-----------------

⚠️ WARNING: Maasverse Spoilers—Proceed with Caution ⚠️

-----------------
Part 1: Characters and Courts (sorry for those who already saw this post and now it's gone. I realized after publishing that Reddit formatting deleted a solid CHUNK of detail after the fact. Gimme a few days and I'll get it back up and published)
Part 2: World Map, Items, Terms & Other - YOU ARE HERE
-----------------

If this is the first post you've landed on, see Part 1 above for an introductory explanation to this two part post.

​
https://preview.redd.it/tblspn7am90d1.png?width=832&format=png&auto=webp&s=0e1c5d11b53736e3ac49b29e6734dba821f44e4e

UK + IRELAND

PRYTHIAN

A combination of Prydain, the old Welsh name for Britain, and Brython, which translates to “Ancient Britons” from Welsh.

HYBERN

A riff of Hibernia, the Classical Latin name for Ireland.

​
Artist of Prythian map: P-dulcis on redbubble

ADDITIONAL EUROPEAN-PARALLEL LOCATIONS

ILLYRIA

The Ancient Greeks used the term Illyria to define a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The numerous peoples who populated those areas were known collectively as the Illyrians. The region itself is quite mountainous.

THE MIDDLE

May refer to the Midlands, the central part of England, though geographically the Prythian map places the Middle central to Prythian, not central to England; with the Prythian inclusion of Scotland, the Middle on Prythian maps is located further north than the actual Midlands of England.

UNDER THE MOUNTAIN

A potential nod to the Schiehallion, a cone-shaped mountain often referred to as the center of Scotland. It's name comes from the Gaelic Sìth Chailleann, meaning "fairy hill of the Caledonians." On the southwestern side of the mountain is said to lie the well-concealed Uamh Tom a' Mhòr-fhir, a cave serving as an entrance to the underworld.
As the Schiehallion lies in the middle of Scotland (the Night Court) and not the middle of mainland UK (Prythian), the Sciehallion could instead be representative of Ramiel.

THE WESTERN ISLES

May refer to the Outer Hebrides, also known as the Western Isles, which is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. They are also sometimes known as Innse Gall, a Gaelic term meaning "islands of the foreigners/strangers" which was originally used by mainland Highlanders when the islands were ruled by the Norse.
ACOTAR role: The Prison is located in the Western Isles.

THE PRISON

Though located in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland rather than the Outer, the Prison may be a nod to Beinn Shiantaidh, which is Scottish Gaelic for "holy mountain." It is located on the western side of the Island of Jura and is the second highest peak of the Paps of Jura.
Fun fact: Pap is of Old Norse origin and means breast.

VALLAHAN

Valhalla is the hall of slain warriors in Norse mythology, located in Asgard, where those who die in combat live in peace under the leadership of the god, Odin. They are said to dwell in Valhalla until the events of Ragnarök, where they will then march out to fight in aid of Odin against the jötnar, a type of being in Germanic mythology.
ACOTAR role: Vallahan is a faerie territory located in the northwest portion of the Continent.

ADRIATA

The Adriatic Sea is located in Southern Europe and separates the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. It contains more than 1,300 islands.

BOG OF OORID

The Oorid Lough is a freshwater lake in the west of Ireland.

CRETEA

Crete is the largest and southernmost island in Greece.
ACOTAR role: Cretea is where Miryam and Drakon's people lived following the War.

LAPPLUND

Lapland is a geographic region in Northern Fennoscandia which covers much of the Nordic countries. It is also a province of Sweden and the largest region of Finland.
ACOTAR role: Lapplund is where the Cauldron was hidden.

ITICA

Ithaca is an island featured in the Odyssey and was the island home of Odysseus. It is also a real island in Greece. The Kathara Monastery is located in Ithaca.
ACOTAR role: Itica is one of three temples where the feet of the Cauldron were hidden.

MONTESERE

Montserrat is a mountain range near Barcelona.
ACOTAR role: Montesere is a fae territory located in the Continent's NW and is considered generally wealthy. They allied with the loyalists in the War.

RAVENNIA

Ravenna is located in Northern Italy and was the capital of the Western Roman Empire.
ACOTAR role: Ravenna is a fae territory on the Continent and allied with the Loyalists during the War.

DUNMERE

Dunmere is a hamlet in Cornwall, England.
ACOTAR role: Dunmere is a town located within the Night Court, between Velaris and the sea.

NEVA

The Neva is the fourth-largest river in Europe and is located in northwestern Russia.
ACOTAR role: Neva is one of the largest human cities on the Continent and is where the Archeron sisters' father travels to trade.

SCYTHIA

The Scythians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia to the steppes of modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia.
ACOTAR role: Scythia is one of the territories of the human lands on the Continent, ruled by Queen Vassa. They are said to be a horse loving people.

ROSEHALL

Rosehall is the name of a remote hamlet in the Scottish Highlands.
Fun fact: The 2nd Duke of Westminster acquired the Rosehall estate and his mistress at the time, Coco Chanel, redecorated the interior to her own liking. Winston Churchill, a close friend of the Duke, also visited the estate.
ACOTAR role: Rosehall is mentioned in ACOFAS and is theorized to be the place where Azriel's mother resides.

AFRICA-PARALLEL LOCATIONS

THE BLACK LAND

Black Land translates from Kemet, a popular ancient name for Egypt, which is derived from the color of the fertile black soil along the cultivated area of the Nile valley.
ACOTAR role: The Black Land is a region of the continent where human slaves were ruled over by a High Fae queen. Miryam and Drakon joined the mortals in the War and freed Miryam's people by crossing the desert and eventually the sea.

THE ERYTHRIAN SEA

The Erythraean Sea, originally an Ancient Greek geographical designation, has been used as a name for the Red Sea which lies between Africa and Asia.
ACOTAR role: Drakon used his magic to split the Erythian Sea.

ASIA-PARALLEL LOCATIONS

XIAN

Xi'an is the the most populous city in Northwest China snd the second most popular tourist destination in China.
ACOTAR role: Xian is a Fae territory on the Continent and allied with the Loyalists during the War. A large majority of the Dawn Court is made of Fae from Xian, including Thesan's mother. Feyre remarks that Amren may have molded her mortal body after their peoples.

BHARAT

Bhārat is one of the two principal official short names for the Republic of India.
ACOTAR role: The Archerons lost their fortune when their father's ships sank on the way to Bharat.

RASK

May refer to Rask, a city in Iran, that serves as both capital of its county and district.
ACOTAR role: Rask is a Fae territory on the Continent and allied with the Loyalists during the War.

ADDITIONAL LOCATIONS

VELARIS

Possibly derived from the Latin vēlo*,* meaning "to veil, cover, wrap" along with "to hide, conceal" and "to clothe in." Could also derive from the Latin vēlum, meaning "to veil, curtain" and also indicates a tarpaulin acting as cover for outdoor spaces.

THE WALL

No singular reference, but the presence of a wall separating one race from another, often humans from mythical beings, is rife throughout history, mythology, and fantasy.
One from each category that has loose ties to ACOTAR: (1) Hadrian's Wall, ie the Roman Wall, a defensive fortification of the Roman province of Britannia. It spanned from coast to coast, cutting across the entire width of Northern England. (2) In Norse mythology, the Master Builder asking for the hand of the goddess Freyja as payment for constructing a wall around Asgard to defend the gods. (3) The English village of Wall in Neil Gaiman's Stardust, named after the wall separating the land of Faerie from the mortal realm, highly guarded and cautioned against for mortals seeking to pass through.

THE MOONSTONE PALACE

Romans linked moonstone to the moon goddess Diana (goddess of wild animals and the hunt) and Ancient Greeks linked it to their lunar deities Artemis, Hecate, and Selene.

SIDRA RIVER

Sidra is a name of Latin origin and means "Goddess of the stars" or "like a star."

RAMIEL

Ramiel is a fallen Watcher, a type of Biblical angel, one of the 20 Watchers that rebelled against God by mating with mortal women, therefore creating the Nephilim (Shadowhunters, anyone?). Ramiel means "God has thundered." Ramiel is sometimes conflated with Remiel, also known as Jeremiel, meaning "God shall have mercy," as is listed as one of the seven Holy Angels. He is the archangel of hope and is responsible for divine visions and guiding the souls of the faithful into Heaven.

POOL OF STARLIGHT

No plausible connection found, though there is a famous pool in Greek mythology—a pool Mnemosyne presided over in Hades, counterpart to the river Lethe. Dead souls would drink from Lethe to wipe their past lives from remembrance when reincarnated. Those who drank from Mnemosyne's pool remembered and halted their transmigration of the soul.

ATHELWOOD

Ethel (also aethel) is an Old English word meaning "noble." Athelwood can mean "noblewood."
ACOTAR role: Athelwood is Morrigan's estate located in the Night Court.

GOLLIAN MOUNTAINS

Göll is one of the named Valkyries from Norse mythology. Her name means "tumult," or "noise, battle."
ACOTAR role: The Gollian Mountains are where the Valkyries were slain during the War.

MYRMIDONS

In Ancient Greek mythology, the Myrmidons were an Ancient Greek tribe. In the Iliad, they are the soldiers commanded by Achilles. Myrmidon has also come to mean "a follower or subordinate of a powerful person, typically one who is unscrupulous or carries out orders unquestioningly."
ACOTAR role: The Myrmidons are a set of mountains serving as the border between the Day Court and the Night Court from which the Illyrians migrated.

CESERA

No direct reference found, but may allude to Caesarea, the name of numerous cities and locations throughout the Roman Empire.
ACOTAR role: Cesera is one of three temples where the feet of the Cauldron were hidden.

SANGRAVAH

No direct reference found (and I lost my mind searching for one). Closest I came to was the similarly sounding Angharad, a feminine Welsh name, long associated with Welsh royalty, history, and myth, including Arthurian legend.
ACOTAR role: Sangravah is one of three temples where the feet of the Cauldron were hidden.

GREENFIELD VILLAGE

No direct connection found, though Greenfield is the name of several villages of England.
ACOTAR role: Greenfield village is a neighboring village to where Feyre grew up and where Isaac Hale's wife is from.

WINDHAVEN CAMP

No connection found, though a separate Windhaven also appears in Tower of Dawn in the TOG series. Altun—Windhaven being the rough translation—is located in a three-peaked mountain range and is the home of Sartaq's hearth-mother and family.
Fun fact: Windhaven is the name of a science-fiction novel by George R. R. Martin and Lisa Tuttle following a group of humans who crash-landed on a foreign planet and learned to craft their own wings out of the spaceship wreckage.

THE WOLF'S DEN

No connection found, BUT fun fact: there is a named Wolf's Den castle in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series (aka Game of Thrones) that now serves as a prison. "All the days were much the same inside the Wolf's Den, and any change was usually for the worse." A Dance with Dragons, Ch 29
ACOTAR role: The Wolf's Den is the name of the worst tavern in Velaris that Nesta is known to frequent.

SILVERSPRING CREEK

No plausible connection found, BUT fun fact: "Silver Springs" is a song written by Stevie Nicks, performed by Fleetwood Mac, and is so strongly ACOTAR-coded even my non-loving playlist-to-book self can't deny it. If you want more bread crumbles that SJM is a Stevie Nicks fan, "Rhiannon" and it's lyric origins have potential ties to the Rhiannon of TOG.
You could be my silver springBlue-green colors flashin'I would be your only dreamYour shinin' autumn ocean crashin'
Time cas t a spell on you*, but you won't forget me*I know I could have loved youBut you would not let me
ACOTAR role: Silverspring Creek is a stream running through Feyre's human village, near where she hunted rabbits.

STRYGA'S CASTLE

No direct reference found, but due to Stryga/the Weaver resembling a female demon akin to a vampire in Slavic mythology (see the Monster section above), it is possible Stryga's former home, before she was confined to her cottage, is reminiscent of Bram Stoker's 1897 Dracula and the Transylvanian Castle complete with three vampiric sister brides who entice men with their beauty and charm before proceeding to feed upon them.

The Night Sky

ARKTOS

Arktos, also written Arctus, means "bear" in Ancient Greek. Arktos was a centaur who fought against the Lapith spearmen. The Arktos Megale (aka Ursa Major, the Great Bear) is one of the original 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy who drew on earlier works by Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian astronomers.
ACOTAR role: Arktos is one of the three regarded holy stars (the furthest left star) of the Illyrians and serves as part of the symbol for the Night Court. The echelon of Arktosian is reserved for Illyrians who survive the Blood Right but fail to reach Ramiel.

CARYNTH

May refer to Corinth, an ancient city that was one of the largest and most important of Greece, or Carinthia, the southernmost Austrian state in the Eastern Alps, noted for its mountains and lakes.
ACOTAR role: Carynth is one of the three regarded holy stars (the middle star) of the Illyrians and serves as part of the symbol for the Night Court. The echelon of Carynthian is reserved for Illyrians who scale the summit of Ramiel during the Blood Rite and are considered elite warriors.

ORISTES

Orestes (also spelled Orestes) means "stands on a mountain" and he is the subject of several Ancient Greek plays and myths concerning his madness and purification.
ACOTAR role: Orestes is one of the three regarded holy stars (the furthest right star) of the Illyrians and serves as part of the symbol for the Night Court. The echelon of Oristian is reserved for Illyrians who make it to the Ramiel during the Blood Rite but don't reach the top.

Locations not listed: A slew of various more minor locations have not been listed, including the Four Market Squares of Velaris, certain cottages and houses, and even the Ironcrest Illyrian war-camp.
​
https://preview.redd.it/jxxgjkfim90d1.png?width=842&format=png&auto=webp&s=00944156c7edd485265a4cad7f66c5ac8e41b31d
THE CAULDRON

There are many magical cauldrons present in various mythologies, one being the Pair Dadeni in Welsh mythology, a magical cauldron able to resurrect the dead, and the coire ansic of Irish mythology, the cauldron of the chief god of the Tuatha Dé Danann, which never ran empty.

TRUTH-TELLER

Possibly inspired by Fragarach, an Irish mythological sword known as "The Whisperer" or "The Answerer." It was the sword of Nuada, the first high king; it was said that no one could tell a lie with Fragarach at their throat and that the sword inflicting wounds from which no one could recover.

THE HARP

May refer to the uaithne, the magical harp of the Dagda, the chief god of the Tuatha Dé Danann in Irish mythology. It could control men's emotions and change the seasons.

THE MASK

In Egyptian culture, death masks were designed to guide the spirits of those mummified into the next world.

THE UNKNOWN 4th TROVE ITEM

Seen in a vision by Nesta via Lathys, which we now know to be the Horn, and may refer to the Gjallarhorn of Norse mythology, the sound of which is said to herald the beginning of Ragnarok.

ATARAXIA

Ataraxia, in Ancient Greek philosophy, was a state of calmness untroubled by mental or emotional disquiet, ie tranquility of the mind. It was considered the ideal mental state for soldiers entering battle.
ACOTAR Role: Nesta's Made sword.

GWYDION

Gwydion is a name meaning "born of the trees" and is the given name of Gwydion fab Dôn, a magician, hero, and trickster of Welsh mythology. Caer Wydion, the castle of Gwydion, was the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way.
ACOTAR role: The Starsword and twin to Truth-Teller.

NARBEN

No direct reference found, though narben in German means "scar."
ACOTAR role: Narben is a lost sword from the Dread Trove.

OUROBOROS MIRROR

The ouroboros is an ancient symbol of a serpent or a dragon eating its own tale, first present in ancient Egyptian iconography and the Greek magical tradition, the term itself deriving from Ancient Greek. It has been used frequently and extensively throughout fantasy literature. It often symbolizes the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.

BOOK OF BREATHINGS

The Books of Breathing are a set of ancient Egyptian funerary texts that are intended to enable those deceased to continue their existence in the afterlife. It is a simplified form of the Book of the Dead.

VERITAS ORB

Veritas is of Latin origin meaning "truth." It is the name for the Roman virtue of truthfulness and in Roman mythology, Veritas is the Goddess of Truth. Universities and colleges such as Harvard use the term veritas as their motto.

SYMPHONIA

Symphonia is Greek in origin and was used to denote a variety of musical instruments.

AMARANTHA'S NECKLACE AND RING (JURIAN'S FINGER AND EYE)

Jurian's finger bone and eye, kept by Amarantha, are reminiscent of relics and reliquaries, often religious in nature. Relics typically consist of the physical remains or personal affects of a saint and the reliquary is the container that holds them.

FAEBANE

Possibly inspired by wolfsbane (aka aconite or monkshood), a poisonous flower ancient Greeks would poison arrows and bait with to hunt wolves. It is lethal and often fatal and is an oft-used plant and poison within the fantasy genre.
Fun fact: In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Hamlet himself was killed with an aconite-laced blade.

​
https://preview.redd.it/pjo213ymm90d1.png?width=840&format=png&auto=webp&s=de57f0ba269bd4b48b2782eb380da90a8ba2d6eb
DAEMATI

Potentially a combination of the Greek word dae (to give) and the concept of mati, labeled as "the evil eye" in Greek classical antiquity. Daemati may effectively mean "to give the evil eye."

THE WEAVER'S SONG

The Weaver's song, sung when Feyre was stealing Rhysand's ring from her cottage, is similar to "The Twa Sisters," a traditional murder ballad dating back to mid 17th century England. It tells of two sisters who travel down to a body of water where the older one pushes the younger one in. A harp or a fiddle is then made out of the murdered sister's body, which plays itself and sings about her murder.

Earth's orbit experiences an “Orbital Eccentricity”, 100,000 year cycle orbit and inclination variation, going from circular to elliptical, the hemispheres experience more or less sun or exposure to the sun for extended periods, causing ice ages. Scientists estimate we are near the minimum, a 6% change in solar energy. At peak, the earth experiences a change of 30%.
Modern Day Primates, in the wild and captivity, are able to communicate, near and far, using verbal and gesture components, even to other species. Have been observed using wood as tools, and in using medicinal plants to treat wounds.
44 million y a - Hominid ancestors acquire Herpes virus.
10 million y a - Primate ancestors develop genes to digest alcohol.
6 million years ago - Primate ancestors split from Chimpanzee/Bonobo line (15 million DNA mutations have occurred since then; each person born today has 100 mutations distinct to them, most don’t survive.)
5.3 m y a - Mediterranean Sea experiences the Messinian Salinity Crisis, for 600,000 years the Straight of Gibraltar closed off, causing the Mediterranean to shrink down to two inland seas with Italy and Greece separating them. Ends in the Zanclean Flood, a river of Atlantic sea water flows thru Gibraltar and fills the Mediterranean in 2 years.
5 m y a - Arabian-African continent reconnects with Asia. Land based Turtle species start going extinct.
4 - 3 m y a - Hominid ancestors acquire pubic lice from Gorillas (genetic evidence).
3.6 - 2.58 m y a - Considered the Neogene Period.
3.3 m y a - Stone tools found in Kenya and Ethiopia.
2.6 m y a - Mode One Stone Tools found in Ethiopia, would subsequently spread. Flourished to 1.7 million y a in southern and eastern Africa. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Era (2.6 m y a till end of last Ice Age, 11,000 y a). Subdivided into the Early- or Lower Paleolithic (c. 2,6 million years ago - c. 250,000 years ago); the Middle Paleolithic (c. 250,000 years ago - c. 30,000 years ago); and the Late- or Upper Paleolithic (c. 50,000/40,000 - c. 10,000 years ago)
2.58 million - 11,700 years ago - Considered the start of the Quaternary Period, and covers the Pleistocene.
2.4 – 1.4 m y a – Homo Habilis (4.5-3.5 feet tall).
2 m years ago - Earliest Hominids start eating meat.
1.9 – 1.8 m y a – Homo Rudolfensis.
1.89 m y a to 110,000 y a - Homo Erectus (first to leave Africa and spread across Asia).
1.8 m years ago - Mode One Stone Tools found on Java.
1.7 m years ago - Mode Two Stone Tools (slicing, hand-axe/butchering, evidence of drilling tools) appear in Kenya and southern Africa.
1.6 m years ago - Mode One Stone Tools found in northern China.
1.6 - 1.5 m y a - Africa, Turkana Boy dies, likely from a tooth cavity infection. He was either 8 or 11-12 years old and 61 inches tall. Brain 880 ccm.
1.5 m y a - Kenya, possible start of Hominids using fire to cook food. (increase in caloric intake, which would lead to evolution; however, Paranthropus Boisei is the local species, brain 500-550 ccm, 54 inches tall)
1 million years ago - Likely split between ancestor of Homo Sapiens and proto-Neanderthal-Denisovan species. (Mitochondrial DNA evidence.) South Africa, evidence of fire use for cooking.
1 m - 700,000 y a - Java, Java Man dies, brain 900 ccm. 5' 8" tall.
900,000 y a – Possible earliest use of boats.
820,000 - 580,000 y a - Durum Wheat develops out of natural hybridization with Einkorn Wheat (genetic analysis).
800,000? y a - Low world temperatures recorded. Height of Ice Age?
790,000 y a - Levant, oldest Fire hearths found. (Homo Heidelbergensis, 1,250 ccm brain, 69 in tall)
740,000? y a - Height of Ice Age?
7-200,000 y a – Homo Heidelbergensis (East Africa and Europe, likely first to hunt large animals with spears)
640,000? y a - Height of Ice Age.
550,000? y a - Height of Ice Age?
540,000 - 430,000 y a - Art: Sea shell formed into decoration by Homo Erectus. (Could indicate when sea shells began to be used as whistles and horns.)
530,000? y a - Interglacial Peak (between Ice Ages, high CO2 content in the atmosphere, 524-474,000).
500,000 y a - South Africa, evidence of Spears. Genetic evidence of Neanderthal spread from Europe to Caspian Sea, Denisovans occupied land from Caspian to the east.
450,000 y a - Earliest physical evidence of Neanderthal.
450,000 y a - Global temperatures had dropped, stayed that way for thousands of years.
430,000 - 230,000 y a - Durum Wheat cross-breeds with wild Goat Grass (genetic analysis).
400,000 y a - Interglacial Peak (between Ice Ages, 424-374,000).
400,000 y a - Germany, oldest Spears found. France (Terra Amata), possible evidence of manmade shelter using prepared wood.
360,000? y a - Height of Ice Age.
335-236,000 y a – Homo Naledi (South Africa, 4’9”)
310,000 y a - Interglacial Peak (between Ice Ages, 337-300,000).
300,000 y a – Mode Three Stone Tools (smaller knife-like, scrapers, developed in Europe by Neanderthals)
300,000-200,000 y a – Africa, Origin of Male Y-Chromosome that all current males are descended from. (40% of males do not reproduce.)
270,000? y a - Height of Ice Age.
240,000 y a - Interglacial Peak (between Ice Ages, 242–230,000).
200,000 y a - France, evidence of Neanderthals fishing. Africa, "Mitochondrial Eve," source of all Human Haplo-groups that everyone is descended from, existed at this time.
194,000-135,000 y a - Penultimate Glacial Period.
190,000 y a - Early physical evidence of Denisovans. (At least three interbreeding events would occur with Homo Sapiens. EPAS1 gene, hemoglobin concentration, Tibetan plateau.)
190,000-50,000 y a - Flores Island, evidence of tool use by the Human Hobbit.
170,000 - 80,000 y a - Body Lice evolve (genetic evidence, feed on human skin, live in clothing; evidence of clothing)
164,000 y a – South Africa, heat treating Silcrete Stone to enhance stone tool production.
140,000 y a - Homo Sapiens found in Europe.
130,000 y a - Evidence of humans in North America. Crete, earliest human settlements found on the island. Art: Neanderthal necklace made of eagle talons. Croatia: Neanderthal teeth show possible dental work.
125,000 y a - Interglacial Peak (between Ice Ages, 130-115,000). Sea levels 4-6 meters (18 feet) higher then today.
110,000-15,000 y a - Last Glacial Period. Grey Wolves would migrate from North America back to Asia prior to the maximum.
100,000-60,000 y a - Flores Island, bone fossil evidence of the Human Hobbit.
100,000 y a - Oldest example of proper human burial. South Africa, Pigment (paint) Creation Kit found. (would cover bodies in mud/clay and then spray the paint over the bodies, sun screen-protection from insects)
90,000 y a – Harpoons.
86,000-37,000 y a – Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens begin interbreeding, based on genetic evidence found so far.
75,000 years ago - Likely rise of Hunter Genotype in Homo Sapiens.
75,000 y a - Art: Drilled snail shells found in South African cave.
73,000 y a - South Africa (Blombos Cave), evidence of Red Ochre art on pieces of stone, stone with deliberate lines cut into it possibly representing count marks.
72,000 y a - South Africa, Beads found in cave.
70,000 y a - Mitochondrial DNA suggests this is when the Haplo-group of early humans migrated out of Africa to populate the rest of the world.
70-60,000 y a - Earliest evidence of bone and stone arrowheads (for Spear Throwers), found in South Africa. 64,000?
70,000 - 35,000 BCE - Neanderthal burials in Europe and Middle East.
68-16,000 y a – Smallpox evolves from an African Rodent Virus.
67,000 BCE - France, burial shows skulls with Trepanation (cutting holes to relieve brain pressure), earliest example of surgery.
65,000 y a - First humans settle Australia.
64,000 y a - Spain, oldest evidence found of Cave Art (Neanderthal hand).
61,000 y a - South Africa, possible evidence of a Sewing Needle.
60,000? y a - Height of Ice Age?
60,000 y a - Evidence of man/Neanderthal using herbal medicine.
55,000 - 40,000 y a - Italy, evidence of Neanderthal using Pine Tree Resin and Beeswax for hafting tools, in cave. (Beeswax can be used in making Candles.)
52,000 y a - Last evidence of Denisovans.
52,000 – 41,000 y a – Archaeological find of “Bast” tree fiber twisted into primitive cordage, possibly as handle for a Stone Tool. (meaning they had access to Clothing, Nets, Cord for Fishing or Hafting tools, rope; thinking processes of Counting, Sets, Patterns, and possibly abstract thinking)
50,000 - 10,000 y a - Mode Four Stone Tools (long blades).
50,000 y a - Australia, last evidence of megafauna. Siberia, needle made from bone found in Denisovan cave. Genetic evidence of Neanderthal spreading to western edge of China.
50,000 years ago - End point of development of Gatherer Genotype (can survive famine), Teacher Genotype (can handle new and different environments, analytical).
45,000 y a - Evidence of Neanderthal and Homo Sapien interbreeding. (Fossil found, DNA tested.) (France, to create stone tools required precision, “Soft Hammers” were likely used.)
44,000 y a - Evidence of art found in Indonesia.
44,000-40,000 y a - Europe experiences cold and dry weather, displacing populations.
43-42,000 y a - Germany, oldest musical instruments (flutes) found.
42,000 y a - Australia, skeleton of man suggests Atlatl use, pre-dating earliest evidence; earliest example of cremation found. Spain, small amounts of Natural Gold found in a cave.
40,000 y a - (Mankind is at the “Forager” level.) Last evidence of Neanderthal. (Inheritance of "STAT2" gene, immune response. HYAL2 gene, helps skin recover from sunburns.) China, test on body found that ate a lot of fresh water fish. Possible example of oldest petroglyphs. Beads found in Lebanon.
40,000 - 26,000 y a - Studying toe bones, showed they became smaller and weaker, indicating shoes were worn. Prior to this, shoes were likely bags wrapped around feet to protect from cold.
38,000 BC - First appearance of Mode Five Ground Stone tools on Japan. (rock was quarried; thin slivers of flint stone, attached to hafts, man is learning the use of a "handle" for tools and "leverage", create Adzes, Celts, and Axes; grinding helps to penetrate trees and was likely discovered when grinding plant matter; found buried with owners; were traded) Lasted till 14,000 BC. (Would not become popular elsewhere until 10,000 BC?) Germany: Clay Figurine featuring human with lion like appearance, thought to be earliest representation of a Deity.
35,000 BCE - Europe, earliest examples of "Venus figurines" found buried in graves (some showing they were deliberately broken or stabbed repeatedly); would later spread to rest of Eurasia. Early examples of skulls and long bones showing red ochre, indicating possible relic worship.
35,000 y a - Germany, flute made from a vulture bone found.
30,000 BCE – Solomon Islands, first humans settle (60 km sea voyage).
31,000 - 27,000 y a - Evidence of Pit Fire (Earthernware) Pottery developing.
30,000-20,000 years ago - Explorer genotype (Ice Age refugees, idiosyncratic, asymmetrical, contrarian mentality)
30,000 y a - Evidence of starch residue on rocks, indicating where plant matter was pounded and ground. (Would likely be the pre-cursor of developing bread from roots of cattails and ferns. Quern Grinding Stones would spread and gain popularity.) Georgia, Flax used as a textile (harvested, dyed, and knotted) found in Dzudzuana Cave. Fertile Crescent, Einkorn wheat harvested in it's wild form. Evidence of man using the Atlatl. Poland: Boomerang carved from mammoth tusk found. France, Lunar Calendar. Likely when Bolas (stone weight(s) and length of cord) began to be used.
28,000 y a - Europe, oldest evidence of rope.
25,000 - 15,000 BCE - Blood Type A develops in the Fertile Crescent. (able to survive Plague, Cholera, Smallpox)
27,000 y a - Australia, oldest example of petroglyphs found. Czech Republic, earliest example of "Weaving" of material together to create baskets and basic cloth. (Leads to counting and simple math, organizing.)
26,000-13,300 y a - Considered "Glacial Maximum", ice sheets extend to the 45th parallel north. (26,500 considered to be maximum glacial reach.)
23,000 - 12,000 y a – Europe, Perforated Batons found, made of antler, assumed to be a form of Atlatl that uses a leather strap or string to wrap around the spear and give it a slight spin, arrow or spear thrower (similar to Swiss Arrow). Right and left handed throwers find preference. Most carved with Horses, have one or two holes (one had 8 holes).
23,000 y a - Israel, Ohalo archaeological site, hunter-gatherer society (6 brushwood shelters, 132 stone tools some attached to hafts, stone Sickles, dwellings showed flint tools were made at entrance, cooking at other end, grind stone showed sand and cobbles to place and had U-shape of seeds around it) that grew/harvested Barley, Millet, Bromus (grass in same tax tribe as wheat/barley/rye, can be used for fermenting beverages, can be eaten by humans and animals), Rubus (same family as Rose plants, similar to blackberries), and various fruits (seeds from 13 different species), earliest evidence for “Bedding” material.
22,000 – 17,000 y a – France, Solutrean inhabitants make use of Antler.
21,000-17,000 y a - France, Atlatl's found in caves.
20,000 y a - Height of the Ice Age, sea levels 120 meters (360 feet) lower. Mode Five Stone Tools (microliths glued to handles, Fertile Crescent). Earliest example of a building/house found. Ukraine, Bullroarer (wood on rope that is swung around to create sound over long distance) found. Iraq-Iran, Zarzian Culture, had domesticated Dogs.
19,050? - 13,050 y a - Oldest Dryas Period, stadial, abrupt cooling period. Sea levels rose 10-15 m in 500 years.
17,000 BCE - Mesopotamia, Wild Emmer Wheat harvested.
18,000 - 17,500 y a - Siberia, earliest example of a domesticated dog found frozen. Germany, Bow and Arrows found. Early evidence of Darts used.
18,000 y a - Japan, oldest pottery discovered.
15,100 - 14,000 y a - Morocco, earliest example of a cemetery.
15,000 y a – Mode Five Stone Tools reach Europe. Southern France, cave art depicting possible Musical Bow, Nose Flute; "The Sorcerer," a figure showing human and many animal qualities (bison), made out of Clay.
15,000 – 10,000 y a – France, Stone Oil Lamps.
14,500 y a - Oldest example of bread making, Jordan desert.
14,160 - 13,820 y a - Archaeological find: infected tooth partially cleaned out with flint tools.
14,600 - 13,600 y a - "Melt Water Pulse," sea levels rose 16-24 m.
14,000? y a - Older Dryas Period, around 200 year cooling period.
13,500 - 8,200 y a - China, wild Rice domestication event occurs.
15-10,000 BCE - Himalayas, development of Blood Type B.
11,050 BCE - Syria, attempts at domesticating Rye.
13,000 y a - Greece, evidence of lentils found. Earliest evidence of Amber used in jewelry. Israel, archaeological evidence of beer like gruel for ceremonial purposes found at Haifa. Likely beginning of Slavery.
13,000 - 12,700 y a - Fertile Crescent, archaeological evidence of man corralling and using pigs.
12,900 - 11,700 y a - The Younger Dryas Period, when temperatures went cold instead of warming from the Last Glacial Maximum.
10,000 BCE - Jericho, considered mankind's first town, is established. Buildings of clay and straw, dead buried under homes. (Would reach 70 dwellings by 94,000 BCE.) Chickpeas domesticated. Earliest evidence of the Bottle Gourd being domesticated and used (Africa and Asia variety). Azerbaijan (Caspian Sea), petroglyphs of reed boats. Starting point of Ocarina type flutes. Cyprus, humans arrive. Germany, Jet artifact (Botfly larvae, which can be eaten). Curved Stone Oil Lamps.
11,700 y a - Considered the beginning of the Holocene.
9600 BCE - Southern Levant, earliest use of wild Emmer Wheat.
11,500 - 11,000 y a - "Melt Water Pulse," sea levels rose 28 m.
11,400 y a - Cypress, archaeological evidence of pigs (indicating they had been domesticated and brought from the mainland).
9400 - 9200 BCE - Jordan Valley, Fig trees found, indicating earliest agriculture since these trees could not reproduce.
9130 - 7370 BCE - SE Turkey, Gobekli Tepe, oldest known worship location.
9000 BCE - Syria, oldest (Saddle) Quern found. Mesopotamia, Copper first used. Bartering of Cattle and agricultural products likely occurring at this time.
9000 - 3300 BCE - Neolithic Era, roughly. Time period of when man has begun herding, before using bronze.
11,000 - 9,000 y a - Mesopotamia, domestication of Sheep; Rammed Earth construction technique developed. Iran, Domestication of Goat (focused on management of the animal, varieties would come later).
11,000-4,000 years ago - Warrior genotype (farmers, soldiers, inventors); Nomad genotype (life upon a horse, can handle different environments, good immune system)
11 or 10,000 y a - Last Ice Age ends.
8800 BCE - Emmer Wheat spreads beyond the Levant.
8700 BCE - Iraq, Copper pendant.
8500 BCE - Domestication of Barley. Domestication of peas occurs around this time. Turkey, Beer production found at Gobekli Tepe. Domestication of Cattle from the Aurochs (two separate populations, one in Mesopotamia [pop. 80], the other Pakistan). (Rendering cattle bones into Tallow allows for the creation of Candles. Beeswax also used.) Oregon, oldest pair of shoes found made from bark twine. Oats possibly start to be harvested, crop mirrors wheat (is like a weed).
8400 BCE – Cyprus, earliest dug Water Well (26 ft).
10,300 - 8,700 y a - China, Millet harvested.
10,200 - 9,500 y a - Emmer Wheat domesticated(?).
10,000 - 7,000 y a - Archaeological evidence of boats.
8000 BCE (10,000 years ago) – Genetic evidence of breeding Pigeons. Palestine, archaeological evidence of pastoralism. Pre-Pottery Neolithic people in the Fertile Crescent form perfectly smooth stone vases. Iran, Goat domestication. Believed to be when primitive dairy-cheese making began. Flax cultivation. China, Quern Grinding Stones. England, Antler used in headdress costume.
9,500 y a - Cyprus, earliest evidence of cat domestication. SE Anatolia, cold-working, annealing, smelting, lost wax casting of Copper.
7570 BCE – Indus Valley, Lapis Lazuli artifacts.
7500 - 5700 BCE - Anatolia, Catal Hoyuk develops as a spiritual center, found many clay figurines and impressions (feminine, phallic, hunting).
7400 BCE - A monolith ends up submerged in the Straight of Sicily.
7176 B.C. – Earth hit by one of the most massive Solar Storms from the sun ever recorded (visible at night with the magnetic field interaction).
7000 BCE - Archaeological evidence for pastoralism in Africa. China: evidence of mead (honey, rice, water fermented) in pottery; evidence of musical instruments. India, first archaeological evidence of Dance (cave art); evidence of dentistry. Armenian Highlands, art depictions of Cymbals. Durum Wheat made thru artificial selection in Europe and Near East. Greece, earliest evidence of grain silos. Turkey, Catal Hoyuk, art depiction of a Slinger. Afghanistan, Lapis Lazuli mined and traded to Indus and Mesopotamia societies. Europe, Cave Wall art of Honey Collecting.
7000 - 6600 BCE - China, domestication of Soy beans.
7000 - 6000 BCE - Turkey, domestication of Bitter Vetch. (Too bitter for human consumption without being boiled several times, has been found to be great for cattle feed.)
6500-3800 BCE - Ubaid Period (Mesopotamian citystates rise, evidence of specialized workers, evidence of taxation)
6500 BCE - Turkey, evidence of lead smelting at Catal Hoyuk. (Wrapping the dead in textiles, too.) China, archaeological evidence of Silk. Kosovo, oldest Ocarina found in Europe.
8,200 - 7,600 y a - Sea levels rise rapidly. Linked to North American great fresh water lake (Agassiz, Ojibway) sudden draining into Atlantic Ocean. 8,400 y a?
6050 BCE - Moldova, evidence of man extracting salt from a natural spring.
8,000 y a - Western Europe, white skin first appears. Iran: earliest evidence of irrigation; man starts choosing sheep for their wooliness, not just meat and skin (2-3,000 years later, would start wearing wool). Georgia, earliest evidence of wine. Spain, cave painting shows people collecting honey from a wild hive, using a container to hold. China, Buckwheat cultivated (near Tibetan plateau), possible first example of Influenza. Earliest evidence of the Ard Plow used (castrating bulls to train 4 years to become Draft Oxen, also means they can be used to haul logs thru and from forests). Mediterranean, Broad (Fava) Beans, Broccoli. Portugal: Almendres Cromlech, begins, aligned to equinox and solstice, occupied for 2,000 years, would become largest complex in Iberian peninsula, equal to other large complexes in Europe. Anatolia: Obsidian polished into mirrors. Spelt Wheat appears. First Stone hafted Axes. Earliest evidence of “Cock Fighting” game fowl. (Iraq, Kiln.)
6000 - 3500 BC - Mesopotamia (Sumer), Poppy domesticated.
7,8-5,000 y a - SE Turkey, Einkorn Wheat grown and domesticated.
5600 BCE - Evidence of The Black Sea Flood, turning the fresh water lake into a salt water sea, rose shorelines and displaced populations (source of flood myths in religions).
7500 y a - Earth experiences a cold climate period? Lasts for 500 or more years.
7500 y a - Earliest example of chickpeas being used. Poland, archaeological evidence of cheese making. Ukraine, Romania, earliest examples of traps used for hunting. Pakistan, evidence of Cotton found in copper beads. Egypt, earliest Combs found (placing a leaf in the teeth can create a primitive sound instrument).
5500-5000 BCE - Serbia, Copper Smelting.
5200 - 4700 BCE - Iran, earliest evidence of a wheel, for pottery, made of stone or clay.
7,000 y a - Earliest example of Dolmen, single chamber tomb, consists of two stones supporting another on top (table design), found in western Europe, would spread and be common 4000 - 3000 BCE in Europe. Iranian plateau, evidence of Bronze made with naturally occurring arsenic. Tin would replace as the major ingredient (and releasing non-toxic vapors) in the late 3000 BCE period. Iran, evidence of wine found, using sealed containers. China, Hemp domestication (smoking was likely cause for spread, Iron Age would use for production); Rammed Earth construction technique, Silkworm domestication begins. Egypt, Badarian culture starts farming, used boomerangs. Roundels, circular enclosure often with entrances aligned to solstice, would be constructed in Central Europe (Germany, 120-150 altogether). Siberia, oldest carpet found (likely a funeral gift, from Armenia, featured griffons). Mesopotamia: first use of Stamp Seals for government purposes; Rotary Quern milling stones are introduced. Armenia: possible origin of Apricots. Lake Zurich, cultivation of Pear. Indus Valley Civilization, using Bitumen aka Asphalt for waterproofing (a basket), adhesive. Bulgaria, Turquoise beads.
6950 - 6440 y a - Papua New Guinea, cultivation of Taro and Yam.
4800 BCE - Egypt, early evidence of peas being grown. Cairn of Barnenez, Brittany, England, begins (burial monument and later bronze age use, considered one of the oldest and largest man made structures).
4700 - 4200 BCE - The town of Solnitstata, considered the oldest known settlement in Europe. Built around a salt deposit.
6,500 y a - Croatia, earliest example of an oven found. Slovenia, dental filling made with beeswax. Indus Valley, irrigation. Wine production reaches Greece. Carnac Stones, Brittany, France; would become large complex of standing stones, menhirs, domens, tumuli (burial mounds, with passage tombs), large rectangle formed by stone. Americas: various tribes domesticated “chili peppers.” Bulgaria, Carnelian beads. Manufactured Red Pottery Oil Lamps.
4500-4000 BCE - China, Investment Casting develops.
4200 - 4000 BCE - Mesopotamia develops true, easy to spin pottery wheels.
6,000 y a - Earth experiences a cold climate period? (Starting maybe 500 years earlier and ending 500 years later.)
4000 BCE - (Mankind has achieved “Farmer status.”) (Thought to be when Cattle were turned into Oxen for Draft Animal purposes.) Egyptians start building big Brick structures; manufacturing Papyrus; Gold artifacts; (domesticated Donkeys?). Earliest examples of Kilns. NE Italy, archaeological find of Appleseeds. Sicily, evidence of wine found. Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Horse domestication begins (they became small and varied in size as compared to their wild ancestors). “Pontic Language Explosion”. [People from north of the Caspian and Black Seas migrated around Eurasia, ancestor of western languages. (shared origins with: milk, horses, sheep, cattle, pigs, goats, grain, copper, carts, yoke, weaving, mead; patrilineal clans)]. Earliest examples of Viticulture (wine making). Levant, earliest examples of harvesting Olives; start using grain Silos. Art: Earliest depiction of Shoes, Sandals. China: example of a Loom for Silk production; Ramie (similar to flax, requires chemical processing, not as popular, believed to be used for Egyptian mummy wraps). Persia (Iran), Mung Bean domestication?, Chang (precursor to Harp) found on artwork, made with sheep guts. Mesopotamia: Stamp Seals come into use; Mirrors made of Copper; 30-40% of animal bones in settlements were pork (understood to be a way of removing trash from community, easy to feed and raise many); Uruk clay tablet describes two temples owning a herd of 95 pigs to be rendered into soap to clean linen; clay pipes for sewage. Europe, farming reaches northern regions. Anatolia, Silver production.
4000 - 1000 BCE - Ethiopia, Teff is discovered (can feed people and livestock, building material).
3800 - 3500 BCE - Czech Republic, possible evidence of earliest plowed fields.
5,700 y a - Lolland Island, a blue eyed, dark haired, dark skin woman spits out some Birch Bark gum; oldest complete human genome extracted; had Mononucleosis ("kissing disease"). Possible archeological evidence of pit traps used for migrating animal hunting.
3630 BCE - Oldest example of silk fabric found.
3600 BCE – Pork bones in settlements (Levant, Mesopotamia) dropped to 16-30% of total livestock.
5,500 - 4,700 y a - Georgia, tomb found had honey remains on pottery. (This culture could identify Linden, Berry, and Meadow-Flower varieties.)
3500 BCE - City of Uruk: (Mesopotamia) begins outward expansion and influence, later first example of organized warfare (would influence Egyptians to start building pyramids); "Cylinder Seals," a type of noble seal, that can be rolled unto wet clay (would be popular until 1000 BCE). Iraq, Kish Tablet, considered to represent the early transition from pictographic to cuneiform. Mesopotamia, earliest Harps and Lyres found; Gold artifacts. Modern humans settle the western coast of Europe, hunter-gatherers. Egyptians show Cat domestication; Gold Smelting; used a vertical Gnomon as a primitive Sundial? Iran, Beer made from Barley. Armenia, earliest Leather Shoe found. China, Pottery in shape of silkworm indicates earliest example of Sericulture (silk worm production).
3500 - 3350 BCE – Mesopotamia, earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles. Indus Valley civilization uses Stamp Seals with a type of script.
3400 BCE (5,400 years ago) - First metal casting. France, Cow skull showing Trepanation found.
5,400 -5,100 y a - Itzi the Iceman dies in the mountains of Northern Italy. Had a copper axe. Earliest evidence of tattoos. Shoes made from two types of animal skin (bear and deer). Arsenic residue in his hair.
3300 BCE - Egypt, tomb paintings show people Dancing. Indus Valley, develop Sanitation.
3200 BCE - Examples of using symbols to represent real life objects (would go to form written language). Ireland, construction begins on Newgrange, largest passage tomb in Europe, aligned to winter solstice. Egypt, Bead made of Meteoric Iron found.
3100 - 2900 BCE - Jemdet Nasr period (following fall of Uruk) would be known as establishing Cuneiform as a proper language.
3100 BCE - Upper and Lower Egypt unified. Mesopotamia, likely evidence of the earliest Lute type device.
3000 BCE - Onset of Bronze. Mesopotamia, Irrigation; Glass Beads appear (possible side effect of making metal); possible earliest Iron working (required higher temperatures), cuneiform mention of Pigeons. Sumer, Medical text found on tablet, believed oldest ever found. Egypt, Hieroglyphs of Pigeons and use of Homing Pigeons for message delivery, first record of a Doctor named, Imhotep; Antimony harvested from rock and made into eye makeup; earliest evidence of domestic Donkeys in the south. Egyptian Mummies show evidence of Smallpox (deathrate 30% especially among babies, can leave people blind). Dromedary Camels likely domesticated in Somalia at this time. (Camel hair can be harvested for shelter and clothing, outer guard hairs make for water proof coats. Camel milk readily turns into yogurt. To turn into butter requires a clarifying agent and extended process.) Chicken reaches Europe from Asia. England, earliest Stone Circles found. Slovakia, Romania, earliest chainmail found. Sheep chosen for wooly coat, not long hair. China, Clay Bells found. India, River Buffalo domesticated (water buffalo); Jute grown for fiber (burlap). Northern Iran, earliest examples of Trumpets. SE Asia, earliest records of Radish. Pakistan, Terracota female figurines.
2800 BCE - Solid evidence of plowed fields. China, Copper smelting discovered. Babylon, evidence of manufacture of soap like substance.
2700 BCE - Chinese treatise on health. 40 kinds identified.
2650 BCE - Egypt, dental work found.
2630-10 BCE - Egypt, Pyramid of Djoser constructed by Imhotep, considered first.
2600 BCE – Egypt, domestication of Honey Bee complete.
2600 - 1900 BCE - Indus Valley, Stoneware Pottery (meaning fired at 1000 degrees Celsius), would become a major industry; (Ivory?).
2580-50 BCE – Egypt, creates first true Ocean Dock for sea trading vessels (with Indus Valley).
2560 BCE - Great Pyramid of Giza completed.
2500 BCE - Evidence of The Amber Road, trade route from the Baltic Sea to Mediterranean Sea. E Iran, Bactrian Camels domesticated. Iraq, "Lyres of Ur," considered world's oldest stringed instruments. Peru, oldest Sling ever found. Egypt, earliest depiction of a Khopesh (sword). Sumerian Clay Tablet with instructions for manufacturing soap (heating mixture of oil and wood ash, earliest record chemical reaction, used for washing woolen clothing). China, axes with Corundum (precious stone). Harappan Culture of Indus Valley, chicken used for Cock Fighting, not food.
2500 - 2000 BCE - Mali, domestication of Pearl Millet. Turkey, Meteoric Iron dagger.
2400 BCE - Sumer, description of Prostitution and a Brothel-Temple to Fertility Goddess.
2300 BCE - Mesopotamia, Urukagina of Lagash, considered the earliest Law Code. (Widows and orphans exempt from taxes, state pays for funeral expenses, the rich must pay in silver and cannot force the poor against will, checked power of priests, protect from usury, abolished polyandry). Iran, Quince (fruit). China, oldest Gnomon (painted stick that casts a shadow for sundial purpose).
2200 BCE - China, first known tax, using salt. Iraq, tablet reads “22 jars of Pig Fat” (each jar 18 liters of Lard, 396 liters total, require 45 adult pigs; likely used to make soap to clean wool of sheep before turning them into textiles)
2200-2000 BCE - Turkey, Iron Smelting.
2100 - 2050 BCE - City of Ur: Earliest written Code of Law discovered. References Butter. (Fines for bodily harm, references murder, robbery, adultery, rape. Two classes of people: free and slave.)
4000 - 3000 y a - Mesopotamia, earliest Scissors (shear, spring type). India, Mung Bean domesticated.
2000 BCE - Murals show horses pulling chariots. Horses become common in western Europe. England, Great Orme Mine started, would become largest copper mine in region (most productive between 1700 - 1400 BCE), used bone and stone tools. China, Bells made out of metal (Bellfounding); domestication of the Swamp Buffalo (water buffalo). Ghana, earliest evidence of Cowpea (black eyed pea). India, Canola/Rapeseed; Diamonds being used to drill beads. Egypt, Lupin Beans. Greece, Kale grown.
1900 BCE – Homing Pigeons used for warfare.
1800 BCE - Egypt, medical text on gynecological issues; Safflower for pigment. India, Iron working.
1754 BCE - Code of Hammurabi (recognized Prostitution and gave women protection and inheritance; theorized that a fertility goddess had a temple that offered sex workers).
1700 - 1200 BCE - (Late Bronze Age) 8 societies in Middle East: Aegean, Egyptian, Hittite, Canaanite, Cypriot, Mitanni, Assyrian, Babylonian. Considered a "globalized world system." Next time this would occur is today.
1700 BCE – Mesopotamia: The "Mari Letters" reference Minoan society, King Hammurabi; clay tablets list Trigonometry Tables and Applied Geometry (for land ownership, speculated to aid in construction).
1628 BCE - Island of Thera/Santorini experiences huge volcanic eruption, possibly causing a tsunami thru eastern Mediterranean.
1600-1500 BCE - Greece, Helmet formed of boar tusks found.
1600 BCE – Levant, Mesopotamia, Pork bones rarely found in settlements (banned from temples in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Egypt). (Found amongst the poor classes, difficult to tax since it did not produce wool or milk or could plow a field.)
1550 BCE – Papyrus Ebers, Egyptian medical text, mentions Chlamydia.
1500 BCE - Modern Trumpet design found in eastern Mediterranean. India, Pigeon Pea domesticated. Egypt, Mercury found in tombs; archaeologists find earliest Sundials; Emerald mines. China, Water Clocks.
1400 BCE - Syria, Hurrian Songs, cuneiform music tablet in Ugarit. Greece, oldest body armor found, made of bronze, Dendra Panoply (not actually worn, more of a showpiece, but clear representation of body armor for battle). China, Meteoric Iron axeheads. Art representation of Scale Mail in Egypt. Art: representation of Shields.
1350 BCE - Turkey, Hittites chronicle Egyptian prisoners of war bringing "the plague.”
1300 BCE - Uluburun Shipwreck, off coast of Turkey, had 300 sixty pound copper ingots (10 tons), 1 ton of tin, and tin objects and ingots of colored glass (blue, rose, brown). From Cypress/Minoa.
1300? - 900? BCE - Eastern Mediterranean experiences a 300? year drought. (Could also be: Cypress 1200- 850. Syria 1250-1187. Galilee 1250-1100)
1279 BCE - Battle of Qadesh (Egypt vs Hittites).
1200 BCE (3,200 years ago) - Onset of Iron smelting. Earliest Camel saddles appear. Last appearance of Megaliths. India, earliest evidence of Firewalking.
1200 BCE - Eastern Mediterranean civilization collapse. Drought in Greece. Earthquake series.
1188-1177 BCE - Egypt suffers invasions from "The Sea People."
1185 BCE - Syria, Ugarit Letter, Famine.
1140? BCE - Ramses 6th, mummy found to have Smallpox. No record of people dying from Smallpox.
1100 BCE - Phoenicians establish nation. Europe, Iron Age.
1100? BCE - Earth experiences a cold temperature period?
1100-750 BCE - Egypt, Iron Smelting.
1070 BCE - Egyptian mummy found with Silk in hair, earliest evidence of Silk Road.
1000 BCE - Early Cuneiform script (late stages, still pictograph in nature). Bactria, Barbat (primitive lute). Egypt, Kenaf is grown for fibers, leaves can be eaten by animals and humans (similar to Jute and Hemp; rope, rough fabric, sails). Mediterranean, Cabbage domesticated. China, Iron Age. Sport: racing Homing Pigeons.
930 BCE - Camel bones found in Arabian peninsula. Jordan, earliest Bloomery for Iron working found.
800 - 600 BCE - Ethiopia, Sorghum Wheat begins to be harvested.
800 BCE - Considered the beginning of Ancient Greece, after the Mycenae Civilization. China, Bloomeries used.
700-500 BCE - The Illiad orally composed. India, Diamond mining starts.
708 BCE – Greece, Olympics, Discus Throw.
700 BCE - Turkey, first Coins in Lydia. Assyria, first equipment recognized as a Saddle for a Horse.
660 BCE – Massive Solar Storm hits Earth.
600 BCE - Earliest example of a Steel Sword.
600-400 BCE - Ancient Greece rise of scientific inquiry and philosophy
550 BCE - The Illiad written down.
540 BCE – Sri Lanka, earliest record of Pearls.
500 BCE - Camels used in warfare. Persians use kettle drums for military maneuvers, frighten enemies. Greece, Grape Syrup, early form of sweetener and preservative; earliest written mention of what could be Influenza. Blackberries consumed around Europe. Spain, Disk Quern developed. India, Cholera described in Sanskrit. Romans manufacture dipped Candles.
430 BCE – Athens, Typhoid Fever outbreak during siege by Sparta.
400 BCE - The "Celts/Gaeil" settle Ireland. Greece, the “Hippocratic Corpus” seventy collected medical texts, mentions Pneumonia, Meningitis, Valerian Root.
396 BCE - Olympics, horn blowing competitions.
314 BCE - China, first mention of Sweet Orange.
298 BCE - Foot powered Loom.
200 BCE - China starts making paper.

Ranked from worst to best by three Canadians with heritage from the balkans. Remember that this is just our opinions and they may change after the finals. (Sorry if this seems rushed, I wanted to post before the semis start and school just started back up)
F tier (The ones we actively hated on)

1. Spain - As none of us speak Spanish we really only had the performance to go off of and it was pretty forgettable until the two dudes stripped and then it became memorable for all the wrong reasons. The guys did not look good in the outfits and it took away from the whole performance.
   
2. Moldova - We loved Moldova’s song from last year and this one was just a disappointment. It got slightly better towards the end but it improved too late. The one girl's microphone was too low and considering we noticed that, that just proves how boring the performance was. The bit with the bows was cool though.
   
3. UK - Lyrics were lackluster, nothing special or fun or entertaining came from the song, it kind of just exists.
   
4. Germany - Again, nothing special. Germany has a good music scene yet all they can send is a pop song where the guy sings his own echo. Slightly more entertaining than the UK.
   
5. Lithuania - We didn’t like the musical structure of the song, it felt really flat and didn’t really have any memorable moments. Beat is basic and doesn’t have much beyond the vocals, which are nothing special.
   

D Tier (The ones that are just forgettable)

1. Azerbaijan - Nothing memorable about this one, except the magic he used in the music video.
   
2. Malta - Another “nothing” song, feels like something the radio would play then cut off to make an announcement.
   
3. Iceland - A feel good song with really generic messaging… nothing special
   
4. Denmark - SAND! SAAAAAAAAAAND! Please don’t sing about sand… It’s unintentionally funny.
   
5. Sweden - This song is forgettable.
   

C Tier (Mid)

1. Serbia - Could they not pick a more interesting flower to sing about? Really? But she has a good voice and it started out good then just got repetitive and boring.
   
2. Cyprus - loved the strong independent woman vibes from the music video. And the chorus is fun.
   
3. Latvia - Love the lyrics but the song itself is lackluster, and slow… Can you tell we are not fans of slow love ballads yet?
   
4. Belgium - We liked his voice and the music video. But it just kind of blends into the background of the competition. There is nothing stand out about it but nothing to actively hate on.
   
5. Georgia - lyrics feel a bit forced but overall good voice.
   
6. Greece - The song goes through so many different vibes, it just feels like a mashup gone wrong. But some parts are absolute fire. But the beginning of the song doesn’t feel like it sets up the song's tone in the right way.
   
7. Australia - the music video was really uncomfortable to watch. Loved the use of the indigenous language in it though!
   
8. Ireland - Our group was split on this one. On one hand it was different but on the other the genre switches were not well done.
   

B Tier (Somethings stuck out)

1. Poland - She has an aesthetic and she fits it all together very well. It’s just not our vibe.
   
2. Israel - The thing that stuck out the most was in the music video when the background dancers jump into frame like monkeys, it was hilarious. But more seriously the artist has a good voice.
   
3. Czechia - Love the energy behind the song but it gets repetitive.
   
4. Estonia - Just some guys being dudes. You can feel that they are having a good time through the screen. We also really love the low guys part. But it gets really repetitive.
   
5. France - He has a great voice, but the song was just another love ballad, too slow and mushy wushy for my taste. The disco ball outfit would have probably been awesome and hilarious in another performance, but here it wasn’t helping the situation.
   
6. Luxembourg - We like the use of the different languages and the really fast part. But other than that the song is nothing special.
   
7. Albania - She has a really good voice and the song is very powerful. Her dress was also stunning and it really flattered her.
   
8. Ukraine - Love the beginning but it falls off with the rapping portion. Also, the woman who did the rapping was not wearing a very flattering outfit and it took me out of the performance. But the first woman was really good and I love her voice. The song did get repetitive though which is why we couldn’t rate it any higher.
   

A Tier (Very good)

1. Portugal - We like her voice and the lace on the back up dancers and the harmonies. But the aspect ratios changing in the live performance threw us off. We liked the vibe.
   
2. San Marino - We loved the bunny skeletons. The song has such a fun vibe as well. The dance break has such a fun and unique vibe to it as well. The song just just isn’t really to our collective tastes.
   
3. Austria - It was missing some actual raving but the song was fun. The song is energetic and fun.
   
4. Switzerland - The song has a fun journey to it. We loved their fun costume changes in the video and the little classical melody in there. Overall it is a fun song.
   
5. Slovenia - We love her voice and the vibe of the song. We loved the siren vibes.
   
6. Italy - Such an amazing voice! Her performance had energy and she commanded the stage. However, her hair had 2 different vibes and took us out of the performance a bit.
   

S Tier (AMAZING! THESE ARE OUR BABIES)

1. Finland - There is always that one country that is in it for the memes and this year it is Finland. Love the staging, love the song, and it’s funny. Are they going to win? No. Are we going to have a good time watching it? Yes. It’s ridiculous but a good ridiculous.
   
2. Netherlands - So catchy and fun! The song is enjoyable to watch and to listen to. We loved seeing the visuals of him with his younger and older self in the house burning. We are not entirely sure what the song is about but we love it anyway.
   
3. Norway - Her vocals are amazing! Like holy crap. We love the fairytale vibes and everything about it.
   
4. Armenia - We love the folk vibes! You could feel like you were in an up beat village. The vibes, the costume, everything was on point! And the song felt so energetic!
   
5. Croatia - Our absolute favourite by a landslide! Every line resonated with us, we loved the use of the animals in the back, the lace on the drum kit, there is some much detail packed into this performance and it resonates so deeply.
   

Comment if you have other resources, blogs, youtube channels, or posts that I should include.
Phantom time

• ! archive Fomenko New chronology complete set
• ! Glitch in the matrix or parallel of history
• !A synopsis of Phantom Time theory in my own words. A short introduction to the work of Anatoly Fomenko
• The world fairs were used as an excuse to demolish America's ancient architectural heritage.
• Ottonian Empire vs Ottoman Empire. The truth about the Siege of Vienna and when did the Roman Empire really fall.
• The Star Fort conspiracy. Some star forts are called "Batteries" why is that?
• The little known "Woman's holocaust" was part of a larger cultural genocide in the 16th and 17th centuries when the old knowledge was wiped out.
• Renowned brain surgeon Dr. Leonard Shlain stumbles into the cultural layer by accident and gives up medicine to become a historian when he realizes our history has been stolen. \(Skip intro 2:19\)
• The mysterious origin of Saint Petersburg. Impossible engineering marvels prove our history has been stolen.
• The linchpin of why phantom time exists. No old books exist! Only dishonestly copied and "corrected" books are used to support the official history. When genuinely old books surface they often contradict the official history and are ignored by the mainstream historians.
• [Introduction to the world wide culture that used to exist prior to modernism that was subsequently deleted by historians. \(Sylvie Ivanowa narrator\](https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/7zvfri/introduction_to_the_world_wide_culture_that_used/)
• The Fate of the "1000 cities of Bactria," Kingdom of Buddhist Greeks. Probable gap in history. Kingdom mysterious disappears only to reappear under a different name when 1,748,000 people died in one hour according to some legends.
• Scythian/Bactrian gold
• American Scythians
• History's greatest con job: the life of Genghis Khan is a work of fiction largely made up by one man named Baavuday Tsend Gun in 1908
• Origins and Spread of the Mongoloid Race
• [Sir Isaac Newton: The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, Amended \[PDF\](https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/8569t4/sir_isaac_newton_the_chronology_of_ancient/)
• The oldest "clock" in Britain at Wells Cathedral could prove phantom history true.
• ! New Chronology by Nosovskiy and Fomenko Philipp Druzhinin
• ! The cemetery of "longevity" In Turkey ...

Anomalous Soil Accumulation

• Gondola unearthed at Lucknow’s 220-year-old Chhatar Manzil
• The cultural layer above more thousand years Roman villa has grown by only a meter, while the cultural layer of the century and a half building has grown by several meters
• "The chapel provides evidence of Myra’s swift entombment. If the sediment had built up gradually, the upper portions should show more damage."
• Bauman Street, Kazan Russia
• The original streets and houses can be found under present-day Prague *Istanbul Gate Nicaea
• Buried bridge Orel Russia
• Mosaic floor city of Er Rastan Syria
• Buried Barcelona
• ! Apocalypse of the 19th century. The true story of genocide
• the post catastrophe world of Piranesi
• Scratching the surface of the Indian "Cultural Layer"
• The full US capitol building exposed.
• Deadwood Underground
• How Shakespeare Drained Venice- The Merchant of Venice contains not a solitary reference to gondolas or canals, and nor does Othello * [Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha, Coimbra, Portugal - c1954 vs now \(Excavated\](https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/c72qkh/monastery_of_santa_claraavelha_coimbra_portugal/)
• ! [Anomalous Soil Accumulation \(Large album\](https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/b8sqw5/anomalous_soil_accumulation_large_album/)
• "Polytechnical Museum" Moscow
• Grant street Hump District excavation:Pittsburgh "1900s"
• Buried Russian Churches; A Look Inside
• The Whitehouse is buried in the cultural layer. On August 24th 1814 Washington DC was sacked by the British and then saved by tornadoes. The storm buried the Whitehouse in mud up to the 2nd level.
• What is under the Washington Monument? An ancient structure resembling a Mayan Pyramid. It was excavated in the 1800s and buried under cement.
• The Arch of Septimius Severus
• Buried Copenhagen part 1
• mudflood in grand rapids michigan
• mud flood in ann arbor mi
• mud flood in holland mi
• In case you're curious, this is one of the ways they employ to sink buildings. Turning the ground into a kind of quick sand and the weight of the building just pulls it down. W their earthquake weapons I imagine they can make entire cities go mudflood.
• Soil accumulation in Ancient Sardis, Turkey - From an excavation in 1911 - (credit: u/Philipp-Dr and Stolenhistory.org - links in comments)
• a collection of capriccio paintings
• Officially In the 13th century people poured 7 meters of dirt over the whole of Prague. Should we do the math? Where is the logic?
• Greek Floor Mosaic uncovered in 2014 in Turkey near Syrian Border
• 4 albums containing hundreds of examples showing an anomalous build up of soil and the necessary re-modeling.
• Moscow in early 1800's oil paintings , everything is overgrown with vegetation
• Napoleon in Moscow paintings
• The Town of Rockwell, Texas
• ! At some point in time, possibly between 1875 and 1905, Chattanooga built up its roads and abandoned the first stories of the buildings in the downtown of the city, turning them into basements. Today, no one knows exactly why or how it happened
• Old Bayfield County Courthouse, Wisconsin built c.1896
• Chichen Itza
• Castle filled with dirt
• Unburying Rome - Italy
• Observing the cultural layer of the Ipatiev House \("Romanov murder house"\)
• Cincinnati, Ohio, Eden Park, old resivoir walls.
• Church of St Sofia, Bulgaria
• Mysterious tunnels discovered in Florida
• Mud flood in the 19th century?
• Omaha Mud Flood: St. Mary Magdalene Church 1920 transformation
• Ancient rail-road tracks unearthed
• An interesting take on the history of canals and "train" Tunnels: Could they hint at something greater?
• "A side walk, curbing and all, found several feet under the surface"-Asheville North Carolina (repost)

Egypt

• Change my view: The floral wreath found in king Tuts tomb is not 2000 years old.
• The Great Tutankhamen Hoax
• til; aerial photography is illegal in Egypt.
• Graffiti and chronology of vintage Egyptian photographs

Europe

• ! Were wars originally more similar to a sports event?
• The Medieval London Bridge \(the one with all the buildings on top of it\) being destroyed. Notice the megalithic blocks?
• Bank of England in ruins by Joseph Gandy
• [The language of the Roman Empire](https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/8jtv93/the_language_of_the_roman_empire/)

Asia

• Discussion; is Japan as we know it a fabrication?
• Utsuro-bune
• Ainu/Japan general discussion

North America

• Thousands of years ago a 'Mystery Culture' dug a massive network of tunnels, cavities, and chambers beneath the city of Teotihuacan. The exact purpose of this ancient underground system of tunnels and chambers continues to elude scholars.
• A man takes very close look at a wall.
• Megalithic structure in Jersey City is 6 times wider than the great wall of China and weighs more than the Great Pyramid in Giza
• The ethereal staircase of Loretto Chapel
• The mysterious helix staircase of the Loretto Chapel in Sante Fe, New Mexico; allegedly built by a mysterious man in the 1870s from an unknown species of wood with no nails and without any obvious means of structural support)
• Toronto
• What do y'all think is goin on with the top of this building?

Russia

• Anomalous Polygonal Masonry in the small town of Chusovoy , Sverdlovskaya District, Russia
• Bathtub \(granite: 196 cm, 152 cm, 53 cm\) m made for tsar Alexander I, Russia 19th c.\[705x555\]
• ! In a bombed out shed south of St Petersburg lies the Tsar bath, weighing nearly 100,000 lbs and standing 6 foot tall it is perhaps the largest single granite work outside of ancient Egypt.
• Moscow 1867 -- Where are the people???
• The empty streets of Saint Petersburg in the 1860s - where is everyone?
• Finding hints in the official narative. "Garðaríki"

American civil War

• Is General Robert E Lee dead in this 1865 photo
• American civil war strangeness continued

People/Pseudo characters

• General Robert E. Lee astride
• In 1819 English academic Richard Whately wrote a book questioning the Napoleon myth.
• Fake Rasputin
• What in the ever-loving fuck is going on with this photograph?
• TIL: Richard Wagners Grandson Wieland claimed that he was molested By Hitler

Archeology

• Çatalhöyük and international relations
• Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii
• How ancient Greek columns were made: photographer Bonfils inadvertently filmed the technology of building ancient columns by ancient Athenians
• [Hagia Sophia is built on the foundation of an older temple, that is built on the foundation of an even o older temple.
• Year AD J775 ?? Year J788 ? Gravestones in a cemetery in Stratford, CT
• Is it or only me or this structure looks like the frame of an very modern building?
• Mexican temple of Santiago, master builder monks and our failed archaeology

Architecture

• ! "Antique World". Alternative title; "Grand unified architectural style"
• Grand Unified Architectural Style: Antique Africa
• Our architectural heritage restored to it's former glory only after the retreat of the Reds from East Germany.

Technology

• Cast-iron flooring in ancient temples.
• The Autoped was an early motorized scooter
• ! Embed Metallurgical technology that allows create medieval knight’s armor appeared in the industrial era
• ! Is it possible free energy was once a reality ? Or another form of energy transfer at least?
• Interesting analogy
• Free energy capacitors in Bangladesh Mohenjo Daro nuclear strike, just not 3000 years ago.
• Mechanical fish and swan from the 1700s in simulated water of moving glass. Such intricate craftsmanship we cannot reproduce today. The people of the past were much smarter than us. This is technology from the phantom era historians erased from existence.* Despite the general consensus antique corsets were and are not oppressive torture contraptions, but instead highly technical devices that correct posture, and positively effect spine heath.
• We have been lied to about the capabilities, techniques and reasoning of our ancestors.
• 439 year old reservoir dam, outlasts its modern counterparts
• Lets talk about classical architecture. And other global architectural phenomenon, polygonal masonry, impossible craftsmanship, and strange metallic elements
• Steel staircase? Encased in marble?
• Why London Underground is nicknamed "The Tube" The electric city of the 1800s. What powered their electric cars?
• Granite polygons of Kronstadt \(not a single structure within the city is built with granite\)
• Vorontsov palace, window frames hewed from a single piece of ultra hard diabase stone using crude iron hand tools?
• The medici lions at Vorontsov palace. Peculiar holes...
• a collection of lesser known yet stunningly detailed sculptures
• Staglieno Graveyard, Most Beautiful Cemetery in Italy and possibly the world
• Steel beams in antiquities?
• In electronics, porcelain \(and ceramic derivatives\) is widely used for insulating material due to its excellent non-conductivity.
• Anointing oil and oriental wellness. Part 2 Alt title: "Traces of technologically advanced society in east Asia"
• The Ancient Airfield Yundum
• The 100 year old Russian warship still in service.
• Lets talk polygonal masonry

Giants

• ! Skeletons of unusual growth in the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo
• Peculiar Decorations Of The Medici
• let's find out where the Boyers in Russia came from. Boyar coat -large cloaks of honor passed down through the generations.
• Giant Skeletons in old etchings
• Continuing the theme of mythological creatures representing true creatures.
• giants on the streets of european cities
• giant roman shoe
• giants in the picture of leonardo da vinci*Boyars as decedents of Hyperborean giants; A growth of around 2.5 meters as indicated by the length of inherited clothing.

Religion

• Parallels between Shinto and Judaism
• Catholics versus Cathars, or how the Cat-lovers competed with the Cat-worshipers

Geography

• Samandar, the second capital of Khazaria thought to have been destroyed 1000 years ago, was marked on European maps of 300 years ago at the site of modern Makhachkala, the capital of Dagestan
• Judia is the ancient capital of Thailand. Maps and engravings show this
• Lakes Urmia and Van were connected on the old mapsThe medieval ‘New England’: a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast
• Australia could be something else...
• ! Continent of North America does not exist... or could it be a part of Asia?
• 17 maps of the World, Poland, Italy, Rome, Northern Europe and Germany \(1557-65\)
• 17th Cent. map \(Willem Blaeu\) indicates Tartarians settled in N. America
• why would maps of Africa from 1800's show more uncharted territory than those made in 1500's?
• Pompeii on maps from 1570?
• Clear evidence for the supposition that Giovanni Battista Piranesi was recording what he saw in the minutest detail and was not illustrating fantasy as is often claimed* Old newspaper articles on Chilaga
• Legendary city of Norumbega: could it be Washington, DC?
• Kings of Florida, and vanished white Native American Kingdoms
• ! [Ruins of Old Earth \(Schoenung\)

Meta

• ! StolenHistory.gov

Miscellaneous

• The purposefully forgotten crucifixion of the Antean king Boz
• Three Remarkable and Calamitous Travels through Italy, Greece, Livonia, Muscovy, Tartary, Media, Persia, East India, Japan and various other Districts
• https://www.reddit.com/CulturalLayecomments/lwcuoc/the_unrivalled_maestro_tito_livio_burattini/
• Sultan Suleiman and King Solomon
• The most unusual icons of the “Holy Trinity”
• The Prussian school: all power to the canon
• 114 years ago: Mammoth Recovered from Northern Siberia
• Why Are There Underground Jesuit Caves in Europe Filled with Egyptian and Islamic Art?
• Inconvenient questions about the war; Just a few queries the world should answer before we do it all once more
• TIL: The basic outline of history taught to every child in America since the mid 1900s was written by prominent communist and science fiction writer H.G Wells in his "The Outline of History"
• Blackened cityscapes of the world
• American cars with their soviet twins. Is there something weird here or is it just me?

Symbolism

• Smithsonian logo

Resources

• ! https://www.davidrumsey.com/
• ! archive Fomenko New chronology complete set
• Best Of CulturalLayer And Resource Guide, Amended- Again
• best links about cultural layer theory?
• Anatoly Fomenko - New Chronology - History; fiction or science? -- A fascinating Russian attempt \(playlist, English subtitles\) at seeking clarity through the distortions of modern "history"
• collection of images i've gathered depicting south american sites before or during their excavation or "reconstruction"
• Huge archive of StaBastion Fort images/pics/designs \(useful resource\)
• "Declassified photos from U2 planes are helping archaeologists unlock the past
• starforts.com
• starforts.org

Heavily moderated

• stolenhistory.net
• stolenhistory.org

Defunct
www.wildheretic.commegaliths.org
Wikipedia

• New chronology (Fomenko))
• Phantom time conspiracy theory
• ! Vérendrye stone (" Jesuit priests concluded that it was written in "Tatarian" writing."..."The Minnesota Historical Society has offered a $1000 reward for the stone's rediscovery.")
• ! Invention Secrecy Act \(1951\)
• Ringwoodite is notable for being able to contain hydroxide ions \(oxygen and hydrogen atoms bound together\) Combined with evidence of its occurrence deep in the Earth's mantle, this suggests that there is from one to three times the world ocean's equivalent of water in the mantle transition zone.
• Hyperdiffusionism
• According to local folklore, the region was inhabited by Caeté Indians, who woke up one day to find their town covered by sand
• Gunnar Heinsohn
• Vitrified fort
• star forts
• Polygonal masonry
• ionic wind
• Sharing this wikipedia page to illustrate how, with the right eye, you can pick apart an mainstream article and get at the meat of whats been hidden.

other subs

• tartarianarchitecture
• Tartaria
• alternativeastronomy mudfossils
• Thunderbolts
• plasmacosmology historicalstreetview
• fringehub
• newchronology
• AlternativeAstronomy
• AlternativeHistory

defunct
homogiganticus
Youtube channels

• New earth
• Wise Up
• Cognitive TV \(russian\)
• Philipp Druzhinin
• CONSPIRACY-R-US
• Deciphering The Devil's Details
• baltimore fats
• Static in the attic
• streets of tartaria
• Colm Gibney
• jon levi

Defunct

• jacksfan
• Curious Life
• Nik research
• Mud Flood Mystery North

Missing/lost and found

• Tartaria Territory or Empire - Mudflood channel we miss youUzbekistan and Maps of Tartaria
• Mudflood channel we miss you

* posting livejournals in the comments

Warning: This post contains HEAVY spoilers for not only ACOTAR, but TOG and CC as well (the entire Maasverse). Proceed with caution!

-----------------

#1. Mab's crown and Feyre's crown have certain similarities:

Crafted of silver and pearl, fashioned into upswept wings that met in its peaked center, encircled with spikes of pure diamond, it shimmered like the moon's rays had been captured within...
A terrible, surprising weight, the cool metal digging into her scalp . . .
"Mab's crown," Maeve said. "Your crown, by blood and birthright. Her true Heir."
KOA, Ch 8
-----------------
My crown was crafted of silver and diamond, all fashioned into swirls of stars and various phases of the moon. Its arching apex held aloft a crescent moon of solid diamond, flanked by two exploding stars . . .
This crown was heavier. Not unwelcome, but . . . strange.
ACOWAR, Ch 41

​
Artist: Tamara Kadoura (t_kadoura on IG)

#2. The Bone Carver is an old god from another world—a death god who reveals words of truth . . . who whispers secrets and revels in bone. A god who wants to be forgotten . . .

The Sin-Eater, who existed a millennium before TOG and was called the god of truth, had a temple filled with carved confessions in bone . . . and became a god forgotten:

“Legend has it that the Shadow Market was built on the bones of the god of truth.”
In every wall, skulls and bones were artfully arranged—and every wall, even the ceiling, had been formed from them . . .
“There’s writing on the bones,” Aedion said, striding down the steps and onto the bone floor . . . ‘I am a liar. I am a thief. I took my sister’s husband and laughed while I did it.’”
“Seems like this god of truth,” Aedion called from his wall, “was more of a Sin-Eater than anything."
. . . with a temple built from the bones of murderers and thieves and worse, she doubted this god had been a particular favorite. No wonder he’d been forgotten.
QOS, Ch 50
-----------------
Like the gates above, it was of ivory—bone. And in its surface were etched countless images: flora and fauna, seas and clouds, stars and moons, infants and skeletons, creatures fair and foul—
. . . The carver picked up the bone Rhysand had brought him and weighed it in those child’s hands. “I shall carve your death in here, Feyre.”
ACOMAF, Ch 30
The Carver purred to Cassian, “If I tell you a secret, warrior-heart, what will you give me?”
ACOWAR, Ch 22
“If they are death-gods,” I said, “then what are you?” . . .
“I am forgotten, that’s what I am. And that’s how I prefer to be.”
ACOWAR, Ch 23

​
Artist: CarolEspilotro on DeviantArt

#3. Lorcan's power, gifted from the dark god Hellas, is oddly similar to the Illyrian killing power . . . and their real-world counterparts are geographically connected:

Lorcan, with his unending cold rage and a talent for killing gifted to him by Hellas himself, never allowed himself to lose.
QOS, Ch 29
No, Lorcan’s magic was that of will—of death and thought and destruction. There was no name for it . . .
A wild smile danced on Lorcan’s lips as he let his magic rise to the surface, let its black roar fill his veins.
He had crumbled cities with this power.
EOS, Ch 9
His magic was strong, the strongest of any demi-Fae male in any kingdom, any realm.
EOS, Ch 9
-----------------
“Do you have any gifts?” I asked him . . .
“The power of stronger Illyrians tends toward ‘incinerate now, ask questions later.’ They have little magical gifts beyond that—the killing power.”
ACOMAF, Ch 16
Spreading his wings wide, Cassian took a final glance around the camp he’d razed to the ground.
Another reminder, too: of what he was capable of when pushed too far.
ACOFAS, Ch 3
First Cassian and Azriel appeared in the doorway. The High Lord’s general and shadowsinger—and the most powerful Illyrians in history.
ACOMAF, Ch 42

Hellas is the English alternative of Ἑλλάς, the Ancient Greek name for Greece, which is located on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula.
The ancient peoples of Illyria—the Illyrians—also resided in a region of the Balkan Peninsula, populating much of what is modern Albania, one of the most mountainous countries in Europe.
​
From Brittanica Kids

#4. The number 7 is not only highlighted in CC . . . it shows up repeatedly throughout all three series:

THRONE OF GLASS

Dorian granted Celeana seven books:
"He granted my wish, and sent seven books from his personal library that I’m commanded to read.”
TOG Ch 11
-----------------
Baba Yellowlegs demanded seven gold pieces for her price:
Yellowlegs smiled at her . . . “Seven gold pieces, and I’ll answer your questions."
COM, Ch 40
-----------------
There are seven Great Hearths among the Crochan Witches:
And so it went . . . until the leaders of all seven of the Great Hearths stood gathered there.
KOA Ch 65

Other instances of 7 in TOG: Seven spiked goblets in the Champions test; seven chimings of the clock when saving Aedion (and seven minutes to spare); seven months in the Glass Castle; seven hidden portals; seven coppers for shoes Celeana couldn't afford; seven Fae Elide approaches; seven bells in Silba's Womb; seven slaves dying; seven ships disabled; seven Wyrdhounds; seven in Arobynn's inner circle; the seventh khagan who built a new throne.
ACOTAR

Seven High Lords and seven Courts of Prythian:
Then there were places like Prythian, divided and ruled by seven High Lords.
ACOTAR, Ch 5
-----------------
Cassian and Azriel have seven Siphons each:
If one Siphon was what most Illyrians needed to handle their killing power . . . Cassian and Azriel had seven each.
ACOMAF, Ch 42
-----------------
The War lasted seven years:
The War had raged for seven years. Years.
ACOWAR, Ch 38

Other instances of 7 in ACOTAR: Seven sons of Autumn; seven levels of the library; seven x seven years of Tamlin's curse; seven ash arrows in Rhys's wings; seven naga in Spring; the seventh volume of Lavinia's The Great War; a seven-headed inmate of the Prison; seven years of Cassian's training; seven pairs of breeding pegasi; seven priestesses singing where a bell rang seven times.
CRESCENT CIT Y

Seven is the holy number of the Asteri:
Seven—the holy number. Or unholy, depending on who was worshipping. Seven Asteri, seven hills in their Eternal City, seven neighborhoods and seven Gates in Crescent Cit y; and seven circles in Hel, with seven princes who ruled them, each darker than the last.
HOEAB, Ch 18
-----------------
The Prince of the seventh layer of Hel consumed the seventh Asteri:
The seventh and most lethal of the demon princes of Hel was in his mind . . . This demon prince had killed the seventh Asteri. Had devoured the seventh Asteri.
HOSAB, Ch 21
-----------------
Sigrid's resurrection lasted three sets of seven:
It took Hypaxia seven hours, seven minutes, and seven seconds to raise Sigrid.
HOFAS, Ch 48

Other instances of 7 in CC: Seven members of the Pack of Devils; seven gems in each gate; seven gold marks for drugs; seven stars on the Asteri's crest; seven files on Danika; seven Fae Kings; seven City Heads; seven years of Hunt's imprisonment; seventy-seven degree dip for demons; Justinian's seven day crucifixion; seven stair-steps to the Bone Quarter; seven mystics searching for sons; seven candles for the dead; seven shards of the Fendyr sword; seven digits for passcodes; Type-Seven demons; seven minutes to speak to Connor; the seventh dawning before Bryce left her room; seven declarations to trade souls; seven missed calls; seven x seven measurements for the Asteri's corridors, for the wall of the Northern Rift; seven comm crystals; seven family members rescued by Lidia; seven foot mech suits with seven foot swords; seven lbs seven oz of obsidian salt, cut into sevens.
Seven also plays an important role in ages . . .

SEVEN
The age Yrene took her healing oath. When Nesta's palms were beaten by her dance teacher. When Lysandra's mother threw her out of their house. The age of Falkan when Lysandra was born.
SEVENTEEN
The age Sam died. The year Celeana spent in Endovier. When Bryce and Mor lost their virginities. When Mor was left for dead. The age appearance of Rigelus. The age of the khagan's youngest son. When Borte competed in the Gathering. When Lysandra and Archer had their bidding. When Mordoc visited Danika. When Elain bought paints for Feyre and she painted the dresser of flames and flowers and stars . . . the age when Rhys first felt her.
OTHER SEVEN-RELATED AGES AND NUMBERS
Baba Yellowlegs was seven hundred years old when she was killed by Aelin; Manon is one hundred and seventeen; Lidia is forty-seven; Ruhn is seventy-five (note: seventy-five is said to be the age some ACOTAR Fae reach adulthood); twenty-seven is marked the ideal age for Danika and Bryce to make the Drop; Ruhn was twenty-seven during his Ordeal; two hundred three years and twenty-seven days after Lyria, Rowan shares his story with Aelin; two thousand two hundred and seventeen deaths Hunt has to atone for.

​
Artist: gabriella.bujdoso on IG

#5: Aelin and Rowan's rings are similar to ones described in each additional series:

“I don’t know the Fae customs,” she said. The thicker ring held an elegantly cut ruby within the band itself, while the smaller one bore a sparkling rectangular emerald mounted atop, the stone as large as her fingernail . . .
She took his hand, and he tried not to shudder in relief, tried not to fall to his knees as she slid the ruby ring onto his finger.
KOA, Ch 37
Aelin weighed the blade, a golden ring capped with an obscenely large emerald adorning her finger . . . Sure enough, a golden ring lay on the warrior’s own finger, a ruby built into the band.
KOA, CH 42
-----------------
My grip tightened on the leather as I tugged the horse to a stop, and the golden ring on my finger—along with the square-cut emerald glittering atop it—flashed in the sun.
ACOMAF, Ch 2
But I was ensconced in a cocoon of darkness and fire and ice and wind, a cocoon that melted the ring off my finger until the golden ore dripped away into the void, the emerald tumbling after it.
ACOMAF, Ch 12
-----------------
“I don’t believe we’ve met,” the Hind said, flexing and breaking the cards again. Her hands were deft, unfaltering. Unscarred. She wore a gold ring crowned with a square, clean-cut ruby.
HOSAB, Ch 33
Instead, with slightly trembling fingers, she pulled her ruby ring from her finger and laid it on the table between them. "I want you to have this . . . It's an heirloom of my father's household."
. . . Brann was staring with wide eyes at the obscenely huge ruby.
HOFAS, Ch 45

​
Artist: drawnexplore on teepublic

#6: There is more than one cave of glowworms . . . more than one cave filled with Crown jewels:

Overhead, clinging to the cavern ceiling as if they were stars trapped beneath the rock, small blue lights glowed.
Glowworms, like those in the lantern. Thousands of them, made infinite by the reflection in the black water . . .
A sea of stars—that's what the cave had become.
KOA, Ch 38
Aelin added another fistful of coins to her pocket, beginning a circuit around the treasure-laden tomb.
KOA, Ch 37
-----------------
The chamber was a cool, chill black, as if we'd stepped inside the mind of some sleeping beast. And within its round space gleamed glittering islands of light. Of jewels.
Ten thousand years' worth of treasure . . .
. . . carved into the rock was an entire wall of crowns. They each had their own resting place, lined with black velvet, each illuminated by—
"Glowworms," Rhys told me as the tiny, bluish blobs crusted in the arches of each nook seemed to glitter like the entire night sky.
ACOWAR, Ch 41

​
Waitomo caves in New Zealand, from geologyscience.com

#7: If Rhys's beast form is dragon-esque, Helion's is decidedly ruk-like:

The talons came first . . . Then dark scales or perhaps feathers . . .
It was a thing of nightmares. Nothing human or Fae in it. It was a creature that lived in black pits and only emerged at night to hunt and feast. The face . . . it was those creatures that had been carved into the rock of the Court of Nightmares. That made up his throne. The throne not only a representation of his power . . . but of what lurked within. And with the wings . . .
ACOWAR, Ch 74
-----------------
If Rhys was a flying terror crafted from shadows and cold moonlight, Helion was his daytime equivalent.
Gold feathers and shredding claws and feathered wings—
ACOWAR, Ch 74
-----------------
Not the sharp-tongued, brutal Helion, who watched my sister and me like an eagle.
A great, golden eagle . . .
Helion jerked his square chin to Rhys, the only one of them, it seemed, not surprised by my mate’s wings. But his eyes—a striking amber—fell on me.
ACOWAR, Ch 43
-----------------
The northern aerial cavalry of his people had long dwelled in the towering Tavan Mountains with their ruks: enormous birds, eagle-like in shape, large enough to carry off cattle and horses . . .
Each of the ruk’s golden feathers shone like burnished metal . . . her gold eyes had sized Nesryn up immediately.
TOD, Ch 2
. . . it was unsettling, to have the weight of that gaze wholly upon you. It was an eagle’s gaze—a ruk’s gaze. Keen and piercing.
TOD, Ch 6

Note: Full theory post on this here
​
Artist: mftfernandez on IG

#8: There is more than one marsh with silence from beyond:

“What is this place?” Elide breathed, as if fearful the land itself would hear . . .
Silvery brackish water covered most of it, still as a mirror, interrupted only by grassy islands and mounds of earth—and crumbling, exquisite ruins.
“This is a bad place,” Elide whispered. “We shouldn’t be here.”
. . . “What do you sense?”
Her lips were bloodless. “Silence. Life, but such . . . silence. As if . . . "
Her words were a shudder of breath. “As if all the people who once lived here, long ago, are still trapped inside—still . . . beneath.
. . . "I don’t think this is a place for the living, Lorcan. The beasts in these waters . . . I do not think they tolerate trespassers. Nor do the dead.”
EOS, Ch 52
-----------------
But then gray, watery light hit her. And the air—the air was heavy, full of slow-running water and mold and loamy earth. No wind moved around them; not even a breeze.
. . . She had never seen a place so dead. A place that made the still-human part of her recoil, whispering that it was wrong wrong wrong to be here.
. . . He cleared the mist, banking to the left. “You sensed something?
“I don’t know what I sensed.” She swallowed. “Something is here.”
. . . Nesta strained to listen. Only silence answered. Empty of even a whistle of a breeze. “Who would bury their dead here?”
ACOSF, Ch 32

​
Artist: RenoodleStudio on Etsy

#9. Crescent Cit y was not the first hint of eight—eight doorways, eight gates, eight courts, an eight-pointed star . . . but neither was ACOTAR:

“The eight guardians; you know of whom I speak.”
TOG, Ch 25
-----------------
The High Priestess walked onto the stone platform . . . An eight-pointed star was tattooed upon her brow in a shade of blue that matched her gown, its sharp lines extending to her hairline.
TOG, Ch 37
-----------------
There were no torch brackets here. The seventh portal revealed only a short passageway and one open door. An eighth gate.
COM, Ch 43
-----------------
A circle of eight dancers, both male and female—a holy number, Sartaq explained to a tentatively smiling Nesryn . . .
TOD, Ch 21

​
Artist: izziesdrawings on IG

#10. The Suriel was not the only one in search of a warm cloak and kindness:

She should let Kaltain freeze to death for what she’d tried to do to her . . . But Kaltain had already curled in on herself again, conserving as much warmth as she could.
Celaena didn’t want to think about how frigid the cell must be at night; she knew what it felt like to curl up like that, desperate for any kernel of warmth, wondering whether you’d wake up in the morning, or if the cold would claim you before then.
. . . Celaena unfastened her black cloak.
COM, Ch 9
“The next time that fool Lucien gives you advice on how to trap the Suriel, you come to me . . . All you needed to do was offer it a new robe, and it would have groveled at your feet.”
ACOTAR, Ch 16
-----------------
Kaltain turned, that midnight gown swirling with her . . .
The woman was so small, so thin. The dress was barely more than cobwebs and shadows. It was cold in the mountain camp, even for Manon. Had she refused a cloak, or did they just not care?
QOS, Ch 31
I hadn’t known what to expect as I entered the ring of white trees . . . but it was not the tall, thin veiled figure in dark tattered robes. It's hunched back facing me, I could count the hard knobs of its spine poking through the thin fabric.
ACOTAR, Ch 14
-----------------
“Because Celaena . . . she gave her a warm cloak in a cold dungeon. And they wouldn’t let Kaltain take the cloak with her when they brought her to Morath, but she managed to save this scrap. To remember to repay Celaena for that kindness.
EOS, Ch 50
I took its hand in mine. “I’m sorry.” It was all I could think to say. I had done this—I had brought it here.
“I knew,” it gasped, sensing my shift in thoughts. “The tracking . . . I knew of it.”
“Then why come at all?”
“You . . . were kind. You . . . fought your fear. You were . . . kind,” it said again.
ACOWAR, Ch 60
-----------------
Her throat clogged, but she pushed past it as her trembling fingers fished out the little bit of cloth from her inside pocket.
“I think she kept this as a reminder of kindness,” Elide said hoarsely . . . And she died alone in Morath. She died alone . . . "
EOS, CH 57
Sprawled out, the Suriel’s bony chest heaved unevenly, its breaths few and far between . . .
“What—what can I do?” The words turned thin—brittle.
“Stay . . . ,” it breathed. “Stay . . . until the end.”
I took its hand in mine.
ACOWAR, Ch 60
-----------------
Kaltain unleashed the last of her shadowfire, tipping her face to the ceiling, toward a sky she’d never see again.
She took out every wall and every column. As she brought it all crashing and crumbling around them, Kaltain smiled, and at last burned herself into ash on a phantom wind.
QOS, Ch 82
“Give me your cloak. Please.”
. . . I didn’t bother to explain as I covered the Suriel’s body with the fine fabric.
“Thank you,” I said one last time to the Suriel, and stepped away.
Helion’s flame was a pure, blinding white.
It burned the Suriel into ashes within a heartbeat . . .
As warm light whisked us away, I could have sworn that the pile of ashes was stirred by a phantom wind.
ACOWAR, Ch 60

​
Artist: Alice Power on ArtStation

“I don’t even know your name,” I whispered. The Suriel—it was a title, a name for its kind.
That small smile again. “Does it matter, Cursebreaker?”
“Yes.”
Its eyes dimmed, but it did not tell me.
-----------------
“Feyre Archeron,” the Suriel said again, gazing at the leafy canopy, the sky peeking through it. A painful inhale. “A request.”
I leaned close. “Anything.”
Another rattling breath. “Leave this world . . . a better place than how you found it.”
ACOWAR, Ch 60

_____________________
If you've read Throne of Glass and want to see a TOG exclusive "10 connections you may have missed" post, click HERE

Hi, My name is PureChance, and I have a problem. I am a full blown character-creation addict.
Over the last month, I have created 40 detailed characters in eight different 5-man teams (all planned out through all 20 levels with names, gear, feats, spells, abilities, primary drivers, motivations, attitudes/demeanor, family background, secret fear, etc. etc.).... and there is no end in sight... and I can not stop creating more and more... and more and more....
Am I alone?
Here is just a small sample...
TEAM A (5 members):
Oz-Mada TreeTryVoVaTay - the hippie flower-child fruit leshy infinite eye/emotional acceptance psychic w/ mindsmith + sleepwalker free archetypes. He looks to keep peace and help people get along with his high CHA, but will back his friend and eliminate bad guys when he has to - especially when they ruin his buzz... Like, really man... you like really have to.. oh look, what a cool butterfly... I mean try this mushroom, man, I grew it right here on my arm, it is sooo trippy man. It'll patch you right up...
Korag SongWarden ClawRipper - the clawed catfolk Warrior Bard Haka Chanter w/ Dread Marshall archetype. Looking for new Epic war tales to take back to his tribe who have started to lose their edge just a little. For Glory, For Honor, For Blood. Exuberantly lives life, Joyous, Blood Thirsty, Proud, Intimidating...
Onyx Auraclipse - the Nyktera Sprite Thief (w/ reach dancing spear) - the goth depressed wayward bat-sprite, family community ransacked by loggers, and orphaned as child in large town were she fell in with the wrong crowd. She picks up Eldest Lost Prince Cleric archetype at 2nd level. Looking for something in such a grey bland pointless somber world and maybe help other abandoned people and find meaning to life.
Ala Din Galland - the slum-raised bouncy (chosen tailed) goblin gymnast swashbuckler (gogo +2 to bouncy tumble thru) with acrobat archetype. He believes he is destined to live out the fairy tale and will save the princess from the evil wizard... and maybe something about 3 mugs/dishes and a rug... or was that a carpet and 3 wishes?!?
Cortek StormKiln RowenForge - the dwarf mohawked, tattooed air elemental beserker w/ air kinetic archetype who comes from a long long long... long line of legendary warriors and has to prove himself worthy to carry on the family name. Taking on bigger and badder evil guys with his trusty Dorn-Dergar (a 2 handed chain with a large metal block to swing around).
TEAM B (5 members):
Maderton "Chance" Hogfellow - the lucky gutsy halfling Pistolero + Unexpected Sharpshooter archetype who has as many racial luck feats and luck archetype feats as possible. Looking to help others and free the oppressed. Always pleasant, overconfident, and a little brash. I mean my luck hasn't let me down yet, why should it?
Everest Gollinsburg - the unbreakable goblin regalia Thaumaturge w/ goblin song + Bard archetype (to give so many aura effects). He desires the spotlight and wants the world to be his stage and for everyone to acknowledge him as the best singer ever.
Waveshore CloudFall - the mistbreath Azarrketi shaman on a spirit quest. As a young apprentice shaman, he must fulfill a quest so that he can return and guide his tribe. He is a single element water kineticist + blessed one + medic archetype which make him a good back line booster.
Dennis 'Skelly' Femurton - the adventurers who found him in the abandoned necromancer lair almost destroyed him immediately but for the halo glowing around his head. He is a nephilim angelic skeleton who happens to be a spirit-rager barbarian with the redeemer champion archetype. Looking to find out how he came to be and to fight evil in all of its forms. Wears full scalemail and full helmet to cover up all limbs and all skeleton features to avoid problems with locals. Relies on his halo (and eventual angel wings) and his emblazoned shield of Iomedae to smooth over ruffled feathers.
Balmbada Browbraiser - the Ifrit Gnome Alchemical Sciences Investigator looking to uncover ALL OF THE SECRETS and solve all of the mysteries with help from his Drow Shootist and Loremaster archetypes. Ifrit eyes to see through the alchemic smoke he throws around.
TEAM C:
Zarick Xavier Velindrago - the ancient elf noble who finally left to live life... I mean being the 3rd child of immortals rulers... come on enough is enough, how many hundreds of years have to go by before you have had enough of family and court politics... he is an Enigma/Maestro Bard + free archetype Loremaster with all the ancient feats, just looking to live life and experience something new.
The Titan Nagaji Poison Dragon Barbarian + Rogue Archetype... bring a dragon trophy back to the tribe.
The intimidating everyone except the truly innocent Hobgoblin Overzealous Bullying Paladin + Rogue Archetype for more intimidation related feats.
The nephilim angel Tengu Unbound Step / Wandering Reverie Psychic + Angelic Sorcerer archetype. Was an acolyte but followed a vision to maybe fulfill a prophecy. Doesn't use Tengu wings, but gets angelic wings eventually...
The duskwalker fetchling Bone Oracle + Ghost Hunter Archetype. Help sort out the dead, the should be dead, and the undead.
TEAM D:
Flynt Fortete - the rift-trapped (time traveler background) artisan android is stranded (picture the Halo armor set). This Armor Inventor works to patch up his gear the best he can with what limited supplies he has (i.e. - ultra slowly replicating nanites) to account for his increased skills and abilities as he levels up. With rogue archetype to give him skills mastery and extra feats, he is a flexible fightesupport. Resigned to live out his life here after spending years learning the language and customs, but is always partially looking to see if there might be a way to get back home to his fleet.
The Brass Talos Kobold w/ quicksoul (which gives persistent poison damage on a tumble thru attack) Braggart Swashbuckler + acrobat and rogue archetype. W/ dragon's breath and dragon wings eventually. Barkeep background - he had finally heard enough stories so he assumed he could do it as well...
The Hunter Automaton Monk with Drunk Fighting Stance (created to kill mages, but refused and fled). Rogue archetype.
The automaton Construct Summoner + Inventor archetype (companion) for the 3 person solo team.
The Lucky Halfling Cleric with Luck Domain + Halfling Sling Unexpected Sharpshooter archetype for even more luck luck luck....
The leshy Twisting Branch Style Monk
and on it goes...
and goes...
and goes...
So what are your character concepts/ideas?
(edit: typo on tengu wings)

I don't know what load order to put stuff, please help. Everytime I try to fix it I go into 3rd person an it's just T-posing, what order do I put it in, also send me your load orders for Female body stuff.
1.Girly animation 2.Nephilim 3.Caliente's Beautiful Bodies 4.XP32 Maximum Skeleton

Ok so, I remember going down a rabbit hole a while ago and I was talking about this with a friend but I cannot for the life of me remember anything about this man other than he may have been a holy figure.
I remember after he died his body/skeleton was taken around to show people, and somewhere along the line his body parts ended up being split up and scattered across the planet. Like there's a foot in Spain and a hand in Greece for example.
I can't find anything online, please help!!

Been using this template for some time but now wanted to try Dark & Arcane as a vampire. All fine until Harkon tries to bite me but them he doesn’t do it, which also happened on a similar LO when using Better Vampires (also couldn’t enter Soul Cairn on that). Already a vampire but doesn’t work also when I’m not. Appreciate the LO may not be perfect but many of these have been regulars and didn’t have this issue on an earlier one with SDA but did have USSEP on that one. Just can’t work out what is causing this. Any ideas welcome and appreciated.
Master files
Simple Workaround Framework
QOL and Bug Fix Compilation - Non USSEP

• Foundations / Overhauls / New Gameplay Mechanics

DMH Busty Skeevers
Cheat Room
Character Creation Overhaul
Sensible Horses and Travel
More Dialogue Options
Children of Coldharbour (Huxleys Choice)

• Menu User interface Font
  
• Audio
  

Immersive Sounds Compendium 3.0
Quieter Dungeons and Caves

• Existing Quest Alterations

Stones of Barenziah Quest Markers
JaySerpa’s Quest Expansion Bundle

• Pure Craftable Items

Equipable Nordic Tattoo Skin
Kaw Claw Fingernails
Rosa Cassius (CBBE)
Regalia of the Scorned (CBBE 2K)
Asura”s Guard - Light 1K
Non-Replacer Invisible Helmets
Silverthorn Weaponry 2K

• Existing Game Mechanics Changes

Attraction

• Level Progressions
  
• Perk Overhauls
  

50 pct More Perk Points
Ordinator - Perks of Skyrim

• Magic Overhauls and New Spells

Ars Arcanum Nova
Odin - Ordinator Compatibility

• Loot Levelled Lists

Wear Multiple Rings
Summermyst Enchantments of Skyrim

• NPC Levelled Lists

Rich Merchants of Skyrim

• Item Attributes and Event Changes
  
• Flora / Grass Mods
  

Dark and Arcane Flora Collection 1K

• Landscape Grass Fixes
  
• General Meshes and Textures - Blood, Magic, Enchant, Creatures
  

Enhanced Blood Textures
Remove Blood From Screen
Dark and Arcane Creatues
Magical Forces & FX Bundle - Full

• Landscape Textures & Mountains, Roads, Snow etc

It’s Just a SMIM-PLE Mod
Septentrional Landscapes SSE 1K
Dark and Arcane Landscapes Add-On
Darker Cathedral Grass
Ultra Realistic Snowflakes

• Architecture Retextures

Darker Architexture 1K

• NPC AI (Non-Combat)

AI Overhaul 1.8.2 Scripted Non USSEP

• Existing Follower Changes

Serana Dialogue Add On
SDA House of Horrors Patch

• Player Immersion Mods
  
• Weather Mods
  

Dark and Arcane Weathers

• Single Area Edits

Hanged Man’s Tree in Skyrim
GG’s Thieves Guild Headquarters
Grim Apothecary (XB1 Version)
Immersive Winterhold College
Magical Collage of Winterhold

• Multiple Area Edits

The Great Cities, Towns and Villages Bundle
The Great Cities, Towns and Villages Bundle / AI Overhaul Patch
JK’s Skyrim AiO
JK’s Interiors AiO
The Great Cities, Towns and Villages Bundle - JK’s Skyrim AIO Patch
JK’s Interiors AiO JK’s Skyrim AiO Patch
JK’s Skyrim & CC Fishing Patch
JK’s Skyrim & CC The Gray Cowl
JK’s Skyrim - AI Overhaul Patch
JK’s Interiors AiO Fishing Patch
JK’s Interiors AiO AI Overhaul Patch

• Interior Lighting
  
• Exterior Lighting
  
• Unique Items Added to Locations
  
• Skin Meshes & Textures
  

Nephilim Body - CBBE (Body Mesh)
(CBBE) Baby Girl - HD Fair Skin 2k

• Player Character Beauty / Facial Modifications

Definitive Beauty Pack
BBG Mouth & Teeth Retexture 1k
BBG Eyes Retexture
Brows
Superior Lore Friendly Hair
All of the Braids! Extended Cut

• NPC Beauty Overhauls / Facial Modifications

Coldsun’s Pantheon - NPC Replacer
Pandorables Serana v1.2 w blue eyes
Queen of the Damned - Deadlier Serana

• Skeleton Replacers

XP32 MSSE

• Idles and Animations

Gritty Animations Requiem
Victoria’s High Heel Walk

• Combat Mods

Long Distance Combat AI Fix

• Weapons and Armor Meshes and Textures

Dark & Arcane Armor & Weapons
Dark & Arcane Clothing & Jewellery
Open Face Guard Helmets

• New Followers and Frameworks
  
• Added Creatures / NPCs
  

Lightly Populated Settlements
Dark and Arcane Mihail Creatures
Grey Children 1K
The Draugr Horde New Version
Desolate Mourning

• New Quest Mods

The Brotherhood of Old
A Dishonest Day’s Work
Waking Nightmare
It Beats For Her SSE
Dark Envoy
Where Darkness Dwells
Where Darkness Dwells : Shadow Kingdom
Where Darkness Dwells : The Hollowed Dark

• Water Mods

Dark and Arcane Waters - Bleak

• Tree Overhauls & Additions

Dense Nordic Forests
Dark and Arcane Forests
Dark and Arcane Landscapes Terrain LOD Hi-Res

• Bottom of LO

Less Grass 80
Feminised Level Lists
Fast Travel to and From Interiors
Toggle Compass
Realm of Lorkhan AIO - Alternate Start
Dealing with Backstories

For many years a monk had been seen walking on the hill at Karyes in Lesvos, Mytilene in Greece. Many Christians and Turks had seen him. The hill was also called Kaloyeros after the monk, who was seen holding a censor and would disappear in a splendour of light.
In 1917 the Turk who owned an estate with olive trees on the hill at Karyes, Hasan Bei, commissioned the police officer of Thermi, Efstratios Sitara to solve this mystery. The short investigation was soon abandoned as the belief was held that these visions were of a supernatural nature.
There was a small chapel there in the name of Panagia. Residents of Thermi held a service there every Easter Tuesday without hindrance from the Turkish owner of the property.
Many saw the monk. Shepherds grazing their flocks heard singing and bells from the chapel.
Tradition said the monk was killed by the Turks, but when this had happened no one knew. There had also been a female monastery there, but had been destroyed by barbarians. There was a strong belief that the place had Divine Grace and was Holy.
After the destruction and problems suffered by the Greeks in Asia Minor, the Turkish olive tree property was given to a Mr. Marangos and his family. They sought permission to build a church.
On 3rd July 1959, excavations began for the foundations of the church. A grave was found containing a human skeleton and giving off a sweet fragrance. The head of the skeleton was resting on a round stone, much like a pillow.The head was about 30 cm away from the body. The lower jaw was missing. The excavators also found a ceramic tile from the Byzantine era with a Cross engraved on it.
After the discovery of the grave, amazing phenomena started to occur. The bones were put in a sack by a Mr. Doukas Tsolakis. He was in charge of the excavations. He could not lift the sack up due to the excessive weight. Noises were heard from the bones. They were also producing a fragrant incense. One of the workers, a Mr. Leonidas Sideras kicked the sack and his leg went numb. Tsolakis hand remained motionless. He could not lift the sack. The priest was asked to do a Trisagion - a prayer for the departed. The night before he was due to conduct the service, he was wondering what name he should use. During the night Saint Raphael appeared to the Priest. He told him who he was, and that he was born on the island of Ithaka.
Since then Saint Raphael has appeared many times to different people. He suffered martyrdom on 9th April 1463.
Saint Raphael was born Georgios Laskaridis. His father was called Dionysios and his mother Maria. They were a devout family. Saint Raphael served in the army. He then became a monk and clergyman taking the name of Raphael.
He served as parish priest in the parish of Saint Demetrios of Loumbardiaris in Athens. He then became Archimandrite and Bishop at the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
It was when he traveled to France that he met Saint Nicholas at Morlaix. Nicholas was from a wealthy family. He was a young student from Thessalonika studying at a French university. Nicholas was moved by the teaching of Saint Raphael and they became firm friends.
They lived in the monastery for nine years. In 1462 Mohammed the conqueror captured Lesvos after a seventeen day siege. It fell on 17th September 1462. The Turks did not disturb the Monastery immediately. After 6 months, in April 1463, during Holy Week, a movement occurred in Thermi, causing some agitation. The Christians went up to Karyes to hide. The teacher Theodoros and the Commumity Chief Vasillios together with his family went up to the Monastery. Saint Raphael conducted the Divine Liturgy for the last time on Holy Thursday. On Good Friday the Turks came to the Monastery seized Abbot Raphael, Deacon Nicholas, the family of the Community Chief and the Teacher Theodoros. Everyone else had fled to the mountains. The Turks started torturing them to find out the hideout of the others.
Irene, the twelve year old daughter of the Community Chief had her hand cut off in front of her parents, who were tied to a tree. She was then put in a big earthen pot and burned to death. Her father, mother, and the teacher Theodoros were all murdered. Saint Raphael was horribly tortured in front of Saint Nicholas. Saint Nicholas died of heart failure, on seeing his mentor murdered.
The monastery was then torched and the Turks fled. The next night some devout Christians buried the holy martyrs secretly.
When Saint Raphael started to appear to people he revealed everything - where the bones of the Martyrs were buried, the pot where little Irene was burned, the grave of the Teacher Theodoros, and the graves of Irene and her father.
At the site of the Ancient Church, icons were found, Holy Water, Sheets from handwritten Gospels and a round icon of Jesus. Saint Raphael also revealed the spot where his jaw was.
In 1963 at the place of the holy martyrdom a Convent for Ladies was established.
Saint Raphael has performed and still performs many miracles to this day.
Source

For many years a monk had been seen walking on the hill at Karyes in Lesvos, Mytilene in Greece. Many Christians and Turks had seen him. The hill was also called Kaloyeros after the monk, who was seen holding a censor and would disappear in a splendour of light.
In 1917 the Turk who owned an estate with olive trees on the hill at Karyes, Hasan Bei, commissioned the police officer of Thermi, Efstratios Sitara to solve this mystery. The short investigation was soon abandoned as the belief was held that these visions were of a supernatural nature.
There was a small chapel there in the name of Panagia. Residents of Thermi held a service there every Easter Tuesday without hindrance from the Turkish owner of the property.
Many saw the monk. Shepherds grazing their flocks heard singing and bells from the chapel.
Tradition said the monk was killed by the Turks, but when this had happened no one knew. There had also been a female monastery there, but had been destroyed by barbarians. There was a strong belief that the place had Divine Grace and was Holy.
After the destruction and problems suffered by the Greeks in Asia Minor, the Turkish olive tree property was given to a Mr. Marangos and his family. They sought permission to build a church.
On 3rd July 1959, excavations began for the foundations of the church. A grave was found containing a human skeleton and giving off a sweet fragrance. The head of the skeleton was resting on a round stone, much like a pillow.The head was about 30 cm away from the body. The lower jaw was missing. The excavators also found a ceramic tile from the Byzantine era with a Cross engraved on it.
After the discovery of the grave, amazing phenomena started to occur. The bones were put in a sack by a Mr. Doukas Tsolakis. He was in charge of the excavations. He could not lift the sack up due to the excessive weight. Noises were heard from the bones. They were also producing a fragrant incense. One of the workers, a Mr. Leonidas Sideras kicked the sack and his leg went numb. Tsolakis hand remained motionless. He could not lift the sack. The priest was asked to do a Trisagion - a prayer for the departed. The night before he was due to conduct the service, he was wondering what name he should use. During the night Saint Raphael appeared to the Priest. He told him who he was, and that he was born on the island of Ithaka.
Since then Saint Raphael has appeared many times to different people. He suffered martyrdom on 9th April 1463.
Saint Raphael was born Georgios Laskaridis. His father was called Dionysios and his mother Maria. They were a devout family. Saint Raphael served in the army. He then became a monk and clergyman taking the name of Raphael.
He served as parish priest in the parish of Saint Demetrios of Loumbardiaris in Athens. He then became Archimandrite and Bishop at the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
It was when he traveled to France that he met Saint Nicholas at Morlaix. Nicholas was from a wealthy family. He was a young student from Thessalonika studying at a French university. Nicholas was moved by the teaching of Saint Raphael and they became firm friends.
They lived in the monastery for nine years. In 1462 Mohammed the conqueror captured Lesvos after a seventeen day siege. It fell on 17th September 1462. The Turks did not disturb the Monastery immediately. After 6 months, in April 1463, during Holy Week, a movement occurred in Thermi, causing some agitation. The Christians went up to Karyes to hide. The teacher Theodoros and the Commumity Chief Vasillios together with his family went up to the Monastery. Saint Raphael conducted the Divine Liturgy for the last time on Holy Thursday. On Good Friday the Turks came to the Monastery seized Abbot Raphael, Deacon Nicholas, the family of the Community Chief and the Teacher Theodoros. Everyone else had fled to the mountains. The Turks started torturing them to find out the hideout of the others.
Irene, the twelve year old daughter of the Community Chief had her hand cut off in front of her parents, who were tied to a tree. She was then put in a big earthen pot and burned to death. Her father, mother, and the teacher Theodoros were all murdered. Saint Raphael was horribly tortured in front of Saint Nicholas. Saint Nicholas died of heart failure, on seeing his mentor murdered.
The monastery was then torched and the Turks fled. The next night some devout Christians buried the holy martyrs secretly.
When Saint Raphael started to appear to people he revealed everything - where the bones of the Martyrs were buried, the pot where little Irene was burned, the grave of the Teacher Theodoros, and the graves of Irene and her father.
At the site of the Ancient Church, icons were found, Holy Water, Sheets from handwritten Gospels and a round icon of Jesus. Saint Raphael also revealed the spot where his jaw was.
In 1963 at the place of the holy martyrdom a Convent for Ladies was established.
Saint Raphael has performed and still performs many miracles to this day.
Source

Hello, I wanted to share with you guys my spiritual awakening and provide the best answer possible to a lot of questions regarding why Tartaria even existed.
We are in an infinite matrix of Good and Evil. This is my Awakening story.
A few years ago I went down the Theology rabbit hole hard after looking into the pyramids and becoming intensely fascinated with 100s of perfectly made granite bowls found in the Great Pyramids Seen in UnchartedX videos. These Granite bowls are made so perfectly the only explanation to them is advanced technology - that we cannot replicate. We 100% cannot replicate the thousands of perfectly found bowls, and vases found under the pyramids. Made of Granite and Diorite - We need diamond blades for cutting these, and these vases - with our current technology would require a multiple armed lathe machine and even doing so the tolerance levels of the stone would shatter them for how thin many of them are. They are truly mind bending when you look at the math in relation to the axis and they even shows signs of sacred geometry.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAyQQRNoQaE&t=228s
After realizing, yes there had to be ancient civilizations with advanced technology with staggering evidence, I began to realize there is also staggering evidence for a great flood and two distinct different industries are found across the globe where there is a finders civilization and a past one that was far more advanced:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFvakIJ_khw (cataclysm great flood) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixTTvRGk0HQ&t=34s (two distinct industries)
This pointed me into the direction that a great cataclysm did happen with strong evidence of a great flood. Just as the Bible indicates and felt that well if a great flood did happen maybe there’s more to the story that I should look into.
As a former Atheist this questioned everything I knew. And of course I wanted to learn more but felt the need to go down the roads of Hinduism and Buddhism as I felt that there was a story to be told there that I had the urge to itch
I watched damn near all of Praveen Mohan's YouTube videos on Temples found all over India, and Indonesia.. I was instantly pulled in and listened to the Bhagavad Gita on audio and one thing that stuck out in the story was that Humans were expendable because our souls reincarnate. As if Humans were only here for these deities to use in war.
The first video I watched of Praveen's, he goes over a 4 tusked Elephant which confirmed to me even more that there were ancient civilizations that humans thrived in.
This 4 tusked Elephant should not exist on these temple walls let alone many other anomalies in these temples.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bexY2mYbu9A
These temples fascinated me as these snake serpent temples are global, and everywhere around the earth you can find dolmans where many natives believed serpent deities to have lived in. Furthermore, when looking at these temples there is an ongoing theme that the lower eye level sculptures were often looking at animals, knots, and people on wagons fun stuff, at 5ft or more you may see anatomy and war history and above you more sexual imagery and on the ceilings you would typically see 12 constellation carvings/imagery.
Almost like these temples were not only a place of worship for the deity itself, but also as a place to learn things as a family event. Seen all over Angkor wat temple as an easy example.
So after understanding that people worshipped and learned from these deities and gave them a religion to follow, I wanted to go deeper on the mysterious hand bag from the Annunaki and find out who they were. I believe the pinecone they hold has a dual meaning of your pineal gland and seed planting (possibly a bag for seeds). Meaning the imagery that’s given to us is that our pineal gland has powerful potentials. Which is also seen in all of the ancient temples in India. The great lotus flower is used as an imagery to having an open third eye, your pineal gland.
This brought me to the Annunaki, and who were they? I listened to almost all of the https://www.youtube.com/@1Anunnaki Videos on the ancient Annunaki page which uses Zecharia Sitchins books as a reference to the translation of the Sumerian tablets which has many relations to the Bible and paints them as Aliens which is also how one may describe the Naga serpents as well as seen in these Praveen Mohan videos.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuCeFYnrmek&t=55s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdQ7Qey0s_s&t=5s
So we have two Alien-like creatures that seem to have CREATED or manipulated man into a religion and shown a way of life.
As a lifelong Atheist I directed my life thinking Christianity was a lie because so many other religions have the same truths for deities. Meaning there was too many commonalities for one of these deities to be true unless they are all true:
Resurrected after 3 days Born of a Virgin - With a star to the East 12 Disciples or teachers (zodiac key information) Born on Dec 25th Performed Miracles
There are truly well over 50 Deities that have this commonality. Examples:
Chrisna of Hindostan
Budha of India
Salivahana of Bermuda
Zulis, or Shule Also Osirus of Egypt
Crite of Chaldea
Coroaster of Persia
Baal and mithra of persia
Indra of Tibet
Thammus of Syria
Zoar of bonzes
Adad of Assyria
Deca tat of siam
Mikado of sintoos
Beddru of Japan
Hsus of Eros
Attis of Greece
Dionysis of Greece
Mithra of Persia
Many many many more..

And of course Jesus himself

So knowing this as a lifelong atheist I thought it was strange that they all had the story of Astrology.
Star in the East is Sirius, 3 kings are Orion's belt which align on December 24th which points to the rising sun of the winter solstice.
On December 22nd the sun makes it to the lowest point in the sky and stops for 3 days. The 22nd, 23rd, 24th. During this time the sun resides on the south side of the constellation crux. Dying on a cross. On Dec 25th the sun starts to rise up once again and the days become longer. At the spring equinox The sun finally defeats the darkness and the days stay longer than night.
So these Deities tried to teach us that the astrology above is the cycle of life - Through this same commonality. Now when you look at these deities one of them happens to have a whole book which can be broken down even further with etymology, euphemisms, and a theme. That theme is the zodiac.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjkyrQcQzEg
Santos Bonacci Teaches astro-theology, and has many lectures on the truth behind the allegories related to our bodies, the zodiac times, and even geography. The Bible is the Story of mankind going through the zodiac ages, turning one fish into many is the age of Pisces which is where we were. We are now entering the part of the story where John the Baptists enters the story as the Aquarius.
Over time the bible had its passages changed for control.. Why ? Well the answer is simple, Evil entered the church and made many radical changes. My favorite being:
Ephesians 6:12 Which tells us in the Geneva Bible that the Evil are our government leaders and later reworded to diminish that notation in the king James version
https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1Z4Thsu-ku/
This literally tells us that the evil are our government leaders. So Evil infiltrated the church and tried to strip as much information as it could to take you away from the true story.
So I finally got to the Bible on my spiritual journey and realized the story is far greater than a man dying on a cross.
Right off the bat it lets us know about the waters above and the waters below and a firmament. I had never been a flat earther until I got this far in my spiritual journey, and If I believed the epic of Gilgamesh, the 200 fallen angels that cut the trees to kill the Nephilim and the great flood. Why would I exclude this glaring detail?
(There are hundreds of images of rocks that look like petrified trees just go take a look that only confirms the story of the 200 watchers cutting the trees)
Once you understand all of these truths you realize that we were created in a war of good and evil and you understand that we were given different belief systems geared towards meditation and self awareness and these systems were dismantled by evil..
And once you realize that the information in these documents like the Bible or Bhagavad Gita all have truth in them... You realize you really are infinite. Our spirits go on forever. We are energy and we cannot die, only our physical time can be destroyed. Which leads me to what I believe is the most accurate model of what kind of Matrix we are in, since the sun really isn't that far there has to be an accurate model:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9LuN03Da_0
This might be the greatest presentation of a model of what our Universe really is and it is the greatest conspiracy to hide because once you have this level of consciousness you cannot be stopped. Knowing you are infinite is the greatest power there is. I personally think there are 7 total masses based on some scriptures referring to the seven suns on Jesus' right hand and these toroidal fields can only be passed through at certain times of this cosmic egg we are in. And I personally believe Hell is a physical place of downward trajectory you will go to if you are a bad spirit after death. But that is how our matrix works. There is a design and a system from a creator.
Go meditate and realize we are in a matrix of Good and Evil and we are their creations, from fallen angels and fallen demons to wage their wars but we are still one human race and we should never forget that. Align your Chakras to be a better person and to overcome the lower chakras. Raise your frequency as a person and be kind. Follow the Stars and embrace the age of Aquarius.
There is no light without darkness, a yin and a yang. This is what it’s all about.
When the Eclipse happens I urge anyone to meditate and raise your vibration. These events were monumental to our ancestors, don't shame them by staying inside or wearing goofy glasses. Embrace the sun and embrace the changing ages. The old evil is falling.
Furthermore, once you realize the ages change with the zodiac you can see a pattern of empires such as the Tartarians, or the Sphinx pyramid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DbbR8UonLw&t=2907s
https://www.astro.com/astrology/aa_article160602_e.htm
https://www.astrolada.com/articles/astrology-techniques/the-astrological-ages.html
Good is coming but we are still going to have growing pains. When you understand all of this, the weight of the world is lifted. Enjoy Hope You guys resonated with my journey.

Hey everyone, usually I post the top 5 ancient headlines of the week here on reddit. But I just published out my hundredth issue, so I'm celebrating :) Here's everything that hit the news last week:
🗞 Ancient News: Top 5

• Ancient Stone Tools Found in Ukraine Offer Oldest Evidence of Human Presence in Europe — Stone tools were unearthed from a quarry in Korolevo, Ukraine in the 1970s, and they’ve now been dated to over 1 million years ago — possibly 1.4 million years. According to the researchers, that’s the earliest dated evidence of any kind of human in Europe. These tools, crafted from volcanic rock in Oldowan style, suggest the adaptability and widespread colonization capabilities of early human ancestors, possibly Homo erectus, across varying environments from Africa to Europe. Fun fact: In Africa, such tools date back as far as 2.8 millions years ago.
• New Tool-Making Timeline For East Asian Hominins — In a similar vein, a new study suggested that East Asian hominins used sophisticated stone tool technology about 1.1 million years ago, which is much earlier than previously believed. The research focused on the Cenjiawan site in China, revealing the earliest evidence of prepared core technology in Eurasia, a hallmark of the Acheulean industry linked to Homo erectus. This discovery highlights the cognitive and technical abilities of these early hominins and contributes to our understanding of human evolution in East Asia.
• Archaeologists Find Top Half of Giant Ramesses II Statue, Completing a Century-Long Puzzle — Near Hermopolis, Egypt, archaeologists discovered the upper half of a colossal Ramesses II statue, reuniting it with its lower part found in 1930. This completes the nearly 23-foot depiction of the pharaoh, renowned for his empire's size and its monumental constructions. The find, adorned with hieroglyphs extolling Ramesses' titles, marks a significant contribution to our understanding of ancient Egyptian art and royal symbolism.
• Archaeologists Discover 'World's Oldest Bread' Dating Back 8,600 Years in Turkey — In Turkey's Çatalhöyük, which is such a fascinating site, archaeologists found what might be the oldest bread ever discovered. It dates back to 6600 BCE. It is uncooked and fermented, and it was discovered near a destroyed oven, alongside wheat, barley, and pea seeds.
• Possible Neolithic Body Piercings Unearthed in Anatolia — Any of you bedazzled with body jewelry? I’ve dabbled myself. And that stuff goes way back. More than 100 ornaments believed to be body jewelry have been found in graves at Boncuklu Tarla, southeastern Anatolia. Dating back 11,000 years, these limestone, obsidian, and pebble items were located near the ears and chins of skeletons, indicating their use as earrings and labrets. This discovery might prompt the reidentification of similar artifacts from Neolithic sites across western Asia and eastern Europe. It is believed that the piercings may have served as a coming-of-age ritual, as they were not present in the graves of children.

🗞 Ancient News: Deep Dive

• Archaeologists Discover Canaanite 'Temple of the Rising Sun' Near Jerusalem — At the ancient settlement of Azekah in central Israel, archaeologists have uncovered an eastern-facing Canaanite temple dedicated to the rising sun, dating back to the Late Bronze Age (16th-12th century BCE). Worship likely centered around a stone altar and basin. Next to the altar was a cultic pillar. Artifacts include a bronze statue of Baal (Canaanite storm god) and an Egyptian amulet. The temple's violent destruction provides clues to the broader collapse of civilizations at the end of the Bronze Age, paving the way for the emergence of new cultures in the Levant.
• Hittite Cuneiform Tablet Translated — A cuneiform tablet from Büklükale, Turkey, dating back to the reign of Hittite king Tudhaliya II around 3,300 years ago, has been translated. This artifact includes Hittite and Hurrian languages, indicating a significant Hittite city that also served as a royal residence. The Hittite part of the tablet records a war outbreak, while the Hurrian section contains a prayer to the storm god Teshub, seeking divine advice and victory.
• Ancient 'Horoscope' Scroll Gives Glimpse into Sect of Judean Desert — An ancient "Horoscope" scroll, combining Greek, Aramaic, ancient Hebrew, and cipher symbols in reverse Hebrew writing, was discovered in the Judean Desert. This artifact revealed a secretive sect's beliefs, where an individual's birth date influences their physical traits and their particular balance of light and dark. The scroll also suggests a rigorous initiation for new members, termed "children of light," based on their birth date's alignment with the sect's mystical doctrines. Apparently, new members could be turned away based on birthday and head shape.
• How Did Chocolate Spread Across South America? — Analysis of 352 ancient pottery pieces from across South America revealed three diverse strains of theobroma cacao, suggesting widespread trade and consumption of chocolate. The findings indicate that chocolate was first domesticated in the Amazon around 5,000 years ago, before spreading through trade and travel along the Pacific coast. It appears to have been more widely traded than previously thought.
• Buried Vases Hint That Ancient Americans Might Have Drunk Tobacco — Research on ceramic vases from Guatemala shows evidence of nicotine, suggesting Maya and other Mesoamerican cultures may have consumed tobacco in liquid form, possibly for curative or purification rituals.
• 10 Ancient Shipwrecks Found in Greece's Kasos Strait — An underwater archaeological survey in the Kasos Strait, Aegean Sea, revealed 10 shipwrecks spanning from 3000 BCE to medieval and Ottoman times. Discoveries include a diverse range of artifacts such as an Archaic-period anchor, Roman terra sigillata pottery, and a Spanish amphora dating to 150-170 CE, reflecting the extensive maritime trade networks across the Mediterranean. This project also marked the first use of side-scan sonar to map the Kasos-Karpathos reef, providing valuable insights into ancient navigation routes.
• Buddhist Pagoda Temple Found in Northern China — In Datong, China, archaeologists uncovered a Buddhist temple dating to the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-535 CE). The temple features a central pagoda and over 200 Buddhist statues, some adorned with gold leaf. Excavations revealed pearls, brass rings, and coral jewelry in the pagoda's foundation.
• Possible Parthian Religious Site Found in Iraqi Kurdistan — At the site of Rabana-Merquly in the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, a potential sanctuary dedicated to Anahita, the ancient Persian water goddess, has been discovered. Features include a fire altar located near a seasonal waterfall, signifying the goddess's association with flowing water. A relief possibly depicting the local Parthian vassal king was identified at the entrance, suggesting it was a significant sacral and geopolitical site during the Parthian era. And two burial vessels dating back to the 1st century BCE were also found. Rabana-Merqulya was once occupied by the Parthian Empire's military.
• 16 New Archaeological Sites Identified in Brazil’s Tocantins State — In Jalapão, Brazil, 16 new archaeological sites were found, showcasing rock art made around 2,000 years ago. The art includes human and animal footprints, symbols, and representations of celestial bodies.
• Giant Tomb Uncovered at Etruscan Necropolis in Italy — A substantial rock-cut tomb has been discovered next to the “Queen’s tomb” in the San Giuliano Rock Necropolis in central Italy. The necropolis iself dates to the 7th to the 3rd century BCE.
• Archaeologists Find 6,000-Year-Old Mounds Containing Wooden Grave Chambers — In Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, archaeologists unearthed two Neolithic burial mounds with wooden grave chambers dating back to 4100–3600 BCE. These chambers, part of the Baalberge Culture, were later flanked by a ceremonial path marked by the Globular Amphora Culture, evidenced by cattle burials. The site's long-standing significance was underscored by additional Corded Ware Culture burials, revealing a complex prehistoric ceremonial landscape.
• Ancient Find Reveals New Evidence of Malaysia's Multicultural Past — In northwest Malaysia, the discovery of a 1,200-year-old Buddhist stupa at Bukit Choras underscores the region's historical role as a multicultural trading hub. This finding highlights connections with ancient Java, Sumatra, and the Srivijaya kingdom, reflecting a blend of religious and cultural influences that shaped early Southeast Asian civilization.
• Burials in Spain’s Cave of the Ravines Span 4,000 Years — The Cave of the Ravines in northeastern Spain has revealed over 7,000 bones from burials dating back as far as 7,000 years. These findings, spanning from the Chalcolithic period to the Bronze Age, include ceramics, flint tools, and necklaces, indicating some burials were of high-status individuals. The cave served as a tomb across millennia, with each group respecting the earlier burials, highlighting the region's long-standing reverence for the dead.
• Medieval Moat of 'High Significance' Excavated Near Tewkesbury — Archaeologists discovered a medieval moat at Cowfield Farm near Tewkesbury, dating from the 12th or 13th century. This excavation has shed light on the lives of medieval Gloucestershire farmers, revealing artifacts such as a pilgrim badge and a medieval book clasp, suggesting links to Tewkesbury Abbey.
• 'Missing' Houses Offer a New Perspective on Britain's Roman Period — Roman Britain’s population has been underestimated. Recent findings at Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), suggest a population of about 5,500, which is higher than previously thought. The town was analyzed using a combination of geophysical survey, aerial photography, and examination of civic features to estimate the number of residences, revealing a greater residential density and challenging previous perceptions of Roman towns in Britain as merely administrative centers.
• Medieval Convent Excavated in France — In Morlaix, France, an excavation of a 700-year-old Roman Catholic convent revealed the remains of a church, over 200 burials, and various artifacts. Established by the Dominican Order in 1238, the church was built in 1250 and later restored after a fire in 1344. The site contained single and joint tombs, with artifacts such as copper pins, rings, bracelets, wooden, bone, stone, and glass rosaries, crucifixes, a silk scapular with silver wire, and a unique skull-shaped object made of bone.
• Rediscovery of Lost Tombs and Quarries on a British Military Base in Cyprus — A project rediscovered over forty archaeological sites near Dhekelia, Cyprus, thought to be lost after discover in the 1960s. The sites date from the Bronze Age to the Byzantine period, so roughly 2500 BCE until the 12th century CE, and include rock-cut tombs and coastal quarries. Remarkable findings quarries with unique clover leaf patterns from stone removal.
• Archaeologists Find Cemetery and Cultural Objects from the Warring States Period — In Xiangyang, China, a cemetery from the Warring States period (475–221 BCE) has been uncovered, revealing 176 tombs and over 500 cultural relics including bronze weapons, pottery, and jade rings.
• Ornate Jin Dynasty Tombs Found in Changzhi City — Three Jin Dynasty tombs, dating back to between 1115 and 1234 CE, were uncovered in Changzhi city, China. Featuring brick-chamber designs with murals and carvings depicting humans and flora, these tombs exhibit architectural styles characteristic of the period.
• Ruins of 800-Year-Old Settlement Unearthed in France — Archaeologists in France have discovered a medieval settlement from the 11th and 12th centuries, featuring buildings, silos, and a unique oven connected to a pit. This site, near the village of Cayrac, showcases significant structures and artifacts, highlighting the advanced agricultural and architectural practices of the time.
• Remains of Medieval Church, Skeletons Discovered by Archaeologists — In Venice's Piazza San Marco, the early medieval church of San Geminiano was rediscovered along with multiple skeletons dating back to the 7th or 8th centuries. The church, originally built in the sixth century, saw several reconstructions and relocations before its final demolition in 1807.
• Ruins of Medieval Abbey have Eluded Experts. Unearthed Skeletons Might Provide Clues — In Northern Ireland, archaeologists discovered 146 skeletons that may suggest the location of the medieval Abbey of the Holy Cross. The site, revealing both men and women and indicating some unusual burial orientations, may offer new insights into medieval life and the abbey's history, dissolved in 1542. This discovery marks the first physical evidence of the abbey, opening new research avenues.
• Figurine Funerary Offerings Found in Child Jar Burials at Tenedos — In Tenedos, Turkey, archaeologists discovered jar burials of children accompanied by terracotta figurines and a bronze pin shaped like a horse's hoof, some depicting Dionysiac themes. These offerings, likely from the Early Bronze Age, suggest a ritualistic aspect to the burials, highlighting ancient funerary practices.
• Plague Pits Uncovered in Germany — In Nuremberg, southern Germany, eight plague pits were discovered ahead of a construction project, containing the remains of over 1,500 people. These pits date from the late fifteenth to early seventeenth centuries, corresponding with historical records of recurrent plague outbreaks in Nuremberg starting from the fourteenth century. Notably, a 1632 outbreak, exacerbated by the Thirty Years' War, killed over 15,000 people, leading to mass burials. Artifacts like seventeenth-century pottery and coins were also found.
• 1,000-Year-Old Bone Skate Found in Přerov — Archaeologists unearthed a 1,000-year-old skate made from horse bone in Přerov, Czech Republic, suggesting a sophisticated understanding of winter mobility.
• Rare Basilisk Dragon Badge Found in Poland — In Wólka Nieliska, Poland, a unique medieval pilgrim's badge featuring a basilisk, a mythical serpent king, was discovered. This openwork pendant, made from a lead-tin alloy and measuring about 1.1 inches in diameter, served as a protective talisman for travelers against evils like assault, theft, and illness. Such badges are exceedingly rare in Poland, with most found in Western Europe and dating back to the early Middle Ages. They often depicted saints, knights, and various figures, originating as early as the 11th century, particularly linked to the Way of St. James pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
• Bronze Age Deposit Discovered Near Słubice — Near Słubice, Poland, a deposit of Bronze Age artifacts, including three sickles, two axes, four bracelets, six rings, a pin fragment, and a rod section, was found. Accompanying these items were traces of foundry waste, suggesting local bronzesmithing activities. The objects are linked to the Lusatian Urnfield culture, dating from 1000 to 800 BCE.
• Magnet Fisherman Pulls a 1,200-Year-Old Viking Sword Out of a River — A magnet fisherman discovered a 1,200-year-old Viking sword in the River Cherwell in England. Experts dated the sword to around 850 CE, highlighting its significance during the Anglo-Saxon and Danish Viking unrest.
• 800-Year-Old Toy Horse Found Among Trove of Ancient Polish Artifacts — An 800-year-old toy horse, made of glazed clay and designed to be propped up with a stick, was discovered during the demolition of an old firehouse in Torun, Poland. The excavation also unearthed Medieval tower foundations, clay vessel fragments, a tsar's buckle, a bone knife sheath, an amber ring, and various pieces of broken and burnt jewelry.
• 'Spectacular' Gold Ring With Christ Image Among 30,000 Archaeological Finds — Archaeologists in Kalmar, Sweden, discovered 30,000 objects including a gold ring featuring Jesus Christ and a pilgrim amulet, while exploring the city's Old Town, near Kalmar Castle. The finds date to betwee 1250 and 1650 CE.
• Human Activity on Curaçao Began Centuries Earlier Than Previously Believed — Research has extended the earliest known human settlement of Curaçao to as far back as 5735–5600 BCE; 850 years earlier than previously thought. This discovery, made through radiocarbon dating at the Saliña Sint Marie site, pushes back the initial exploration of the Caribbean region and suggests earlier human movement from the mainland to the islands.
• Genome Study Investigates Origins of India’s Modern Population — A comprehensive analysis of over 2,700 genomes from 17 Indian states revealed three primary ancestral groups shaping modern India: Neolithic farmers from what is now northwestern Tajikistan, Eurasian steppe pastoralists, and South Asian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, an ancient migration from Africa around 50,000 years ago introduced genetic diversity. Indians carry between 1-2% DNA from Neanderthals and Denisovans, with almost 90% of all known Neanderthal genes present in the genomes studied, suggesting ancient migrations and interbreeding.
• Migration of Hominins Out of Africa May Have Been Driven by the First Major Glaciation of the Pleistocene — A new study that connected the hominin migration from Africa, around 0.9 million years ago, to the onset of the Pleistocene's first major ice age. Researchers used oxygen isotope shifts in sediment layers to date this glaciation and correlate it with a population bottleneck, suggesting climate change as a key driver for this exodus. As ocean levels dropped, routes from Africa became accessible, while harsh conditions in Africa likely made migration appealing.

Hope you enjoyed this abridged version of Ancient Beat. Have a great weekend!