2024.05.14 17:31 DumbMoneyMedia Gen Z Skips Fast Food, Opts for Home-Cooked Meals
Warren Buffett wisely stated, "Price is what you pay, value is what you get." This rings true for Gen Z, those born between 1997 and 2012. They are choosing affordable, nutritious home-cooked meals over fast food. submitted by DumbMoneyMedia to Brokeonomics [link] [comments] While over one-third of Gen Z eats fast food weekly, this generation is discerning in their dining choices. Three out of four Gen Z consumers, aged 10-25, frequent cafes, quick-service, and fast-casual restaurants a few times per month. Price is the top factor influencing Gen Z's dining decisions, with nearly 80% citing it as most important. Though this generation prioritizes health, with over half seeking healthier options, fast food remains popular. Only 5% don't eat it at all. Fast Food is up 110% over the last 3 years, it doesnt make sense to buy it anymore. Key Takeaways
Gen Z's Evolving Food PreferencesGeneration Z is the driving force behind major food preference shifts. This group, aged 10 to 25, embraces plant-based and vegetarian diets more than Millennials. Around 12% identify as vegetarian or vegan, citing health and ethical reasons for avoiding meat.Gen Z expects vegetarian options for every meal. They often prefer veggie-forward or veggie-centric dishes. This reflects their growing awareness of environmental and health impacts of food choices. As sustainability and wellness become priorities, demand for meatless and plant-based options will likely rise. Embracing Plant-Based and Vegetarian OptionsGen Z consumers are more likely to consume frozen and microwaveable meals compared to Millennials. This trend stems from their limited time for cooking or elaborate meal preparation due to school, work, and other commitments. However, the frozen food industry has responded by offering better ingredients and health-centric marketing to cater to Gen Z's preference for healthy and organic food.Though many are vegetarian, meat isnt fully off the table. Its more a cost factor at this point and low grade meat options can still be very pricey. Convenience and Healthy Frozen MealsThe frozen food industry now focuses on cost-conscious consumers in Gen Z, offering better ingredients and health-centric marketing to cater to their preference for healthy and organic food.Gen Z Skips Fast Food, Fast Food too expensive, Gen Z eating at homeGen Z'ers opt for home-cooked meals over fast food. The main reason is price - 80% consider it most important. This health-conscious generation prefers affordable, nutritious home-cooked meals.Price and AffordabilityGen Z consumers have very little buying power. As they enter the workforce, brands must understand their priorities. With food inflation, cost-conscious Gen Z and millennials cook at home to save money.Preference for Home-Cooked MealsGen Z's shift from fast food stems from preferring home-cooked meals. This health-conscious, financially savvy demographic sees home cooking as affordable and nutritious. As food inflation persists, Gen Z will likely continue budget eating and home cooking.Dolly Varden Silver Corp Diverse Ethnic Cuisine ExperiencesGeneration Z has developed a diverse palate. They grew up with international food options. For this demographic, ethnic cuisine is about the overall experience.Gen Z prefers authentic cultural settings. Chefs should hail from the region or use traditional techniques. This trend leads experts to recommend investing in aesthetics and ingredients. Creating an immersive cultural ambiance connects with Gen Z on a deeper level. Telling the cuisine's story satisfies the craving for authentic experiences. Offering affordable meal options with a compelling cultural experience attracts cost-conscious Gen Z. As food inflation rises, they may skip fast food for home-cooked meals. Generational food preferences are shaped by rising costs. Affordable cultural experiences will retain cost-conscious Gen Z consumers who can't afford fast food. |
2024.05.14 17:23 calvin324hk [H] 1000+ Games / DLCs / VR Games [W] Paypal / Wishlist / Offers
2024.05.14 17:23 calvin324hk [H] 1000+ Games / DLCs / VR Games [W] Paypal / Wishlist / Offers
2024.05.14 17:15 WinbuzzerMaria How to Enable the Ultimate Performance Power Plan in Windows 11 and Windows 10
https://preview.redd.it/9dnj4r61se0d1.png?width=768&format=png&auto=webp&s=3589f6a61841e58359af689712a2872c7713e08a submitted by WinbuzzerMaria to winbuzzer [link] [comments] Table of Contents:
What is the Ultimate Performance Power Plan?The Ultimate Performance Power Plan enhances system performance by fully utilizing hardware capabilities, albeit at the cost of increased power consumption and potential impacts on hardware longevity. This guide provides a concise overview of enabling this power plan on Windows systems, offering step-by-step instructions tailored for users aiming to leverage their PC's full potential.
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2024.05.14 17:12 Collinw97 My fiancée’s family despises me
2024.05.14 17:05 italeteller Caliban buff/tweak/rework idea
2024.05.14 17:01 s-atch An Analysis on the Dunmer Experience in Windhelm
2024.05.14 17:00 epiczail [US][H] NES, SNES, Gameboy(C/A/DS), N64, Gamecube, Genesis, Saturn, Sega CD, 32x, Dreamcast, PS1, Sealed games, etc[W] PayPal FF
Game | Info | Price |
---|---|---|
Consoles & Accessories | ||
Genesis controllers | Various 3rd party, multitap, arcade stick | $5 |
Genesis power cable | MK-2103 | $15 |
Genesis RF Cable | $2 | |
Dreamcast RF cable | $2 | |
Sega CD Model 2 | loose with power cable | $150 |
Sega CD Model 2 | CIB | $300 |
Generic N64 USB Controller | $5 | |
SNES | ||
Actraiser | loose https://imgur.com/a/1qOugTW | $35 |
Arkanoid | SEALED | $73 |
Demon's Crest | loose | $155 |
Demon's Crest | still has seal from blockbuster on https://imgur.com/a/SkWWcZ3 | $500 |
Final Fantasy Mystic Quest | Mint | $105 |
Incantaion | $510 | |
Mega Man X | first print | $125 |
Robocop vs Terminator | $115 | |
Super Metroid | First print, Includes poster https://imgur.com/a/HFmsDM1 | $330 |
Xardion | loose | $35 |
Zombies Ate My Neighbors | $108 | |
N64 | ||
Crusin USA | loose | $15 |
Diddy Kong Racing | loose | $30 |
Diddy Kong Racing | $95 | |
Ogre Battle 64 | loose | $98 |
Resident Evil 2 | $130 | |
Star Fox 64 | tear on front of box, no rumble or insert | $62 |
Tony Hawk Pro Skater | loose | $12 |
Gameboy & GBC | ||
Adventure Island II | loose | $25 |
The Flash | $70 | |
Interstellar Assault | loose | $35 |
James Bond 007 | $70 | |
Woody Woodpecker | Graded 9.0 A+ | $295 |
Gameboy Advance | ||
Castlevania Double Pack | Graded 8.5 A+ | $400 |
Final Fantasy I & II Dawn of Souls | Missing cart holder https://imgur.com/a/beVqX9X | $48 |
Mario Tennis Power Tour | SEALED | $120 |
Mega Man Battle Network 4 Blue Moon | no cart holder https://imgur.com/a/wT3aBYu | $95 |
Mega Man Battle Network 4 Red Sun | $98 | |
Mega Man Zero 2 | $95 | |
Ninja Five-O | loose, label damage https://imgur.com/a/81gCA0b | $325 |
Rebelstar Tactical Command | SEALED | $89 |
Sonic Advance 3 | $77 | |
DS | ||
Ace Attorney Apollo Justice | SEALED | $105 |
Bleach the 3rd Phantom | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/ZZi8Wb6 | $150 |
Chibi Robo: Park Patrol | SEALED | $95 |
Children of Mana | SEALED | $75 |
Chrono Trigger | loose https://imgur.com/a/hxKCrOR | $73 |
Chrono Trigger | CIB | $120 |
Dragon Quest IX | loose | $36 |
Magicians Quest | Loose | $140 |
Mario & Luigi: Bowsers Inside Story | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/1GoouU3 | $60 |
Mario & Luigi Partners in Time | SEALED | $140 |
Mega Man Battle Network 5 Double Team | Graded 85+ | $200 |
Monster Tale | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/yMlHxGf | $100 |
Pokemon Conquest | loose | $62 |
Pokemon Conquest | $105 | |
Pokemon Soulsilver | loose | $122so |
Sonic Colors | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/Hcukcvz | $40 |
Zelda: Spirit Tracks | Loose | $55 |
3DS | ||
3DS & DS lot Battle of Giants Dragons, Brain Age, Brain Age 2, Club Penguin Herberts Revenge, Flash Focus, LEGO Batman 2, Ninja Turtles, Puzzle Quest, Sonic Colors, Touchmaster 2 | All loose | $43 |
Gamecube | ||
Phantasy Star Online Episode I&II Plus | $190 | |
Pokemon Colosseum | loose | $127 |
Ribbit King | no manual | $160 |
Spawn: Armageddon | SEALED | $87 |
Super Mario Sunshine | loose https://imgur.com/a/LnzMttT | $30 |
Viewtiful Joe | SEALED | $100 |
Viewtiful Joe 2 | SEALED | $80 |
Zelda Collector's Edition | https://imgur.com/a/n2cr9Fx | $66 |
Wii | ||
Kirby’s Epic Yarn | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/v0L7KL5 | $35 |
No More Heroes 2 | SEALED | $32 |
Resident Evil 4 | SEALED | $35 |
Resident Evil Darkside Chronicles | https://imgur.com/a/L9fp8v2 | $35 |
Resident Evil Umbrella Chronicles | no manual, https://imgur.com/a/L9fp8v2 | $9 |
Rune Factory Frontier | $35 | |
Master System | ||
Miracle Warriors | $48 | |
Genesis | ||
LOT 1, Earthworm Jim, Garfield caught in the act, Krustys fun house, monopoly | all loose, some have label wear https://imgur.com/a/xDt7jtC | $30 |
LOT 2, College Football USA 97, NBA Live 96, World Series Baseball 95 | All CIB | $25 |
Arcus Odyssey | No Manual | $155 |
Batman | no manual | $90 |
Battletoads Double Dragon | Loose | $22 |
Bimini Run | No manual | $35 |
Captain America | no manual | $45 |
Contra Hard Corps | No manual | $98 |
Crusader of Centy | loose, former rental, super glue on back screws | $445 |
Double Dragon 3 | loose | $12 |
Eternal Champions | loose | $6 |
Fire Shark | No manual | $58 |
Ghouls N Ghosts | No manual | $60 |
Gunstar Heroes | no manual https://imgur.com/a/Tg7fYyP | $120 |
Jeopardy | SEALED | $30 |
Landstalker | Loose, sharpie on label | $24 |
The Lost Vikings | SEALED, cart is loose | $180 |
Mega Turrican | no manual | $140 |
Pac-Mania | $26 | |
Predator 2 | $60 | |
The Punisher | $350 | |
Red Zone | No manual | $63 |
Robocop vs Terminator | no manual | $55 |
Shadow Dancer Secret of Shinobi | no manual | $48 |
Shining force II | $150 | |
Spider-Man X-Men Arcade's Revenge | $24 | |
Sonic the Hedgehog | $30 | |
Sunset Riders | no manual | $90 |
Time Killers | no manual | $125 |
Toki Going Ape Spit | no manual | $56 |
Ultimate Qix | No Manual | $55 |
Zombies Ate My Neighbors | no manual | $42 |
Zombies Ate My Neighbors | loose | $21 |
Sega CD | ||
Adventures of Willy Beamish | loose | $10 |
Bram Stoker's Dracula | Manual only has cover https://imgur.com/a/Fo4IyXY | $10 |
Dungeon Master II Skullkeep | $40 | |
Ecco The Dolphin | $35 | |
Ground Zero Texas | $16 | |
Joe Montana's NFL Football | $6 | |
Lunar the Silver Star | https://imgur.com/a/lh9n8Lt | $200 |
Midnight Raiders | loose | $9 |
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers | $24 | |
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers | Graded 8.5 A+ | $220 |
NHL 94 | loose | $5 |
Novastorm | $140 | |
Robo Aleste | No manual | $106 |
Sewer Shark | loose | $5 |
Stellar Fire | loose | $7 |
Supreme Warrior | SEALED | $100 |
Vay | Some wear on manual & case https://imgur.com/a/f3Bgb3v | $120 |
32x | ||
Kolibri | No Manual | $220 |
Night Trap | $100 | |
Saturn | ||
Enemy Zero | Generic disc sleeves https://imgur.com/a/yyV6NNg | $155 |
Panzer Dragoon | $73 | |
Panzer Dragoon II Zwei | loose https://imgur.com/a/MJ2jhw5 | $47 |
Dreamcast | ||
Gameshark CDX | loose | $4 |
D+vine[Luv] | disc & manual | $2 |
Illbleed | SEALED | $420 |
Industrial Spy: Operation Espionage | SEALED | $125 |
Maken X | SEALED | $70 |
Marvel vs Capcom | loose | $54 |
Marvel vs Capcom 2 | loose | $110 |
Q*Bert | SEALED | $40 |
Sports Jam | SEALED | $70 |
Star Wars Demolition | SEALED | $50 |
PS1 | ||
The Adventures of Lomax | $210 | |
Alundra | loose | $64 |
Alundra 2 | $40 | |
Beyond the Beyond | $50 | |
Bloody Roar 2 | loose | $30 |
Breath of Fire IV | loose | $56 |
Castlevania Symphony of the Night | loose | $70 |
Contra Legacy of War | $20 | |
Dino Crisis 2 | loose | $59 |
Doom | longbox | $72 |
Einhander | Loose | $85 |
Elemenetal Gearbolt | https://imgur.com/a/EuSfZYc | $225 |
Evil Zone | loose | $20 |
Fear Effect | No manual https://imgur.com/a/rUqjVfW | $25 |
Fighter Maker | SEALED | $55 |
Final Fantasy Tactics | loose | $15 |
Final Fantasy VII | GH https://imgur.com/a/Wj98fSs | $38 |
Final Fantasy VIII | SEALED (GH) | $60 |
Hellboy Asylum Seeker | SEALED | $125 |
Kartia | loose | $35 |
Koudelka | SEALED, https://imgur.com/a/1NNkrll | $430 |
Lunar Silver Star Story | loose, game discs | $60 |
Lunar 2 Eternal Blue | Case, 4 discs, & map | $120 |
Master of Monsters | SEALED | $70 |
MDK | $19 | |
Mega Man X6 | SEALED, black label | $115 |
Mortal Kombat Trilogy | loose | $25 |
Parasite Eve 2 | https://imgur.com/a/B189quy | $112 |
Persona 2 Eternal Punishment | No bonus disc | $350 |
Point Blank 3 | SEALED | $80 |
Raiden Project | loose | $23 |
Rascal | SEALED, some wear | $38 |
Resident Evil 2 | loose | $30 |
Resident Evil 2 | $49 | |
Star Ocean The Second Story | No manual | $40 |
Strider 2 | both discs, loose | $62 |
Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo | loose | $17 |
Tactics Ogre | Loose, has rental stickers on top | $60 |
Thousand Arms | loose | $85 |
TigerShark | SEALED https://imgur.com/a/9ANOk4Y | $20 |
Tomba | $135 | |
Tomba | SEALED, promo copy w/ drill hole | $435 |
Treasures of the Deep | loose | $6 |
Vagrant Story | $95 | |
Vandal Hearts 2 | $90 | |
Xenogears | https://imgur.com/a/OXTu3gy | $140 |
PS2 | ||
Big Mutha Truckers | $8 | |
Blood Will Tell | $380 | |
Bloody Roar 4 | loose | $62 |
The Fast & the Furious | SEALED | $35 |
Fatal Frame II | $92 | |
Family Guy Video Game | $25 | |
Grand Theft Auto III | SEALED, https://imgur.com/a/neMZAcO | $15 |
Gungrave | loose | $35 |
Incredible Hulk Ultimate Destruction | $25 | |
Jak 3 | $8 | |
Mana Khemia: Alchemists of Al Revis Premium Box Set | Graded, 9.4 A+ | $240 |
Medal of Honor Vanguard | no manual | $5 |
Need for Speed most wanted | no manual | $11 |
Parappa The Rapper 2 | no manual | $68 |
Rule of Rose | No manual | $550 |
Silent Hill 3 | no manual | $150 |
Silent Hill 4 The Room | $140 | |
The Warriors | loose | $47 |
PS3 | ||
Eye of Judgement, Def Jam Rapstar, DJ Hero 1 & 2, PES 2011 lot | $13 | |
Digimon All Star Rumble | no manual | $20 |
Xbox | ||
Conker: Live & Reloaded | loose | $30 |
Def Jam Fight for NY | no manual | $97 |
Godzilla Destroy all Monsters Melee | no manual | $75 |
Marvel vs Capcom 2 | no manual | $106 |
Mortal Kombat Armageddon | no manual | $30 |
(360) Digimon All Star Rumble | no manual | $13 |
(360) Halo Reach | SEALED, white label https://imgur.com/a/nQ4aaBY | $37 |
(360) Metal Gear Solid V Phantom Pain | SEALED, Day one edition | $15 |
Other | ||
(PC) Half Life Game of the year edition | $12 | |
(PSP) Final Fantasy IV | SEALED | $55 |
(PSP) Gungnir | SEALED | $85 |
(PSP) Star Wars Force Unleashed | loose | $3 |
Boxes & Manuals Only | ||
(NES) Widget | Box | $73 |
(NES) Mighty Final Fight | Cut box & case | $88 |
(SNES) Ignition Factor | Box | $25 |
(SNES) Lufia II | Box | $150 |
(SNES) Shadowrun | Box (has wear) | $60 |
(SNES) Star Trek the Next Generation | Box & manual (has wear) | $20 |
(N64) Mario Party | box, one flap is torn | $40 |
(GC) Pokemon XD | Case https://imgur.com/a/xaoZwWN | $40 |
(SCD) Dark Wizard | case | $35 |
(Dreamcast) - Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike | Case | $40 |
(PS1) Tomba | Case | $40 |
Guides | ||
(SNES) Earthbound | no scratch n sniff | $210 |
(PC) World of Warcraft Dungeon Companion | $2 | |
(DC) Power Stone | $22 | |
(PS1) Driver 2 | $10 | |
(PS1) Wild Arms 2 | w/ poster | $45 |
(PS2) 007 Everything or Nothing | $7 | |
(PS2) Nano Breaker | BradyGames, new in plastic | $15 |
(PS2) Project Snowblind | BradyGames | $11 |
(PS2) Samurai Warriors | Prima | $3 |
(PS2) Splinter Cell Pandora Tomorrow | Prima | $3 |
(Xbox) Thief Deadly Shadows | Prima | $10 |
2024.05.14 16:53 dBonesLH Spring Horror Reviews feat. Buehlman, Cutter & More!
2024.05.14 16:53 Nopani My legacy perks tierlist
2024.05.14 16:25 Mophandel Archaeotherium, the King of the White River Badlands
Art by Bob Nicholls submitted by Mophandel to Naturewasmetal [link] [comments] Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself. However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene. However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands. The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts. The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene. Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with. However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect… Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment. Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990). Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivores mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage. Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem. Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun. Of course, more so than any other ettelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey. However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme. However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago. |
2024.05.14 16:23 adpayne11 20 Questions
I'm a newbie gardener. Last year I dabbled and this year I went all in. I started most everything from seed (first mistake). I am reading and watching videos and doing all the things but I still have questions. submitted by adpayne11 to vegetablegardening [link] [comments] My garden consists of (so far) 30-40 tomato plants 25 ish pepper plants 20 squash/zucchini 10 cucumber plants Various herbs Carrots Radishes Green beans (not sure if bush or vine) Snow peas 1- My seedlings got mixed up so I have no clue what variety tomatoes and peppers are where 🤦🏼♀️. Is there any way to tell specifically on my tomato plants so I can know about pruning? They're still pretty small because I got a late start. 2- Mixed reviews on pruning. To prune the cherry tomatoes (once I know which ones they are) or not? To pinch suckers or not? 3- I know bottom watering is optimal. How long should I run the water? 4- I'm using Florida weave as my trellis system and fence post stakes for tomatoes. I'm looking at a cattle panel for cucumbers. Are there any suggestions for low cost trellis ideas on the cucumbers? Apparently I have "spent way too much money" so far 😂 5- I STILL have random tomatoes popping up from seeds that I thought just didn't germinate. How late is too late to throw em in the ground? Zone 7a (see I'm doing my research). 6- Fertilizer. How often? Is there an all purpose one or do I need different ones for different plants? 7- Crabgrass is from the devil. Suggestions on keeping it down? 8- Any ideas for keeping the deer out other than living in my garden? And honestly that's not out of the question..... Ok so maybe it wasn't 20 questions 😂. Any and all suggestions are welcome. Be gentle with me though. |
2024.05.14 16:22 lykwydchykyn WTT/WTS: A Pedal-licious Pile of Hoopy Homestyle! Drives, Filters, Amps, and Fuzz, plug'em in and feel the love.
Name | Tier | Links | Notes |
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Bazz Me Fuss You #1 | A | PIC DEMO | A bazz-fussified perversion of the Escobedo push-me-pull-you, featuring controls for octave and volume. This is the first unit I've built using my own custom PCB. Housed in a painted 125B with top jacks. |
Space Fuzz | B+ | PIC DEMO | This is a Hollis crash sync fuzz that I souped up with an LFO to modulate the filtesync frequency. Really wild flangery/phasey type gated fuzz sound. At the right settings you can get some octave-down effects as well. Housed in a ~3.5 inch square game tin reinforced with recycled plastic. Pretty pleased with this build. |
SwirlFuzz | B+ | PIC DEMO | Modulated octave fuzz prototype. It's an octave fuzz, but you can switch on an LFO to modulate the octave amount. Controls for Rate, Depth, Gain, and Volume, plus switches for waveshape and mode (Normal/Octave/Modulated). In a circular tin reinforced with recycled plastic. |
Baller Fuzz | B | PIC DEMO | Another Bazz-Me-Fuss-You build with an added BMP-style tone control. In a slightly beaten-up heart-shaped basketball tin. Y'all ready for this? |
Big Green Fuzz for Attractive Bass Players | B | PIC Demo | Like my bazz-me-fuss-you circuit, but with a big muff tone stack, a clean blend, and optional clippers for more compression. Housed in a big round tin reinforced with recycled plastic and designed specifically for attractive bass players. Unattractive ones may not really gel with this. |
Creature from the planet Chyowngg | B | PIC Demo | Prototype of a unique fuzz I've been developing that I call the Chyowngg fuzz. It's a 2-stage octaver that gives a bright synthy tone with a distinctive envelope (hence the name). You can toggle each stage from octave to non-octave mode for a variety of interesting timbres. Also has a tone control, but the tone control is before the octave stages so it results in interesting behaviors depending on the switch settings. It's in a tin meant to be painted like an alien, though some say it looks more like a triceratops. |
Dumbo's Bazzrite Fussrite | C | PIC Demo | A bazz-fussified mosrite fuzzrite circuit I cobbled together in point-to-point wiring style. Housed in a little Dumbo puzzle tin with GLITTER! Controls are for balance (kind of tone-cum-gain) and volume. |
Wiff Spwinkles on Top | C | PIC Demo | This point-to-point fuzz lives in the same neighborhood as the Harmonic Percolator, but has a few differences. I altered the way the gain knob works, and added a switch to toggle bass cut. It's housed in an ice-creamity welly tin. |
Name | Tier | Links | Notes |
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Bronze Drive | A | PIC Demo | This is a point-to-point, transistor based overdrive I designed based loosely on the Davisson Easy Drive. Good for low-gain crunchy tones and plenty of output volume on tap if you want it for a boost. Tone circuit is like a BMP stack but with a mid hump instead of a mid cut. Housed in a painted 125B. |
Copper ZenerMorph Drive | B | PIC Demo | This is an experiment in zener diode clipping. Nice crispy drive that gets beefier as you turn up the gain, lots of good edge-of-breakup tones to be had. Housed in a decorated tin reinforced with some recycled plastic. |
Shining Hope Drive | B | PIC Demo | Differential mirroring drive, gives a kind of overdriven-mixer-channel distortion. Controls for gain, tone, and volume. Housed in a star-shaped Christmas tin. |
B is for Beast | C | PIC DEMO | This fun little drive/boost consists of two cascading MOSFET gain stages with optional clipping in between. It goes from clean and loud to massive wall-of-gain distortion nicely. Controls for gain, clipping, and volume. In a small heart-shaped tin about 4in by 4in. |
Green Sparkler Boost | D | PIC | Just an Escobedo Duende JFET boost built point-to-point in a sparkly little round tin. Gives a little gain and a bit of warmth to the tone. |
Name | Tier | Links | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Quack like a penguin | B+ | PIC DEMO | Third build of the Chykka Wakka, a WIP all-transistor envelope filter. This one is built on vero, and features controls for Q, Range, and Attack, as well as toggles for Voicing and envelope smoothing. Housed in a smallish penguin tin reinforced with recycled plastic. |
Gift of Chykka Wakka | B | PIC DEMO | First build of an all-transistor envelope filter I designed. Built point-to-point style and housed in a little giftbox tin reinforced with recycled plastic. Controls for Q and Sweep, switch toggles envelope smoothing. |
Vortex of Funk | B | PIC DEMO | Second build of the Chykka-Wakka circuit, this one features attack, Q, and range controls. Built point-to-point and housed in a painted tin. |
BZZZ BOOP BEEP | B | PIC DEMO | A basic square wave oscillator on a momentary switch. Can go from bzzz to boop to beep with a sweep of the big knob. Also has tone and volume controls, and a 3-way switch for different decay amounts. Use it to simulate a spring door stopper or dying cow. Or bleep your foul-mouthed frontman. Or mess with the sound guy. Or send Morse code to the bar. I dunno. Housed in a painted tin reinforced with recycled plastic. |
Name | Price/Trades | Links | Description |
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Ample iMank | $65 | PICS DEMO | This is a Runoffgroove Ruby Amplifier built into this old multimedia speaker enclosure designed to look like an old iMac. Glows blue when you turn it on. It runs from a standard 9v pedal power. It's not terribly loud, nor terribly clean, but if you dig the classic mac vibe it might be fun. Controls for gain and volume, and a power switch on the back. |
Nosy Amp | $75 | PICS DEMO | Another solid-state amp based on the Ruby amplifier, housed in a repurposed bookshelf speaker. This one actually has pretty decent volume, even on 9V (can run on 12V as well for more), and can stay clean while getting loud enough for a quiet jam with friends. |
Fleur-de-Lis Amp | $90 | PICS DEMO | A tiny bookshelf speaker turned into a practice amp. This one features a class D power amp for lovely cleans, and a custom designed discrete preamp that gets punchy & crunchy when cranked. Runs on 9V but pretty loud nonetheless. |
Brand | Name | Condition | Notes |
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Danelectro | Fab Chorus | Excellent | Cheap plastic chorus, but sounds great. Probably just a make-weight, too cheap to trade on its own. |
Caline | 10-band EQ | Good | Works fine, I just don't really need 10 bands of EQ. Has velcro on the back, and sometimes makes a weird noise when you turn on the pedalboard. Another make-weight. |
Ibanez | PH7 | Good | Tonelok phaser. Great pedal, has some glue on the bottom I couldn't get off, but works fine. |
BOSS | TU-12H | Good | Crusty vintage tuner from Boss. Still works great, but it's missing the outer case (still has the inner part). If you had one in the day and want to relive the magic, feel free to make an offer. |
Digitech | RP360 | Very Good | Great multifx, I've gotten some fun sounds out of it, but it isn't seeing much use. I'm just more of a discrete FX guy I guess. |
MOTU | MIDI express | Good | This is an antique MIDI patchbay and interface. It's pre-USB and uses the parallel cable (PC) or some kind of Apple-specific DIN cable (Mac). Could be used standalone, or maybe you're into retro MIDI setups? Comes with box and cables anyway. |
unknown builder | PedalPCB Cataclysm | Very Good | This is a really solid build of a PedalPCB cataclysm (Disaster Transport Jr clone) built by someone other than me. Pics here. Not sure what to value it, but make an offer. |
Brand | Name | Condition | Notes |
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TEAC | A3340S 4-Track Reel-to-Reel | Good | Cleaned up, oiled up, and in good working order last time I tried it out. Meant to do some analog recording, but just haven't gotten the time or space. Would trade for a decent instrument of some kind. Might even throw in a copy of Craig Anderton's "Home Recording for Musicians", which uses the same unit. |
Altec-Lansing | Power amp (9442A) | Fair | 300 W, 2 rack-unit power amp, can work in stereo or bridged mode. Last time I used it one of the channels was a little flaky. Couldn't be bothered to fix it myself. Heavy as all get out, I'll sell for cheap if you're local. |
2024.05.14 15:50 InspectorBiscuits Is there anyway to cut this without a saw horse?
I have a 27mm sheet of plywood and need to cut the following shapes out of it. I’ve just bought a mini circular saw and although I have read the instructions and read up on avoiding kickbacks I’m still hesitant as it’s a dangerous power tool. submitted by InspectorBiscuits to DIY [link] [comments] I’m wondering what’s the best way to get this plywood cut without addition cost? I have clamps and normal tables I can leverage but not a formal saw horse. I also need to cut IKEA Rodeby which is super thin and not sure on that either as the saw seems like overkill but my Japanese hand saw does not cut it. https://imgur.com/a/bJcqtZF Any advice would be appreciated and I’m happy to buy a saw horse if it’s paramount to safety. Thanks 🙏🏽 Tool I have: https://www.amazon.co.uk/STANEW-Circular-3500RPM-Cutting-Compact/dp/B0CKVWBP7S |
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Honestly I lied, it’s not quite at 200. So I’ve finally reached 184hp and 162tq on a SEL NA engine. Hers’s the mod list used to accomplis this goal. submitted by Alternative-Earth178 to Elantra [link] [comments] 3inch Custom Cold air intake into fender Resonator Delete 2nd Cat delete Custom Axle Back HKS-HiPower 2.5 inch piping from 2nd cat back 91 Octane Tune, above 4K rev fix I did everything myself besides the tune and this cost me about $1100 in total |
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2024.05.14 14:27 robitstudios [USA-NY] [H] DS Lite, Sega Saturn console (w/ODE), Games for Switch, PS4/5, Vita, 3DS, SNES [W] Switch, SNES, TG16 games and more, LEGO sets + offers
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
A Robot Named Fight | Switch | New |
A Magical High-School Girl | Switch | New |
Agatha Christie - Hercule Poirot: The London Case | Switch | New |
Akiba's Trip: Hellbound & Debriefed [10th Anniversary Edition] | Switch | CIB |
American Hero | Switch | New |
Astro Aqua Kitty Pawsome Collection | Switch | New |
Battle Axe | Switch | CIB |
Button Button Up! | Switch | New |
Carrion | Switch | New |
Cotton REBOOT | Switch | New |
Cotton Rock N Roll [Japan] | Switch | CIB |
Dead Cells | Switch | Case + Cart (No art-book) |
Dead Cells [Prisoners Edition] | Switch | New |
Demon Throttle | Switch | CIB |
DoDonPachi Resurrection | Switch | CIB |
Elliot Quest | Switch | CIB |
Fresh Start | Switch | SIB |
For the King (PEGI) | Switch | CIB |
Koumajou Remilia Scarlet Symphony [Japan] | Switch | CIB |
My Time at Sandrock | Switch | SIB |
Minenko's Night Market | Switch | SIB |
Narita Boy | Switch | CIB |
Ninja Jajamaru Collection [Japan] | Switch | CIB |
Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath HD | Switch | New |
Our World is Ended [Day 1 Edition] | Switch | CIB |
RPGolf Legends | Switch | CIB |
Space Warlord Organ Trading Simulator | Switch | CIB |
Stellar Interface | Switch | New |
Train Valley Collection | Switch | New |
Where the Water Tastes like Wine [Collector's Edition] | Switch | New |
Zengeon | Switch | New |
Flashback (Steelbook only) | Switch | Steelbook Only - No game |
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
Cosmic Star Heroine | Vita | New |
Axiom Verge Multiverse Edition | Vita | New |
Aqua Kitty DX | Vita | New |
Atari Flashback Classics | Vita | CIB |
Axiom Verge Multiverse Edition | Vita | New |
Guacamelee | Vita | CIB |
Iconoclasts | Vita | CIB |
La-Mulana EX | Vita | New |
Mutant Mudds Deluxe | Vita | New |
Mutant Mudds Super Challenge | Vita | New |
NeuroVoider | Vita | New |
Oceanhorn | Vita | New |
Penny Punching Princess | Vita | CIB |
Risk of Rain | Vita | New |
Shakedown Hawaii | Vita | New |
Skullgirls 2nd Encore | Vita | New |
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
8 Doors Arium's Afterlife Adventure | PS4 | New |
Afterimage: Deluxe Edition | PS4 | New |
Afterparty | PS4 | New |
Aggelos | PS4 | New |
Airoheart | PS4 | CIB |
Akai Katana Shin | PS4 | New |
Alchemic Cutie | PS4 | New |
Aliens Dark Descent | PS4 | New |
American Hero | PS4 | New |
Ambition Record | PS4 | New |
Another Crusade | PS4 | New |
Arcade Paradise | PS4 | New |
Armello Special Edition | PS4 | New |
Atari Recharged Collection 1 | PS4 | New |
Atari Recharged Collection 2 | PS4 | New |
Atari Mania | PS4 | New |
Beholder 3 | PS4 | New |
Bill & Ted's Excellent Retro Collection | PS4 | New |
Bit.Trip Presents Runner2 | PS4 | CIB |
Blade Assault | PS4 | New |
Crash Team Rumble | PS4 | New |
Crisis Wing | PS4 | New |
Church in the Darkness | PS4 | New |
Danmaku Unlimited 3 | PS4 | New |
Dissidia Final Fantasy NT: SteelBook Brawler Edition | PS4 | New |
Don't Starve Mega Pack | PS4 | CIB |
Dragon Prana | PS4 | New |
Dragon Sinker Descendents of Legend | PS4 | CIB |
Elder Scrolls Online: Summerset | PS4 | CIB |
Embers of Mirrim | PS4 | New |
Ender Lilies Quietus Of The Knights | PS4 | New |
Evernights | PS4 | New |
Exoprimal | PS4 | New |
Fallout 4 | PS4 | CIB |
Flashback | PS4 | CIB |
Gal Guardians: Demon Purge | PS4 | New |
Ghost Song | PS4 | New |
Gimmick Special Edition | PS4 | New |
Gleylancer & Gynoug Combo Pack | PS4 | New |
God of Rock | PS4 | New |
Grim Fandango Remastered | PS4 | CIB |
GrimGrimoire OnceMore [Deluxe Edition] | PS4 | New |
Island Flight Simulator | PS4 | New |
Just Dance 2019 | PS4 | New |
Just Deal with It | PS4 | CIB |
Kero Blaster | PS4 | New |
La Mulana 2 [Hidden Treasures Edition] | PS4 | New |
Lord Of The Rings: Gollum | PS4 | New |
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries | PS4 | New |
Mega Man Battle Network Legacy Collection | PS4 | New |
Mercanaries Blaze Dawn of the Twin Dragons | PS4 | New |
Metal Tales Overkill | PS4 | New |
Minecraft Legends [Deluxe Edition] | PS4 | New |
Minoria | PS4 | New |
Mitsurugi Kamui Hikae | PS4 | CIB |
Moonlighter | PS4 | New |
Narcosis | PS4 | CIB |
Noob The Factionless | PS4 | New |
Overrogue | PS4 | New |
ONI: Road To Be The Mightiest Oni | PS4 | New |
Paradise Killer | PS4 | New |
Pong Quest | PS4 | New |
Psikyo Shooting Library Vol. 1 | PS4 | New |
PsychoNauts 2 [Motherlobe Edition] | PS4 | New |
Raiden III x MIKADO MANIAX | PS4 | New |
Rainbow Billy - The Curse Of The Leviathan | PS4 | New |
Rock Band 4 | PS4 | CIB |
Roller Coaster Tycoon Adventures Deluxe | PS4 | New |
Saturnalia | PS4 | New |
Shadow Warrior [Definitve Edition] | PS4 | New |
Shantae | PS4 | New |
Siralim 2 | PS4 | New |
Skelattack | PS4 | New |
SOL CRESTA Dramatic Edition | PS4 | CIB |
Song of Memories | PS4 | CIB |
Star Ocean The Second Story R | PS4 | New |
Tchia: Oleti Edition | PS4 | New |
The Last Spell | PS4 | New |
The Sorrowvirus | PS4 | New |
The Witch Knight [Deluxe Edition] | PS4 | New |
Tiger Heli Toaplan Arcade Garage | PS4 | New |
To The Top | PS4 | CIB |
Trek to Yoki | PS4 | New |
Trip World DX | PS4 | New |
Turnip Boy Commits Tax Evasion | PS4 | New |
Under The Waves | PS4 | New |
Vengeful Guardian Moonrider | PS4 | New |
Wanted: Dead | PS4 | New |
Warhammer 40K: Inquisitor - Martyr | PS4 | New |
Wordhunters | PS4 | CIB |
Wytchwood | PS4 | New |
Ys: Memories of Celceta | PS4 | New |
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
8Doors: Arum's Afterlife Adventure | PS5 | New |
A Boy and His Blob Retro Collection | PS5 | New |
Afterimage [Deluxe Edition] | PS5 | New |
Agatha Christie Hercule Poirot | PS5 | New |
Alex Kidd In Miracle World DX | PS5 | New |
Anodyne 2 Return to Dust | PS5 | New |
Astro Aqua Kitty | PS5 | New |
Atari Recharged Collection 3 | PS5 | New |
Buddy Simulator 1984 | PS5 | New |
Dead Island 2 [Day One Edition] | PS5 | New |
Demon Gaze Extra [Day One Edition] | PS5 | New |
Eiyuden Chronicle Rising | PS5 | New |
Fantavision 202X | PS5 | New |
Gale of Windoria | PS5 | New |
God Of Rock | PS5 | New |
Goodbye World | PS5 | New |
Granblue Fantasy Relink Deluxe Edition | PS5 | New |
Greyhill Incident [Abducted Edition] | PS5 | New |
HITMAN: World of Assassination | PS5 | New |
Killer Frequency | PS5 | New |
LEGO 2K Drive | PS5 | New |
Mon-Yu | PS5 | New |
My Time at Sandrock | PS5 | New |
Noob The Factionless | PS5 | New |
Raiden III x MIKADO MANIAX | PS5 | New |
Shadowrun Trilogy | PS5 | New |
Shantae | PS5 | New |
Song In The Smoke Rekindled | PS5 | New |
Sonic Frontiers | PS5 | New |
Spells and Secrets | PS5 | New |
Starsand | PS5 | New |
Super Bomberman R 2 | PS5 | New |
Synth Riders [Remastered Edition] | PS5 | New |
The Artful Escape | PS5 | New |
The Forest Cathedral | PS5 | New |
The Invincible | PS5 | New |
The Last Worker | PS5 | New |
The Legend of Legacy HD Remastered - Deluxe Edition | PS5 | New |
The Talos Principle 2 | PS5 | New |
This Way Madness Lies | PS5 | New |
Tiny Troopers Global Ops | PS5 | New |
TOEM | PS5 | New |
Transport Fever 2 Console Edition | PS5 | New |
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
Fragrant Story | 3DS | CIB |
Cartoon Network Battle Crashers | 3DS | CIB |
Game | System | Condition |
---|---|---|
Street Combat | SNES | Loose |
Airoheart | Switch |
Afterimage | Switch |
Aeterna Noctis | Switch |
Castle Crashers | Switch |
Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX | Switch |
Gunvolt Chronicles: Luminous Avenger iX 2 | Switch |
Cult of the Lamb | Switch |
Dredge | Switch |
Pikmin 1 + 2 | Switch |
Pikmin 4 | Switch |
Return to Monkey Island | Switch |
Star Ocean The Second Story R | Switch |
Sea of Stars | Switch |
Neon Abyss | Switch |
Prince of Persia The Lost Crown | Switch |
Stellar Wanderer DX | Switch |
Kirby’s Return to Dream Land™ Deluxe | Switch |
Sonic Origins | Switch |
Sonic Superstars | Switch |
TMNT Shredder's Revenge Anniversary Edition | Switch |
The Legend of Steel Empire | |
Switch | |
Trouble Witches Final! Episode 01 | Switch |
Vagante | Switch |
Overdriven Evolution | Switch |
Revita | Switch |
INSCRYPTION | Switch |
Retro City Rampage DX | Switch |
Xenoblade Chronicles 2 | Switch |
Xenoblade Chronicles 3 | Switch |
Wytchwood | Switch |
Lumines Electronic Symphony | Vita |
Knytt Underground | Vita |
Nanostray | DS |
Nanostray 2 | DS |
Etrian Odyssey | DS |
River King Mystic Valley | DS |
Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow (BOX ONLY) | DS |
Final Fantasy IV | DS |
Ys 1 & II | DS |
Famicom Disk System (Drive and cartridge adapter) | Famicom |
Rainbow Islands | NES |
Bubble Bobble Part 2 | NES |
Over Horizon | NES |
Little Samson | NES |
Fester's Quest [PAL] | NES |
Guardian Legend | NES |
Chack'n Pop | NES |
Sqoon | NES |
Castlevania 3 | Famicom |
Insector X | Famicom |
Dig Dug | Game Boy |
Aerostar | Game Boy |
Atomic Punk | Game Boy |
Gradius Interstellar Assault | Game Boy |
Bonk's Revenge | Game Boy |
GB Gengin Land [Japan] | Game Boy |
Genjin Collection [Japan] | Game Boy |
Blaster Master Boy | Game Boy |
Parasol Stars | Game Boy |
Felix the Cat | Game Boy |
Trax | Game Boy |
Mega Man 4 | Game Boy |
Mega Man 5 | Game Boy |
Momotarou Dengeki Thunderbolt [Japan] | Game Boy |
Momotarou Dengeki Thunderbolt 2 [Japan] | Game Boy |
Parodius Da! [Japan] | Game Boy |
Pokemon Silver | Game Boy |
Mole Mania | Game Boy |
Operation C | Game Boy |
Snow Brothers | Game Boy |
Sneaky Snakes | Game Boy |
Great Greed | Game Boy |
Tiny Toon Adventures: Babs' Big Break | Game Boy |
Rescue Of Princess Blobette | Game Boy |
The Battle of Olympus | Game Boy |
Sagaia [Japan] | Game Boy |
Rod Land | Game Boy |
Bubble Bobble Part 2 | Game Boy |
Knight's Quest | Game Boy |
Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon | Game Boy |
Sword of Hope | Game Boy |
Sword of Hope II | Game Boy |
Tetris Plus | Game Boy |
Dragon Warrior Monsters II: Tara's Adventure | Game Boy Color |
Lufia: The Legend Returns | Game Boy Color |
MegaMan Xtreme 2 | Game Boy Color |
Revelations: The Demon Slayer | Game Boy Color |
Bubble Bobble Old and New | Game Boy Advance |
Fire Emblem | Game Boy Advance |
Shining Soul | Game Boy Advance |
Shining Soul 2 | Game Boy Advance |
Lufia: The Ruins of Lore | Game Boy Advance |
Klonoa | Game Boy Advance |
Summon Night Swordcraft Story | Game Boy Advance |
Summon Night Swordcraft Story 2 | Game Boy Advance |
Ninja Five-O | Game Boy Advance |
Sigma Star Saga | Game Boy Advance |
Shaman King - Master of Spirits | Game Boy Advance |
Shaman King - Master of Spirit 2 | Game Boy Advance |
Advance Wars | Game Boy Advance |
The Adventure of Little Ralph [Japan] | PS1 |
Wonder Trek [Japan] | PS1 |
Harmful Park [Japan] | PS1 |
Tomba | PS1 |
Final Fantasy 9 | PS1 |
Wild Arms | PS1 |
Dragon Quest VII | PS1 |
SaGa Frontier II | PS1 |
Lunar: Silver Star Story Complete | PS1 |
Mega Man Legends | PS1 |
Mega Man Legends 2 | PS1 |
R-type Delta | PS1 |
Thunder Force V - Perfect System | PS1 |
The Misadventures of Tron Bonne | PS1 |
Klonoa: Door to Phantomile | PS1 |
Parrapa The Rapper | PS1 |
Darius Gaiden | PS1 |
Taito Legends | PS2 |
Taito Legends 2 | PS2 |
Alexay | SNES |
Brandish | SNES |
The Legend of the Mystical Ninja | SNES |
Lufia & the Fortress of Doom | SNES |
Lufia II: Rise of the Sinistrals | SNES |
Dracula X | SNES |
The Firemen [PAL] | SNES |
Kirby Superstar | SNES |
Kirby's Dreamcourse | SNES |
Kirby's Dreamland 3 | SNES |
Brainlord | SNES |
Parodius [PAL] | SNES |
Skyblazer | SNES |
R-Type III | SNES |
Soul blazer | SNES |
Star fox | SNES |
The Twisted Tales of Spike McFang | SNES |
Terranigma | SNES |
Dragon View | SNES |
EVO Search for Eden | SNES |
Super Aleste (Space MegaForce) | SNES |
Dragon Crystal | Game Gear |
Aerial Assault | Game Gear |
Aleste | Game Gear |
Aleste 2 (Power Strike II) | Game Gear |
Golvellius | Master System |
Aerial Assault | Master System |
Bubble Bobble | Master System |
Rainbow Islands | Master System |
Sagaia | Master System |
Gulkave | Master System |
Transbot | Master System |
Psychic World | Master System |
Sagaia | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Rainbow Islands Extra | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Bio-Hazard Battle | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Thunder Force 2 | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Thunder Force 3 | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Hellfire | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Zero Wing | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Gaiares | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Chiki Chiki Boys | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Operation Code:Vapor Trail | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Fatal Labrynth | Genesis/Mega Drive |
Aldynes | TG16 |
Air Zonk | TG16 |
Neutopia | TG16 |
Neutopia 2 | TG16 |
Dead Moon | TG16 |
1941 | TG16 |
Momotaro Katsugeki | TG16 |
Download | TG16 |
Final Soldier | TG16 |
Aero Blasters | TG16 |
Hana Taaka Daka | TG16 |
Truxton (Tatsujin) | TG16 |
Salamander | TG16 |
Override | TG16 |
R-Type [HuCard] | TG16 |
Raiden | TG16 |
Cloud Master | TG16 |
Burning Angels | TG16 |
Coryoon | TG16 |
Magical Chase | TG16 |
Mr Heli | TG16 |
Bouken Danshaku Dan The Lost Sunheart | TG16 |
Castlevania: Rondo of Blood | TG16 CD |
Rainbow Islands | TG16 CD |
Super Darius II | TG16 CD |
Psychic Storm | TG16 CD |
Download 2 | TG16 CD |
Gradius 2 | TG16 CD |
Terraforming | TG16 CD |
Star Parodia | TG16 CD |
Rayxanber II | TG16 CD |
Rayxanber III | TG16 CD |
Legion | TG16 CD |
Super Raiden | TG16 CD |
Metamor Jupiter | TG16 CD |
Sylphia | TG16 CD |
Sapphire | TG16 CD |
Nexzr | TG16 CD |
Cho Aniki | TG16 CD |
Zero Wing | TG16 CD |
Hellfire | TG16 CD |