I want to know how much editing she still managed to do on this photo...

Art by Bob Nicholls
Nowadays, when we envision the words “prey,” among modern mammalian fauna, few taxa come to mind as quickly as the hoofed mammals, better known as the ungulates. Indeed, for the better part of their entire evolutionary history, the ungulates have become entirely indistinguishable from the term “prey.” Across their two major modern branches, the artiodactyls (the “even-toed ungulates,” such as bovids, pigs, deer, hippos and giraffes) and the perissodactyls (the “odd-toed ungulates,” including horses, rhinos and tapir), the ungulates too have created an empire spanning nearly every continent, establishing themselves as the the dominant herbivores throughout their entire range. However, as a price for such success, their lot as herbivores have forced them into an unenviable position: being the food for the predators. Indeed, throughout the diets of most modern predators, ungulates make up the majority, if not the entirety, of their diet, becoming their counterparts in this evolutionary dance of theirs. They have become the lamb to their wolf, the zebra to their lion, the stag to their tiger. If there is a predator in need of lunch, chances are that there is an ungulate there to provide it. Of course, such a dynamic is not necessarily a recent innovation. For the last 15-20 million years, across much of the world, both new and old, the ungulates have served as prey for these predators through it all. Over the course of whole epochs, these two groups have played into these roles for millions of years, coevolving with each other in an eons-long game of cat-and-mouse. The shoes they fill are not new, but have existed for ages, and within their niches they have cultivated their roles to perfection. Indeed, with such a tenured history, it seems hardly surprising the ungulates are wholly inseparable from the terms “prey,” itself.
However, while this is the case now, as it has been for the last 15-20 million years, go back far enough, and we see that this dynamic is not as set in stone as we would think. Indeed, back during the Eocene and Oligocene, during the very earliest days of age of mammals, things were very different for the ungulates. While today they are considered little more than food for modern predators, during these olden days, the ungulates weren’t quite so benign. In fact, far from being fodder for top predators, the ungulates had turned the tables, instead becoming top predators themselves. Indeed, though nearly unheard of today, throughout much of the Eocene and Oligocene, carnivorous ungulates thrived in abundance, developing specializations for catching large prey and establishing themselves as top predators that competed alongside the more traditional carnivores, and even dominating them in some instances. Given such success, it’s no wonder that multiple such clades had arisen during this time. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of (ironically) hoof-less ungulates with large jaws and sharp teeth for capturing large prey. There were also the mesonychians, a lineage of dog-like ungulates with massive skulls and jaws that allowed them to reign as the top predator across much of the Eocene.
However, among these various lineages, one stands stands out among the rest, by far. Arising during the Eocene, this lineage, though superficially resembling modern pigs, hailed from one an ancient lineage of artiodactyls far removed from swine or most other ungulates in general, with few close relatives alive today. Through perhaps not the most predatory of the bunch, it was among the most formidable, as their superficially pig-like appearance came with giant predatory jaws and teeth unlike anything from the modern era. And of course, as if all of that wasn’t enough, this lineage also went on to earn arguably one of the most badass nicknames of any lineage of mammals, period. These predators, of course, were the entelodonts, a.k.a the “hell-pigs.” More so than any other predatory ungulate lineage, these formidable ungulates were the ones to turn the current paradigm upside down, becoming some of the largest and most dominant carnivores in their landscape, even with (and often in spite of) the presence of more traditional predators. Through impressive size, fearsome teeth and sheer tenacity, these animals became the top dogs of their time, ruling as behemoth-kings of their Paleogene kingdoms, domineering all comers, and throughout the ranks, one entelodont in particular demonstrated such dominance the best. Though not the largest or most powerful of their kind, it is one of the most iconic, being among the most well-known members of its lineage to date. Moreover, this enteledont also has some of the most complete life histories ever seen out of this clade, with its brutality and predatory prowess being displayed in the fossil record in a way seen in no other member of its kind. More than anything else, however, it was this predator that best turned the notion of “ungulates being prey” on its head, living in an environment that bore some of the largest carnivoran hypercarnivores to date and still reigning as the undisputed top predator of its domain. This fearsome beast was none other than Archaeotherium, icon of the entelodonts, terror of the Oligocene American west and undisputed king of the White River badlands.
The rise of Archaeotherium (and of entelodonts in general) is closely tied to the ascendancy of carnivorous ungulates as a whole, one of the earliest evolutionary success stories of the entire Cenozoic. Having become their own derived clade since the late Cretaceous, the ungulates were remarkably successful during the early Paleogene, as they were among the first mammalian clades to reach large sizes during those early days after the non-avian dinosaurs had gone extinct. As such, it was with incredible swiftness that, as the Paleogene progressed, the ungulates swooped upon the various niches left empty by the K-Pg mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs. This of course included the herbivorous niches we would know them for today, but this also included other, much more carnivore roles. Indeed, early on during the Paleogene, it was the ungulates that first seized the roles of large mammalian predators, becoming some the earliest large mammalian carnivores to ever live, well before even the carnivorans. Such predators included the arctocyonids, a lineage of vaguely dog-like, hoof-less ungulates with robust jaws and sharpened teeth that acted as some of earliest large carnivores of the Paleocene, with genera such as Arctocyon mumak getting up to the size of big cats. Even more prolific were the mesonychids. More so than what pretty much any other lineage of predator, it was the mesonychids that would stand out as the earliest dominant predators of the early Cenozoic. Growing up to the size of bears and with enormous, bone-crushing jaws, the mesonychids were among the most powerful and successful predators on the market at that time, with a near-global range and being capable of subjugating just about any other predator in their environments. Indeed, they, along with other carnivorous ungulates (as well as ungulates in general), were experiencing a golden age during this time, easily being the most prolific predators of the age. Given such prevalence, it should be no surprise that there would be yet another lineage of predatory ungulates would throw their hat into the ring, and by early Eocene, that contender would none other than the entelodonts.
The very first entelodonts had arisen from artiodactyl ancestors during the Eocene epoch, at a time when artiodactyls were far more diverse and bizarre than they are now. Through today known from their modern herbivorous representatives such as bovines, deer, and antelope, during the Paleocene and Eocene, the artiodacyls, as with most ungulates of that time, were stronger and far more predaceous, particularly when it came to one such clade of artiodactyls, the cetacodontamorphs. Only known today from hippos and another group of artiodactyls (one which will become relevant later), the cetacodantomorphs emerged out of Asia around 55 million years ago, at around the same time that artiodactyls themselves had made their debut. These animals included the first truly predatory artiodactyls, with many of them possessing large skulls with powerful jaws and sharp, predatory teeth. Among their ranks included animals as puny as Indohyus, a piscivorous artiodactyl the size of a cat, to as formidable as Andrewsarchus, a giant, bison-sized predator often touted as one of the largest predatory mammals to ever live. Given such a predatory disposition, it wouldn’t be long until this clade produced a lineage of truly diverse, truly successful predators, and by around 40 million years ago, that is exactly what they did, as it was at that time that the entelodonts themselves first emerged. From their Asian homeland, the entelodonts spread across the world, spreading through not only most of Eurasia but also colonizing North America as well, with genera such as Brachyhyops being found across both continents. Here, in this North American frontier, the entelodonts began to diversify further, turning into their most successful and formidable forms yet, and it was around the late Eocene and early Oligocene that Archaeotherium itself had entered the scene.
Just from a passing glance at Archaeotherium, it is clear how exactly it (as well as the other entelodonts) earned the nickname of “hell-pigs.” It was a bruiser for starters; its body bore a robust, pig-like physique, with prominent neural spines and their associated musculature forming a hump around the shoulder region, similar to the hump of a bison. With such a bulky physique came with it impressive size; the average A. mortoni had a head-body length of roughly 1.6-2.0 m (5.3-6.6 ft), a shoulder height of 1.2 m (4 ft) and a body mass of around 180 kg (396 lb) in weight (Boardman & Secord, 2013; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes, an adult Archaeotherium the size of a large male black bear. However, they had the potential to get even bigger. While most Archaeotherium specimens were around the size described above, a select few specimens, labeled under the synonymous genus “Megachoerus,” are found to be much larger, with skulls getting up to 66% longer than average A. mortoni specimens (Foss, 2001; Joeckel, 1990). At such sizes and using isometric scaling, such massive Archaeotherium specimens would attained body lengths over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and would have reached weighs well over 500 kg (1100 lb), or as big as a mature male polar bear. Indeed, at such sizes, it is already abundantly evident that Archaeotherium is a force to be recorded with.
However, there was more to these formidable animals than sheer size alone. Behind all that bulk was an astoundingly swift and graceful predator, especially in terms of locomotion. Indeed, the hoofed feet of Archaeotherium, along with other entelodonts, sported several adaptations that gave it incredible locomotive efficiency, essentially turning it into a speed demon of the badlands. Such adaptations include longer distal leg elements (e.g. the radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (e.g. the humerus and femur), fusion of the radius and ulna for increased running efficiency, the loss of the clavicle (collar-bone) to allow for greater leg length, the loss of the acromion to enhance leg movement along the fore-and-aft plane, the loss of digits to reduce the mass of the forelimb, the fusion of the ectocuneiform and the mesocuneiform wrist-bones, among many other such traits (Theodore, 1996) . Perhaps most significant of these adaptations is the evolution of the “double-pulley astragalus (ankle-bone),” a specialized modification of the ankle that, while restricting rotation and side-to-side movement at the ankle-joint, allows for greater rotation in the fore-and-aft direction, thus allowing for more more powerful propulsion from the limbs, faster extension and retraction of the limbs and overall greater locomotive efficiency (Foss, 2001). Of course, such a trait was not only found in entelodonts but in artiodactyls as a whole, likely being a response to predatory pressures from incumbent predatory clades arising at the same time as the artiodactyls (Foss, 2001). However, in the case of the entelodonts, such adaptations were not used for merely escaping predators. Rather, they were used to for another, much more lethal effect…
Such notions are further reinforced by the entelodonts most formidable aspect, none either than their fearsome jaws, and in this respect, Archaeotherium excelled. Both for its size and in general, the head of Archaeotherium was massive, measuring 40-50 cm (1.3-1.6 ft) in length among average A. mortoni specimens, to up to 78 cm (~2.6 ft) in the larger “Megachoerus” specimens (Joeckel, 1990). Such massive skulls were supported and supplemented by equally massive neck muscles and ligaments, which attached to massive neural spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae akin to a bisons hump as well as to the sternum, allowing Archaeotherium to keep its head aloft despite the skulls massive size (Effinger, 1998). Of course, with such a massive skull, it should come as no surprise that such skulls housed exceptionally formidable jaws as well, and indeed, the bite of Archaeotherium was an especially deadly one. Its zygomatic arches (cheek-bones) and its temporal fossa were enlarged and expanded, indicative of massive temporalis muscles that afforded Archaeotherium astoundingly powerful bites (Joeckel, 1990). This is further augmented by Archaeotherium’s massive jugal flanges (bony projections of the cheek), which supported powerful masseter muscles which enhanced chewing and mastication, as well as an enlarged postorbital bar that reinforced the skull against torsional stresses (Foss, 2001). Last but not least, powerful jaws are supplemented by an enlarged gape, facilitated by a low coronoid process and enlarged posterior mandibular tubercles (bony projections originating from the lower jaw), which provided an insertion site for sternum-to-mandible jaw abduction muscles, allowing for a more forceful opening of the jaw (Foss, 2001). All together, such traits suggest a massive and incredibly fearsome bite, perhaps the most formidable of any animal in its environment.
Of course, none of such traits are especially indicative of a predatory lifestyle. Indeed, many modern non-predatory ungulates, like hippos, pigs and peccaries, also possess large, formidable skulls and jaws. However, in peeling back the layers, it is found there was more to the skull of Archaeotherium that lies in store. Indeed, when inspecting the animal closely, a unique mosaic of features is revealed; traits that make it out to be much more lethal than the average artiodactyl. On one hand, Archaeotherium possessed many traits similar to those of herbivores animals, as is expected of ungulates. For instance, its jaw musculature that allowed the lower jaw of Archaeotherium a full side-to-side chewing motion as in herbivores (whereas most carnivores can only move their lower jaw up and down)(Effinger, 1998). On the other hand, Archaeotherium wielded many other traits far more lethal in their morphology, less akin to a herbivore and far more akin to a bonafide predator. For instance, the aforementioned enlarged gape of Archaeotherium is a bizarre trait on a supposed herbivore, as such animals do not need large gapes to eat vegetation and thus have smaller, more restricted gapes. Conversely, many predatory lineages have comparatively large gapes, as larger gapes allow for the the jaws to grab on to more effectively larger objects, namely large prey animals (Joeckel, 1990).
Such a juxtaposition, however, is most evident when discussing the real killing instruments of Archaeotherium — the teeth. More so than any facet of this animal, the teeth of Archaeotherium are the real stars of the show, showing both how alike it was compared to its herbivores counterparts and more importantly, how it couldn’t be more different. For instance, the molars of Archaeotherium were quite similar to modern herbivores ungulates, in that they were robust, bunodont, and were designed for crushing and grinding, similar in form and function to modern ungulates like peccaries (Joeckel, 1990). However, while the molars give the impression that Archaeotherium was a herbivore, the other teeth tell a very different story. The incisors, for example, were enlarged, sharpened, and fully interlocked (as opposed to the flat-topped incisors seen in herbivores ungulates), creating an incisor array that was seemingly ill-suited for cropping vegetation and much more adept at for gripping, puncturing and cutting (Joeckel, 1990). Even more formidable were the canines. Like the modern pigs from which entelodonts derived their nicknames, the canines of Archaeotherium were sharp and enlarged to form prominent tusk-like teeth, but unlike pigs, they were rounded in cross-section (similar to modern carnivores like big cats, indicating more durable canines that can absorb and resist torsional forces, such as those from struggling prey) and were serrated to form a distinct cutting edge (Effinger, 1998; Joeckel, 1990; Ruff & Van Valkenburgh, 1987). These canines, along with the incisors, interlock to stabilize the jaws while biting and dismantling in a carnivore-like fashion. More strikingly, the canines also seem to act as “occlusal guides,” wherein the canines help align the movement and position of the rear teeth as they come together, allowing for a more efficient shearing action by the rear teeth. This function is seen most prevalently modern carnivorous mammals, and is evidenced by the canine tooth-wear, which is also analogous to modern predators like bears and canids (Joeckel, 1990). Indeed, going off such teeth alone, it is clear that Archaeotherium is far more predatory than expected of an ungulate. However, the real stars of the show, the teeth that truly betray the predatory nature of these ungulates, are the premolars. Perhaps the most carnivore-like teeth in the entelodont’s entire tooth row, the premolars of Archaeotherium, particularly the anterior premolars, are laterally compressed, somewhat conical in shape, and are weakly serrated to bear a cutting edge, giving them a somewhat carnivorous form and function of shearing and slicing (Effinger, 1998). Most strikingly of all, the premolars of Archaeotherium bear unique features similar not to modern herbivores, but to durophagous carnivores like hyenas, particularly apical wear patterns, highly thickened enamel, “zigzag-shaped” enamel prism layers (Hunter-Schraeger bands) on the premolars which is also seen in osteophagous animals like hyenas, and an interlocking premolar interface wherein linear objects (such as bones) inserted into jaws from the side would be pinned between the premolars and crushed (Foss, 2001). Taken together, these features do not suggest a diet of grass or vegetation like other ungulates. Rather, they suggest a far more violent diet, one including flesh as well as hard, durable foods, particularly bone. All in all, the evidence is clear. Archaeotherium and other entelodonts, unlike the rest of their artiodactyl kin, were not the passive herbivores as we envision ungulates today. Rather, they were willing, unrepentant meat-eaters that had a taste for flesh as well as foliage.
Of course, even with such lines of evidence, its hard to conclude that Archaeotherium was a true predator. After all, its wide gape and durophagous teeth could have just as easily been used for scavenging or even to eat tough plant matter such as seeds or nuts, as in peccaries and pigs, which themselves share many of the same adaptations as Archaeotherium, include the more carnivorous ones (e.g. the wide gape, using the canines as an occlusal guide, etc.). How exactly do we know that these things were veritable predators and not pretenders to the title. To this end, there is yet one last piece of evidence, one that puts on full display the predatory prowess of Archaeotherium —evidence of a kill itself. Found within oligocene-aged sediment in what is now Wyoming, a collection of various fossil remains was found, each belonging to the ancient sheep-sized camel Poebrotherium, with many of the skeletal remains being disarticulated and even missing whole hindlimbs or even entire rear halves of their body. Tellingly, many of the remains bear extensive bite marks and puncture wounds across their surface. Upon close examination, the spacing and size of the punctures leave only one culprit: Archaeotherium. Of course, such an event could still have been scavenging; the entelodonts were consuming the remains of already dead, decomposed camels, explaining the bite marks. What was far more telling, however, was where the bite marks were found. In addition bite marks being found on the torso and lumbar regions of the camels, various puncture wounds were found on the skull and neck, which were otherwise uneaten. Scavengers rarely feast on the head to begin with; there is very little worthwhile meat on it besides the brain, cheek-muscles and eyes, and even if they did feed on the skull and neck, they would still eat it wholesale, not merely bite it and then leave it otherwise untouched. Indeed, it was clear that this was no mere scavenging event. Rather than merely consuming these camels, Archaeotherium was actively preying upon and killing them, dispatching them via a crushing bite to the skull or neck before dismembering and even bisecting the hapless camels with their powerful jaws to preferentially feast on their hindquarters (likely by swallowing the hindquarters whole, as the pelvis of Poebrotherium was coincidentally the perfect width for Archaeotherium to devour whole), eventually discarding the leftovers in meat caches for later consumption (Sundell, 1999). With this finding, such a feat of brutality leaves no doubt in ones mind as to what the true nature of Archaeotherium was. This was no herbivore, nor was it a simple scavenger. This was an active, rapacious predator, the most powerful in its entire ecosystem.
Indeed, with such brutal evidence of predation frozen in time, combined with various dental, cranial, and post cranial adaptations of this formidable animal, it’s possible to paint a picture of how this formidable creature lived. Though an omnivore by trade, willing and able to feast on plant matter such as grass, roots and tubers, Archaeotherium was also a wanton predator that took just about any prey it wanted. Upon detecting its prey, it approached its vicim from ambush before launching itself at blazing speed. From there, its cursorial, hoofed legs, used by other ungulates for escape predation, were here employed to capture prey, carrying it at great speeds as it caught up to its quarry. Having closed the distance with its target, it was then that the entelodont brought its jaws to bear, grabbing hold of the victim with powerful jaws and gripping teeth to bring it to a screeching halt. If the victim is lucky, Archaeotherium will then kill it quickly with a crushing bite to the skull or neck, puncturing the brain or spinal cord and killing its target instantly. If not, the victim is eaten alive, torn apart while it’s still kicking, as modern boars will do today. In any case, incapacitated prey are subsequently dismantled, with the entelodont using its entire head and heavily-muscled necks to bite into and pull apart its victim in devastating “puncture-and pull’ bites (Foss, 2001). Prey would then finally be consumed starting at the hindquarters, with not even the bones of its prey being spared. Such brutality, though far from clean, drove home a singular truth: that during this time, ungulates were not just prey, that they were not the mere “predator-fodder” we know them as today. rather, they themselves were the predators themselves, dominating as superb hunters within their domain and even suppressing clades we know as predators today, least of all the carnivorans. Indeed, during this point in time, the age of the carnivorous ungulates had hit their stride, and more specifically, the age of entelodonts had begun.
Of course, more so than any other entelodont, Archaeotherium took to this new age with gusto. Archaeotherium lived from 35-28 million years ago during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a locality known today as the White River Badlands, a fossil locality nestled along the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Though a chalky, barren landscape today, during the time of Archaeotherium, the White River Badlands was a swamp-like floodplain crisscrossed with rivers and interspersed with by a mosaic of forests concentrated around waterways, open woodlands and open plains. As with most ecosystems with such a lush disposition, this locale teemed with life, with ancient hornless rhinos, small horse-like hyracodonts and early camels roaming the open habitats while giant brontotheres, small early horses and strange, sheep-like ungulates called merycoidodonts (also known as “oreodonts”) dwelled within the dense forests. Within this locale, Archaeotherium stalked the open woodlands and riparian forests of its domain. Here, it acted as a dominant predator and scavenger across is territory, filling a niche similar to modern grizzly bears but far more predatory. Among its preferred food items would be plant matter such as roots, foliage and nuts, but also meat in the form of carrion or freshly caught prey. In this respect, smaller ungulates such as the fleet-footed camel Poebrotherium, a known prey item of Archaeotherium, would have made a for choice prey, as its small size would make it easy for Archaeotherium to dispatch with its powerful jaws, while the entelodonts swift legs gave it the speed necessary to keep pace with its agile prey.
However, the entelodont didn’t have such a feast all to itself. Just as the badlands teemed with herbivores, so too did it teem with rival predators. Among their ranks included fearsome predators such as Hyaenodon, a powerful, vaguely dog-like predator up to the size of wolves (as in H. horridus) or even lions (as in the Eocene-aged H. megaloides, which was replaced by H. horridus during the Oligocene). Armed with a massive head, fierce jaws and a set of knife-like teeth that could cut down even large prey in seconds, these were some of the most formidable predators on the landscape. There were also the nimravids, cat-like carnivorans that bore saber-teeth to kill large prey in seconds, and included the likes of the lynx-sized Dinictis, the leopard-sized Hoplophoneus and even the jaguar-sized Eusmilus. Furthermore, there were amphicyonids, better known as the bear-dogs. Though known from much larger forms later on in their existence, during the late Eocene and Oligocene, they were much smaller and acted as the “canid-analogues” of the ecosystem, filling a role similar to wolves or coyotes. Last but not least, there were the bathornithid birds, huge cariamiform birds related to modern seriemas but much larger, which filled a niche similar to modern seriemas or secretary birds, albeit on a much larger scale. Given such competition, it would seem that Archaeotherium would have its hands full. However, things are not as they appear. For starters, habitat differences would mitigate high amounts of competition, as both Hyaenodon and the various nimravids occupy more specialized ecological roles (being a plains-specialist and forest-specialist, respectively) than did Archaeotherium, providing a buffer to stave off competition: More importantly, however, none of the aforementioned predators were simply big enough to take Archaeotherium on. During the roughly 7 million years existence of Archaeotherium, the only carnivore that matched it in size was H. megaloides, and even that would have an only applied to average A. mortoni individuals, not to the much larger, bison-sized “Megachoerus” individuals. The next largest predator at that point would be the jaguars-sized Eusmilus (specifically E. adelos) which would have only been a bit more than half the size of even an average A. mortoni. Besides that, virtually every other predator on the landscape was simply outclassed by the much larger entelodont in terms of size and brute strength. As such, within its domain, Archaeotherium had total, unquestioned authority, dominating the other predators in the landscape and likely stealing their kills as well. In fact, just about the only threat Archaeotherium had was other Archaeotherium, as fossil bite marks suggest that this animal regularly and fraglantly engaged in intraspecific combat, usually through face-biting and possibly even jaw-wrestling (Effinger, 1998; Tanke & Currie, 1998). Nevertheless, it was clear that Archaeotherium was the undisputed king of the badlands; in a landscape of hyaenodonts and carnivorans galore, it was a hoofed ungulate that reigned supreme.
However, such a reign would not last. As the Eocene transitioned into the Eocene, the planet underwent an abrupt cooling and drying phase known as Eocene-Oligocene Transition or more simply the Grande Coupure. This change in climate would eliminate the sprawling wetlands and river systems that Archaeotherium had been depending on, gradually replacing it with drier and more open habitats. To its credit, Archaeotherium did manage to hang on, persisting well after the Grand-Coupure had taken place, but in the end the damage had been done; Archaeotherium was a dead-man-walking. Eventually, by around 28 million years ago, Archaeotherium would go extinct, perishing due to this change in global climate (Gillham, 2019). Entelodonts as a whole would persist into the Miocene, producing some of their largest forms ever known in the form of the bison-sized Daeodon (which was itself even more carnivorous than Archaeotherium), however they too would meet the same fate as their earlier cousins. By around 15-20 million years ago, entelodonts as a whole would go extinct. However, while the entelodonts may have perished, this was not the end of carnivorous ungulates as a whole. Recall that the cetacodontamorphs, the lineage of artiodactyls that produced the entelodonts, left behind two living descendants. The first among them were the hippos, themselves fairly frequent herbivores. The second of such lineage, however, was a different story. Emerging out of South Asia, this lineage of piscivorous cetacodontamorphs, in a an attempt to further specialize for the fish-hunting lifestyle, began to delve further and further into the water, becoming more and more aquatic and the millennia passed by. At a certain point, these carnivorous artiodactlys had become something completely unrecognizable from their original hoofed forms. Their skin became hairless and their bodies became streamlined for life in water. Their hoofed limbs grew into giant flippers for steering in the water and their previously tiny tails became massive and sported giant tail flukes for aquatic propulsion. Their noses even moved to the tip of their head, becoming a blowhole that would be signature to this clade as a whole. Indeed, this clade was none other than the modern whales, themselves derived, carnivorous ungulates that had specialized for a life in the water, and in doing so, became the some of the most dominant aquatic predators across the globe for millions of years. Indeed, though long gone, the legacy of the entelodonts and of predatory ungulates as a whole, a legacy Archaeotherium itself had helped foster, lives on in these paragons of predatory prowess, showing that the ungulates are more than just the mere “prey” that they are often made out to be. Moreover, given the success that carnivorous ungulates had enjoyed in the past and given how modern omnivorous ungulates like boar dabble in predation themselves, perhaps, in the distant future, this planet may see the rise of carnivorous ungulates once again, following in the footsteps left behind by Archaeotherium and the other predatory ungulates all those millions of years ago.

İstanbul'da 8. sınıf öğrencisi A.A'ya iki arkadaşı tecavüz etti. Bu şekilde başlayan dram, A.A.'ya tanıdığı, tanımadığı birçok kişinin tecavüz etmesiyle giderek daha korkunç bir hal aldı. İlk dehşetin görüntüleriyle şantaj yapılan A. A. liseye geçtiğinde de kabus bitmedi, tecavüzcülerin sayısı gitgide arttı.
A.A. 13 yaşındaydı. ilkokul 8. sınıfa gidiyor ve ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul'un Sultanbeyli ilçesinde yaşıyordu.
A.A.'nın ağabeyi ise cinayet suçundan cezaevine girmişti. 2010 yılının Ekim ayında okuldan arkadaşı H.V., A.A.'yı evlerine davet etti. A.A. başlangıçta gitmek istemese de, H.V.'nin "Film izleriz, eğleniriz" ısrarı üzerine bu teklifi kabul etti. Yanlarına H.V.'nin arkadaşı Tunahan Keskin'i de alarak eve geçtiler. İlk dehşet o evde yaşandı. H.V., A.A'ya tecavüz etmeye çalıştı. Tecavüz anları ise H.V.'nin yanında götürdüğü T.K. tarafından anbean kayda alındı. Korku dolu anlar yaşayan A.A. "Yeter bırak" diye bağırdı. H.V.'nin elinden kurtulan A.A. götürüldüğü evden kaçarak yaşadığı evine döndü. Aslında dehşetin en korkutucu tarafı bu olanlardan sonra başlayacaktı.
Halk TV'den Seyhan Avşar'ın haberine göre; A.A. okuldan çıktığı sırada daha önceden tanışıklığı olan O.K. isimli kişiyle karşılaştı. O.K., "Hasret ile ne yaptınız? Benim elimde videonuz var. H.V. herkese anlatacakmış. Ailene söyleyecek. Ailen de seni öldürür. Bunu durduracak tek kişi benim. Ancak bir şartım var. Bunu yaparsan olacakları engellerim" diyerek çocuğu Sultanbeyli'deki ormanlık bir alana götürdü. Bir süre sonra O.K.'nın arkadaşı R.Ö. geldi ve burada A.A. ikisi tarafından cinsel saldırıya uğradı. A.A. yaşadıklarını kimseye anlatamadı. Son olaydan bir hafta sonra bu kez yanına M.E. isimli genç geldi. M.E., "Videolarını izledim. Oğuz ile de beraber olmuşsun. Benimle de birlikte olman lazım. Yoksa o videoyu ailenin kapısının önüne koyarım" dedi. M.E. yanına iki arkadaşını daha aldı. A.A. iki gün boyunca bu kişilerin tecavüzüne uğradı. Tecavüz edenlerden biri ise mahalle muhtarının oğluydu.
Her okula gidişi kabus haline gelen A.A.'nın yaşadıkları bitmedi. Bir okul çıkışına sınıf arkadaşının ağabeyi olan B.B. geldi. Aynı tehditlere maruz kalan A.A., B.B.'nin de tecavüzüne uğradı A.A. için karanlık günler bitmiyordu. 1 yıldır tanıdığı ve tanımadığı birçok kişinin tecavüzüne maruz kalıyordu. Bir gün yolda yürürken önü bir araba tarafından kesildi. Araçtan F.A. isimli kişi çıktı. A.A.'yı zorla araca bindirdi. Sultanbeyli'deki sanayiye götürdü. Arkadaşlarıyla beraber tecavüz etti. A.A. liseye başlamıştı. Her şeyin bittiğini düşünüyordu. Ancak hiç tanımadığı kişiler yanına gelerek söz konusu videoyu bildiklerini söyleyerek tehdit ettiler. A.A. bu kez Sultanbeyli Kız Teknik ve Meslek Lisesi'nin bir sınıfında 5 ayrı kişi tarafından tecavüze uğradı.
(…)
Anadolu Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı 15 kişi hakkında "Kişiyi hürriyetinden yoksun bırakma" ve "Çocuğun nitelikli cinsel istismarı" suçundan dava açıldı. Yargılama İstanbul Anadolu 9. Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi'nde görüldü. 2 sanık beraat ederken, diğer sanıklara çeşitli oranlarda hapis cezası verildi. Ancak İstinaf mahkemesi dosyayı esastan bozdu. Sanıklar yeniden yargılanıyor.
Alıntı: https://www.haberler.com/haberlekan-donduran-olay-sultanbeyli-deki-santaj-ve-17323323-haberi/

Were Kryptonians only planet busters in the Post Crisis?
Short answer absolutely not, long answer: let's explain this false belief.
This post arises because, among other things, in several blogs and YouTube channels and tik tokThis is a very common myth. It is often mistakenly believed that Superman is a hero who is only limited to protecting the Earth and who moves on planetary scales, but the truth is that in the more than 80 years of the character's history, he has traveled to all kinds of places both within their own universe as well as outside it, and even outside their multiverse. The same can be applied to his cousin Kara.
Without going any further, since the beginning of the 90s, DC's own writers have declared that Superman's adventures move on a cosmic scale, putting at risk not only the fate of the world, but often that of the galaxy or even the universe. So the idea of Superman as someone limited to saving Metropolis and little else is wrong., it is stated that in DC's post-crisis continuity, Superman and the rest of the Kryptonians who escape from him only possess a destructive power that reaches planetary (or multi planetary) at its maximum.
which is absolutely false and we'll see because, although this publication will be focused for the moment on the post-crisis, I will also make one for the new 52 that is also nerfed horribly.
Without further ado let's get started.
1) "SUPERMAN TENDS TO MOVE AT PLANETARY SCALES":
This is a very common myth. It is often mistakenly believed that Superman is a hero who is only limited to protecting the Earth and who moves on planetary scales, but the truth is that in the more than 80 years of the character's history, he has traveled to all kinds of places both within their own universe as well as outside it, and even outside their multiverse. The same can be applied to his cousin Kara.
Without going any further, since the beginning of the 90s, DC's own writers have declared that Superman's adventures move on a cosmic scale, putting at risk not only the fate of the world, but often that of the galaxy or even the universe. So the idea of ​​Superman as someone limited to saving Metropolis and little else is wrong.
https://imgur.com/a/8t9bwdj
2) "KRYPTONIANS HAVE A DIFFICULT DESTROYING PLANETS":
If there is one thing that has been consistent throughout the Post Crisis period, it is how Kryptonians like Superman or Supergirl can achieve planet-level feats quite casually. Let's review some examples:

• In just his first year as a superhero, Superman took down a monster with the strength of a planet in one fell swoop.

https://imgur.com/a/Q84cIqS
-According to Batman at the end of the Emperor Joker arc, Superman could juggle planets if he wanted to.
https://imgur.com/a/NDLoiZC

• A Kryptonian teenager who has absorbed a modicum of yellow sunlight can easily tear a planet in two in a tantrum, according to Superman.

https://imgur.com/a/sjk1FAE

• Even after being without sunlight for an extended period, Superman is still capable of destroying a planet with a mere leap.

https://imgur.com/a/KsXhMXT

• Superman destroyed multiple stars in the Galactic Golem dimension without problems and also withstood the explosion of the dimension that housed them.

https://imgur.com/a/N5VxIzF

• Both Supergirl and Superman emerged unscathed from the Kryptonite explosion on New Krypton, and the former was at the epicenter of the planet's explosion.

https://imgur.com/a/vVuxFPn
-Superman dragged the weight of the Earth, the Moon and a spaceship and it has also been said that he could move the Earth if he wanted to.
https://imgur.com/a/YxIUAa7
https://imgur.com/a/cBdlBp0

• It was also said that Superman is among the beings capable of moving a planet with one hand

https://imgur.com/a/4tvlIff
...among other examples. So it is illogical to think that his limit is there.
3) "SUPERMAN NEEDED HELP TO MOVE THE EARTH AND THE MOON":
Not really. This happened on three occasions, and all three have a context behind them:

• The first occurred in JLA #75. In this, the sorceress Gamemnae had previously killed the entire Justice League, reducing them to mere ghosts/skeletons that were not even a mere shadow of her original power. After this, Gamemnae would release all the water she had accumulated into space, altering the Earth's orbit, so the League would have to keep the planet in its orbit (and not move it, as people think). Even after being resurrected, the League was in a deplorable state, with Superman having to stop to absorb solar energy and even then he was not at his full power.

https://imgur.com/a/PQmQZa6
https://imgur.com/a/0XQsICz
https://imgur.com/a/5eEnSWH

• The second took place in Justice League of America #29. Here Superman and Green Lantern are not moving the Earth (again), but fighting to keep it in its orbit (again) against the powerful gravitational pulse of Starbreaker, who was dragging it towards the Sun. Starbreaker is so powerful that it can drag entire galactic clusters with that same pulse and it was also becoming more and more powerful thanks to the negative emotions of the planet. And if this were not enough, Starbreaker had previously weakened Superman with red sun energy.

https://imgur.com/a/Uwr58Ig
https://imgur.com/a/77Mirm9
https://imgur.com/a/mgGFkJe
https://imgur.com/a/3UKvISM

• The third and last was in JLA #58. The League had to do an extremely complicated maneuver with the Moon, dragging it as quickly as possible into the Earth's atmosphere to bring oxygen to the Moon and fill it with fire (all at high speeds), removing it at the last second. Not just move it. So it stands to reason that they would want as many hands on the task as possible. They were also quite injured and tired and subsequently suffered even more blows from the White Martians.

https://imgur.com/a/7hZ06Fh
https://imgur.com/a/cEY374Q
https://imgur.com/a/R8zvdVo
As we can see, the evidence normally used to claim that Superman needs help moving celestial bodies is not such, and even one of them, far from being a demerit, is in fact a remarkable feat against someone very powerful.
4) "BRAINIAC CLAIMED AT THE END OF OWAW THAT SUPERMAN DID NOT HAVE THE POWER TO MOVE A PLANET":
This is heavily taken out of context. What Brainiac-13 claimed was that Superman did not have the power to move HIS planet away from him, referring to the War World, which Brainiac had taken control of. This distinction is not mere semantics, since Brainiac-13 has just absorbed the universal energies of Imperiex with which he wanted to cause a new Big Bang that would destroy the current universe and replace it with another. These energies were going to allow Brainiac-13 to remodel the entire universe to his whim.
https://imgur.com/a/SBbc4lI
https://imgur.com/a/CgW145M
https://imgur.com/a/S6QhtCF
That Superman needed to overload himself with solar energy to face such an enemy is not strange if we take this into account. So managing to move the War World against Brainiac's will is a very high-level feat for Superman, not a demerit. Let's remember that Superman could not destroy the War World, because if he did this he would automatically activate Imperiex's Big Bang and destroy the universe.
https://imgur.com/a/uplJ0rD
https://imgur.com/a/uplJ0rD
5) "SUPERMAN WAS KNOWN BY A PLANETARY ATTACK AND A MOON EXPLOSION":
Once again we find two extremely decontextualized situations. Let's analyze them:

• The first occurred in Superman/Batman #4. In this instance, we see how Hawkman supposedly knocks out Superman after hitting him with the claw of Horus, which extracted his power from the Earth's magnetic core. Said claw was a magical weapon, as Hawkman himself implies when asking Superman if he thinks he and Batman believe they invented castling.

https://imgur.com/a/maES4Y9
And Superman is vulnerable to magic, as we all know and as mentioned in the same instance, which makes this attack that much more devastating. But also in the next instance we discover that Superman and Batman allowed themselves to be captured to take them to Luthor, making Hawkman and Captain Marvel believe that they had defeated them. Which disproves that Superman was actually knocked out by Horus' claw.
https://imgur.com/a/hIs6WU6
https://imgur.com/a/E4cNnap

• The second occurred in Justice League of America #30. Here, an 81-trillion-ton shadowy moon was approaching the solar system at 7,614,000 km/h, which would trigger a mass extinction event whether the moon impacted or not; so they needed to pulverize it, not simply destroy it. To accomplish this, Superman punches the moon with a fist of infinite mass, accelerating as close to the speed of light as possible with the intention of gathering enough mass to destroy the moon completely without causing danger to Earth.

https://imgur.com/a/UoT1tYs
https://imgur.com/a/fw4IedY
I don't know Superman's weight, but according to the DC wiki he weighs 107 kg (they don't cite sources). Accelerating at 0.99 c, that's 5.86x1019 Joules. The figure Batman gives for the moon's mass is incorrect, but assuming he's right, that would be 1.8x1026 Joules. Multiplying both energies, the result is an explosion of 1.06x1046 Joules or solar system. But if we use the real mass of the moon, it generated 1.43x1032 Joules, which multiplied by Superman's energy gives a result of 8.3x1051 Joules, well into the solar system+.
https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Superman_(Clark_Kent)
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=relativistic+kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%22107+kg%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22relativistic+kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergyRelativistic%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%220.99+c%22&lang=es
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%2281000000000+t%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%227614000+km%2Fh+%22&lang=es
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=kinetic+energy&assumption=%7B%22C%22%2C+%22kinetic+energy%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%22Formula%22%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22m%22%7D+-%3E%226.4%C3%9710%5E19+kg%22&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22K%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22KineticEnergy%22%2C+%22v%22%7D+-%3E%227614000+km%2Fh%22&lang=es
So this is indeed another feat that far exceeds the planet level. It is also interesting to mention that the substance of the creator of said moon (Shadow Thief) is an apparently infinite dimension and that with that same power, Starbreaker was able to fight and defeat Dharma, who kept two universes together.
https://imgur.com/a/uelOSzz
https://imgur.com/a/lkuv9cX
6) FREQUENT REFUTATIONS TO SUPERIOR EXPLOITS:
Faced with the constant exposure of feats above the planet level (like the ones here), a series of preeminent refutations usually arise to try to disprove them, often dishonestly distorting the context of the original scene to give it a completely different meaning. These are the most common:
6.1) "The Nebula Man is not a living universe, because his size is not that of one"
A: Just because Neh-Buh-Loh is human-sized on the outside does not negate that it is a universe on the inside. In the same scan already shown from Seven Soldiers: Frankenstein, it is said that he is a sentient and mobile mass of malleable super-matter, indicating that his universe is scalable to his size; and in fact, in JLA: Classified (same story in which he confronts Superman), we are also shown its nature as a sentient universe and the Justice League traveling inside it (from which they come and go through boom tubes). ).
https://imgur.com/a/qFpZ23a
https://imgur.com/a/GYDphjd
https://imgur.com/a/wXWHUcS
In fact, in the aforementioned Seven Soldiers, it is revealed to us that if it were not for the Ultramarine Corps, Neh-Buh-Loh would have already grown to replace the current universe. This is therefore the same case as the Galactic Golem, which on the outside barely measured several meters, but on the inside it was a vast dimension with many planets and stars.
https://imgur.com/a/Qflwyo5
https://imgur.com/a/7wB5Zys
https://imgur.com/a/CJSPuN0
6.2) "Absorbing energy to vaporize half a galaxy does not count as resistance, it is a hax"
A: It's not just about the act of absorbing energy. In the same comic it is mentioned how said energy was anti-sunlight, that is, harmful to Superman. In fact, we are clearly shown Superman being damaged by said energy and Batman and Martian Manhunter initially believed that Superman had died trying to absorb it. So it's clearly scalable to the physical attributes of it.
https://imgur.com/a/jTizZ8h
https://imgur.com/a/1XBq9Ce
https://imgur.com/a/Y9gY9SE
6.3) "Superman did not move the Mageddon, he was just trying to free himself from the chains that held him while it tortured him"
A: Martian Manhunter himself explicitly mentions that Superman was turning the wheels of Mageddon. This is later confirmed, where Martian explains how Superman is now one of the components of the machine and is using his strength. On the other hand, if Superman was just being held against his will, there would be little point in him breaking the chains so easily when Batman managed to snap him out of the trance the Mageddon kept him in.
https://imgur.com/a/6P1uXbz
https://imgur.com/a/2IRf9Ps
https://imgur.com/a/jTizZ8h
6.4) "There is no mental limiter. Superman has been defeated on previous occasions and even died against Doomsday"
A: The limiter is subconscious, not conscious. Superman can't choose when he stops using it. At least not until he completed his training with Mongul. It is important to clarify that it is mentioned that his fight against Doomsday was the only time where he was able to free himself from the limiter.
https://imgur.com/a/GeFw1SQ
https://imgur.com/a/bFYi4tb
6.5) "The universal black hole was a dream, Superman wakes up in the following pages"
A: This is half true. Sure enough, Superman wakes up from the "sleep" in the following pages. However, just before that, Death clarifies the event as something real and explains that it took place within a plane where mind and matter intersect to shape dreams and turn them into reality. Let us also remember that in DC, dreams give birth to new universes, so it matters little even if we take what happened as a literal dream.
https://imgur.com/a/1l9YagO
https://imgur.com/a/fhE2MMw
6.6) "Superman did not receive the Suneater explosion, in fact, he had to escape from it"
A: This, on the other hand, is a complete lie. Superman received the explosion, as we can see in the panel; What he had to escape from was a cloud of red solar radiation born as a result, which Jonathan mentions would have incinerated him (not killed him) if it had reached him; Well, as we all know, red sunlight weakens Superman and deprives him of his powers. In fact, Superman had previously received several bursts of red solar radiation, making this feat even more impressive.
https://imgur.com/a/Ff1c327
https://imgur.com/a/Ff1c327
https://imgur.com/a/M72EsPn
6.7) "The solar system that Superman moved was barely the size of buildings while he moved it"
A: The solar system had not yet reached the size it would have according to the scale of our universe, but that does not mean that its mass was proportional to its size. The system was adjusting to the new scale from its microscopic size, since it was originally from a compressed universe. Therefore, its mass was equal to that of a real one, evidenced by the mention that very soon the gravity of its star was going to destroy Metropolis. If he didn't have it, he wouldn't be able to generate such a gravitational field, being so small.
https://imgur.com/a/v35zZ8G
https://imgur.com/a/v35zZ8G
6.8) "In the same story, it is mentioned that his best hits barely destroy planets"
A: And where exactly is it mentioned that those were his best shots? 🤔 Because in fact, it is implied that these were casual.
https://imgur.com/a/BQ4crIz
6.9) "The Void Hound did not destroy all those star systems at once. Furthermore, it is only mentioned that those systems died"
A: Nowhere in the story is such a thing stated or even hinted at. In fact, the mention that the Void Hound was only tested once suggests that it destroyed all of those systems with a single attack. Regarding the other, the mention is accompanied with images of celestial bodies being destroyed, which makes it extremely unlikely that by "killing them" they were not referring to the fact that they were destroyed.
https://imgur.com/a/emjfscA
https://imgur.com/a/emjfscA
6.10) "Superman only covered the Mnemon fissure before it broke free, and he also had to get help from John Stewart because it was too much for him"
A: Under the pretext that covering the fissure was not a feat of strength, it makes no sense to argue that he needed John Stewart's help to keep it closed. In any case, Superman himself mentions that he was enduring "unimaginable" pressure to keep his hands closed. Regarding it being "too much for him", this was due to the visions that the Mnemon sent to Superman, with the aim of driving him crazy and making him release his grip on him.
https://imgur.com/a/Wk4YuSz
https://imgur.com/a/GA04Vi4
As for John Stewart's "help," it simply consisted of acting as a backup for Superman (in case his hands opened) and creating the construct of a magnet to generate an electromagnetic field strong enough to reduce the pressure of the Mnemon enough that Superman could safely release it and throw it into a wormhole.
https://imgur.com/a/ZwFuBAz
https://imgur.com/a/0nGPfTo
6.11) "Resisting the explosion of the La Fuente wall was an outlier, since it is a structure superior to the multiverse"
A: Superman only had to resist a tiny portion of the wall's destruction. Specifically, the one he had right in front of him. He couldn't do it all either, even if he wanted to. Since the Source Wall is a pan-dimensional structure that surrounds all of existence, the only way Superman could take all the destruction from it would be by being omnipresent throughout the multiverse. This does not mean that it is a great feat, since a mere breach is enough to destroy a universe.
https://imgur.com/a/vsBBg06
6.12) "That Orion has a power comparable to the Big Bang is hyperbole"
A: We know that it is not hyperbole because emanations of Orion have feats of a similar level, such as containing an explosion that was going to destroy the universe at a quantum level, fighting against a god that was going to destroy the universe and defeating him (along with Superman, btw), killing an emanation of Darkseid that became one with the universe, contributing the energy to destroy the universe from the anti-life equation, etc.
https://imgur.com/a/ahiiHL2
https://imgur.com/a/u0CpFm9
https://imgur.com/a/hATcdrI
https://imgur.com/a/CprsHWy
https://imgur.com/a/3R8tsvj
https://imgur.com/a/lNiMVkI
CONCLUSIONS:
As we can see based on all this, it makes no sense to believe that Kryptonians who have been absorbing sunlight from a yellow sun are only planetary (or multi-planetary) in attack power, at least as far as Superman and Supergirl are concerned. it means. The opposite has been proven in countless instances, and the evidence in all of them is that destroying planets is only a small fraction of these characters' true destructive potential. Therefore, to affirm that this is its limit or that the many feats that exceed this level are outliers is to speak without any type of foundation.

Bonjour le sub des bons coup de pouce !
J'ai constaté récemment l'apparition de rouille sur un tube d'amenée de gaz de ville dans ma cave.
Pour info le compteur est situé à l'extérieur en limite de propriété donc le tube est de mon côté du compteur.
J'ai déjà identifié la cause de la formation de rouille, et elle est franchement assez cocasse:
le cable de vieille ligne téléphonique passe en haut le long du mur et, pile poil à la verticale de l'entrée du tuyau de gaz, la gaine du cable est endommagée, le cable est à l'air et... des gouttes d'eau et des bulles d'air en sorte trèèèès leeeentement. Je soupçonne que le cable a été abimé pendant l'installation de la fibre optique.
Pour l'instant j'ai mitigé "à la zob" l'égoutement du cable de téléphone avec une solution de fortune selon ce que j'avais sous la main (silicone dessus + entaillé le cable ailleurs...).
Je dois encore réfléchir à comment le régler définitement; je m'en fout un peu du cable car j'utilise plus la ligne cuivrée, et c'est situé avant le boitier DTI donc j'imagine que j'ai pas le droit de juste le couper ou de le claquer dans une boite de dérivation...
Pour moi la prio et mon sujet du jour c'est la conduite de gaz :D
Bref, je pense que la rouille se forme lentement depuis quelques mois maintenant et j'aimerai voir comment l'éliminer et reprotéger le tuyau.
(EDIT: lien de l'image, reddit me fait des misères à l'uploader https://imgur.com/a/NgI0kfH )
J'ai pensé à :

• frottedécaper pour éliminer les résidus de peinture abimée
• utiliser un produit destructeur de rouille ? lequel ?
• frotter avec un peu de laine de fer et un mélange d'attaque léger pour enlever les dernières traces de rouille
• passer ensuite un traitement stop rouille ou un protecteur contre la rouille ? quel genre de produit ?
• repeindre le tuyau sur la zone traitée

Quelles sont vos suggestions pour traiter ça ?
J'imagine (enfin j'espère) que le tube n'est pas nécessairement dans un état dramatique au point de devoir passer par un pro pour le refaire. (D'ailleurs je sais pas s'il pourrait le reprendre à cette distance du mur ou s'il faudrait du coup repasser sur le tube enterré)
Pour le moment j'ai séché la zone affectée et j'ai mis un peu de wd40 pour réduire le contact de l'eau si ça revient.
Merci d'avance !
https://preview.redd.it/8p6cncu3ve0d1.jpg?width=3072&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=b8752c4ecb3e409b2481a167b08f995be703c6f1