traders don't simply use three, four, five or more technical indicators together. The answer is simple: the time lag between different technical indicators can confuse the situation. By the time several different indicators have “aligned”, you may end up missing the vast majority of the trend. There is nothing wrong with using a single technical indicator, but there are risks and false signals can and do occur. BONKbot Telegram User Guide: Sniping 1000x Memecoins Unibot User Guide Top 7 Telegram Bots Access more profitable trading tips joining the Capitalist Exploits Insider Newsletter Get a $100 bonus trading with Binance |
2024.05.14 16:55 Visible_Conflict6159 John Deere 700h won't recalibrate, new speed sensor reading 0
2024.05.14 16:50 frjacobs Top 10 Benefits of Investing in Romania
2024.05.14 16:48 MathsGuy1 The Rise of the Soulmancer pt6: Graduation
/uw context: part5 submitted by MathsGuy1 to wizardposting [link] [comments] /rw Months had slipped away as Deamor delved deeper and deeper into the intricacies of soulmancy. While still nowhere near the proficiency required to start to meddle with his Spirit to completely solve his affinity problems, he still made a significant progress in understanding how Souls and Soul magic worked. Moreover, it seemed his book treated not only about soulmancy, but also contained plenty useful tips about magic in general. This newfound insight into inner workings of magic allowed him to excel in many of his classes. While he still couldn't channel as much power as them, his ability to manipulate and use mana greatly improved. He got rid of many flaws and inefficiencies in the way he cast spells. This process would normally be done through years of honing a particular spell, but combining his Mana Vision with his newly acquired Soul Vision allowed him to quickly spot many of his shortcomings. Although he couldn't quite master spells from the get-go, of course, the learning curve was significantly shortened. Over time, the prices of potion ingredients and potions themselves stabilized, reverting to the pre-crisis levels. Consequently, Deamor required considerably less coin to buy his supply of mana elixirs. Thanks to that, he had to undertake the "special jobs" far less often. The fact that he become a quite skilled burglar also meant that his pay was incomparably greater than before. He now could stick to merely doing relatively low-risk missions every now and then, which left him with plenty of time to further his study of soulmancy or to simply rest and enjoy life. This was an abstract concept to him so far and thus he made sure to relish it while he could. In the end he opted not to tell Kate and Markus about his illegal activities nor about his secret studies. He was sure his friends suspected the former anyways, they just respected him enough not to breach the subject. As former waifs as him, they understood him well. They knew that even if they offered help, he would refuse. As for soulmancy, he decided that it would bring far too much risk for both them and himself. This school of magic was dangerous to even have knowledge of, not to mention pursue it. Perhaps he would tell them at some point, but in the current circumstances it was far too risky. For now, he just relished in the extra free time he had and used it to finally have some fun together with his friends at the various bars and taverns in the Capital. The years went by peacefully, however the more Deamor delved into the secrets of the art of divination, the more anxious he felt. Initially it was hard to notice, but now it became clear. The results of any divinations related to his person, or things closely related to him, would be extremely vague or often even downright wrong. In theory the opposite should be true - the closer an object was related to the caster, the more precise the visions should be. When he tried to divine the location of his parents, he found something particularly distressing. In reality, they were supposed to be lying in the graves for almost a decade, yet more than half of the time his visions shown them to be in their old house or other places they frequented back when they were alive. It shouldn't have been possible! He saw their bodies being buried with his own two eyes! Divination was a fickle art, true, but it shouldn't have be so wrong so consistently in such simple matters. Deamor checked all of the places his visions have shown him, multiple times even, yet there were never any traces of his parents there. He even employed his Soul Vision, to see if maybe the Souls of his parents lingered in this world as ghosts, but he hadn't spotted anything out of the ordinary. At first he considered consulting his professors, but in the end he refrained from doing so. There was a chance he would end up as a test subject for some experiments and the increased scrutiny might end up uncovering his other secrets. The only two people he trusted enough to confide in were his friends. They confirmed his results, but even though they were less talented in divination than him, paradoxically their results were wrong less often. Deamor spent days pouring over tomes about divination anomalies, however he struggled to find anything similar to his predicament. The existence of spells and curses that could impede divination was widely known, but something that would work only sometimes and which was more pronounced the more someone was skilled at divination was extremely weird and unheard of. Not to mention that this anomaly, spell, curse or whatever else this was must have been quite powerful, as it affected not only him but even people and objects related to him and was seemingly permanent. He was puzzled, as he couldn't think of any reason why somebody or something would target him. Apart from his secret soulmancy book, there was nothing particularly remarkable about him. Perhaps that book was the key? Eventually, he decided that there was no point in dwelling on the mystery. There was little he could do about it for now. Furthermore, his "divination protection" could be not only a curse, but a boon as well - it might protect him from his enemies and hide his secrets. When faced with uncontrollable circumstances, seeking opportunities in them rather than surrendering to defeat was paramount. The remainder of his time at the Academy was fairly uneventful, until the end of his studies grew near. A major exam was supposed to take place and only those that passed would be allowed to bear the title of an official trained wizard. Thanks to countless cups of coffee and other... stronger brews, he managed to rank among the top ten scores in his two favorite subjects: abjuration and divination. His knowledge of soulmancy helped him in many other subjects, such as necromancy, enchantment and transmutation. Not just his spellcasting was examined though - he was tested on subjects such as history, mathematics, rhetoric, martial arts and even etiquette. As his weak Spirit didn't hinder him in these areas, he did fairly well. By far the hardest test for him was the evocation exam, as it required constant channeling of plenty of high-tier spells. Fortunately, he managed to pass, if barely. Many others weren't so lucky, however. Only about two thirds of the students that started along with him were still around by then and the exam brought that percentage down even further. In particular, out of around 70 commoner students that were admitted, only 24 remained. Fortunately his friends were among them. Following the exams, a ceremony conferred special pendants upon successful candidates, symbolizing their new status. Afterwards, a grand ball was held to celebrate this event, with many high-ranking nobles, powerful wizards and other important figures present. Even the Emperor himself came and congratulated the young wizards. Deamor used this time to make new connections, hoping to perhaps enter some fruitful partnerships in the future. Despite his low birth, graduation from the Academy elevated his status similar to that of a minor noble. Given how influential the mages were in the Empire, attempting to gain favor of the promising graduates was a common practice. Deamor quickly grew tired of the fake smiles and formal introductions. Engaging in polite conversation with powerful nobles, where he had to consider his every word, proved more taxing than casting even the most complex spells. Well, at least he managed to invite Kate to dance and the wine here was better than anything he's ever tasted. Still, he wished he could simply get drunk with his friends instead of sitting here. Nonetheless, he recognized the rarity of the opportunity such as this ball and persevered. After hours of the ordeal, he managed to catch a moment of respite. He gazed through a grand window, surveying the sprawling city below. Sipping wine, he reminisced about his past. He has entered the Academy as a naive, 15 year old waif, barely knowing how to read, write and cast a few simple cantrips. Now, eight years later, he was a full-fledged wizard, member of the high society, master of the arcane and graduate of the most prestigious magic school in the known world. He has learned much during his time here, but not just in terms of knowledge. His interactions with classmates, his friends, as well as his involvement in the criminal underworld has allowed him to see the worst and best the humanity had to offer. Or at least so he thought. Deamor had only precious few moments to celebrate his accomplishments though. It was finally time to pay back his debt. He would soon be joining the Imperial Army. "But first, a few more hours of entertaining these stuck-up fools. Well, at least the wine is good." - Deamor mused as he rejoined the festivities. /Uw Thanks for reading, tell me what you think! Sorry for the wait, the next chapter - "The Battle of Hjor's Ford" should be out pretty soon this time. The story happens thousands of years in the past, so it's not really interactive. |
2024.05.14 16:46 Mesy06 [EU-IT][H] OG Ansi Doubleshots, modded HHKB Pro bt, Rare ANSI Reuters-G80, Neo65, Cablemod Cables, Taiwan yellow shafts, Geon stem'd hyperglides, Bulk of OG Cherry clip-ins [W] Paypal
Item | Description | Price |
---|---|---|
OG Doubleshots | Pristine, no shine, almost zero yellowing, there are near zero signs of age. No key missing, Us-Ansi layout. | $339 |
HHKB pro bt | HHKB bluetooth from 2018. Lubed and silenced, modded with mx compatible sliders, the case has been trimmed to fit normal cherry keycaps. The keycaps are high quality SAV dyesubs, some of them have been scratched, see pics. | $260 with keycaps, $220 without. (paid $190 for the board, $60 in customs, $70 to mod it and $60 in keycaps) |
Reuters Cherry G80-3234HQU | Nice condition, built with Vintage Clears (lubed with 3203, filmed and springswapped) that were never desoldered from the PCB. The board is modded to usb-c through an internal active converter. US-ANSI layout. | $200 |
Neo65 | Almost never used. E-white with copper weight. Trimod-hotswap PCB, build with OG JNLs on CF full. Includes a set of Geekark BoW thick dyesubs bought from korea long ago. | $180 |
Cablemod cable #1 (OG Lemo) | Old Lemo cable, they don't make these anymore. Black on Black dual sleeve, usb-a to usb-c, silver lemo connector. Straight. | $100 |
Cablemod cable #2 | Straight, ohite with rosegold/copper connectors and aviator. | $45 |
Cablemod cable #3 | Straight, copper modmetal cable. | $45 |
Taiwan Yellow Shafts ~100x | Rare Cherry linear clone from 1989, ultrasonicly cleaned. 100% Mx-compatible. | $100 |
Geon Cloud stem'd Hyperglides 90x | Diamond polished Hyperglides with a long stem, they sound really poppy and loud. Lubed, filmed and springswapped. | $120 |
OG Cherry Clip-ins | I have something around 50 sets of these. They all have been ultrasoncly cleaned. From 2000-2008. | $8.50 each set of 5 (TKL), $75 each 10 TKL sets. |
2024.05.14 16:41 davidwyatt309 How do fantasy sports developers ensure fair gameplay?
2024.05.14 16:30 Corruptfun As If It Were Kismet Prologue & Chapters 1-5
2024.05.14 16:27 dafunkz07 [Store] TI9& Diretide 2022 cache (Full set till very rare)
----------Treasure Cache---------- | Quantity | Price |
---|---|---|
Collector's Cache 2019 | 1 | $189 |
Collector's Cache II 2019 | 4 | $149 |
Diretide 2022 Collector's Cache | 3 | $159 |
Diretide 2022 Collector's Cache II | 4 | $169 |
2024.05.14 16:25 Mophandel Archaeotherium, the King of the White River Badlands
Art by Bob Nicholls submitted by Mophandel to Naturewasmetal [link] [comments] Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself. However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene. However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands. The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts. The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene. Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with. However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect… Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment. Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990). Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivores mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage. Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem. Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun. Of course, more so than any other ettelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey. However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme. However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago. |
2024.05.14 16:18 thedude1329 [H][NA][Bleeding Hollow]
2024.05.14 16:16 multi-chain The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to fossil-based polymer materials has led to the development of innovative biopolymer membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN
2024.05.14 16:15 SnooTigers9751 Need advice
2024.05.14 16:12 ScholarGrade Juniors - If you want to improve your chances, NOW is the time to start brainstorming essays