Note: This post was copy-pasted from my blog, but I’ve put the full text (minus images) here so it’s easier to engage with and meets the urbanplanning posting rules.

Introduction

Light rail (or LRT) is a type of transit which uses street-running, at-grade trains to transport passengers. It’s been seeing a growing surge of interest in American cities over the last few decades, and politicians across the country are proposing light rail as a solution to their cities’ transit challenges. The reason is that light rail is seen as a technology which can improve a city’s transportation network at a fraction of the cost of heavy rail (i.e. subways or elevated rail).
However, I strongly feel that we should not be pursuing the construction of new light rail (and the related mode of streetcars) systems in America. The simple reason for this is cost - new light rail lines cost anywhere between $100 million to $200 million per mile to construct. As an example, the proposed 5.6 mile St. Louis Green Line) is projected to cost $1.1 billion.
This high price tag isn’t inherently a bad thing. There have been many expensive projects over history which were well worth the cost. The problem with light rail specifically is that we get almost no value back from its construction. For transit riders, there are almost no benefits to a light rail line over a simple bus line, and in a lot of respects, light rail is even worse for riders. And for cities as a whole, light rail does lead to some improvements and increased development, but at a scale which is very out of line with its high cost.
Instead of light rail or streetcars, I propose that transit agencies invest heavily in a different mode of transit - “Light BRT”. If you haven’t heard of this term before, it’s because I invented it for the purposes of this article, as there is no single widespread term which characterizes this mode. I’m personally hoping that the phrase Light BRT catches on, as it’s a very convenient nomenclature to describe these existing transit lines and in a way which is easily distinguishable from the more traditional Gold-Standard or Heavy BRT.
So what is Light BRT? Essentially, Light BRT is a type of city bus which includes many infrastructure upgrades to increase the speed and reliability of the bus line. While not every light BRT line has all of these features, in general, light BRT lines are characterized by the following:

• Wider stop spacing: Light BRT buses have stops every 1/4 to 1/2 miles, rather than the 1/8 to 1/4 mile stop spacing of regular city buses. This reduces the amount of time the bus spends at stops.
• High frequency: Light BRT lines come frequently, ideally at least every 10 minutes. This reduces passenger waiting time.
• Signal priority: Light BRT buses have technology which integrates with city traffic lights. This reduces the amount of time the bus is waiting at a red light.
• Off-board fare collection: Instead of the bus operator collecting fares for each passenger, passengers pay at the station itself, and fares are validated using a proof-of-payment system. This reduces the amount of time the bus spends at stops.
• Bus lanes: Light BRT may operate either entirely or partially in dedicated transit lanes. This increases bus travel speeds while in motion.
• Larger buses: Light BRT takes advantage of larger buses with many doors, such as articulated or bi-articulated buses. This increases the capacity of the system and reduces the amount of time the bus spends at stops.

Each of these improvements leads to a much nicer transit experience for passengers, directly leading to faster trips and higher ridership. For example, in Minneapolis, the D Line launched in late 2022, where they implemented most of the above features on the existing #5 local bus. The D Line was a huge success, well beyond anyone’s expectations. In the first month alone, ridership on the D Line increased 50% when compared with the previous city bus. And by the end of the first year, ridership had nearly doubled! As of early 2024, the D Line has a ridership of over 13,000 daily riders, a number which is actually higher than many light rail systems, and this number is projected to hit 23,000 riders by 2030.
And the best part? This line was incredibly cheap. The 18 mile D Line cost about $75 million in total to construct, for an average cost of about $4 million per mile. Compared to light rail, which can cost $200 million per mile, light BRT is a steal. Or in other words, for the same cost it would take to build a 5 mile LRT line, we could build over 200 miles of light BRT, leading to a much better transit network for an entire city.
As a side note, I want to contrast Light BRT with the more traditional form of BRT (which I’ll denote as “Heavy BRT”) which features very prominently in the transit systems of many international cities like Istanbul, Jakarta, and Bogota. Heavy BRT is also growing in popularity in the US in cities like Albuquerque, Richmond, and Cleveland. It is characterized by a dedicated concrete guideway which separates the bus from car traffic, and often features center running operations. There is a wide range of intensity of BRT operations (hence the need for the BRT Standard rubric). But in general, heavy BRT can cost anywhere between $8 million to $50 million per mile to construct, with the lower end of this spectrum mostly resembling light BRT.
In the rest of this post, I hope to make a convincing argument on why we should stop building new light rail and streetcar lines, and instead transition to prioritizing light BRT. First, I will give a brief overview on the various forms of transit so that we have a common set of definitions to work off of. Next, I will provide an objective set of differences between light rail and light BRT, going over the benefits and drawbacks of each mode for both transit riders and non-riders. Finally, I will give my personal opinions on each of these differences, and why I believe that we should not pursue light rail in America.
In many of the examples and discussions, I will specifically reference the example of the proposed St. Louis Green Line LRT, since it’s one I’m more familiar with and I think it’s an example of an egregiously bad light rail line. But my comments are generally applicable to any new light rail or streetcar line in the US.

Overview of Transit Modes

In this section, I’ll give a brief overview of the various types of transit modes which are built with rail and buses.

Types of Rail

• Heavy Rail: This is the highest capacity and most expensive transit mode, consisting of long train sets operating in an entirely grade-separated right-of-way. Examples include the New York Subway or the Chicago L.
• Light Rail: This is a lower capacity mode and less expensive than heavy rail. LRT systems are mostly not grade-separated, but run alongside street corridors, usually operating in a dedicated lane outside mixed traffic. Examples of light rail are the Minneapolis Light Rail or the San Diego Trolley.
• Heavy+Light Rail: As a side note, there are many LRT systems which are very close to heavy rail but are still considered light rail. In these systems, where the vast majority of the system is grade-separated and operates like heavy rail, but there are still a few at-grade crossings. Examples of this are the Seattle Link or the St. Louis MetroLink.
• Streetcars: In America, the distinction between LRT and streetcars is very fuzzy, but in general, streetcars usually refer to at-grade trains which run in mixed traffic, and are essentially treated like a city bus on rails instead of tires. Examples of streetcars include the Portland Streetcar or the Kansas City Streetcar.

Types of Buses

• "Heavy" BRT: Heavy BRT aims to replicate heavy or light rail with buses as much as possible, with dedicated concrete guideways separated from mixed traffic and rail-like stations. Examples of heavy BRT include the Albuquerque ART or the Cleveland HealthLine.
• "Light" BRT: Light BRT can be thought of as an upgraded city bus, with features like transit signal priority, optimized stop spacing, and off-board fare collection. Examples of light BRT include the Minneapolis aBRT, the New York SBS, or the Seattle RapidRide.
• City Buses: This is the standard mode bus which operates in every major city, operating in mixed traffic without any extra features to improve transit operations. It’s possible for buses to use special propulsion technology like electric engines with batteries, or elevated wires (i.e. trolleybuses).

Light Rail vs Light BRT

Next, I will go over the differences between light rail and light BRT. Because there are a lot of differences, I’m going to organize my thoughts into two sections. First, I will discuss the difference between modes in terms of the experiences that actual riders on the system will encounter. Second, I will discuss the difference between modes for everybody else - how it affects non-riders, government officials, citizens, etc. In both of these sections, I’ll describe what makes LRT better than light BRT, and vice versa, and I will do my best to make these sections as objective as possible.
Before I begin, I would like to acknowledge that many of these thoughts come from my reading on transit modes and systems around the country. In particular, Jarrett Walker’s post on Rail-Bus Differences was a very useful starting point for this post. Also, I'd like to acknowledge the discussions I’ve had with other transit enthusiasts for pointing out things I've missed (shout-out St. Louis Urbanists!)

Differences for Transit Riders

How Light Rail is better than Light BRT

• Overall Capacity: This is the biggest, most-cited reason why light rail is better than light BRT. Most common LRT vehicles have a carrying capacity of 200 to 300 passengers per car and can be connected in sets of two or three cars. Assuming a maximum of 2 minute frequency, this gives us a potential capacity of 27k passengers per hour per direction (PPHPD). On the other hand, the largest bi-articulated buses can carry 300 passengers at most. With no ability to combine buses together, this means a maximum capacity of 9k PPHPD.
• Bike/Wheelchair Capacity: On a related note, LRT can carry not only more passengers, but more large mobility aids like bikes, wheelchairs, or strollers. A single bus can only really hold 3 bikes on the front racks, while the interiors of LRT can be arranged to accommodate more bikes. The extra space on LRT also allows for more space for wheelchairs, strollers, scooters, and other types of mobility devices, or even just large items in general like suitcases or furniture.
• Ride Smoothness: Because LRT is on metal rails, it is more smooth while accelerating, decelerating, and driving. This can be mitigated for buses by ensuring the street is well-paved and using bulb stations so that buses don't have to switch lanes every other block, but some intrinsic difference remains.

How Light Rail is equal to Light BRT

• Speed: Overall, the speed of buses and trains on city streets are approximately the same. I've seen some claims that buses are slightly faster at accelerating/decelerating, but most of the speed differences are due to the infrastructure supporting the transit, not the vehicles themselves. If both modes have dedicated lanes, signal priority, equal stop spacing, and off-board fare collection, they will both be roughly the same speed.
• System Legibility: For new riders who have never taken transit, learning how to take the train is generally easier to learn how to take the bus. However, with enough effort, transit operators can make buses just as legible. Well-designed maps can highlight BRT routes, and bright, continuous, red-painted lanes make it equally easy to understand the direction of a bus and a physical rail line.

How Light Rail is worse than Light BRT

• Operating Costs: The data shows that LRT generally has higher operating costs than buses. According to analysis by Christopher MacKechnie in 2020, in America, buses have an hourly operating cost of $122, while LRT has an hourly operating cost of costs $233 per hour. What this means for riders is that transit operators can afford to run more buses than trains under a fixed operating budget. As an example, if an agency is planning to run an LRT with 15 minute frequency, they could afford to run a bus with 8 minute frequency for the same cost, providing a much more useful service.
• Dealing with Obstacles: Because LRT is on rails, there is essentially no way for it to maneuver around obstacles or go in places where there is no rail. This is most obviously a problem if there is an accident or the rails are blocked by e.g. a parked car. But even more importantly, this is a long-term issue that can prevent full service. For example, the 2022 St. Louis floods damaged the light rail signal box at one station, causing all trains to be plagued with single-tracking and slow speeds for nearly two years! If this were a BRT, the bus could just pick an alternate road to go around without harming operations.
• Fewer Transfers: Because LRT is limited to rails, it makes it much more difficult to extend a route once it’s created. This forces passengers from outside to the immediate vicinity of the rails to transfer from a bus. For example, in St. Louis, we currently have the #4 and #11 buses which go from the edge of the city to downtown. But when the Green Line is built, these passengers will mostly likely be forced to get off the bus and transfer to the new LRT, and then transfer again to get to downtown. On the other hand, in an open BRT system, buses can easily be extended to continue past the end of the line, reducing transfers for customers.
• Ease of Expansion: On a related note, the high costs of construction can make it difficult to ever expand an LRT system in the future. In St. Louis, there have been plans floating to extend the Green Line north, to cover the rest of the #4 bus route. But just this week, a new report suggested that this extension might not be politically feasible. And there is essentially no discussion at all about a potential southern expansion to cover the rest of the #11’s route. On the other hand, light BRT coverage is much easier to expand, since the base road network already exists.

Differences for non-Transit Riders

How Light Rail is better than Light BRT

• Energy Efficiency: Trains are more energy efficient than buses, because of the gains of efficiency by using rails. This difference is reduced to some degree if you consider the energy usage of a three-car light rail vs a single bus, but overall, trains are more efficient on a per-passenger basis. Unfortunately, I can’t actually find hard numbers on how much energy exactly is being saved.
• Maintenance: Trains require less maintenance than buses, and an electric train car will last longer than an electric bus. Additionally, trains cause less damage to roads, so you don’t have to maintain the steel rails as often as you do with the concrete pavement.
• Development: An investment of hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars into LRT signifies a huge commitment that a government has towards improving that corridor. As a result, new train lines tend to lead to more private development surrounding the stations than new bus lines. However, the magnitude of this effect is quite unclear. For instance, a report from the St. Louis Fed concluded, “The general consensus from the academic literature and the findings presented in this report is that light rail is not a catalyst for economic development, but rather light rail can help guide economic development.”
• Rail Bias: Possibly as a result of the above intrinsic differences mentioned, because of differences in actual implementation, or some unknown psychological difference, people tend to prefer trains over an equally useful bus. This leads to both higher ridership, and more prestige for a region (e.g. “We’re not a real city until we have a few train lines”)

How Light Rail is worse than Light BRT

• Construction Cost: This is the biggest reason that Light BRT is better than Light Rail. In America, Light Rail tends to cost $100M-200M per mile to construct (e.g. the proposed St. Louis Green Line will cost $196M per mile for the 5.6 mile route). On the other hand, Light BRT costs maybe $5M per mile (e.g. the recently built Minneapolis D Line cost $75M for an 18 mile route).

Conclusion

Finally, I will conclude this article with some of my opinions on the facts described above, going over each of the major differences between Light Rail and Light BRT.

Why LRT is not better than Light BRT

The biggest factor in favor of LRT, capacity, is not a relevant distinction for essentially any new project, as light BRT has enough capacity to operate most LRT routes. For example, the proposed Green Line LRT in St. Louis has a projected daily ridership of 5k. A hypothetical light BRT could carry nearly 9k passengers every hour, well above the needed capacity. I actually couldn’t find a single example of a light rail system in the entire United States which needs the capacity of light rail and couldn’t get by with buses. If somebody has a counterexample in the comments, I’d love to see it.
One thing to note is that the ongoing driver shortage might change this math. For example, one could imagine a corridor where an LRT with 15-minute frequency has enough capacity but a bus with 15-minute frequency doesn’t. My two comments about this is that (1) If the driver shortage is such a big deal that it’s limiting frequency, that should definitely be the priority for where to spend money, and (2) If you’re only running 15-minute headways, then this is not exactly a corridor that needs significant transit investment in the first place.
Another note is that buses generally have enough capacity for day to day operations, but occasional large events like sports games or concerts might overrun this capacity. I would suggest in these cases to run special express buses on these days to transport passengers, rather than overbuilding rail capacity for most of the year.
I ride my bike and take it onto transit often, so I understand the appeal of bringing your bike on board to a light rail. But in reality, if our goal is to help urban cyclists, we would be much better off actually building protected bike lanes for a fraction of the cost of light rail. Alternatively, if St. Louis had an effective bus network, I wouldn’t even need to take my bike onto trains; I could just use the bus system to make connections!
Every other factor for transit riders actually favors light BRT over light rail. The smoothness of trains is nice, and makes it easier to read or work or relax while on it. But if I had to decide between a smooth LRT with 15-minute frequency and a less smooth light BRT with 8-minute frequency, I would definitely prefer the light BRT. And then when you consider that LRT usually leads to additional transfers for riders (usually to buses anyways), this only makes light BRT more attractive.
In terms of non-transit factors, I agree that rail leads to more development than buses. But if development is really our goal, we have much more effective and targeted methods for actually inducing development. For example, we could subsidize private development through upzoning and tax abatements or even take the money to build public development directly.
The factor of permanence is easily overcome - you could simply take the $200 million per mile which would have been used to construct the LRT and put it in a trust which can legally only be spent on transit operations in this corridor. The consideration of maintenance and efficiency also goes away based on LRT cost, as the interest alone from saved construction costs could be used to pay for maintenance and green energy technology many times over.

What should we do instead of Light Rail?

I’ve spent this entire post talking about reasons we shouldn’t build light rail. So what should we do instead? The short answer: it depends entirely on your priorities and why you even want to build light rail in the first place. If you’re going to spend $1.1 billion on a light rail line (as St. Louis has proposed to do), here are some things you could do with it instead:
Transit: If your priority is to help transit riders, you would be much better off by building Light BRT instead, for 1/40th of the cost. (i.e. for every mile of LRT you build, you could afford to build 40 miles of Light BRT). The above image is an quick example of what a potential 100 mile Light BRT system could look like in St. Louis. It would cost $400 million to build, instead of the $1 billion, 5 mile Green Line. You could then take the remaining $600 million to place in a trust fund for guaranteeing high frequency service along all these routes for years to come.
If you consider federal matching as part of your calculation, it’s roughly the case that the FTA will cover 80% of the cost of new light rail projects, and 50% of the cost of bus projects. For St. Louis specifically, both the 5.6 mile Green Line and my proposed 100 mile light BRT network would both cost $200 million in local funding, with the federal government picking up the rest of the costs. I would definitely argue that the 100 mile BRT network provides a much higher value for $200 million than the 5 mile train line.
Long-Term Savings: If your goal is to reduce long term costs on street maintenance with LRT, you could instead take the $1 billion and put it in a fund to gain interest. The $40M you would get every year would be enough to quintuple current city street maintenance (we currently spend about $9M every year across the entire city).
Environmental Impact: I don’t have any numbers to back this up, but I imagine that the difference in emissions between an electric LRV and electric bus is not that high to begin with. On the other hand, you could just take the $1 billion and give a free 3kW solar system to every single household in the city, which would save many orders of magnitude more emissions.
Development: If your priority is to spur development, you should just take the $1 billion and use it to directly incentivize new construction. This could be done with tax abatements, paid-for without hurting school budgets. A very back-of-the-napkin estimate is that if $10 million is enough to cover this abatement, then $1.1 billion would be enough to pay for almost $16 billion in new development projects, 32,000 new housing units and 165,000 sqft of commercial space. For some context, in the last 10 years (2014-2023), St. Louis gained only gained 7,034 new housing units total. I haven’t seen any direct numbers as to how much development is expected from the Green Line, but I would expect this amount is far less than $16 billion, considering the state of the literature on LRT development referenced above. As a specific example, the Wellston station in St. Louis has been open for more than 20 years and still borders a huge undeveloped plot of grass.
Bus Network Externalities: Some may object to my previous two recommendations of using the money to build solar panels and create tax abatements, rather than building transit, since funding sources are often not transferable like this, and rail funding might only be usable for transit projects. In these cases, I would still suggest building a large 100 mile light BRT transit network instead of a 5 mile light rail line. While I don’t have numbers to support this, I would strongly expect that this 100 mile network would lead to more emission reductions and more economic development than the 5 mile LRT line.

Takeaway

In my opinion, when you consider all of the differences, there is really no reason why we should be building Light Rail or Streetcars anywhere in America. For transit riders, light BRT provides an arguably more useful service than LRT, at a fraction of the cost. For non transit-riders, LRT does have some positive effects, but in an incredibly cost-inefficient manner.
I’m sure this post has some very controversial opinions. If you disagree with me, and think I’m missing some broader point about LRT, feel free to let me know in the comments. I’m especially interested in actual case studies where the capacity of LRT was necessary over light BRT, or where LRT demonstrably led to increased development.

# Today In Phishstory - June 7th Brought to you by tiph-bot. Beep.
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Phish

Phish, Thursday 06/07/2012 (12 years ago) DCU Center, Worcester, MA, USA
Gap Chart, Tour: 2012 Early Summer Tour
Set 1 : Buried Alive > Runaway Jim > Torn and Frayed , Funky Bitch , The Moma Dance > Rift , Nothing , Ocelot , Beauty of a Broken Heart , Possum , Rocky Top
Set 2 : Carini -> Taste > Ghost > Boogie On Reggae Woman > If I Could , Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn) > Harry Hood > Cavern > Buried Alive Reprise
Encore : Loving Cup
Jamchart Notes:
Possum - Unusual jam which breaks into very un-"Possum"-like sections at 6:00 and again at 7:00. Not typical at all, but very exploratory for "Possum."
Carini - Deploying an array of instruments and effects, including the theremin and bass effects, the band uses these tools to create a lush, densely textured and largely upbeat jam which -> to "Taste."
Taste - -> in from a excellent "Carini." Page is great in this version, which is also features Trey playing both a "Norwegian Wood" tease early in his solo, as well as the "NICU" riff signaling the concluding section. > to a strong "Ghost."
Boogie On Reggae Woman - Segues out of "Ghost" and includes some serious hose from Trey and reaches several satisfying peaks. Drops back into a funk groove for the last minute and the jam fades away into "If I Could".
If I Could - > in from a powerful "Boogie On." Heartfelt and thoughtfully executed version adds a graceful ending to an impressive string of improvisational music.
Show Notes:
Runaway Jim included a Buried Alive tease, Possum included a Beauty of a Broken Heart tease and Taste included a Norwegian Wood tease (all from Trey). If I Could was last played on November 21, 2009 (102 shows).
Listen now at Phish.in!
Phish, Tuesday 06/07/2011 (13 years ago) Comcast Center, Mansfield, MA, USA
Gap Chart, Tour: 2011 Early Summer Tour
Set 1 : Llama , The Moma Dance > Possum , Cities , Instant Karma! , David Bowie , Rhymes ¹ , Divided Sky , Stealing Time From the Faulty Plan
Set 2 : Back on the Train > Rock and Roll > The Mango Song , Bug , Pebbles and Marbles , Halley's Comet > Meatstick > Run Like an Antelope
Encore : Suzy Greenberg
1 Phish debut.
Jamchart Notes:
Divided Sky - Determined to make up for some serious flubs in the 5/31/11 version, Trey in this instance introduces some very cool and very different staccato playing during the jam section.
Rock and Roll - Another excellent version with an extended jam that at various times is rhythmic, melodic, spacious, and powerful. Segue to "Mango Song" continues to draw praise from fans.
Show Notes:
This show marked the Phish debut of Rhymes. Antelope contained Meatstick, Bug, and Divided Sky teases. Suzy also contained Meatstick teases. After Bug, the crowd chanted "Let's Go Bruins" prompting the band to play in rhythm with the crowd's clapping. During the "Rye Rye Rocco" segment of Antelope, Trey introduced Fish as "Ladies and Gentlemen, on cymbal, Jon Fishman!" after he had missed the band's unified stop in the song.
Listen now at Phish.in!
Phish, Sunday 06/07/2009 (15 years ago) Susquehanna Bank Center, Camden, NJ, USA
Gap Chart, Tour: 2009 Early Summer Tour
Set 1 : Chalk Dust Torture , Fee , Wolfman's Brother , Guyute , My Sweet One , 46 Days , The Lizards , The Wedge , Strange Design , Tube , First Tube
Set 2 : Sand , Suzy Greenberg , Limb By Limb , The Horse > Silent in the Morning , Sugar Shack ¹ , Character Zero > Tweezer
Encore : Joy ¹ , Bouncing Around the Room , Run Like an Antelope > Tweezer Reprise
1 Debut.
Jamchart Notes:
Fee - Like 7/5/98, a vocal flub leads to an extended outro jam that quickly moves beyond the norm. Page's ambient effects and Trey's use of the whammy pedal combine to create a jam reminiscent of the late '90's sound.
Sand - One of the first great jams of 3.0. This version contains an old-school groove which goes "type 2" via a funk jam and an uplifting conclusion by way of a repetitive, descending riff from Trey.
Tweezer - The "Camden Tweezer." Old school, repetitive, amazing groove. Like a '92-'94 version.
Show Notes:
After forgetting the lyrics to Fee, Trey remarked that "We knew this one backstage." This show marked the debuts of Sugar Shack and Joy. Before the extended encore, Trey asked, "You guys in a rush to go anywhere?" He then talked about how much they had enjoyed the northeast run and that they wanted to play a few more songs before heading south (though he was careful to note that they love the south, too).
Listen now at Phish.in!
Phish, Wednesday 06/07/1995 (29 years ago) BSU Pavilion, Boise, ID, USA
Gap Chart, Tour: 1995 Summer Tour
Set 1 : Possum , Weigh , Taste ¹ , Strange Design , Stash , If I Could > Scent of a Mule , The Wedge , Funky Bitch , Slave to the Traffic Light
Set 2 : Ha Ha Ha > Maze , Spock's Brain , Theme From the Bottom , Hold Your Head Up > Lonesome Cowboy Bill ² > Hold Your Head Up , Acoustic Army ¹ , Sample in a Jar , Harry Hood , Suzy Greenberg
Encore : While My Guitar Gently Weeps
1 Debut. 2 Fish on trombone.
Jamchart Notes:
Possum - Several sections have a bleak and desolate tone, especially from 4:30 - 5:45, but the foreboding sentiment returns later.
Taste - Debut. Jam section features the same spiraling Trey and Page musicianship, but the lyrics, vocalist, and ending would remain a work in progress for another year. "The Fog That Surrounds" and "Taste That Surrounds" are both very similar (related) songs performed in 1995 as the band tinkered with the format for "Taste." See the song history for "Taste" on this site for more information.
The Wedge - "The Wedge" reemerges to close a 135 show gap. Notable principally for the now-familiar Fish-driven intro, this compact version also features cool and confident play from Trey.
Theme From the Bottom - Jam section has an unusual, repeated descending chord progression. At 8:20, it morphs into a creepy, nerve-rattling jam, returning to "Theme" proper at 9:55. The quality versions from 6/25/95 and 7/1/95 have a similar descending chord structure.
Show Notes:
This show marked the debuts of Taste and Acoustic Army. Trey teased Lazy in Possum. The Wedge was played for the first time since August 20, 1993 (136 shows). Lonesome Cowboy Bill featured Fish on trombone. Suzy included an Entrance of the Gladiators tease from Trey.
Listen now at Phish.in!
Phish, Thursday 06/07/1990 (34 years ago) The Bayou, Washington, DC, USA
Gap Chart, Tour: 1990 Tour
Set 1 : Suzy Greenberg > The Chase > Possum , Fee > Reba > You Enjoy Myself , The Lizards , Good Times Bad Times
Set 2 : My Sweet One , Dinner and a Movie > Bouncing Around the Room > Tweezer , Uncle Pen , Divided Sky , Hold Your Head Up ¹ > Love You ² > Hold Your Head Up , Mike's Song > I Am Hydrogen > Weekapaug Groove
Encore : Lawn Boy > Big Black Furry Creature from Mars
1 Fish on trombone at the end. 2 Fish on trombone.
Jamchart Notes:
Tweezer - Crazy, long early version. At one point Mike sounds like he will break into into "Heartbreaker."
Weekapaug Groove - Dissonant jam with lots of "DEG"-like jamming.
Show Notes:
The Chase was played for the first time since October 26, 1989 (108 shows). The end of the first HYHU and Love You featured Fish on trombone. The opening act was The Aquarium Rescue Unit.
Listen now at Phish.in!

Trey Anastasio

Trey Anastasio Band, 2003-06-07 Memorial Auditorium, Burlington, VT, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/trey-anastasio-june-07-2003-memorial-auditorium-burlington-vt-usa.html
Tour: TAB - The Dectet Summer 2003 Tour
Show Notes: This was a headlining performance of the Burlington Discover Jazz Festival. Introducing the song "Cincinnati" Trey noted that: "it's good to be here, and not in Cincinnati." Before the second set there was a playful chant for "Ray! Ray! Ray!" who was the last to arrive on stage. Trey performed "The Inlaw Josie Wales" solo, acoustic.
Trey Anastasio Band, 2002-06-07 The Fox Theatre, Detroit, MI, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/trey-anastasio-june-07-2002-the-fox-theatre-detroit-mi-usa.html
Tour: TAB - The Dectet Summer 2002 Tour
Show Notes: Trey performed "Ray Dawn Balloon" solo acoustic.

Mike Gordon

Mike Gordon, 2015-06-07 Mercury Ballroom, Louisville, KY, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/mike-gordon-june-07-2015-mercury-ballroom-louisville-ky-usa.html
Tour: Mike Gordon - Summer 2015 Tour
Show Notes:
Benevento/Russo Duo Featuring Mike Gordon, 2004-06-07 B.B. King's, New York, NY, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/mike-gordon-june-07-2004-bb-kings-new-york-ny-usa.html
Tour: Not Part of a Tour
Show Notes: This performance was a benefit for the voter registration group HeadCount that also featured Michael Kang, moe. and The HeadCount All-Stars (Al Schnier, Vinnie Amico, Marc Brownstein and Aron Magner). Michael Kang sat in on mandolin for the set-closing jam.

John Fishman

Jazz Mandolin Project, 2004-06-07 The Fox Theatre, Boulder, CO, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/jon-fishman-june-07-2004-the-fox-theatre-boulder-co-usa.html
Tour: Fish - Jazz Mandolin Project Summer 2004 Tour
Show Notes: Shanti Groove opened.

Page McConnell

Page McConnell, 2007-06-07 Variety Playhouse, Atlanta, GA, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/page-mcconnell-june-07-2007-variety-playhouse-atlanta-ga-usa.html
Tour: Page McConnell Spring & Summer 2007 Tour
Show Notes: Page performed "Strange Design" solo on piano. "Bill Bailey" featured Page's dad, Dr. Jack McConnell, on vocals

Other

Conan O'Brien, 2010-06-07 Tower Theatre, Upper Darby, PA, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/guest-appearance-june-07-2010-tower-theatre-upper-darby-pa-usa.html
Tour: Not Part of a Tour
Show Notes: This performance was part of the Legally Prohibited From Being Funny on Television Tour. Trey joined Conan and his band on guitar and vocals for Alaska.
HeadCount Bluegrass All-Stars, 2004-06-07 B.B. King's, New York, NY, USA
Setlist: https://phish.net/setlists/guest-appearance-june-07-2004-bb-kings-new-york-ny-usa.html
Tour: Not Part of a Tour
Show Notes: This performance was a benefit for the voter registration group HeadCount that also featured Mike & The Duo, Michael Kang, moe. and The HeadCount All-Stars (Al Schnier, Vinnie Amico, Marc Brownstein and Aron Magner).

Updated: 06/08/2024
I NO LONGER NEED ANY UNIVERSAL CODES - Thank You!
All Codes Traded for personal use only, rewards used & Codes are split
COMBO Films

• 2film: My Girl 1 & 2 SD MA
• 2film: John Wick 1 & chapter 2 HD (FN or GP)
• 2film: Elysium / District 9 HD MA
• 3film: Expendables Trilogy HD FN
• 3film: Mall Cop / Zookeeper / Boom SD MA
• 3film: Night at the Museum: Trilogy SD MA
• 3film: Predator Trilogy HD MA
• 3film: The Other Guys, Step Brothers, Talladega Nights SD MA
• 4film: The Magnificent Seven Collection HD FN
• 4film: Me Myself and Irene, Super Troopers, the Sitter, Lets Be Cops HD MA
• 4film: Cedar Rapids & the Sitter & the Watch & the Internship SD MA
• 4film: 50 First Dates/ Big Daddy / Click / Mr. Deeds SD MA
• 6film: Joe Dirt, Benchwarmers, House Bunny, The Animal, Deuce Bigalow, Master Of Disguise SD MA
• 6film: Courageous, Facing the Giants, Fireproof, Overcomer, Flywheel, Warroom SD MA
• 9film: Saw 9 film Collection HD FN

MOVIES FN or MA

• 10 Clover Field Lane HD FN only
• 101 Dalmatians HD MA
• 101 Dalmatians (GP) HD MA
• 101 Dalmatians 2: Patch's London adventure HD MA
• 12 Rounds 2 Reload HD MA
• 12 Years A Slave HD MA
• 127 Hours (iTune) SD MA
• 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi HD FN or 4k iTune (split)
• 1917 HD MA
• 2 Guns HD MA
• 2 Guns 4K MA (iTune Portion)
• 21st Jump Street SDHD MA
• 22nd Jump Street SD MA
• 3 From Hell 4K (FN Or iTune)
• 3:10 to Yuma SD FN
• the 300 Spartans HD MA
• 47 Ronin HD MA (MA Redeem, FN Kills Code)
• 47 Ronin MA 4K (iTune Portion)
• the 5th Wave SDHD MA
• A.C.O.D. HD FN or iTune (split)
• the A-Team (iTune) SD MA
• About Last Night HD MA
• Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter HD MA
• Ad Astro HD MA
• Addicted SD FN
• Admission (iTune redeem) HD MA
• the Adventures Of Tintin SD (FN Or iTune)
• After Earth SD MA
• the Age Of Adaline HD FN
• Aladdin [live action] HD MA
• Aladdin (diamond) [animated] HD MA
• Aladdin (diamond) [animated] (GP) HD MA
• Aladdin (signature) [animated] (GP) HD MA
• Alex Cross HD FN
• Alice Through The Looking Glass HD MA
• Alien Covenant HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Aliens In The Attic (iTune) SD MA
• All Is Lost HD FN
• Aloha SD MA
• Alpha SD MA
• Alpha and Omega HD FN
• Alpha and Omega 3: Great Wolf Games HD FN
• Alvin And The Chipmunks: the Road Chip HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Amazing Spiderman SDHD MA
• the Amazing Spiderman 2 SDHD MA
• Amelia (iTune) SD MA
• America: Imagine a World Without Her HD FN
• American Assassin HD FN/GP/iTune
• American Made HD MA
• American Girl: Mckenna Shoots For The Stars HD MA
• American Girl: Mckenna Shoots For The Stars (iTune redeem) HD MA
• American Hustle SDHD MA
• American Reunion [Unrated] HD MA
• American Reunion [Unrated] (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Anchorman 2 HD (FN Or iTune)
• And So It Goes HD MA
• the Angry Birds Movie HD MA
• Annie (2014) SDHD MA
• Annihilation HD (FN Or iTune) Split
• Anyone But You SD MA
• Apollo 13 4K MA
• the Aristocats HD MA
• the Arrival HD (FN Or 4k iTune) Split
• the Art of Self Defense HD MA
• Arthur (iTune) SD MA
• Arthur Christmas SD MA
• the Artist SD MA
• Assassin's Creed HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Atlantis: Milo's Return HD MA
• Atomic Blonde HD MA
• Atomic Blonde (iTune Portion) 4K MA
• August Osage County HD FN
• the Avengers HD MA
• the Avengers HD (GP) MA
• Avengers: Age of Ultron HD MA
• Avengers: Age of Ultron HD (GP) MA
• Avengers: End Game HD (GP) MA
• Avengers: Infinity War 4KHD MA
• Avengers: Infinity War (GP) HD MA
• Babylon A.D. (iTune) SD MA
• Bad Boys For Life SD MA
• Bad Grandpa HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Bad Moms (iTune) HD MA
• Bad Moms HD MA
• Bad Words HD MA
• Bad Words (iTune) HD MA
• the Bank Job HD FN
• Barbie & Her Sisters In A Puppy Chase HD MA
• Barbie Mariposa & the Fairy Princes (iTune) HD MA
• Barbie Star Light Adventure (iTune) HD MA
• Batman: Year One (iTune) SD MA
• Battle Of The Year HD MA
• Battleship 4K (iTune Portion) MA
• Battleship HD MA
• Baywatch (FN-HD Or iTune-4K)
• Beauty And The Beast (signature) [Animated] HD MA
• Beauty And The Beast [Animated] (GP) HD MA
• Beethoven Treasure Tail (iTune Portion) HD MA
• Beethoven Treasure Tail HD MA
• Before I Fall HD MA
• Before I Fall (iTune Portion) HD MA
• Begin Again HD FN
• Beirut HD MA
• Ben-Hur [2016] FN HD or 4k iTune (split)
• Ben Is Back HD FN/GP Or iTune
• Big Hero HD (GP) MA
• the Best Man Holiday HD MA
• the Best Man Holiday (iTune) HD MA
• Big Miracle (iTune) HD MA
• Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (iTune) SD MA
• the Big Short HD FN Or iTune (split)
• the Big Sick FN/GP Or iTune (split)
• the Big Wedding HD FN Or iTune
• the Big Wedding SD FN
• Big Year SD MA
• Billy Elliot [the movie] HD MA
• Black Nativity [Extended] HD MA
• Black Panther (GP) HD MA
• Black Panther: Wakanda Forever HD MA
• Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (GP) HD MA
• Black Swan (iTune) SD MA
• Blackhat HD MA (iTune Portion)
• Blockers HD MA
• Blood Father SD FN
• Bloodshot SD MA
• Blue Jasmine HD MA
• Body Cam HD FN or iTune 4k
• Bohemian Rhapsody HD MA
• Boo! A Madea Halloween HD V/I/GP
• Book Club HD FN (iTune split)
• the Book Of Life HD MA
• the Boss (from theatrical) [iTune redeem] HD MA
• Boss Baby HD MA
• the Bourne: Identity HD MA
• the Bourne: Identity (iTune) 4K MA
• the Bourne: Legacy HD MA
• the Bourne: Legacy (iTune) 4K MA
• the Bourne: Supremacy HD MA
• the Bourne: Supremacy (iTune) 4K MA
• the Boy [unrated] HD MA
• the Boy [unrated] HD MA (iTune portion)
• the Boy Next Door HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Boyhood HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Brave [Disney] (iTune) SD MA
• the Breakfast Club HD MA
• the Breakfast Club (iTune) HD MA
• Breakthrough HD MA
• Brian Banks HD MA
• Bride Wars (iTune) SD MA
• Brides Maids (iTune) HD MA
• Bring It On: Cheersmack HD MA
• Broken City HD FN
• Brother Bear HD MA
• Brother Bear 2 HD MA
• BumbleBee HD FN or 4k iTune
• the Butler HD FN
• the Bye Bye Man HD MA (iTune Portion)
• the Cabin In The Woods SD FN Or iTune (split)
• the Cabin In The Woods HD FN Or GP
• Cake HD MA
• the Call SD MA
• the Call Of The Wild (GP) HD MA
• the Call Of The Wild HD MA
• Captain America: Civil War HD (GP) MA
• Captain America: the First Avenger HD MA
• Captain America: the First Avenger HD (GP) MA
• Captain America: Winter Soldier HD (GP) MA
• Captain Marvel HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Captain Marvel HD (GP) MA
• Captain Phillips SDHD MA
• Captain Under Pants: The First Epic Movie HD MA
• the Captive HD FN
• Carrie [2013] (FN or GP) HD
• Cars HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Cars 2 [from 3D] (iTune) SD MA
• Cars 3 (GP) HD MA
• the Case For Christ (iTune) HD MA
• the Case For Christ HD MA
• Cedar Rapids (iTune) SD MA
• the Change Up (iTune) HD MA
• the Change Up Unrated (iTune) HD MA
• Chappie SDHD MA
• Charlies Angels [2019] SD MA
• Chasing Mavericks [2012] HD MA
• the Choice HD (FN Only)
• Chronicle (iTune) SD MA
• the Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader (iTune) SD MA
• Clash of the Titans (iTune) SD MA
• Cloudy With A Chance Of Meatballs 2 SDHD MA
• Coal Miner's Daughter HD MA
• Coal Miner's Daughter HD MA (iTune portion)
• Cold Pursuit HD4K FN Or HDGP Or iTune4K
• Colombiana (unrated) HD MA
• the Commuter HD V/i/GP
• Concussion (Smitch) SD MA
• the Condemned 2 HD FN
• Contraband (iTune) HD MA
• the Corrupted HD FN or iTune (split)
• the Counselor HD MA
• Cowboys And Aliens (iTune) HD MA
• Criminal SD FN
• the Croods HD MA
• the Croods (iTune) SD MA
• Cruella HD MA
• Cruella (GP) HD MA
• Cult Of Chucky [unrated] HD MA
• Cult Of Chucky [unrated] HD MA (iTune)
• Curse Chucky (iTune) HD MA
• Curse Of Chucky HD MA
• Daddy's Home HD FN (Or 4K iTune) Split
• Dallas Buyers Club HD (iTune) MA
• Dark Crimes HD FN Or GP (Or iTune 4K)
• the Dark Tower HD MA
• Date Night (iTune) SD MA
• Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Day The Earth Stood Still (iTune) SD MA
• Dead In Tombstone [unrated] HD MA
• Dead Man Down SD MA
• Deadpool HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Deadpool 2 [super dooper cut] HD MA
• Death On The Nile HD MA
• Death Race 3 [unrated] HD MA
• Death Race 3 [unrated] (iTune portion) HD MA
• Death Wish (2018) HD FN or GP
• the Descendants (iTune) SD MA
• Deliver Us From Evil SDHD MA
• Despicable Me (iTune) SD MA
• Despicable Me 2 (4K iTune) MA
• Despicable Me 2 HD MA
• the Devil Inside SD FN
• Diary Of A Wimpy Kid (iTune) SD MA
• the Dictator SD FN
• Die Hard: A Good Day To Die (iTune) SD MA
• the Dilemma HD MA
• Dirty Dancing SD FN/iTune/GP
• Dirty Grandpa SD FN
• Disney Nature: Bears HD MA
• Disney Nature: Born in China HD MA
• Disney Nature: Monkey Kingdom HD MA
• Divergent HD FN
• Divergent Series: Allegiant SDHD FN
• Divergent Series: Insurgent HD FN/GP (iTune Split)
• Divergent Series: Insurgent SD FN
• Django Unchained HD FN
• Doctor Strange [Marvel] (GP) HD MA
• Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness HD MA
• Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness (GP) HD MA
• A Dogs Way Home HD MA
• Dolittle HD MA
• Don't Breathe SD MA
• Downsizing HD FN & iTune 4K
• Downton Abbey The Movie HD MA
• Dracula Untold (iTune) 4K MA
• Dracula Untold HD MA
• Draft Day SD FN
• Dragon Heart 3 (iTune) HD MA
• Dragon Heart 3 HD MA
• Dreamhouse (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Dredd HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Dredd 4K FN Or iTune (Or GP HD)
• Due Date (iTune) SD MA
• the Duel SD FN
• the Duff HD FN
• Dumb and Dumber To (iTune) HD MA
• Dumbo [animated] HD MA
• Dying Of The Light HD FN
• Edward Scissorshands HD MA
• Elysium SD MA
• the Emoji Movie HD MA
• Empire State HD FN
• End Of Watch (iTune) HD MA
• Ender's Game 4K FN/iTune Split
• Ender's Game HD FN/iTune/GP
• Enemies Closer HD FN
• Enough Said HD MA
• Epic (iTune) SD MA
• Epic HD MA
• Escape Plan HD FN*
• ET (iTune) SD MA (from bluray)
• ET SDHD MA
• the Equalizer SDHD MA
• the Equalizer 2 SD MA
• Ex Machina HD FN
• Exodus: Gods And Kings HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Expendables 2 HD FN/iTune/GP
• the Expendables 3 4K FN
• the Expendables 3 [unrated] HD
• the Expendables 3 HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Extraction HD FN
• Fantastic Four [2015] HD (4k iTune Redeem) MA
• Fast & Furious 1 (iTune) HD MA
• Fast & Furious 1 HD MA
• Fast & Furious 2 (4K iTune) MA
• Fast & Furious 3 HD MA
• Fast & Furious 4 HD MA
• Fast & Furious 4 (iTune) SD MA
• Fast & Furious 5 Extended (iTune) HD MA
• Fast & Furious 5 Extended HD MA
• Fast & Furious 6 Extended (4K iTune) MA
• Fast & Furious 6 Extended HD MA
• Fast & Furious 7 Extended HD MA
• Fast & Furious 7 Extended (4K iTune) MA
• Fast Furious 8 Extended 4K MA
• Fast Furious 8 Extended HD MA
• Fast Furious 8 Theatrical 4K MA
• Fast Furious 8 Theatrical HD MA
• Father And Daughters SD FN
• the Fault In Our Stars HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Fault In Our Stars HD MA (no Upgrade)
• Fences HD FN or iTune 4K (split)
• Ferdinand HD MA
• Ferris Bueller's Day Off (FN Only) HD
• Fifty Shades Darker [unrated] (iTune) HD MA
• Fifty Shades Darker [unrated] HD MA
• Fifty Shades Of Grey [unrated] HD MA
• Fifty Shades Of Grey [standard] 4K (iTune) MA
• the Fighter HD (FN / iTune) Split
• Finding Dory (GP) HD MA
• Finding Dory HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Finding Nemo (GP) HD MA
• Five Feet Apart HD (FN / GP / iTune)
• the Five Year Engagement (iTune) HD MA
• Flatliners HD MA
• Flight HD (FN / iTune ) Split
• Footloose (2011) SD (FN Or iTune)
• Forest Gump HD FN only
• Fox and the Hound HD MA
• Fox and the Hound 2 HD MA
• Free Guy HD MA
• Free Guy (GP) HD MA
• Fright Night 2 UR HD MA
• Frozen HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Frozen (GP) HD MA
• Frozen -Sing Along Edition HD MA
• Frozen -Sing-Along Edition (GP) HD MA
• Frozen Ground HD FN
• Fury SDHD MA
• G.I. Joe Retaliation HD FN Or iTune 4K (split)
• the Gambler HD (FN / iTune Split)
• Gemini Man HD FN or iTune
• Get The Gringo (iTune) SD MA
• Ghost In The Shell [2017] HD FN Only
• Ghost Rider Spirit Of Vengeance SD MA
• Ghost Team One HD FN or iTune (split)
• Ghostbusters: Afterlife SD MA
• Ghostbusters: Answer The Call & Extended SD MA
• the Gift HD MA (iTune)
• Gifted HD MA
• the Girl In The Spidersweb SD MA
• the Girl On The Train MA 4K (iTune)
• the Girl On The Train MA HD
• the Giver HD FN
• Glass HD MA
• Glee The Concert (iTune) SD MA
• God's Not Dead 3: A Light In Darkness HD MA
• the Godfather HD FN or 4k iTune
• Gods Of Egypt HD FN (and iTune 4K split)
• Gods Of Egypt SD FN
• A Good Day To Die Hard HD MA
• A Good Day To Die Hard (iTune) SD MA
• the Good Dinosaur HD [4K iTune Redeemed] MA
• the Good Dinosaur (GP) HD MA
• A Good Man SD FN
• Goosebumps 2 SD MA
• Grace Unplugged HD FN
• Gran Turismo SD MA
• the Great Wall (iTune Portion) 4K MA
• the Great Wall HD MA
• the Greatest Showman HD MA
• Green Room HD FN
• the Grey (iTune) HD MA
• Grown Ups 2 SD MA
• Guardians Of The Galaxy HD MA (4k if redeemed in iTune)
• Guardians Of The Galaxy HD MA (no 4K Upgrade)
• Guardians Of The Galaxy (GP) HD MA
• Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2.0 HD MA
• Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2.0 (GP) HD MA
• the Gunman HD MA
• the Gunman (iTune) HD MA
• Guns Akimbo HD (FN/iTune/GP)
• Gutshot SD FN
• Hacksaw Ridge 4K FN/GP
• Hacksaw Ridge HD FN Or GP (Or iTune 4K)
• Hail, Caesar! HD MA
• Hail, Caesar! (iTune) HD MA
• Hammer Of The Gods SDHD FN
• Hansel & Gretel [unrated] HD FN / HD iTune (split)
• Hands of Stone HD FN
• the Hangover (iTune) SD MA
• Hardcore Henry HD MA (iTune)
• the Hateful Eight HD FN Or GP
• Haunted House 2 (iTune) HD MA
• the Haunting In Connecticut 2 Ghosts Of Georgia HD FN
• the Haves and the Have Nots SD FN
• the Heat HD MA
• the Heat (iTune) SD MA (will Send First)
• Heaven Is For Real SDHD MA
• Hell Or High Water SD FN
• Hercules HD FN / 4k iTune (split)
• Here Comes The Boom SD MA
• the Hero of Big City (FN Promo) SD
• Hidden Figures HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Hillsong: Let Hope Rise HD MA
• Hitman [unrated] SD MA
• fast & furious: Hobbs & Shaw HD MA
• Hocus Pocus HD MA
• Hocus Pocus (GP) HD MA
• Hologram For A King SD FN
• Home HD MA
• Home Again HD MA
• Home Alone 4KHD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Home Alone 2: Lost In New York HD MA
• Homefront (iTune) HD MA
• Homefront HD MA
• the Homesman HD FN
• Honey 2 (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Honey 2 HD MA
• Honey: Rise Up and Dance HD MA
• Hop (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Hop HD MA
• Hope Springs SDHD MA
• Horton Hears A Who (iTune) SD MA
• the Host (iTune) HD MA
• Hostiles 4K FN/iTune/(GP HD)
• Hotel Transylvania SD MA
• Hotel Transylvania 2 SD MA
• Hotel Transylvania 3 SD MA
• Hottub Time Machine 2 HD FN or iTune (split)
• Hours SD FN
• House With A Clock In Its Walls HD MA
• Dr. Suess: How the Ginch Stole Christmas HD MA
• How To Train A Dragon 2 HD MA
• Hugo SD (FN Or iTune)
• the Hunger Games HD FN
• the Hunger Games: Catching Fire HD FN
• the Hunger Games: Mocking Jay Part 1 HD FN
• the Hunger Games: Mocking Jay Part 2 HD FN
• the Hunt (2020) HD MA
• I Can Only Imagine HD FN/iTune/GP
• I, Frankenstein HD FN/iTune/GP
• I See You HD FN (no iTune)
• I, Tonya HD MA
• Ice Age HD MA
• Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas HD MA
• Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (iTune) SD MA
• Ice Age: Collision Course HD [4K if iTune Redeemed] MA
• Ice Age: Dawn Of Dinosaurs (iTune) SD MA
• Ice Age: the Great Egg-Scapade HD MA
• the Ides Of March HD MA
• if There Be Thorns SD FN
• the Imitation Game HD FN
• In Time (iTune) SD MA
• Incarnate (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Independence Day Resurgence HD MA (no Upgrade)
• Independence Day Resurgence HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Inferno HD MA
• Inglorious Bastards (iTune) SD MA
• Inside Man HD MA
• Inside Out HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Inside Out (google Redeem) HD MA
• Insidious Chapter 2 SD MA
• Insidious Chapter 3 SD MA
• Insidious: the last key SDHD MA
• Instructions Not Included HD FN
• Internship HD MA
• Internship (iTune) SD MA
• Interstellar HD (FN Or 4K iTune) Split
• the Interview SDHD MA
• Into The Spider-verse SD MA
• Iron Man 3 (GP) HD MA
• Iron Man 3 HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Jack & Jill HD MA
• Jack Reacher SD FN
• Jack Reacher HD FN /4K iTune (split)
• Jack Reacher: Never Go Back HD FN /4K iTune (split)
• Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit HD FN Or iTune
• Jackass 3 HD FN
• Jarhead 2 [unrated] HD MA
• Jarhead 2 [unrated] HD MA (iTune portion)
• Jarhead 3 [unrated] HD MA
• Jarhead 3 [unrated] HD MA (iTune portion)
• Jarhead Law Of Return HD MA
• Jason Bourne HD MA
• Jason Bourne 4K MA (iTune portion)
• Jaws HD MA
• Jobs HD MA
• Joe SD FN
• John Wick SD4K (FN, iTune Or SDHD-GP)
• John Wick 2 (Chapter 2) HD (FN, iTune Or HD-GP)
• John Wick 3 4K (FN, iTune Or HD-GP)
• John Wick 4 4K (FN Or iTune)
• Joy HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Joy HD MA
• Jumanji: the Next Level SD MA
• Jumanji: Welcome To The Jungle SD MA
• Jumper (iTune) SD MA
• the Jungle Book [2016] (preorder) HD MA
• Jungle Book [animated] HD MA
• Jungle Cruise (GP) HD MA
• Juno (iTune) SD MA
• Jurassic Park (4K iTune) MA
• Jurassic Park HD MA
• Jurassic Park 2: Lost World (4K iTune) MA
• Jurassic Park 2: Lost World HD MA
• Jurassic Park 3 (4K iTune) MA
• Jurassic World (4K iTune) MA
• Jurassic World HD MA
• Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom HD MA
• Just Wright (iTune) SD MA
• Justin Bieber: Never Say Never HD FN / iTune (split)
• Katy Perry: Part of Me SDHD FN / SDHD iTune (Split)
• Keeping Up with the Jones (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Kevin Heart: Let Me Explain HD
• Kickass HD FN
• Kickass 2 HD MA
• Kidnap HD MA
• Kidnap (iTune) HD MA
• Killer Elite (iTune) HD MA
• Killing Them Softly HD FN
• Kin HD FN/iTune/GP
• the Kingsman: The Golden Circle HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Kingsman: The Secret Service HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Kingsman: The Secret Service SD (FN) MA
• Knight And Day (iTune) SD MA
• Knives Out 4K (FN, iTune or GP)
• Kung Fu Panda 3 HD MA
• La La Land HD FN or GP or 4k iTune
• Labor Day HD FN Only
• the Last Exorcism Past2 (unrated) SD MA
• Last Knights HD FN
• the Last Stand HD
• Last Vegas SD MA
• the Last Witch Hunter SD FN
• the Legend Of Hercules HD FN
• Legends of OZ: Dorothy's Return HD MA
• Les Miserables [2012] (iTune redeem) 4K MA
• Les Miserables [2012] HD MA
• Let's Be Cops HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Life HD MA
• Life As We Know It (iTune) SD MA
• Life Of Pi HD (4K iTune Through Foxredeem) MA
• the Lion King [animated] HD MA
• the Lion King [animated] (GP) HD MA
• the Lion King 1 1/2 HD MA
• the Lion King 1 1/2 (GP) HD MA
• the Lion King 2 Simba's Pride HD MA
• the Little Mermaid HD MA
• the Little Mermaid (GP) HD MA
• Little Women (2019) SDHD MA
• Lockout (unrated) SD MA
• Logan HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Logan Lucky 4K (iTune) MA
• the Lone Ranger (GP) HD MA
• the Lone Ranger HD MA
• Lone Survivor HD MA
• Lone Survivor 4K (iTune) MA
• the Longest Ride HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Longest Week HD FN
• Looper SD MA
• the Lorax (iTune) HD MA
• the Lorax HD MA
• the Lords Of Salem HD FN
• Love Actually (iTune) 4K MA
• Love Actually SD MA
• Love & Mercy HD FN
• Love & Other Drugs (iTune) SD MA
• Love the Coopers HD FN
• Lucy HD MA
• Lucy 4k MA (iTune redeem)
• Machete (iTune) SD MA
• Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted HD MA
• A Madea Christmas HD FN
• A Madea Family Funeral HD (FN / iTune OR GP)
• Madea's Neighbors From Hell The Play SD FN
• Madea's Witness Protection HD FN Or iTune
• Madea's Witness Protection SD FN
• the Magnificent Seven [2016] SDHD FN
• Maggie HD FN Only
• Maleficent (GP) HD MA
• Maleficent HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Maleficent: mistress of evil (GP) HD MA
• Mall Cop 2 SD MA
• Mallrats HD MA
• Mamma Mia! (iTune) SD MA
• Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again HD MA
• the Man With The Iron Fists (iTune) HD MA
• Mandela Long Walk To Freedom HD FN
• Marauders HD FN
• the Marine 4 HD FN
• the Marine 6: close quarters SD MA
• Marley & Me (iTune) SD MA
• the Martian SD MA
• the Martian HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Marry Me HD MA
• Mary Poppins HD MA
• Mary Poppins (GP) HD MA
• Mary Poppins: Returns HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Mary Poppins: Returns (GP) HD MA
• Max Payne SD (iTune) MA
• Max Steel (iTune) HD MA
• the Maze Runner HD (no Upgrade)
• McFarland USA HD MA
• the Mechanic: Resurrection HD (FN or GP, iTune)
• the Mechanic: Resurrection SD FN
• Megan Leavey (iTune) HD MA
• Megan Leavey HD MA
• Men In Black 3 SDHD MA
• Men In Black: International HD MA
• Midway 4K FN/iTune or GP
• Mike & Dave Need A Wedding Date HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Minions (4K iTune) MA
• Minions HD MA
• Miss Bala SD MA
• Miss Peregrine's Home For Peculiar Children HD (4K iTune redeem) MA
• Miss Peregrine's Home For Peculiar Children HD MA (FN Redeem)
• Mission Impossible: Fallout HD (FN or iTune)
• Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocal HD FN / 4K iTune (Split)
• Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocal Dvd (FN)
• Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation (HD FN Or iTune 4K)
• Moana HD (GP) MA
• Mom's Night Out SD MA
• Moneyball HD MA
• Monster High: Electrified HD MA
• Monster Hunter HD MA
• Monte Carlo (iTune) SD MA
• the Monuments Men SDHD MA
• Moonlight HD FN
• Monster High: Electrified HD MA
• Monster High: Electrified (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Monster High: Freaky Fusion HD MA
• Monster High: Freaky Fusion (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Monster Trucks HD FN or 4k iTune (split)
• A Monster's Call HD MA
• A Monster's Call (iTune) HD MA
• Mortal Instruments SD MA
• A Most Wanted Man HD FN
• the Mountain Between Us HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Mr. Holmes HD FN
• Mr. Popper's Penguins (iTune) SD MA
• Mud HD FN
• the Mummy: Tomb Of The Dragon Emperor (iTune) SD MA
• Mummy [2017] HD MA
• Mummy [2017] (iTune portion) 4K MA
• Murder on the Oriental Express HD MA
• My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (iTune redeem) HD MA
• My Life As A Zucchini (iTune redeem) HD MA
• My Little Pony HD FN or iTune
• Nebraska HD FN
• Neighbors (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Neighbors 2 (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Nerve SD FN
• Nerve HD FN/GP/iTune (split)
• News of the World HD MA
• Night At The Museum HD MA
• Night At The Museum 2: Battle Of The Smithsonian HD MA
• Night At The Museum 2: Battle Of The Smithsonian (iTune) SD MA
• Night At The Museum 3: Secret Of The Tomb HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Nightmare Before Christmas (GP) HD MA
• No Country For Old Men HD FN Or GP
• No Escape HD FN
• No Good Deed SDHD MA
• No Hard Feelings SDHD MA
• No Strings Attached HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Noah HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Non-stop (iTune) HD MA
• Non-stop HD MA
• Norm Of The North HD FN Only
• Now You See Me 4K FN/iTune/GP
• Now You See Me HD FN
• Now You See Me HD FN/iTune/GP
• Now You See Me 2 SD FN
• the Nut Job HD MA
• the Nut Job (iTune) HD MA
• the Nut Job 2 HD MA
• the Nut Job 2 (iTune) HD MA
• Oblivion (iTune portion) 4K MA
• Oblivion HD MA
• Office Party HD FN or iTune (split)
• Office Space HD MA
• Olaf's Frozen Adventure HD MA
• Olaf's Frozen Adventure (GP) HD MA
• Olympus Has Fallen SD MA
• the Oranges (iTune) SD MA
• the Other Woman HD MA
• Our Family Wedding (iTune) SD MA
• Overcomer SD MA
• Overlord HD (FN or 4K iTune) Split
• Oz The Great And Powerful (GP) HD MA
• Oz The Great And Powerful HD MA
• Pacific Rim: Uprising 4KHD MA
• Paddington HD FN
• Pain & Gain HD FN Only
• Paranormal Activity 2 HD (FN Or iTune)
• Paranormal Activity 3 SD FN (try iTune at your own risk)
• Paranormal Activity 4 HD (FN Or iTune)
• Paranormal Activity Ghost Dimension HD (FN or iTune)
• Parental Guidance HD MA
• Parental Guidance (iTune) SD MA
• Parker SD MA
• Passengers HD MA
• Patriots Day HD FN (or 4K iTune)
• Paul [unrated] HD (iTune) MA
• Paul: Apostle of Christ SD MA
• Peanuts Movies HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• we the 'Peeples' SDHD FN
• Penguins Of Madagascar HD MA
• Percy Jackson: Lightning Thief (iTune) SD MA
• Percy Jackson: Sea Of Monsters HD MA
• the Perfect Guy HD MA
• Perks Of Being A Wallflower HD FN Or iTune SD (split)
• Pete's Dragon [2016] HD MA
• Pete's Dragon [2016] (GP) HD MA
• Peter Rabbit SDHD MA
• Philomena HD FN
• Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (GP) HD MA
• Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales HD MA (iTune kills code)
• Pirates! Band Of Misfits SD MA
• Pitch Black [unrated] (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Pitch Perfect HD MA
• Pitch Perfect [iTune redeem 4K] MA
• Pitch Perfect 2 HD MA
• Pitch Perfect 2 HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Pixels SD MA
• the Place Beyond the Pines (iTune) HD MA
• Planes (GP) HD MA
• Planes HD MA
• Planes Fire And Rescue HD MA
• Planes, Trains & Automobiles HD (FN or iTune)
• Playing For Keeps SD MA
• Pocahontas HD MA
• Pocahontas 2: Journey to the New World HD MA
• Pocahontas 2: Journey to the New World (GP) HD MA
• Pompeii SDHD MA
• Possession HD FN (SD iTune)
• the Possession of Hannah Grace SD MA
• Precious Cargo SD FN
• Predators (iTune) SD MA
• Premium Rush SD MA
• the Prince HD FN
• Prometheus HD MA
• Prometheus [iTune redeem] [?] MA
• the Protector 2 SD FN
• Public Enemies (iTune) SD MA
• the Purge (2013) 4K (iTune portion) MA
• the Purge (2013) HD MA
• the Purge: Election Year (2016) HD MA
• the purge: the Forever Purge (2021) HD MA
• Queen Of Katwe (GP) HD MA
• Queen Of Katwe HD MA
• a Quiet Place HD FN (Or iTune 4K)
• R.I.P.D. (iTune redeem) 4K MA
• R.I.P.D. HD MA
• Ralph Breaks The Internet (GP) HD MA
• Rambo HD FN Or GP (Or iTune 4K)
• Rambo: Last Blood 4K (FN,iTune Or HD-GP)
• Ramona And Beezus (iTune) SD MA
• Rango HD FN Or 4K iTune (split)
• Ray HD MA
• Rear Window HD MA
• Reasonable Doubt HD MA
• Red 2 HD FN
• Red Ridding Hood (iTune redeem) SD MA
• Red Sparrow HD MA
• Redemption HD FN
• Reprisal HD FN
• Return To Never Land HD MA
• Return To Never Land (GP) HD MA
• Resident Evil: Final Chapter SD MA
• Resident Evil: Retribution SDHD MA
• the Revenant HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Ricki And The Flash SD MA
• Riddick [unrated] HD MA
• Riddick [unrated] (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Ride Along (iTune) HD MA
• Ride Along HD MA
• Ride Along 2 (iTune) HD MA
• Rio HD MA
• Rio (iTune) SD MA
• Rio 2 HD MA
• Rise Of The Guardians HD MA
• Rise Of The Planet Of Apes HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Rise Of The Planet Of Apes (iTune) SD MA
• Risen SDHD MA
• Robin Hood (1973) [Disney] (GP) HD MA
• Robin Hood (2010) [unrated] (iTune) SD MA
• Robin Hood (2018) FN/GP HD or iTune 4K
• Robocop 2014 HD FN Or GP
• the Rocker (iTune) SD MA
• Rocketman HD FN Or iTune
• the Rocky Horror Picture Show HD MA
• Rogue Warefare: the hunt HD FN or iTune
• Room HD FN
• Runner Runner HD MA
• Rush (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Russell Madness HD MA
• Saban's: Power Rangers HD FN Or iTune (split)
• Safe HD FN Only
• Safe House (iTune) HD MA
• Safe House HD MA
• Samson HD MA
• the Santa Clause HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• the Santa Clause HD (GP) MA
• Santa's Little Helper HD MA
• Sausage Party SD MA
• Savages (iTune) HD MA (theatrical)
• Saving Mr. Banks HD MA
• Saving Mr. Banks (GP) HD MA
• Scarface 4K (iTune) MA
• Scarface HD MA
• Scary Stories To Tell In the Dark 4K (FN/iTune or GP)
• Schindler's List SD MA
• Schindler's List [iTune redeem] [?] MA
• Scoob SDHD MA
• the Scorpion King 3: Battle For Redemption (iTune) HD MA
• the Scorpion King 3: Battle For Redemption HD MA
• Seal Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines HD (FN Or GP)
• the Secret Life Of Pets HD MA
• the Secret Life Of Pets (4K iTune) MA
• the Secret Life Of Walter Mitty HD MA
• See No Evil 2 HD FN
• Seeds of Yesterday SD FN
• Selma HD (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Serena SD FN
• Seventh Son (iTune) HD MA
• Seventh Son HD MA (iTune Portion)
• Sex Tape SD MA
• the Shack HD FN/GP Or iTune (split)
• Shang-Chi: and the Legend of the Ten Rings HD MA
• Shang-Chi: and the Legend of the Ten Rings (GP) HD MA
• Sherlock Gnomes HD FN or iTunes (split)
• Shrek the Third HD MA
• Sicario 4K FN or iTune
• Silver Linings Playbook HD (FN Or GP)
• A Simple Favor HD FN/iTune/GP
• Single Mom's Club HD
• Sin City: a Dame to Kill For HD FN
• Sinister HD FN or (SD iTune)
• Sinister 2 (iTune) HD MA
• Sisters [unrated] (iTune) HD MA
• Sisters [unrated] HD MA
• the Skeleton Twins HD FN
• Skin Trade HD FN Redeem
• Skiptrace SD FN
• Skyfall HD (FN Or GP)
• Skyscraper HD MA
• Sleepless (iTune) HD MA
• Sleight (iTune redeem) HD MA
• Slumdog Millionaire (iTune) SD MA
• the Smurfs 2 SDHD MA
• **Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins HD FN or 4k iTune (split)
• Snatched HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Snitch HD FN only
• Snow White & The Huntsman (4K iTune) MA
• Snow White & The Huntsman HD MA
• Snowden HD MA
• Snowden (iTune) HD MA
• Solo: A Star Wars Story HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Son Of God HD MA
• Sonic The Hedge hog 2 4K (FN or iTune)
• Southpaw HD FN
• Sparkle SD MA
• the Spectacular Now SD FN
• Spectre 007 HD FN/GP/iTune
• Spider-man: Far From Home SDHD MA
• Spider-man: Homecoming HD MA
• Spider-man: No-way Home SDHD MA
• Split HD MA
• Split [iTune redeem] 4K MA
• the Sponge Bob Movie: Sponge Out Of Water HD FN / iTune (split)
• Spring Breakers HD FN
• Spy [unrated] HD MA
• the Spy Who Dumped Me HD V/I/GP
• Stand Up Guys HD FN
• the Star SD MA
• Starship Troopers: Invasion SD MA
• Star Trek [1] HD FN (Or 4K iTune) Split
• Star Trek [2] Into Darkness HD FN (Or 4K iTune) Split
• Star Trek [3] Beyond HD FN (Or 4K iTune) Split
• Star Trek: Nemesis HD FN or iTune
• Star Wars: Force Awakens HD MA (No Upgrade)
• Star Wars: Force Awakens HD MA (4K iTune Redeem)
• Star Wars: Force Awakens (GP) HD MA
• Star Wars: the Last Jedi HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Star Wars: the Last Jedi (GP) HD MA
• Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker 4K MA
• Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker (GP) HD MA
• Step Up: All In HD FN
• Step Up: Revolution HD FN Or (iTune Quality Unknown)
• Still Alice SD MA
• Straight Out Of Compton (iTune) 4K MA
• Straight Out Of Compton [unrated] HD MA
• Strawberry Shortcake: Sweet Sunshine Adventure HD MA
• Street Kings (iTune) SD MA
• Sucker Punch (iTune) SD MA
• Sundown: the Vampire in Retreat HD FN or GP
• Super 8 HD FN only
• Super Buddies HD MA
• Super Buddies (GP) HD MA
• Super Troopers (iTune) SD MA
• Super Troopers HD MA
• Super Troopers 2 HD MA
• Tad: the Lost Explorer - and the secret of king midas HD FN / iTune (split)
• Taken (theatrical) SD MA
• Taken (Extended) SD MA
• Taken 2 HD MA
• Taken 3 (extended) HD MA
• Tarzan HD FN
• Ted (iTune) HD MA
• Ted [unrated] HD MA
• Ted [unrated] (iTune) HD MA
• Ted 2 (iTune) HD MA
• Ted 2 [unrated] HD MA
• Ted 2 [unrated] (iTune) HD MA
• Teen Spirit HD MA
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles HD FN/iTune split
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out Of The Shadows HD FN/iTune split
• Temptation HD FN
• Texas Chainsaw HD (FN/iTune/GP) iTune Split
• Thanks For Sharing HD FN
• That Awkward Moment SD MA
• That's My Boy SDHD MA
• the Theory Of Everything (iTune) HD MA
• Think Like A Man SD MA
• Think Like A Man Too SDHD MA
• This Is 40 (iTune Portion) HD MA
• This Is 40 HD MA
• This Is The End SDHD MA
• Thor Love And Thunder 4K\HD MA
• Thor Love And Thunder (GP) HD MA
• Thor Ragnarok (GP) HD MA
• Thor Ragnarok HD MA
• A Thousand Words SD FN
• Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri HD MA
• the Three Stooges [the movie] (iTune) SD MA
• tinker tailor soldier (iTune) hd ma
• Tinkerbell And The Legend Of The NeverBeast HD MA
• Titanic HD FN (SD4K iTune)
• Tooth Fairy (itune) SD MA
• Top Gun HD FN & iTune (split)
• Top Gun Maverick 4K FN or iTune
• Total Recall (1990) HD FN
• Total Recall (2012) [theater & Extended] HD MA
• Total Recall (2012) SD MA
• Tower Heist (iTune) HD MA
• Toy Story 4 (GP) HD MA
• Trainwreck (iTune) HD MA
• Transformers: Age Of Extinction SDHD FN
• Transformers: Dark Of The Moon SDHD FN
• Transformers: The Last Knight (digital Cut) HD FN Or iTune 4K Split
• the Transporter HD MA
• the Transporter (iTune) SD MA
• Tremors 5: Bloodlines HD MA
• Tremors 5: Bloodlines (iTune) HD MA
• Tremors 6: A Cold Day In Hell HD MA
• Trolls HD MA
• True Grit HD FN (iTune Split)
• the Trust SD FN
• Turbo HD MA
• Turbo (iTune) SD MA
• Turbo HD MA
• Twilight: Breaking Dawn Pt 1 HD FN (SD iTune) split
• Twilight: Breaking Dawn Pt 2 HD FN (SD iTune) split
• Unbroken (iTune) HD MA
• Unbroken HD MA
• Under The Skin HD FN
• Underworld: Awakening SDHD MA
• Underworld: Bloodwars HD MA
• Unknown (iTune) SD MA
• Unstoppable (iTune) SD MA
• Vampires Suck (iTune) SD MA
• Valerian And The City Of A Thousand Planets HD FN
• the Vatican Tapes HD FN
• Vendetta (wwe) SD FN
• Venom SDHD MA
• Vertigo HD MA
• Vice (lionsgate) HD FN
• Victor Frankenstein HD MA
• the Vow SDHD MA
• A Walk Among Tombstones (iTune) HD MA
• Walking With Dinosaurs HD MA
• Wall-E HD MA
• Wallstreet 2: Never Sleeps (iTune) SD MA
• Wanted (iTune) SD MA
• War Of The Planet Of The Apes HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• War Room SDHD MA
• Warcraft (4K iTune) MA
• Warcraft HD MA
• Warm Bodies HD FN
• Warm Bodies HD FN/GP/ iTune (4K iTune Split)
• the Watch HD MA
• Water For Elephants (iTune) SD MA
• We Bought A Zoo (iTune) SD MA
• the Wedding Ringer SD MA
• Werewolf: the Beast Among Us UR HD MA
• Werewolf: the Beast Among Us UR (iTune Portion) HD MA
• What Happens In Vegas (iTune) SD MA
• What To Expect When You're Expecting HD FN
• What's Your Number (iTune) SD MA
• When the Bough Breaks SD MA
• When The Game Stands Tall SDHD MA
• Where Hope Grows HD FN
• Whiplash HD MA
• White House Down SD MA
• Why Him? HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Wild Card HD FN
• Winchester HD FN/GP/iTune
• the Witch SD FN
• the Wolf Of Wall Street HD FN (and 4K iTune Split)
• the Wolfman (iTune) SD MA
• the Wolverine (iTune) [SD?] MA
• the Wolverine [unrated] HD MA (must redeem on MA)
• the Wolverine [theatrical] (GP) HD MA
• the Woman In Black SD MA
• Woman In Gold HD FN
• Won't Back Down HD MA
• Wonder HD (iTune, FN Or GP)
• Wonder Park (FN HD or iTune 4k)
• Woodlawn HD MA
• Woodlawn (iTune) HD MA
• the Words (+ extended) hd ma
• Words and Pictures HD FN
• World War Z HD (FN Or iTune)
• the X-files: I Want To Believe (iTune) SD MA
• X2: X Men United SD (iTune) SD MA
• X Men Apocalypse HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• X Men Days Of Future Past HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• X Men Days Of Future Past HD MA
• X Men First Class (iTune) SD MA
• X Men Last Stand (iTune) SD MA
• X Men Origins Wolverine (iTune) SD MA
• XXX: Return Of Xander Cage HD FN (or iTune Split)
• You're Next HD FN
• the Young Messiah (iTune) HD MA
• Zero Dark Thirty SDHD MA
• Zombieland: Doubletap 4K MA
• Zootopia HD (4K iTune Redeem) MA
• Zootopia (GP) HD MA

iTune Only MOVIES - No Port - Marked

• Abduction SD (iTune)
• the Act Of Valor SD (iTune)
• the Adventures of Tin Tin HD (iTune)
• Alex Cross SD (iTune)
• All Eyez On Me HD (iTune)
• Allied HD (iTune)
• Annihilation 4KHD (iTune)
• Arrival 4K (iTune)
• Bankok Dangerous SD (iTune)
• the Bank Job SD (iTune)
• the Big Wedding HD (iTune)
• Book Club 4K (iTune)
• Brooklyn's Finest SD (iTune)
• Star Wars: Clone Wars SD (iTune)
• Crank 2 SD (iTune)
• Criminal 4K (iTune)
• Danger Close HD (iTune)
• Daybreakers SD (iTune)
• the Dictator HD (iTune)
• Divergent 4K (iTune)
• Divergent Series: Allegiant 4K (iTune)
• Divergent Series: Insurgent 4K (iTune)
• Don Jon SD (iTune)
• Draft Day HD (iTune)
• the Expendables [first movie] SD (iTune)
• the Expendables 3 [unrated] HD (iTune)
• the Eye SD (iTune)
• the Family SD (iTune)
• Family Guy Its A Trap (iTune)
• Forbidden Kingdom (iTune)
• From Paris With Love (iTune)
• G.I. Joe the Rise of the Cobra SD (iTune)
• Gamer iTune SD (iTune)
• Gemini Man 4k (iTune)
• Ghost In The Shell 4K (iTune)
• Gods Of Egypt 4K (iTune)
• Hansel & Gretel [unrated] HD (iTune)
• the Happytime Murders (apple Tv)
• the Haunting In Connecticut (iTune)
• House At The End Of The Street SD (iTune)
• Hercules 4K (iTune)
• Hugo (4k iTune)
• the Hunger Games [4k iTune] or [GP-HD]
• the Hunger Games: Catching Fire [4k iTune] or [HD GP]
• the Hunger Games: Mocking Jay Part 1 [4k iTune] or [HD GP]
• Hustler's (apple Tv)
• I Feel Pretty (apple Tv)
• Immortals (iTune)
• Instant Family 4K (iTune)
• Jack Reacher 4K (iTune)
• Jack Reacher: Never Go Back 4K (iTune)
• Jackass 3 [from unrated] (iTune)
• Jake and the Neverland Pirates: Jake saves Bucky SD (iTune)
• John Wick 4K (iTune)
• Katy Perry: Part of Me HD (iTune)
• Immortals (iTune)
• Interstellar 4K (iTune)
• La La Land 4K (iTune)
• Labor Day HD (iTune)
• the Last Witch Hunter 4K (iTune)
• Limitless SD (iTune)
• the Lincoln Lawyer (iTune)
• Machine Gun Preacher SD (iTune)
• Middle School: the Worse Years of My Life HD (iTune)
• Mirror Mirror SD (iTune)
• Mission Impossible: Fallout HD (iTune)
• Monster Trucks HD (iTune)
• Noah HD (iTune)
• Office Christmas Party 4K (iTune)
• One For The Money [Bluray] (iTune)
• Pain & Gain HD (iTune)
• Paranoia SD (iTune)
• Paranormal Activity 2 HD (iTune)
• Paranormal Activity 3 HD (iTune)
• Paranormal Activity 4 HD (iTune)
• Paranormal Activity 5: The Marked Ones HD (iTune)
• Pet Sematary 2019 4K (iTune)
• Pink Panther 2 SD (iTune)
• the Raven SD (iTune)
• Red Dawn SD (iTune)
• Rock Dog HD (iTune)
• Rogue Warfare HD (iTune)
• Safehaven (iTune)
• Same Kind Of Different As Me HD (iTune)
• the Shack HD (iTune)
• Skyfall SD (iTune)
• the Spirit SD (iTune)
• SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water HD (iTune)
• Star Trek SD (iTune)
• Step Up Revolution (iTune)
• Take Me Home Tonight XML (iTune)
• Tad: the Lost Explorer - and the secret of king midas HD (iTune)
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (tmnt1) 4K (iTune)
• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Out Of The Shadows 4K (iTune)
• Terminator: Dark Fate 4K (iTune)
• Texas Chainsaw [2013] (iTune)
• Tim & Eric's Billion Dollar Movie SD (iTune)
• Titanic (iTune)
• Transformers: Age Of Extinction 4K (iTune)
• Transformers: Dark Of The Moon 4K (iTune)
• Transformers: the Last Knight 4K (iTune)
• Transporter 3 SD (iTune)
• the Vanishing on 7th Street SD (iTune)
• Warm Bodies SD (iTune)
• Warrior (iTune)
• What to Expect While Expecting SD (iTune)
• Wonder 4K (iTune)
• Xxx Return Of Xander Cage 4K (iTune)

GooglePlay Rare portions - NOT MA - Mention you want the slip with GP

• the Choice - iTune HD (or) GP HD
• Divergent - iTune[4K] (or) GP HD
• the Duff - iTune HD (or) GP HD
• Mud - iTune HD (or) GP HD
• Norm Of The North - iTune HD (or) GP HD
• Now You See Me - iTune HD (or) GP HD
• Sicario 4K w/ GP portion
• Snitch - iTune[4K] (or) GP HD
• Temptation - (GP) HD
• What To Expect When You're Expecting - (GP) HD

TV Series Marked
FN Only

• Game of Thrones Season 2 HD FN
• Grace & Frankie SD FN
• Little House on the Prairie: A Merry Ingalls Christmas SD FN
• Nurse Jackie Season 6 HD FN
• Orange Is The New Black Season 1 SD FN
• Orange Is The New Black Season 2 HD FN
• Texas Rising SD FN

iTune Only

• Boardwalk Empires Season 1 HD iTune
• Game Of Thrones Season 2 HD iTune
• Game Of Thrones Season 3 HD iTune
• the Young Pope HD iTune

The four aforementioned schools have a winning record against every conference opponent in their respective conference, including former conference opponents who may have realigned during said time period.
Clemson just barely missed the mark, as they are 2-2 versus Pitt. They have a winning record against every other ACC opponent in that time frame. Unless you count their 1-1 record against Notre Dame in 2020.
ALABAMA
Alabama’s conference record against every team in the SEC over the past 25 seasons (1999-2023) is below.
\Games against Missouri and Texas A&M between 1999 and when they joined the SEC are not accounted for below.*

Conference Opponent	Record Versus	Years in Conference
Arkansas	21-4	All 25 Seasons
Auburn	14-11	All 25 Seasons
Florida	11-2	All 25 Seasons
Georgia	8-4	All 25 Seasons
Kentucky	8-0	All 25 Seasons
LSU	15-11	All 25 Seasons
Mississippi State	22-3	All 25 Seasons
Missouri	4-0	2012 - 2023
Ole Miss	21-4	All 25 Seasons
South Carolina	4-3	All 25 Seasons
Tennessee	18-7	All 25 Seasons
Texas A&M	10-2	2012 - 2023
Vanderbilt	9-0	All 25 Seasons

OHIO STATE
Ohio State’s conference record against every team in the Big Ten over the past 25 seasons (1999-2023) is below.
\Games against Nebraska, Rutgers, and Maryland between 1999 and when they joined the Big Ten are not accounted for below.*

Conference Opponent	Record Versus	Years in Conference
Illinois	12-3	All 25 Seasons
Indiana	21-0	All 25 Seasons
Iowa	9-2	All 25 Seasons
Maryland	9-0	2014 - 2023
Michigan	17-7	All 25 Seasons
Michigan State	17-4	All 25 Seasons
Minnesota	13-1	All 25 Seasons
Nebraska	7-1	2011 - 2023
Northwestern	13-1	All 25 Seasons
Penn State	19-6	All 25 Seasons
Purdue	11-5	All 25 Seasons
Rutgers	10-0	2014 - 2023
Wisconsin	15-5	All 25 Seasons

OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma’s conference record against every team in the Big-12 over the past 25 seasons (1999-2023) is below.
\Games against BYU, Cincinnati, Houston, UCF, TCU, and West Virginia between 1999 and when they joined the Big 12 are not accounted for below.*
\Games against Colorado, Missouri, Nebraska, and Texas A&M between 1999 and when they left the Big 12 are accounted for below.*

Conference Opponent	Record Versus	Years in Conference
Baylor	20-5	All 25 Seasons
BYU	1-0	2023
Cincinnati	1-0	2023
Colorado	6-2	1999 - 2010
Iowa State	18-2	All 25 Seasons
Kansas	18-1	All 25 Seasons
Kansas State	14-6	All 25 Seasons
Missouri	8-1	1999 - 2011
Nebraska	8-2	1999 - 2010
Oklahoma State	19-6	All 25 Seasons
TCU	11-2	2012 - 2023
Texas	17-9	All 25 Seasons
Texas A&M	11-3	1999 - 2011
Texas Tech	18-6	All 25 Seasons
UCF	1-0	2023
West Virginia	10-1	2012 - 2023

OREGON
Oregon’s conference record against every team in the Pac-10/12 over the past 25 seasons (1999-2023) is below.
\Games against Colorado and Utah between 1999 and when they joined the Pac-12 are not accounted for below.*

Conference Opponent	Record Versus	Years in Conference
Arizona	17-5	All 25 Seasons
Arizona State	15-5	All 25 Seasons
California	18-6	All 25 Seasons
Colorado	9-1	2011 - 2023
Oregon State	17-8	All 25 Seasons
Stanford	16-8	All 25 Seasons
UCLA	15-4	All 25 Seasons
USC	12-6	All 25 Seasons
Utah	7-4	2011 - 2023
Washington	16-8	All 25 Seasons
Washington State	18-7	All 25 Seasons

It's the time of the year again where all the freshies start to come in. This is a repost, a guide for SUSS freshies. Please read so that you don't get lost when you need help. The previous one was done in April 2024. I have spent some time to update any new information.
I am sure there will be people who cannot attend orientation due to various reasons, so please take time to read if you can't attend orientation. Even for those who attend the orientation, this is a valuable guide that I really put in hard work to create. Save it. Put it as favorite if you feel like it.
I don't need any upvotes or downvotes. You want to upvote me, go ahead. You want to downvote me, I also don't care. Am just here to do my little part to help freshies blend into SUSS.
Important links:
Student Portal (important announcements, internship opportunities, etc.).https://portal.suss.edu.sg/Home/Login
E-Services (a sub-application under student portal) (check timetables/exam results/register for modules/pay fees)
SUSS Student Portal / Copyright belongs to Singapore University of Social Sciences
Canvas (Learning platform to access study materials/study guide):https://canvas.suss.edu.sg/login/ldap
MyMail (used to contact lecturers/ log cases with student support/issues with Canvas):https://outlook.office.com/
Academic Calendar (Part-Time): https://www.suss.edu.sg/part-time-undergraduate/curriculum/academic-calendar
Academic Calendar (Full-Time): https://www.suss.edu.sg/full-time-undergraduate/curriculum/academic-calendar
Financial Aid (for needy students):
Full-Time: https://www.suss.edu.sg/full-time-undergraduate/admissions/financial-aid
Part-Time: https://www.suss.edu.sg/part-time-undergraduate/admissions/financial-aid
Counselling Services: https://www.suss.edu.sg/about-suss/centres/c-three
Take note of the special semester in the academic calendar. Not all modules are offered in the special semester. Generally only SUSS Core Modules (tagged as NCO1xx or NCO2xx are offered)
Student Support Email address: [students@suss.edu.sg](mailto:students@suss.edu.sg) / Helpdesk contact number: [+65 6248 9111](tel:+65%E2%80%8B62489111) [press option 1] /8:30am to 5:30pm (Mon-Fri) . My personal experience is email is usually faster. Sometimes after 1 day, you get your response le. If really urgent, you can try calling.
Canvas Support email: [lssupport@suss.edu.sg](mailto:lssupport@suss.edu.sg)
MyMail issues: [mymailsupport@suss.edu.sg](mailto:mymailsupport@suss.edu.sg)
Part A1: Planning for modules
Step 1: Find the course that you are taking. You can Google this and get the website. For example, for Psychology: https://www.suss.edu.sg/programmes/detail/bsc-psychology-bspy
Step 2: Scroll down to the curriculum section; the "Download Curriculum Plan" is on the right-hand side.
Step 3: You will see a list of compulsory modules like the one below.
Red: The module offered in which semester. Some modules will show N for certain semesters, meaning it is not offered during that semester.
Blue: Which day the module is on. Some modules have multiple runs
Green: Some modules require you to pass a prerequisite module in the previous semester before doing the module.
Purple: Some remarks on Prerequisites, etc., especially for law programs.
Orange: Last presentation of the module
Based on the below module, PSY391 is not offered in Jan 2024. Its prerequisites are HBC201 and HBC203 (i.e., you will need to pass both modules first before you can see it in your eCR (see information below on SUSS Terminology). Full time students will see something else (e.g. TG01 (tutorial group 01, TG02 (tutorial group 2) ) when they register for their courses via eCR (e-Course Registration). If you wish to see what the deliverables for each module is, you can click on the name of the module, it will download a PDF and you can see they are.
If you click on the name of the module, it will download a PDF to show what are the deliverables for that module.
Curriculum Plan/ Copyright belongs to Singapore University of Social Sciences
Step 4: Modules Planning
It helps by having something to do something like this.
List of Compulsory Modules / Copyright belongs to Singapore University of Social Sciences
Or a spreadsheet like this to help you to plan for your modules. Do take note of the prerequisites
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1WCXHPF5N1xWqjmxM8M-HrmFk_kvHbZT0NNOcZBXb1L4/edit?usp=sharing
Always start with the level 1 modules (e.g., BUS1xx), then the level 2 modules, then the level 3 modules. For part-time students, I recommend starting with 10 or 15 cu (i.e., three modules to see if you can cope with the load). Take note that some modules have their pre-requisites.
15 cu requires about 12-15 hours per week
The respective schools will give some courses a study plan on what modules to read first under Student Portal→E-Services→View Curriculum Plan→Select School→Study Plan.
Part A2: Time-scheduling
Look under here on how to do proper time-scheduling
https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/148415i
Part B1: Receiving your assignment handouts.
Login to Canvas→under L-group (Lecture group) →Modules
NOTE: It is your responsibility to take note of the submission deadline. Please write the deadlines on Google Calendar. Please check the handout once you get access to Canvas. Check with your lecturer on the first seminar if the submission date is missing from the TMA handouts.
Part B2: Understand where to submit an assignment.
Login to Canvas→under T-group (Tutorial group) →Assignments
Part C: See feedback for marked assignments.
Usually, you will receive an email that the assignment has been marked, so remember to check your MyMail often. The best is to download the Outlook app on your mobile phone and sync it with the server
Login to Canvas→under T-group (Tutorial group) →SUSS Gradebook
Part D: Understand some SUSS terminology
CU: Credit unit
SUSS Core modules: usually 2.5 cu per module, or it can be 5 cu per module. Generally social sciences related modules.
Modules belonging to your course: usually 5 cu or 10 cu per module (10 cu courses would usually be longer)
General Electives are those from this basket, which can be from other faculty (e.g. business modules, psychology modules, etc.):
https://sims1.suss.edu.sg/Eservice/Public/ViewCP/ViewCP.aspx?progcd=GSP&viewtype=mhtml
For PT, you can read up to 20cu for modules belonging to your course and 10cu for SUSS Core modules per semester (a total of 30cu). FT reads about 30cu per semester. If you wish to read additional cu, please write to Student Support (I think results must be good to read additional cu).
eCR [Very important]-marked in red: e-Course Registration (an area for you to "bid" (ahem: select) your modules. For PT: Please take your time with your eCR and refrain from jamming the server. Note that even if you bid, it doesn't mean you would get it. This could be due to students graduating and needing the modules to complete their degree being given priority or because there are not enough slots for that module. You will only find out when you get an email showing the next semester's course offer. For FT, I understand from current juniors that it's first come first served.
Course Offer-marked in blue: 2 days after your results are released, you will get an email to see which modules are offered to you. You can go ahead and make payment via eCourseOffer & Registration or visit Student Portal→E-Services→Add/Drop Course Registration (marked in green) to add or drop modules.
Student Academic Profile [Important]-marked in purple: Allows you to see what modules you have cleared and how many modules more you need to clear to graduate. Also, it will show the GPA you need to hit the various honours level (e.g. 1st class, 2nd upper, 2nd lower, etc.)
Canvas-related terminology
PCOQ [Very important]: Some courses have this PCOQ that you must do before you are allowed to attend lessons. Failing it means failing the whole module. You might have to pay extra to retake the module.
PCQ: Pre-Class Quiz (MCQs questions to help you get extra marks. Usually, it's 1%/5%/10% of the whole course marks). If you forgot to do it, then it means you don't earn the marks at all.
TMA: Tutor-Marked Assignment (an assignment that you need to submit)
TOA: Timed-Online Assignment (you can call it your exam, where you need to go to the university to take it).
ECA: End-Course Assessment (for some modules, instead of TOA (see above terminology), you will do an ECA, which acts like a second or third assignment)
OCAS: Results of all your TMAs and PCQ added up. You must get a specific score (usually 50%) to pass the module. Use this to see what is the OCAS component: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1918x16
SUSS Grade Book: Under Canvas→T-group, for you to see your OCAS results and TMAs feedback after the lecturer has marked your assignment. Note that for the last assignment or ECA that is used to replace the exam will not have any feedback (e.g. some of the NCO modules) -See below guide on "How to use Canvas"
P/F Conversion [Very important]: For some modules if the score is not favourable to you, you are allowed to convert the score to a Pass/Fail. Having done that, you would not be eligible for any awards/scholarships, etc. Check your Student Handbook Section 2.5 (located on the left hand menu of the Student Portal) for more details on how many credit units you can convert. It differs from Full-time/Part-Time. Please see the guide by Nightknighty-senpai on this: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/18npagclearing_up_the_fog_on_suss_pass_fail_option/
e-Services portal/ Copyright belongs to Singapore University of Social Sciences
Part E: Extra courses (free/paid)
Some of these courses are offered by TLC SUSS
https://tlc.suss.edu.sg/
Under Student Portal→eServices→Event Service Online
Part F1: Understand Constructivism
Why are there so many group discussions???
SUSS uses this psychology principle called constructivism in their teaching: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ameCd5tYbtA
https://edtechbooks.org/studentguide/constructivism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939219/
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=how+good+is+constructivism+in+learning&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2012&as_yhi=
This helps students remember things better.
Part F2: Understand Bloom's Taxonomy (Newly added)
All courses offered at SUSS have specific learning outcomes in light of Bloom’s taxonomy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayefSTAnCR8
https://www.teachthought.com/critical-thinking/blooms-taxonomy-verbs-2/
Part G: Neuroplasticity
Some part-time students come in with the attitude of wanting a degree. If you are willing, you can do it. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNHBMFCzznE
Do make an effort to attend the university's orientation to take advantage of all valuable information. Also, please make it a point to be independent and ask your peers, lecturers when in doubt.
Welcome to SUSS! =)
From
Mamoru / Yr 4 Sem 1 / BSc Psych
Some other useful guides:
How to use Canvas : https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1aw0mki
How to manage your studies: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/197bm8o
How to study: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1ats89t
Use of AI tools: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1b6ymfk
How to see assessment components for module: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1918x16
e-Course Registration (Part time students): https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1b7nirf
e-Course Registration (Full time students) https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1bclx80
Enrol for free/paid workshops: https://www.reddit.com/Suss/comments/1atnx12
Version History
Version 1.6.1: Added Financial Aid and Counselling Services link
Version 1.6: Removed outdated e-Services picture with Academic Progression link. Academic Progression link has been removed.

We don't quite have the full details for conference realignment on dynasty at this point, but we know it'll be in the game and as such I thought it'd be fun to look at some irl alignments from recent history it might be fun to try
1995 - The last year of the SWC: The final year of a conference that consists of only schools in Texas, you can modernize the SWC by recreating it with schools who became FBS since 1996 like UTSA and Texas State sharing a conference with the Aggies and Longhorns
2003 - The last year of the original Big East: In 2004, Miami and Virginia Tech joined the ACC and then Boston College also switched in 2005, eventually leading to Cincy, Louisville and USF to take their places. If you wish the Big East never changed, 2003 is the perfect time capsule for you.
2010 - The final year of the Pac-10 before it became the Pac-12 and the final year of the first version of the Big 12: In 2011, Nebraska joined the Big Ten and Colorado joined the Pac-10 along with Utah, altering 3 of the 5 of the major power conferences at the time. 2010 is perfect if wanted the Pac-10 to stay at 10 teams or think Nebraska should've never left behind things like their rivalry with Oklahoma. (You can also pick 2011 if you were fine with these moves, but hated Mizzou and TAMU to the SEC.)
2012 - The final year before the Big East became the AAC: In 2013, the departure of Syracuse and Pitt led to a split where the non-football members of the Big East remained in the Big East, while the football-playing members of the conference found themselves in the newly created AAC. If you don't think the AAC should've needed to exist and the Big East should've kept football then 2012 is the right year for you. For an added bonus, you can also keep the Big Ten's Legends and Leaders divisions which ignored the geography they eventually used to make the East/West divisions when Maryland and Rutgers arrived.
2023 - Literally last year lol: Everyone reading this clearly remembers it but still, if you could tolerate the death of the Big East and Nebraska leaving the Big 12 but draw the line at the Pac-12 dying and UCF sharing a conference with Utah then that's quite reasonable and you can turn the clocks back precisely one year haha
Hope you found some interesting dynasty ideas here and if not then I hope you at least enjoyed a little CFB history lesson. Thanks!

Hello, I had a couple questions about how to go about my situation.
I'm 34 and I have a bachelor's degree in pre-medicine/biology (earned in 2011). I have currently been working as a Biology/Chemistry Tutor for the last 10 years and also as an education tour guide for 3 years. The main reason for the lack of progression in my working career is due to my sister's health.
My sister developed a generalized psychosis disorder brought about by bacterial encephalitis in 2012. I've been helping my parents assist in her care for the last 10 - 12 years. My parents finally retired back in 2019. During Covid, I decided that I didn't really want to go down the medical route. The only reason why I chose that route to begin with was due to my advisor saying that it had more stability than working with animals (something that I had originally been interested in) and that more than half of Vet grads quit the profession after 3 years. I was naive at that time (probably still am) and decided that he was right. I am presently hoping to try to make a go for Vet school, but I don't really know what requirements are necessary. I know with Pre-Med it was shadowing, research, and a competitive MCAT score.
Is it the same with Vet School requirements? I've been trying to get a client care specialist position or kennel position, but I haven't been able to find anything that's 13 dollars or more an hour. Would that look better than shadowing?
Overall, thank you.

This is the story of how the son of a farmer went from -$100k in debt to a Silicon Valley billionaire in 8 years thanks to his thirst for learning, networking and risk taking at the very highest level.
Evolving every step of the way.

Meet Brett Adcock (Beta)

Brett has had an unconventional journey to the top.
Growing up on a corn and soybean farm run by his third-generation farmer parents in Moweaqua, Illinois, Brett packed up and left the village of 1,700 people, and set out to earn a business degree from the University of Florida.
As the loans started to stack up to pay for school, he wanted to get a head start and launched several web side hustles from his dorm room.
There was one common theme with these early ventures, they were focused on finance and careers.
In 2010, he combined both. Using detailed notes and study materials on financial modelling and investment banking principles, he formed an online resource to share with his brother - this became Street of Walls.
The content site wasn’t just a pet project - it helped secure many finance jobs and amassed over 30 million views and generated $600,000 over the last 15 years.
The traffic and cash helped bootstrap job marketplace his first big venture Vettery.

Brett v1.0: Vettery

2012 was a pivotal year.
Brett, alongside his "partner in crime" Adam Goldstein who he met while working at a hedge fund, kicked off Vettery. The online jobs marketplace targeted at workers in finance and IT.
Investors? Nowhere in sight. Brett dug deep, investing $200,000 of his own cash to keep the lights on. No salary at the start, just pure grind.
In 2015, Brett faced severe financial difficulties, including borrowing $50,000 to pay rent, resulting in $100,000 of debt.
It gets worse.
They missed several huge opportunities while building Vettery. Their team whipped up an internal tool for outbound lead generation. This wasn’t some basic software—this thing was a powerhouse, automating the massive email campaigns that were instrumental in scaling their business.
Their software scraped LinkedIn profiles, matched them with emails, and sent millions of cold emails to gather leads.
Heard of Outreach? They’re valued at over $4 billion now. Vettery’s lead generation tool was on that level—a $4 billion idea sitting right under their noses. They missed the boat and Outreach captured the market.
Thankfully they were eventually rewarded for their hyper focus on Vettery.
Their lead generation strategy turned out to be their golden growth strategy that allowed them to acquire customers 10x cheaper than their biggest competitor.
After scaling to 300 employees, 30,000 interviews per month across 20,000 customers, Adecco Group snapped it up for a cool $110 million in 2018, netting Brett somewhere in the region of $30 million.
Flush with cash, Brett had enough money to kick it on the beach of Costa Rica with his family.
Did he play it safe? Heck no.
It was time to go again.

Brett v2.0: Archer Aviation

In searching for their next venture, Brett and Adam wanted to solve a big problem and address urban traffic issues with electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft.
Only one problem, they knew nothing about aviation…yet.
This is where we start to see Brett, a 30-something software whizz kid evolve into a true innovator**.**
Brett embarked on an intense six-month period of learning, networking and all out immersion.

• Returned to university as an undergrad to study engineering.
• Read 50+ engineering books.
• Cold-called 300+ experts from around the world.
• Built three generations of electric aircraft in 2018 at the University of Florida.

Brett quickly learned he needed to assemble a dream team of remarkable talent in order to catch up to other eVTOL companies that were already well funded and making progress.
The timing was perfect. Airbus, Kitty Hawk and Boeing all had premier talent who wanted out for various reasons - so Archer came in and swept up their teams and hit the ground running.
This naturally came at a premium and meant Brett had to raise serious funds to keep the business afloat with a high burn rate and several years from launching working prototypes.
Archer was a rollercoaster, with Brett running out of money, facing harsh criticisms, and nearly seeing the whole dream collapse.
One of Brett’s lowest moments came when they were running out of money and the company was on the brink of collapse. He had what he described as the “worst call of his life”.
Joel Cutler of General Catalyst called his pitch “disrespectful” due to the timing of COVID19 with people dying, hospitals overflowing and he was asking money for his ‘flying car idea’. Ouch.
But Brett remained undeterred. Archer’s relentless belief, development and drive, plus Brett’s tireless networking helped Archer secure $1 billion of capital.
This eventually a $1.5 billion order from United Airlines. Their first major order and a big step towards a commercially viable business.
For five years at Archer, Brett and the team went through hell.
There was light at the end of the tunnel though when they eventually took the company public via a SPAC at a $2.7 billion valuation in 2021.
Brett was now worth hundreds of millions

Brett v2.5 - Archer Exit

Brett had been through the thick of it - managing tight cash flow, avoiding bankruptcy and then very soon faced major stock price volatility as the market took a hit.
To make matters worse, there was a "misalignment” between Brett and the board over Archer’s direction. Leading to his resignation as co-CEO, leaving his co-founder Adam as the sole CEO.
Brett was departing Archer Aviation, but he was leaving with the blueprint for how to start, manage and scale an innovative company (more on that later).
Call it reckless or courageous, leaving Archer has paved the way for his most ambitious project yet.

Brett v3.0 - Founding Figure

Humanoid robots that can walk, talk, handle tools, you name it.
Brett believes Figure has the potential to become a $50+ billion dollar company in the next five years. Why? The human workforce is half of global GDP ($35-40 Trillion), if Figure humanoid robots can capture just a slither of the labor market like the unsafe or undesirable jobs - then he is onto a winner.
And like with Archer, he’s gone all in.
Adcock took a similar approach with $20 million of his own cash self funding the operation and quickly assembling a dreamteam of talent. He nabbed experts from companies like Boston Dynamics, Tesla, and Google DeepMind, and Apple's secret program and within a year, Figure had a bipedal robot prototype up and walking.
But it hasn’t been smooth sailing.
After leaving Archer in April 2022, Brett's assets were largely tied up in Archer stock, which he could not sell due to a 12-month lockup period. He had very limited liquidity and could only sell a small percentage of his stock over time. Meanwhile, Figure's monthly burn rate reached seven figures within six months.
It then got stickier when Archer's stock price plummeted from ~$6 to $1.80, significantly reducing Brett's available funds. He struggled to meet Figure's financial demands, frequently transferring funds from stock sales to cover payroll and operational costs.
Brett's financial predicament became so dire that he took out a second mortgage on his house to sustain Figure. He was on the brink of personal bankruptcy despite being worth hundreds of millions (on paper).
Despite the challenges, Brett's relentless risk taking and drive has led Figure to become a $2.6 billion company after their recent Series B funding.
Seeing his net worth hit a cool $1.4 billion.
And he’s just getting started.
P.S. By the way, Brett just turned 38 last month!

TL;DR

There is so much to be admired from Brett’s journey and continued success.
Here’s four hot takes from Brett:

1. Hardware was easier than software. With software you are convincing people they need your product. Whereas with hardware you know that if you can solve a particular problem that is within the laws of physics, there’s already demand. Investors also want to back big ideas, so it’s much easier to raise money, hire quality talent and have a meaningful impact on the planet.
2. Iterative Cycles is key to progress. What really matters is how often you are iterating and how much progress you make between each iteration cycle. You need to move as quickly as possible.
3. Always be learning. Brett dove into fields he knew nothing about, from finance to aerospace, and now robotics. His secret weapon? An insatiable appetite for knowledge and focus. Reading books. Taking courses. Finding academic papers. If you’re uncomfortable, you’re on the right track.
4. Big Risks, Bigger Rewards. This guy puts skin in the game, often his own cash, proving that sometimes the biggest risks really do lead to the biggest rewards.

"Hardware businesses are actually easier than software businesses," Brett Adcock.

Agree or disagree?

This has been plaguing me for years now and idk why I never thought to ask reddit, lol.
So the movie first:
A girl goes to college and decides to join a sorority to make friends. The girls have them pledge, I believe it starts off fine then the requests start to get worse. It turns out that the sorority is like a cult or something, they have this whole underground dungeon and she finds out about it.. idr what for. Devil worship, summoning something, idk.
Then the sorority starts hunting her down, she manages to kill most of them at a (masquerade?) party they host to sacrifice students, the main character and her friend basically kill the leader and set the sorority on fire.
I didn't see the whole movie, I was just flipping channels and saw maybe the last hou45 min.. this was when I was in 11th or 12th grade, so around 2010/2011.
The movie ends on a banger of a song (that im also looking for lmao) with her slomo walking away and monologuing.
The TV show: (It's not mean girls, I swear, everyone I mention this to immediately goes to that movie, lol)
It was like a 'coming of age' type show. The main character was starting either high school or college and she was alone but met a gay guy and became best friends with him and another girl who was maybe bi/lesbian.
She sees a guy she likes and they end up talking, dating maybe but she has this conflict where she thinks she's bi cause she's starting to fall for her best girl friend as well. I think she ends up cheating on him (physically, emotionally?) and it becomes a you have to choose her or him situation.
The show gets canceled and I believe literally the LAST episode was her class going on a camping trip, her and her best girl friend end up sharing a tent, talking and then FINALLY kissing and admitting feeling for each other. Then that was it... I initially found a clip of the show somewhere between 2012 - 2015 then started watching.., I believe it was already canceled by this time cause I marathoned it to the end on a streaming (☠️ 🏴‍☠️) site I found.
I've been looking for these on/off for like 10+ years now, I need to know! lol

THE PURPOSE OF THIS POST
Zero Doubt means zero doubt. Let's explore exactly who just made this statement to Wall Street at the annual SALT iConnections meeting in NYC a couple weeks ago.
SALT ICONNECTIONS
"Non human intelligence exists, non human intelligence has been interacting with humanity, this interaction is not new and it has been ongoing, and there are unelected people in the government that are aware of that."
Let me ask you all a question, did you hear any snickers in the crowd when Karl Nell said that?
"SALT iConnections will convene over 1,000 institutional asset owners, asset managers and entrepreneurs for two days of content and curated capital introductions powered by iConnections. The event is projected to have over 2,500 manager meetings and a 2:1 LP:GP attendance ratio."
These are some of the people that were featured at the event. I'll do a quick recap on one of them.

• Mark Anson, CEO, President & CIO, Commonfund
  • Former President and Global Head of Investment Management at Nuveen Investments - $900 billion AUM
  • Former CEO and CIO for the British Telecom Pension Scheme (BTPS), the largest institutional investor in the UK with assets of £65 billion
  • Former CEO of Hermes Pensions Management in London, a £55 billion asset management company
  • Current Chairman of the Investment Committee for the $65 billion UAW Medical Benefits Trust
  • Serves on the Law Board of the Northwestern University School of Law
  • He is the only person to serve on the Board of Governors for both the CFA Institute and the CAIA Association
  • He was an inaugural member of the SEC Investor Advisory Committee and the Chairman of the Board for the International Corporate Governance Network
  • Mark has published over 100 investment articles in professional journals and has won three Best Paper Awards and the author of five financial textbooks
  • Mark earned a B.A. in Economics and Chemistry from St. Olaf College, a Ph.D. and Masters in Finance from Columbia University Graduate School of Business, and a J.D. from Northwestern University School of Law, all with honors
  • he is a Member of the Law Bar of New York and Illinois.

I'm not going to do all of them. But here's the rest of the list from the PR Newswire.

• Carmelo Anthony, NBA All-Star and Entrepreneur
• H.E. Abdulla Bin Touq Al Marri, Minister of Economy, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
• Les Brun, Co-Founder, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Ariel Alternatives
• Sec. Mark Esper, Former Secretary, Department of Defense & U.S. Army
• Dan Loeb, CEO, Third Point
• Stephanie Lynch, Co-Founder & Managing Partner, Global Endowment Management
• Steven Meier, Chief Investment Officer & Deputy Comptroller for Asset Management, New York City Retirement System
• Sona Menon, Partner, Cambridge Associates
• Gen. Mark Milley, Former Chairman, U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Robert Mitchnick, Head of Digital Assets, BlackRock
• Howard Morgan, Chair and General Partner, B Capital
• Sam Rosenstock, Deputy CIO of External Alpha, Man FRM
• Edoardo Rulli, CIO, UBS Hedge Fund Solutions
• Greg Shell, Managing Partner & Head of Inclusive Growth, Goldman Sachs Asset Management
• Kristen Smith, CEO, Blockchain Association
• Carine Smith Ihenacho, Chief Governance and Compliance Officer, Norges Bank Investment Management
• Roy Swan, Director of Mission Investments, Ford Foundation

For those that still think this is crazy. Laughing still?
You shouldn't be.
Karl Nell is 4 steps removed from the United States President. He has friends and stuff.
TIM GALLAUDET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Gallaudet
Rear Admiral Tim Gallaudet corroborates Karl Nell's statement on LinkedIn: "My colleague, retired Army Colonel Karl Nell said with 100% certainty that the world is being visited by higher level, non-human intelligence (NHI). I know he is correct with complete certainty."
It's wild to know that the other part include that we have covert agreements with them.
Gallaudet has been active in his support lately. His talk at Sol Conference was nuts. But everyone who's looked into the topic long enough or deep enough knows USO's are 10000% a concern so who can blame him for begging people to pay attention. There's been some great videos put together on USOs that mention Tic Tac's (I like the Tic Tac) going under water.
I like Tim Gallaudet's resume, he seems like somebody who might know something
Naval Career

• Former Oceanographer of the Navy and Commander of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command
• Former officer of the deck and Meteorology and Oceanography Division Officer USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63))
• Served under Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command at Stennis Space Center in Mississippi as the plans and programs officer
• Former program manager for Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and commanding officer of the Naval Oceanography Special Warfare Center. In this role, he established the first Navy SEAL program for unmanned aerial and underwater vehicles and other sensors to detect and locate enemy forces
• Former Deputy Navigator of the Navy as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Staff
• Former Superintendent/Commanding Officer of the Naval Observatory
• Former Head Oceanographer of the Navy, Hydrographer of the Navy, and Commander of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (CNMOC) at the Stennis Space Center

Civilian Career

• Retired from the Navy in July 2017
• Former Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
• Former Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• Now he's a current advisor to Ryan Graves' organization, Americans for Safe Aerospace

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates under the Department of Commerce. Its importance lies in its broad mission to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts, to share that knowledge and information with others, and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources.
He seems like he probably knows something about what's in our oceans and skies.
KARL NELL
Karl Nell has been coming up alot. Good, he's possibly one of the most critical pieces to this entire puzzle. His career is immaculate, he's likable, and he says some fucking incredible stuff in front of crowds of institutional investment representatives.
I mentioned him last in this post.
I trust Karl Nell's talks on the topic due to him being a previous colleague of David Grusch's. Karl Nell was the Army's UAPTF liaison and worked closely with Grusch in 2021-2022. He would be parallel to Jay Stratton in terms of org chart, but for the Army side of UAPTF. Grusch was on the Air Force side. Hey this is cool. Here is his promotion Colonel in 2016, good for him. Given his resume, it makes sense he was promoted.
I think this type of published work may give you insight into his feelings on some things
2012: Hearts-and-Minds: A Strategy of Conciliation, Coercion, or Commitment?

LTC Nell accurately contends that the oft cliché hearts-and-minds maxim, most popularly attributed to Sir Gerald Templar in the Malayan Emergency (1948 1960), transcends time and geography while the key strategy of conciliation and coercion, applied simulta neously and judiciously, drive a COIN environment. Most importantly, this work points out the value of a whole-of-government commitment—of time, troops and materiel—towards ensuring the most beneficial outcome for not only our forces but the population as well. It points to the necessity of such earnest ap plication, while reinforcing that the military may not always have the lead.

His LinkedIn shows some pretty awesome things.

Summary of Career Roles

• Modernization Advisor to Vice Chief of Staff, Army Futures Command (2018-Present): Influential in a major Army reorganization and the advancement of high-priority acquisition projects. Key achievements include leading a cross-organizational study that established the multi-year, multi-million-dollar Project Convergence initiative.
• Deputy COO / Director, Special Programs, U.S. Africa Command (2016-2018): Managed operations for a 2000-member command, enhancing strategic partnerships across Africa. Played a critical role in budgeting, leading to significant fiscal savings.
• Vice President & General Manager, ENSCO, Inc. (2015-2016): Turned around a struggling business, driving organizational change and profitable growth in a research and development division.
• Chief Strategy Officer, US Army Reserves (2013-2015): Led the largest restructuring of the Army Reserve post-9/11, establishing robust training standards and reorganizing personnel and units.
• Vice President, Solution Architecture, Capture, & BD, CACI International Inc (2011-2013): Spearheaded major campaign strategies, securing substantial contracts and enhancing the company’s market position.
• Deputy CTO / Director, Systems Engineering & Integration, Northrop Grumman (1998-2011): Directed strategic initiatives and technology development, significantly contributing to business growth and operational efficiency.
• TECHINT Operations Officer, Defense Intelligence Agency (2001-2003): Deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom, playing a pivotal role in intelligence operations and strategic material recovery.
• Senior Systems Engineer / Lead SATCOM SRE, Lockheed Missiles and Space (1996-1998): Managed critical operations of national satellite systems, ensuring optimal performance and reliability.
• Member of Technical Staff, AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories (1994-1996): Led development teams enhancing network capabilities and implementing quality standards.
• Commander / Operations Officer, U.S. Space Command (1990-1994): Commanded satellite communications operations, overseeing significant technological assets and personnel.

Hey this guy seems like he knows some things about what may be going on with our crash retrieval stuff. This one is my favorite:
TECHINT Operations Officer (C/J-2)TECHINT Operations Officer (C/J-2)Defense Intelligence AgencyDefense Intelligence Agency 2001 - 2003 · 2 yrs

• First person deployed from the DIA Directorate of Intelligence Production and Analysis to participate in multi-agency planning for Operation Iraqi Freedom as the Foreign Material Program command representative to USCENTCOM / CFLCC in Kuwait. Served as C/J-2 for the one-star Combined Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center (C/JCMEC) in Iraq. Enabled the safe and successful recovery of hundreds of conventional weapons systems of strategic value and successfully addressed the question of potential WMD-existence asked by the President of the United States while incurring zero mission fatalities.

HOW DO WE FORCE DISCLOSURE TO HAPPEN - ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE UAP DISCLOSURE FUND
From my most recent post I did the other day: SAIC had UFO stuff in the 70s
You get loud. Stop letting people dictate your actions and discern for yourself. You don't have to be a rocket scientist to know that there is some crazy shit going on, so many people are saying it. This stuff needs to be looked at yesterday. Not today, not tomorrow, but yesterday.
Speaking toward the trustworthiness of Mellon, Nell, and the others involved with UAP Disclosure Fund, I believe these people are involved with the largest power struggle in known history and they are fighting for transparency.
This is how it happens. Lobbying and official activism. I have been tracking the corporate structure of what they're building to push disclosure and combat MIC gatekeeping since my first post. The potential board of Sol was identified early into this process, as it basically aligned with the UAPDA review board setup.
They initially setup a 501c3 (Sol Foundation) initially to begin the academic push for Disclosure, officially. Then the 501c4 (UAP Disclosure Fund) was setup to push for Disclosure legally as these entity types are allowed to lobby, as long as the activity aligns with their primary purpose of promoting social welfare (this is a good thing). Contributions are not tax deductible either.
I spent time with some of these people at Sol. I got what I needed to determine if these people are attempting to bury this further or hide things further from you.
They are not.
Sol = Sun
I think it is time that light is shone on some of these blatant examples of corporate greed and the unfair game that has been established, and ultimately maintained through political activism that's anti-human and meant to keep us divided and fighting each other.

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Indiana Jones Collection 1-4 (Vudu/4K) $24 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $20
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Interview, The (2014) (MA/HD) $3.25
Iron Man 1-3 (iTunes/4K) $16 (GP/HD) $7.50
Iron Man 2 (2010) (MA/4K) $7.25 (iTunes/4K) $6.50 (GP/HD) $3
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Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016) (Vudu/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (2013) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Jacob's Ladder (1990) (Vudu/HD) $3.50
Jason Bourne (2016) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (MA/HD) $3
Jaws (1975) Jaws 2 (1978) Jaws 3 (1983) Jaws: The Revenge (1987) (MA/HD) $15.50
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5.50
Jerry Maguire (1996) (MA/4K) $6.50
Jigsaw (2017) (Vudu/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2
Jingle All the Way (1996) (MA/HD) $6
JOBS (2013) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
John Wick Collection 1-3 (Vudu/4K) $16 (iTunes/4K) $14.50 (Vudu/HD) $8
Jumanji: Next Level (2019) & Welcome to the Jungle (2017) (MA/HD) $7
Jumanji: Welcome To The Jungle (2017) (MA/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $2 (MA/SD) $1
Jungle Book (1967) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $4
Jungle Book (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $2.75
Jungle Cruise (2021) (MA/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $3
Jurassic Park (1993) (MA/4K) $4.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (MA/HD) $2.75
Jurassic Park III (2001) (MA/HD) (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Jurassic Park: The Lost World (1997) (MA/4K) $6.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (MA/HD) $2.75
Jurassic World (2015) (MA/4K) $4.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.50 (MA/HD) $2.50
Jurassic World Collection 1-5 (MA/4K) $19 (iTunes/4K) $17.50 (MA/HD) $8.50
Jurassic World Collection 1-6 (MA/HD) $11
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) (MA/4K) $4.75 (MA/HD) $1.75
Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Kick-Ass 2 (2013) (MA/HD) $5.25 (iTunes/HD) $5
Kid Who Would Be King (2019) (MA/HD) $4.50
Kid, The (2019) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $4.75
Kill Bill: Vol. 1 (2003) (Vudu/HD) $6.75
Killer Elite (2011) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3.25
Killerman (2019) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.75
Killing Kennedy (2013) (MA/HD) $6
King Kong (2005) (MA/4K) $5.25 (iTunes/4K) $3.75 (MA/HD) $3.50
King's Man (2021) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.25
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016) (MA/HD) $3
Labor Day (2013) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp’s Adventure (2001) (MA/HD) $7 (GP/HD) $5.50
Last Duel, The (2021) (MA/HD) $5.25 (GP/HD) $4
Last Vegas (2013) (MA/HD) $3
Last Witch Hunter (2015) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Leap! (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3.25
Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013) (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Legend of Hercules (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Les Miserables (2012) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Let's Be Cops (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.50
Life (2017) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $2.50
Like A Boss (2020) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $3.50
Lilo & Stitch (2002) & Stitch Has a Glitch (2005) (MA/HD) $9.50 (GP/HD) $5.50
Lion King (1994) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.75
Lion King (2019) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $4 (GP/HD) $1.25
Lion King 1 1/2 (2004) (MA/HD) $6.50
Little Mermaid (1989) (MA/4K) $7 (iTunes/4K) $5 (GP/HD) $3.25
Little Monsters (1989) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Logan (2017) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.50
Lone Ranger (2013) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Lone Survivor (2013) (MA/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) $2 (MA/HD) $1.50
Longest Ride (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $1.25
Looper (2012) (MA/HD) $2.75
Lords of Salem, The (2012) (Vudu/HD) $4.75
Luca (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $3.25
Lucy (2014) (MA/HD) $2
Madagascar Collection 1-4 (MA/HD) $15
Mama (2013) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3.25
Man on a Ledge (2012) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.25
Mary Poppins (1964) (MA/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
Maze Runner (2014) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.25
Maze Runner Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $14.50
Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018) (MA/HD) $5.50
Mechanic: Resurrection (2016) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Meg Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $8.50
Men in Black Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $14.50
MIB: International (2019) (MA/4K) $5.50 (MA/HD) $4.50
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $4.50
Million Dollar Arm (2014) (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $3
Minions (2015) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.50
Miracles From Heaven (2016) (MA/HD) $4
Missing Link (2019) (MA/HD) $5
Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/4K) $7
Mission: Impossible Collection 1-6 (iTunes/4K) $20 (Vudu/HD) $18
Mitchells Vs. The Machines (2021) (MA/HD) $4.25
Moneyball (2011) (MA/HD) $2.50
Monster Hunter (2020) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $4
Monster Trucks (2016) (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Monster's Ball (2001) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Monsters University (2013) (MA/4K) $6.75 (iTunes/4K) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3.50
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) (MA/4K) $6.75
Monuments Men (2014) (MA/HD) $2
Mortal Engines (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.50
Motherless Brooklyn (2019) (MA/HD) $3.50
Mother's Day (2016) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.75
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014) (MA/HD) $3.50
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) (MA/HD) $5
Mulan (1998) (MA/4K) $6.75 (MA/HD) $5 (GP/HD) $3
Mulan (2020) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $4 (GP/HD) $2.25
Mulan 2 (2005) (MA/HD) $3.75
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3.75
My Dinner with Herve (2018) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
Never Grow Old (2019) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Night at the Museum 3-Movie (MA/HD) $11.50
Night School (Extended Cut) (2018) (MA/HD) $4.25
Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $3.50
Noah (2014) (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Nun 2 (2023) (MA/HD) $5.75
Office Christmas Party (2016) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.25
Olaf's Frozen Adventure Plus 6 Disney Tales (2017) (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $3
Oliver! (1968) (MA/4K) $6.50
Olympus Has Fallen (2013) (MA/HD) $5
One Direction: This is Us + Extended Fan Edition (2013) (MA/HD) $3.25
Oranges, The (2011) (MA/HD) $4.50
Other Woman (2014) $4.25
Ouija (2014) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Paper Towns (2011) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $4.25
ParaNorman (2012) (iTunes/HD) $5
Parasite (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4.50
Patriots Day (2017) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Paul (2011) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 (2015) (MA/HD) $3.75
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013) (MA/HD) $2.25
Pet Sematary (2019) (Vudu/4K) $4 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Peter Pan: Return to Neverland (2002) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $4.50
Peter Rabbit (2018) & 2 (2021) (MA/HD) $7.50
Peter Rabbit 2 (2021) (MA/HD) $4
Phantom Thread (2017) (MA/HD) $3.75
Pinocchio (1940) (MA/HD) $5.50 (GP/HD) $3.75
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $2.75 (GP/HD) $1.50
Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) (MA/HD) $2.50 (iTunes/4K) $3.50
Pitch Perfect Collection 1-3 (MA/HD) $11.50
Planet of the Apes 1-3 (Newer) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $11
Playing with Fire (2019) (iTunes/4K) $1.50 (Vudu/HD) $2
Pocahontas (1995) (MA/HD) $6.25
Pompeii (2014) (MA/HD) $3.25
Power Rangers (2017) (iTunes/4K) $3 (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Predator (2018) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $3.50
Premium Rush (2012) (MA/HD) $3.25
Pretty in Pink (1986) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Priceless (2016) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4.50
Prince of Egypt (2002) (MA/HD) $6
Prodigy (2019) (Vudu/HD) $5
Prometheus (2012) (MA/HD) $1.75
Proud Mary (2018) (MA/HD) $4
Pulp Fiction (1994) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $5.25 (Vudu/HD) $4
Purge Collection 1-4 (MA/HD) $14
Purge, The (2013) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.75
Puss in Boots (2011) (MA/4K) $6.50
Quantum of Solace (2008) (Vudu/HD) $5.75
Queen of Katwe (2016) (MA/HD) $3 (GP/HD) $2.25
R.I.P.D. (2013) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $3
Rambo Collection 1-5 (Vudu/HD) $12.50
Rampage (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50
Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) (MA/4K) $5.75 (MA/HD) $4.50 (GP/HD) $2.50
Red 2 (2013) (Vudu/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $3.25 (Vudu/HD) $1.50
Red Dawn (2012) (Vudu/HD) $5.25 (iTunes/SD) $2
Red Sparrow (2018) (MA/HD) $3.75
Replicas (2019) (Vudu/4K) $5
Rescuers Down Under (1990) (MA/HD) $5.75 (GP/HD) $4
Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) (MA/HD) $2.25
Revenant, The (2015) (MA/4K) $5 (iTunes/4K) $3.75
Rhythm Section (2020) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4
Ricki And The Flash (2015) (MA/HD) $4.50
Riddick Collection 1-3 (Unrated) (MA/HD) $13.50
Ride Along 1-2 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $5 $2.75 Each
Rings (2017) (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Rio (2011) (MA/HD) $5.75
Rio 2 (2014) (MA/HD) $2
Rise of the Guardians (2012) (MA/HD) $3
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2010) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $5.75
Risen (2016) (MA/HD) $4.50
Robin Hood (2010) (MA/4K) $6
Robin Hood (Animated) (1973) (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $2.75
Rock Dog (2016) (Vudu/HD) $4
Roman J. Israel, Esq. (2017) (MA/HD) $3.50
Russell Madness (2015) (MA/HD) $3.75
Safe (2012) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $1.75
Same Kind of Different as Me (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2
Sausage Party (2016) (MA/HD) $4.75
Savages (2012) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $2.25
Saving Mr. Banks (2013) (MA/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $2.50
Saw Collection 1-7 (Vudu/HD) $9.75
Scary Movie Collection 1-3 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $13.50
Schindler's List (1993) (MA/HD) $4.50
Scoob (2020) (MA/4K) $3
Scream (1996) (Vudu/4K) $6
Scream Collection 1-3 (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $13.50
Second Act (2018) (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $5.25
Secret Life of Pets Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $7.25
Seeking a Friend for the End of the World (2012) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4.50
Selma (2015) (Vudu/HD) $2.75 (iTunes/HD) $2.25
Shack (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $1.50
Shallows, The (2016) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD $3.50
Shaun the Sheep Movie (2015) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Sherlock Gnomes (2018) (iTunes/4K) $2.25
Shutter Island (2010) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.50
Sicario: Day of the Soldado (2018) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $3.75
Silent Night, Deadly Night: 3-Film Collection (1989-1991) (Vudu/HD) $5.50
Silver Linings Playbook (2012) (Vudu/HD) $2
Sing (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.50
Sing 2 (2021) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $4
Sing Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $6
Sinister (2012) (Vudu/HD) $3 (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Sixteen Candles (1984) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $4.25
Skyscraper (2018) (MA/4K) $5 (MA/HD) $1.75
Sleepy Hollow (1999) (Vudu/4K) (iTunes/4K) $6.75
Smokin' Aces (2007) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $5.50
Smurfs 2 (2013) (MA/HD) $3
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017) (MA/HD) $3
Snitch (2013) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $1.75
Snow White and the Huntsman (Extended) (2012) (iTunes/4K) $3.25 (MA/HD) $2.25
Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs (1937) (MA/HD) $6 (GP/HD) $3.75
Snowden (2016) (MA/HD) $3.50 (iTunes/HD) $4
Son of God (2014) (MA/HD) $1.50
Sonic the Hedgehog (2020) (Vudu/4K) $6.25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $4
Sorry to Bother You (2018) (MA/HD) $4.75
Soul (2020) (MA/4K) $6 (MA/HD) $3.75 (GP/HD) $2.25
Space Between Us, The (2017) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Spider-Man Collection 1-8 (MA/HD) $26
Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) (MA/HD) $5.50
Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $3.50
Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) (MA/4K) $6.25 (MA/HD) $3.50
Spirit Untamed: The Movie (2021) (MA/HD) $5.25
SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015) (Vudu/HD) $4.75 (iTunes/HD) $3.50
Spotlight (2015) (MA/HD) $5 (iTunes/HD) $3
Spy Who Dumped Me (2018) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Star Trek Collection 1-3 (Vudu/HD) $9.50 (iTunes/4K) $13.50
Star, The (2017) (MA/HD) $4
Still Alice (2015) (MA/HD) $3.25
Straight Outta Compton (Unrated Director’s Cut) (2015) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Stronger (2017) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.50
Stuber (2019) (MA/HD) $5.25
Suffragette (2015) (iTunes/HD) Ports to MA $3
Super Buddies (2013) (MA/HD) $4.25 (GP/HD) $2.75
Super Mario Bros Movie (2023) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $5.25
Super Troopers (2002) (MA/HD) $5.50
Superman: Red Son (2020) (MA/HD) $3
SW: A New Hope (1977) (MA/4K) $7 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Empire Strikes Back (1980) (MA/4K) $7 (GP/HD) $3.50
SW: Rise of Skywalker (2019) (MA/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $4.75 (GP/HD) $2.25
SW: Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) (iTunes/4K) $5 (GP/HD) $3.50
Sword in the Stone (1963) (MA/HD) $5.75 (GP/HD) $3.25
T2 Trainspotting (2017) (MA/HD) $7
Tangled (2010) (MA/HD) $4.75 (GP/HD) $3.50
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3
Terminator: Genisys (2015) (Vudu/4K) $7 (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/4K) $3
Terms of Endearment (1983) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4.25
Think Like a Man (2012) & Too (2014) (MA/HD) $8.50
Thor (2011) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $7 (GP/HD) $3.50
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2014) (MA/HD) $5.50 (GP/HD) $3.75
TMNT Out of the Shadows (2016) (iTunes/4K) $4
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) (MA/4K) $5.75 (iTunes/4K) $4.50
Tomorrowland (2015) (MA/HD) $5.50 (GP/HD) $3.50
Top Gun (1986) (Vudu/4K) $4.50 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $3.50
Total Recall + Extended (2012) (MA/HD) $4.75
Transformers 1-5 (Vudu/4K) $25 (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $23
Trauma Center (2019) (iTunes/4K) $3.25
Trolls (2016) (MA/HD) $1.25
Trolls Collection 1-2 (MA/HD) $5.75
Tully (2018) (MA/HD) $5
Turbo (2013) (MA/HD) $2.50 (iTunes/SD) $1
Turning, The (2020) (MA/HD) $5.25
Uncut Gems (2019) (Vudu/HD) $4.25
Under the Skin (2014) (Vudu/HD) $4.75
Underwater (2020) (MA/HD) $5.50
Underworld: Awakening (2012) (MA/HD) $1.75
Underworld: Blood Wars (2016) (MA/HD) $2.25
Unhinged (2020) (Vudu/HD) $4.50
Up in Smoke ‘Cheech and Chong’ (1978) (iTunes/HD) $2.75
Upgrade (2018) (MA/HD) $6.75
Us (2019) (MA/HD) $4.75
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017) (Vudu/HD) $3.75
Venom (2005) (Vudu/HD) (iTunes/HD) $4
Vice (2015) 'Bruce Willis' (Vudu/HD) $2.50
Vice 'Christian Bale' (2018) (MA/HD) $4.75
Visit (2015) (MA/HD) $4.50
Vivo (2021) (MA/HD) $4
Walking with Dinosaurs (2013) (MA/HD) (iTunes/HD) $2.50
Warcraft (2016) (MA/4K) $4.50 (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2.25
Warm Bodies (2013) (iTunes/4K) $2.50 (Vudu/HD) $2
What Men Want (2019) (Vudu/HD) $1.75 (iTunes/4K) $1.25
When the Bough Breaks (2016) (MA/HD) $4.50
White Boy Rick (2018) (MA/HD) $5
Why Him? (2016) (iTunes/4K) (MA/HD) $2
Widows (2018) (MA/4K) $6.50 (MA/HD) $2
Wolf of Wall Street (2013) (Vudu/4K) $6 (iTunes/4K) $4 (Vudu/HD) $3.50
Wonder (2017) (iTunes/4K) (Vudu/HD) $2.75
Wonder Park (2019) (Vudu/HD) $3.50 (iTunes/4K) $2.25
Wonder Woman: Bloodlines (2019) (MA/HD) $2.75
Won't Back Down (2012) (MA/HD) $4
X-Men (2000), X2 (2003), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) (MA/HD) $12
X-Men: Dark Phoenix (2019) (MA/HD) $6
X-Men: First Class (2010), Days of Future Past (2004), Apocalypse (2014) (MA/HD) $10.50
Yesterday (2019) (MA/4K) $7 (MA/HD) $4.75
Young Adult (2011) (Vudu/HD) $6
Zombieland: Double Tap (2019) (MA/4K) $7.25 (MA/HD) $5.25

Part One Here!
Part Two Here!
Part Three Here!
Part Four Here!
Part Five Here!
Part Six Here!
Part Seven Here!
Part Eight Here!
Part Nine Here!
Part Ten Here!
Part Eleven Here!
Part Twelve Here!
Part Thirteen Here!
Part Fourteen Here!
Part Fifteen Here!
Part Sixteen Here!
Part Seventeen Here!
Part Eighteen Here!
Part Nineteen Here!
Part Twenty Here!
Part Twenty One Here!
Part Twenty Two Here!
Part Twenty Three Here!
Oh my god, it's taken over an hour just to post these fucking things.
We pick up just after 2022’s Forbidden Door, with John Cena winning the ultimate dream match against Hiroshi Tanahashi to win the Interim AEW World Championship, his first gold in AEW being his twentieth World Title under a fifth separate company banner. He’s coming out of it beaten up, undoubtedly, but as he comes up on the one year anniversary of his debut for the company, he still has a lot of goals - first and foremost amongst them being to turn that interim title into an undisputed title.
Road to All Out 2022
While lesser men would hold onto the gold and duck any potential opponents, the already battered Cena vows to turn the Franchise Open Challenge into a series of title eliminators, with the goal of fending off all comers until CM Punk’s return, whenever it may be.
The first man to step up to the plate is Brian Cage, who he collides with in a meaty exhibition match. The Machine throws everything he’s got at Cena, including a few astonishing aerial techniques, but he’s eventually overpowered by the champion, who lays him out with a Franchise Lariat for the win.
John Cena def. Brian Cage (10:42)
The next week on Dynamite, the Franchise goes toe to toe with Brody King in another tremendous bout, the House of Black’s daunting muscle bearing down on Cena with ruthless intent. He locks Cena in a dangling choke over the ropes, sending him back in for a nearfall, but Cena counters a Dante’s Inferno into a victory roll to just eke out a win, surviving another opponent.
John Cena def. Brody King (13:06)
Cena is told to take two weeks off for his health, but by the time he comes back, he still pretty clearly isn’t 100%. He’s bandaged up, but he still says he’s there for a fight, leading to the Franchise Open being answered by Dragon Lee. Lee’s offense is mercifully slightly less hard-hitting, but it’s still absolutely relentless, Lee overwhelming John and controlling the match for the first ten minutes with an unending onslaught. Eventually, Cena is forced to adapt to his high-octane assault by grounding him for long enough to cinch in the STFU for the win.
John Cena def. Dragon Lee (14:10) by submission
The next week, the Open Challenge is answered by yet another member of LFI, this time by its bruiser, RUSH. El Toro Blanco gives Cena the most trouble of anyone, having him beat in the air and on the ground with his vicious strikes, but John’s heart and perseverance is barely enough to permit him to scrape by, moving out of the way of a cannonball into the turnbuckles and capitalizing with an FU for the victory.
John Cena def. RUSH (16:35)
After the match, Cena grabs a microphone, looking down at himself. Kinesio tape crisscrosses his back and shoulders, and the knee Tanahashi worked on is tightly wrapped up. He says these matches have been getting longer and more challenging week over week, but he insists on being a fighting champion no matter the odds. However, he’s cut off by an attack from Lee and RUSH, only for both men to be chased off by FTR… AND HANGMAN PAGE! Page helps Cena to his feet, but then says he wants a rematch with Punk - and Cena’s the way to get it. He invokes the fact he’s already beaten Cena once, and challenges Cena to a title bout at Quake by the Lake in three weeks, saying he wants Cena in better shape than he is now. John agrees to the challenge, saying he’ll see Hangman in Minnesota - but vowing to walk out with the victory he couldn’t claim three months prior. FTR accompany Cena to the back, ready to get him in top condition for his second showdown with the Hangman.
Interim AEW World Title: John Cena (c) vs. Hangman Page
After having a truly epic encounter in May, Cena and Hangman are set for another Dynamite bout, this time with the stakes raised and the title on the line, and Cena hoping to avenge his prior loss to Page. This one takes on a slower pace from the jump, with there being less concern over their states after the bout, and both men knowing each other a bit better. Hangman maintains his offensive early, aware that even with the time he gave Cena to prepare, John’s still hurting, and starting to show his age. With his superior stamina, Page tries to gradually increase the pace as they progress out of the opening exchanges, forcing Cena out of his comfort zone with a wild forearm that catches him on the blind side, followed by a MOONSAULT FALLAWAY SLAM FOR A NEARFALL! Cena’s taken aback, rolling out to recover, but Page follows him with an ELBOW SUICIDA, DRIVING BOTH MEN CRASHING INTO THE BARRICADE! With John seeing stars, Page goes to work attacking the head directly, slamming Cena’s jaw off the top of the guardrail before rebounding him into the post, drawing blood from the Franchise as the crowd collectively gasp at the crimson mask forming on Cena’s face for the first time in ages.
Page sends Cena back between the ropes, calling for a Buckshot Lariat, but John takes his time getting up before USING PAGE’S MOMENTUM AGAINST HIM FOR AN ARM DRAG, LETTING LOOSE THE OPENING STAGES OF HIS FIVE MOVES OF DOOM! He slams Hangman down before going for the Five Knuckle Shuffle, but Page kips up as Cena bounces off the ropes, superkicking the champion before NAILING HIM WITH A CRACKER BARREL PILEDRIVER! ONE! TWO! TH-KICKOUT, BUT PAGE FOLLOWS IT UP WITH A DEADEYE! ONE! TWO! THR-NOOO! Super Cena is in full effect, not staying down for anything, but Page is fine resorting to brute force if it’ll get the job done, gripping the back of Cena’s head and landing punch after punch to the face, digging his knuckles into the wound on his forehead to draw as much blood as possible. Commentary notes that Hangman’s violent means are well thought out, literally draining Cena’s already limited energy from his body, drop by drop.
Soon enough, Page calls for the Buckshot Lariat again, Cena in no condition to defend himself from it, but THIS TIME HE SOMEHOW MANAGES TO INTERCEPT HANGMAN FOR AN FU! ONE! TWO! THR-PAGE KICKS OUT, BUT CENA’S BACK IN THE RACE! Cena starts unloading on the challenger with lefts and rights, backing him into the turnbuckles before getting him up onto the top turnbuckle. He keeps slugging Page in the face, clambering up to meet him as he calls for an Avalanche FU, but Page fires back with a flurry of elbows to the head, slipping behind to go for a BACKDROP DRIVER OFF THE MIDDLE ROPE, BUT CENA HOLDS ONTO THE ROPES! Page keeps leaning back, but Cena’s able to stay firmly planted, wiping the blood out of his eyes before slapping Hangman across the face, leaving a crimson handprint on his cheek. Page headbutts Cena, John collapsing over the ring post, Page stepping up to the top rope to bring the champ back down, but CENA HEAVES HIM IN AND NAILS AN AVALANCHE FU! ONE! TWO! THREE! CENA MANAGES TO SURVIVE HANGMAN PAGE!
John Cena def. Hangman Page (26:19) to retain the AEW World Title
Exhausted and bloodied, Cena drags himself to his feet using the ropes, hoisting the AEW Championship high above his head… before he hears static. CM Punk steps out onto the stage, holding his own AEW Title, and never mind deja vu - Cena’s having Vietnam flashbacks to 2011. CM Punk debuted this theme to interrupt Cena and bring out the world title that invalidated Cena’s interim one, and here, he’s doing the exact same thing, eleven years later. Walking down to the ring, Punk meets his old foe for the first time in a decade, slinging his title over his shoulder as Cena does the same. They exchange a few inaudible words, and Punk shoulder checks Cena, telling him he’ll be doing what he did eleven years prior all over again, because Cena’s got the placeholder gold.
The next week, they meet again, and exchange a few words before Punk lays out the challenge for All Out in Chicago. He says Cena can try and exorcise his demons by finally getting the job done in Chicago against the Voice of the Voiceless, but in the end, he promises history will repeat itself. Cena responds by saying that he’s more of a champion than Punk ever was - he’s fought week in and week out, he’s defended his title, and he knows CM Punk hasn’t successfully defended a championship since 2012. At All Out, he just intends to prove what he already knows - that the Champ is Here, and that the Champ has BEEN Here for a long time. To prove a point, he says he’ll defend the gold in the final Franchise Open Challenge before All Out.
His challenge is answered by a fresh opponent, but an interesting one - the fourth “Pillar” of AEW, and the last one Cena has to defeat to notch a clean sweep over them… the JAS’ Sammy Guevara.
Interim AEW World Title: John Cena (c) vs. Sammy Guevara
Guevara’s fast-paced offense overwhelms Cena to start, but Cena isn’t exactly in a losing mood, something he quickly demonstrates as Sammy misses a desperate 630 senton early in the match, and then does a double backflip to sell a FRANCHISE LARIAT! Cena looks down at the unmoving Guevara, locks eyes with CM Punk on commentary, and LOCKS IN THE STFU! GUEVARA TAPS!
John Cena def. Sammy Guevara (7:32) to retain the Interim AEW World Title
Punk slides straight into the ring, telling Cena that he might be fashioning himself as some sort of “Pillar Killer” to try and prove he can still go, but the fact is that Punk outclassed him a decade ago, and he’s outclassing him now. HE’S the real champion, and Cena’s just the alternative to the real star. In Chicago, he’ll take in the crowd like he did at Money in the Bank 2011, and he’ll take the title just like he did that night as well. Maybe he’ll even blow Cena a kiss. John tells Punk not to underestimate him - he may be beaten down, but he’s only gotta be better than Punk for three seconds… and the last time they faced off, it ended with Punk looking up at the lights, before he ended up looking for the exit door. Maybe this time he’ll have Punk doing the same.
All Out 2022
Earlier in the night, as in real life, a masked man wins the Poker Chip which permits them to challenge for the AEW World Title whenever they please - casting a long shadow over the much-anticipated main event.
Unified AEW World Title: John Cena (c, Interim) vs. CM Punk (c, AEW)
It’s a big fight feel for All Out’s main event, and nobody in AEW is ready for what’s about to happen in less than an hour. Cena and Punk lock up after taking in a few seconds of “holy shit” chants and the like, and it’s pretty quickly apparent that this’ll be a very different style of match than we’re used to between these men, both of whom are now very much grizzled veterans. Cena’s still got the power advantage, and with Punk’s extended time away from the ring, he’s also got the experience advantage, so he swiftly goes to work attacking the injured lower leg of the Straight Edge Saviour, employing the dragon screw leg whips Tanahashi used to make him suffer a few months prior. Punk is limping early, Chicago behind him 100% as Cena keeps on the attack, but Punk manages to fend him off for a moment with a head kick, only to drop to a knee clutching his foot. He pounces on a grounded John nonetheless, raining punches before tossing him into the corner for a high knee and a bulldog, following it up by slowly scaling the ropes for an ELBOW DROP, BUT CENA EVADES IT AND SEAMLESSLY CINCHES IN AN STFU! Punk quickly gets to the ropes before Cena can do too much damage, but Cena keeps showing an old dog can learn new tricks as he DEADLIFTS PUNK INTO A BACKDROP DRIVER! ONE! TWO! THRE-KICKOUT!
Cena bears down on Punk with a few more suplexes, following it with a side slam before calling for a Five Knuckle Shuffle. He leans over, declaring “YOU CAN’T SEE ME” before EATING A KICK TO THE FACE! Chicago is elated as Punk springs up, firing back with a series of big punches and a tornado DDT to send John rolling out under the bottom rope, Punk throwing caution to the wind with a SLINGSHOT CROSSBODY TO THE OUTSIDE! Punk continues to rally with a swinging neckbreaker on the floor, gingerly hopping onto the apron for a flying clothesline before sending Cena back between the ropes, ascending to the top turnbuckle to finally CONNECT WITH THE ELBOW DROP! ONE! TWO! TH-CENA KICKS OUT, AND PUNK TRANSITIONS STRAIGHT INTO AN ANACONDA VISE! Cena’s in danger of passing out, throwing blows to the body to try and shake Punk off, but his opponent keeps it cinched in. Eventually, Cena attacks the leg that Punk is posting on, landing an elbow to the foot and ankle to break Punk’s posture before rolling over into a BOSS MAN SLAM! He leans over for a deadlift powerbomb, but PUNK CINCHES IN A TRIANGLE CHOKE, CENA TRYING TO REVERSE OUT… BUT PUNK LANDS ON HIS ONE GOOD LEG, NAILING A KICK TO THE GUT BEFORE CONNECTING WITH A STUMP PULLER PILEDRIVER, AVOIDING PUTTING TOO MUCH PRESSURE ON HIS FOOT! ONE! TWO! THRE-CENA POWERS OUT!
Both men are hurting as they slowly fight to a vertical base, trading desperate haymakers to try and take this one home, to walk out the true World Champion, but neither of them will give an inch as they exchange shots. Punk finally resorts to another high kick, stunning Cena but also giving him an opening to strike with a FRANCHISE LARIAT TO PUNK, WHO PAUSED AFTER PLANTING HIS BAD FOOT! ONE! TWO! THRE-KICKOUT, BUT CENA FOLLOWS IT UP WITH AN FU! The air is let out of the Chicago crowd as Cena hooks both legs… ONE! TWO! THRE-PUNK GETS THE SHOULDER UP! It’s electric in AEW’s spiritual home as Cena struggles to even imagine what he has to do to finish the job against one of his greatest rivals, but he won’t give up, calling for another FU as Punk struggles to stand, both exhausted and unable to put much pressure on his wounded limb. Cena lies in wait, his opponent pivoting as CENA PICKS HIM UP, BUT PUNK SLIDES OFF HIS BACK BEFORE HOISTING CENA UP FOR A GTS! PUNK’S ONLY HOPE CONNECTS, THE FANS LEAPING FROM THEIR SEATS AS HE MAKES THE COVER… ONE! TWO! THRE-NOOOOO!
Now it’s Punk’s turn to let his surprise transform into fury, poised to strike once again as Cena begins to stir on the mat. It’s a much-needed reprieve for Punk, but he isn’t sure if he can get Cena up on his shoulders again, so he needs to get creative. He looks for another Anaconda Vise, but Cena somehow manages to get to his feet, simply charging into the turnbuckles at top speed before both men collapse in the corner, exhausted. Punk is the first to start moving, trying to clamber up the ropes, but Cena clocks him on the jaw before turning him around atop the turnbuckles - HE’S CALLING FOR THE AVALANCHE GERMAN, THE ONE HE FIRST HIT ON PUNK AT NIGHT OF CHAMPIONS THAT LEFT THEM BOTH DOWN FOR THE COUNT! Punk frantically fights back with elbows, jarring Cena for long enough to permit Punk to turn around, hooking the arms for a PEPSI PLUNGE, THE ONE BIG MOVE HE CAN HIT ON ONE LEG, BUT CENA TAKES OUT HIS FOOT, HEAVING HIM UP INTO AN AVALANCHE FU! ONE! TWO! THREE! JOHN CENA HAS BEATEN CM PUNK IN CHICAGO, AND HE’S NOW THE UNDISPUTED AEW WORLD CHAMPION!
John Cena def. CM Punk (25:18) to become the Undisputed AEW World Champion
Cena is handed both AEW Championships, slinging them over his shoulders before digging into his pocket and producing the Dynamite Diamond Ring, which he fits onto his finger. He’s truly on top of the world as he celebrates, embracing the sparse few fans on his side before rolling back into the ring, only to be DECKED FROM BEHIND BY THE MASKED MAN, CLAD IN A BLACK HOODIE! The figure stands tall over Punk and Cena, removing the hoodie to reveal a BURBERRY SCARF! HE TAKES OFF THE MASK… IT’S MJF! MJF tears the Dynamite Diamond Ring off Cena’s finger, smashing it into the champion’s skull over and over, just as he did at Winter is Coming eight months prior before raising the title above his head, saying he’ll be taking the gold from Cena… but he’ll be doing so properly, on his own time.
After the show, Brawl Out still takes place, Punk tearing into both muffins and the Elite. I probably couldn’t book this to not happen, but even if I could, I wouldn’t, because it was hilarious.
Road to Grand Slam 2022
John Cena opens the Dynamite following All Out (after TK’s announcement of suspensions), truly having reached the top of the promotion. He says that now, it’s even more important for him to bear the flag and represent the roster, to give the fans the best show possible, to demonstrate Hustle, Loyalty and Respect, and to never give up. He’s proud of his achievements, and he looks forward to more, but first, he has to talk about MJF… and speak of the Devil.
MJF tells Cena that he may have pinned Darby, he may have pinned Jungle Boy, he may have pinned Sammy, but he never pinned him. MJF beat himself, and he’ll never let that happen again, because he’s got a shot to get back everything he had and more - he’s going to make Cena regret ever thinking he had what it takes to walk through AEW’s doors. He tells Cena that at Grand Slam, in his home state of New York, he will be cashing in his Poker Chip for a shot at the AEW World Heavyweight Championship… but if Cena has any courage whatsoever, he’ll put the Dynamite Diamond Ring on the line as well, so MJF can win it back after being stripped of it so unfairly and outrageously. Cena accepts, telling Max he’ll see him there, but reverting to his previous approach against MJF - frustrating him by telling him he’s got a lot to learn, and at Grand Slam, Cena’s going to take him to school.
Grand Slam 2022
AEW World Title and Dynamite Diamond Ring: John Cena (c) vs. MJF
MJF’s first singles match since Double or Nothing comes with much fanfare, the Devil ready for war against the Cenation leader. Cena rushes him early, trying to catch him off-guard, but MJF simply rakes the eyes to get back in command, and then manages to maintain control for the rest of the opening stretch - his willingness to bend the rules and his superior agility paying dividends. Soon enough, Cena’s tenacity comes back into play, breaking free from a Salt of the Earth attempt to stack MJF up into a DEADLIFT POWERBOMB! He breaks out the flying shoulder blocks, followed by a side slam, and when he leans over for the taunt before the Five Knuckle Shuffle, MJF throws a Punk-esque kick to the head, only for Cena to scout it and PULL MJF INTO A BACK ROLL BY THE LEG, STRAIGHT INTO AN STFU! MJF scratches and claws his way to the ropes, crawling under them to the apron once Cena releases the hold. Cena follows him out, but it’s a fatal mistake, MJF shoving him HEADLONG INTO THE EDGE OF THE RING POST! Cena’s on dream street, and now MJF scoops him up for a TOMBSTONE PILEDRIVER ONTO THE APRON! Max collapses to the floor, as does Cena, but MJF is most definitely in control as he brings his face off the floor to display a sickeningly sly grin, and Cena brings his up to showcase a crimson mask.
Once the action returns to the ring, it’s all MJF’s wheelhouse, pulling out increasingly surprising moves against Cena, including a PEACH THUNDER DRIVER! ONE! TWO! THRE-CENA BARELY GETS THE SHOULDER UP! It’s a massacre as MJF sends Cena through the ropes to attempt a Heatseeker, Cena making a last-ditch effort with a BACK BODY DROP THAT SENDS MJF ALL THE WAY TO THE FLOOR! He follows MJF out, lighting him up with punches before sending him back in, knowing he’s got the challenger on the ropes. Cena goes for the FU, but MJF slides off his back and SENDS CENA STRAIGHT INTO THE REFEREE IN A HEAD-TO-HEAD COLLISION! MJF pries the ring out of Cena’s pocket, scrambling to put it on his own finger, and now HE THROWS A DIAMOND-ENCRUSTED PUNCH, BUT CENA CATCHES IT, ONLY FOR MJF TO GO LOW! Cena drops to his knees, and now MJF CRACKS HIM IN THE SKULL WITH THE DYNAMITE DIAMOND RING! He tucks it back into his trunks as the ref comes to, even more blood flowing from Cena’s head as MJF makes the cover… ONE! TWO! THRE-CENA KICKS OUT! MJF can’t believe it, but Cena is somehow still alive, lamely rolling to the apron as he leaks like a faucet out onto the mat. However, his retreat for recovery is fruitless, MJF simply heaving him through the ropes for a HEATSEEKER! ONE! TWO! THREE!
MJF def. John Cena (21:24) to win the AEW World Title and Dynamite Diamond Ring
Road to 2023
Cena comes out of New York having lost everything. MJF was right - in the end, no amount of heart and spirit can combat truly insurmountable obstacles. Cena’s beaten up, taking some time off through Full Gear, but he returns on Dynamite two weeks later. MJF is already mixed up in a feud with Ricky Starks, Cena left in the dust, but he knows that even if he deserves a rematch thanks to MJF’s underhanded tactics, he can’t really think of how he’d win it. He needs to fight the devil he knows, instead of the devil he doesn’t, and there’s one man he knows plenty well who happens to be holding gold of his own - Claudio Castagnoli.
Cena cuts a promo saying that with ROH under the AEW umbrella, he’s got the chance to right one of the biggest wrongs of his career by obtaining the Ring of Honor World Title, the one world championship that eluded him. When the NWA Title was the prize he wanted, he won it. When the TNA Title was the prize he wanted, he won it. When he wanted to dominate in Japan, he notched the contested IGF and IWGP gold. Same for the WWE, World Heavyweight, Universal, and AEW Titles - he’s won the top championship everywhere he went, except for Ring of Honor. He declares that he’s got history with Claudio, and Castagnoli’s been one of his favourite opponents… but he’s an opponent he always beat. They’ve both got something to prove, so Cena makes a suggestion - Cena vs. Castagnoli for the ROH World Title at Final Battle. If Cena wins, he gets the career-defining accolade of picking up gold everywhere he’s been, and if Claudio wins, he gets to finally say that Cena doesn’t have his number anymore. The BCC come on down to the ring, Cena sharing the ring with three old rivals in Danielson, Claudio and Moxley - and Claudio accepts the challenge, telling John he’s going to enjoy showing him just how much he’s grown since they last faced off.
Final Battle 2022
ROH World Title: John Cena vs. Claudio Castagnoli (c)
This is the opener, because Briscoes vs. FTR really needed to main event this show. Naturally, it begins with a test of strength, one which Claudio wins, Cena simply unable to physically match up to his finest counterparts at this point in his career. Claudio muscles Cena around with a few gutwrench suplexes, but Cena eventually gets back in the fight with a reversal, staving off the gutwrench by just managing to overpower Claudio to NAIL A POWERBOMB! He connects with a shoulder tackle, building up steam, but Castagnoli effortlessly cuts off his build to the Five Knuckle Shuffle by running the ropes as well, springing off the middle for a SPRINGBOARD CORKSCREW UPPERCUT! He goes for the Neutralizer, but Cena counters by simply charging both men straight through the ropes, crashing out to the apron, and it quickly turns into a melee for control on the hardest part of the ring. Both men throw their stiffest strikes, laying it in as much as they can, and Cena avoids being thrown into the post like he was by MJF before NAILING A GERMAN SUPLEX OFF THE APRON TO CLAUDIO, MOST CERTAINLY TURNING THE TIDES IN THE FAVOUR OF THE FRANCHISE!
Taking the action back between the ropes, Cena keeps the pressure on with an Emerald Flowsion for a nearfall, and then begins measuring Claudio up for an FU, only for the champion to reverse it, dropping down and muscling Cena up for a NEUTRALIZER! ONE! TWO! THRE-NOOO! Claudio grabs his challenger and goes straight for a Ricola Bomb, crossing the arms and heaving Cena up, but JOHN REVERSES INTO A HURRICANRANA! Castagnoli springs up, throwing a wild uppercut in his confusion, but Cena’s able to evade and scoop him up for an FU! ONE! TWO! THR-KICKOUT! Cena rolls straight over to go for another, but Claudio rolls off his back into a sunset flip, Cena back shoulder rolling to his feet and EATING AN UPPERCUT, CLAUDIO GRABBING HIS LEGS! HE’S GOING FOR THE SWING, AND HERE WE GO! The champion showcases his strength as he spins Cena around for what seems like an eternity, effortlessly swinging him in circles before finally setting him down after a mind-numbing 25 rotations. Dizzy, Claudio tries for a sharpshooter, but in a desperate effort to come away with the win, Cena simply PULLS HIM INTO A SMALL PACKAGE! ONE! TWO! THREE! HE GOT HIM! CENA STOLE ONE, AND HE’S PICKED UP THE RING OF HONOR WORLD TITLE FROM CLAUDIO CASTAGNOLI!
John Cena def. Claudio Castagnoli (23:05) to win the ROH World Title
It’s a 21st world title for Cena, reaching the highest level in a sixth separate promotion. Overcome with emotion, he lifts the title high above his head, a seething Claudio still showing respect and giving him a nod before rolling out of the ring, sure to come after the title in a rematch soon enough. However, it’s not Castagnoli who calls his shot as Cena’s next opponent - IT’S SAMOA JOE! THE MAN WHO BANISHED CENA FROM TNA AND WWE IS BACK TO HATE MORE, ENSNARING THE NEW ROH WORLD CHAMPION IN THE COQUINA CLUTCH! FTR rush down to the ring as Joe bails out, a smile on his face as he barks insults at Cena, saying he had to know this was coming.

Background: I have about seven years of experience in IT and Security with an educational background in Political Science. I passed the CISSP exam about a year and a half ago.
Method and Reasoning: I was very thorough in preparation for the CISSP. In hindsight, I probably over prepared, but I felt unprepared leading up to, and during, the exam. With the evenings and weekends I spent studying over the course of several months, I feel like I missed out on valuable time with family and friends. I did a six day bootcamp, Exam Cram, OSG, and three other books, and more than a thousand practice questions.
For the CCSP, I made a conscious effort to not use as much working time, vacation time, and time that would be better spent with family and friends. I used ben_malisow's WannaBeACCSP and the OSG as my primary resources. I supplemented this with Ben's WannaBeACCSP course book and Pete Zerger's Exam Cram YouTube video.
I read the OSG cover to cover during the evenings, while I dedicated 1-2 hours a day during work days to watch the WannaBeACCSP course and I took thorough notes. I never referenced the notes again, but I find the act of writing by hand greatly assists with comprehension and retention. While I was reading the OSG I also did the test questions in the Wiley test bank. In the four or so days leading up to the exam I skimmed the WannaBeACCSP course book and watched Exam Cram on 1.5 speed. I also did a practice exam on Wiley, and did a little targeted study based on my results.
Evaluation of Materials:
OSG - Essential. Despite the recommendation of others, including Pete Zerger, I wouldn't even consider attempting the exam without having read this book in it's entirety.
WannaBeACCSP Course - Great Material. Ben Malisow has an obviously strong understanding of the concepts and communicates very effectively. The material is concise, and I appreciate his interest in not delving into subjects that are tangential or adjacently related to content. He's very up front about the purpose of the course. It's to pass the exam not to teach you cybersecurity. If you just want content and don't really care about labs, anecdotes, case studies, etc, then this course is for you. Great value for money spent.
WannaBeACCSP Courseware - Given the cost of shipping this item to Canada, I would say it wasn't really worth it for me. The book has a lot of overlap with course, which shouldn't be that surprising. But I didn't really get my company's money's worth out of it. The final chapter, What You Need to Know About The CCSP Exam, is good information, but shouldn't be anything groundbreaking if you have taken the CISSP. For reference, the book was $48, which is reasonable. Shipping and handling to Canada was $61, which to me is a bit absurd. I wouldn't have spent my own dollars on this personally.
Exam Cram - Pretty good coverage of the material. There's a lot of extraneous information that Pete delves into which can be useful for aiding understanding--like screen recordings of Azure tenants settings and the like. I used this as a supplemental source, and since Pete covered some stuff that Ben either didn't go into great detail on, or mentioned only in passing, I think this worked quite well for me. However, there's some stuff that Pete digs into way more deeply than is warranted. Way too much time was spent on the various ISO frameworks, and way too deeply into the various laws. That being said, I don't think it would be reasonable to have higher expectations of free material to be honest.
Wiley Test Bank - Some of the questions aren't the best, but these are questions are written by the same people who wrote the OSG and CBK. They're not super similar to the exam questions, and they don't necessarily give you a preview of of what the exam will be like. However, It's included with the OSG, and it helps gauge preparedness and can expose you to a timed exam environment if there's quite a bit of distance between yourself and school. I highly recommended using the test bank if you have the OSG.
Exam: Duration - 2 hours and 8 minutes to provisional pass
Impression - It felt worse for me than the CISSP. Even though I knew roughly what to expect from an ISC2 exam, and knew that 50 of the 150 questions weren't scored, I still felt challenged and thrown off to an extent by some of the questions. Maybe it's supposed to be this way, but the content didn't really feel super cloud specific, it felt like the CISSP just with a little more cloud. A lot of people I've talked to have said that it was a lot easier or felt a lot better than the CISSP, but I disagree. I was relieved when it was over, and I honestly didn't know what the result was going to be when I flipped the paper. Very glad it's over.
Tips:
A lot of material out there dedicates a lot of time, energy, and space to all the ISO frameworks, tons of NIST SPs, very thorough coverage of American and international laws, and all the stages of various lifecycles. Don't strive for more than cursory knowledge of these topics. Memorizing ISO 28000:2022, ISO/IEC 15408-1:2022, ISO/IEC 17788:2014, ISO/IEC 17789:2014, ISO/IEC 19086:2016, ISO/IEC 19941:2017, ISO/IEC 19944:2017, ISO/IEC 20000-1:2019, ISO/IEC 27001:2013, ISO/IEC 27002:2022, ISO/IEC 27005:2018, ISO/IEC 27017:2015, ISO/IEC 27018:2019, ISO/IEC 27034:2011, ISO/IEC 27036-1:2021, ISO/IEC 27037:2012, ISO/IEC 27040:2015, ISO/IEC 27041:2015, ISO/IEC 27042:2015, ISO/IEC 27043:2015, ISO/IEC 27050-1:2019, ISO/IEC 29100:2011, NIST SP 500-292, NIST SP 500-293, NIST SP 800-12 Rev. 1, NIST SP 800-30, NIST SP 800-37 Rev. 2. NIST SP 800-40 Rev. 3, NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5, NIST SP 800-63, NIST SP 800-92, NIST SP 800-122, NIST SP 800-123, NIST SP 800-145, NIST SP 800-146, and NIST SP 800-161 is a fool's errand. I included all the above frameworks just to shed some light on the lunacy of it all by collecting them into a single location.
Knowing that that ISO is international, NIST is American, IEC is European and that they are frameworks is important. For exam purposes knowing anything about any of them in any level of detail is probably a waste of time and capacity. Knowing why you need a Risk Management framework or a Cyber Security Framework and the context in which they get applied matters far more than knowing that ISO and IEC collaborated to produce ISO/IEC 27002:2022 which is for security, cybersecurity, and privacy best practices and aids in implementing 27001.
The aphorism that the exam is a mile wide but an inch deep very much applies to the CCSP as well as the CISSP. Don't agonize over the acronyms and numbers.
Don't let the unscored questions get you down. Take a stab and move on.
Finally, thanks, u/ben_malisow, your course was instrumental.

Previous posts
Introduction/Methodology
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221-235
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176-190
164-175
155-163
140-154
131-139
121-130
111-120
110-101
100-91
90-81
80-71
70-61
60-51
50-41
40-31
Master List
All stats and info through the 2023 season.
If the formatting on this gets all janky, I apologize and I'll try to fix it later. I'm finishing up this section on a Mac and apparently it hates reddit's RTF editor. No idea why, I'm not very tech savvy. I research basketball from the 1950s, so that probably shouldn't be a surprise.
Anyway, here's the last bunch where there may be surprises in terms of who is in the group of ten. I'm guessing after this you can deduce who is in the top ten, and therefore 11-20.

• 30. John Havlicek - 402.4
  
  • Career - 383.1
    • 1963-1978
    • BOS
    • 131.7 Win Shares
    • 0.432 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (2 top five finishes: 1972 - 4th, 1973 - 5th)
    • 4x All-NBA First Team Selection (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974)
    • 7x All-NBA Second Team Selection (1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1976)
    • 13x All-Star Selection (1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978)
    • 5x All-Defensive First Team Selection (1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)
    • 13.3 Championship Win Shares (8 titles - 1963 BOS, 1964 BOS, 1965 BOS, 1966 BOS, 1968 BOS, 1969 BOS, 1974 BOS, 1976 BOS)
    • 5.6 Conference Finals Win Shares (4 Conf. Finals losses - 1967 BOS, 1972 BOS, 1973 BOS, 1975 BOS)
    • 1x Finals MVP (1974)
  • Peak - 421.8
    • 1970-1974
  • Other achievements
    • NCAA champion (1960)
    • 3x All-Defensive Second Team Selection (1969, 1970, 1971)
    • 20,000 Point Club (26,395; 18th all-time)
    • 5,000 Assist Club (6,114; 37th all-time)
    • 17 retired by the Boston Celtics
    • College Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
  • Havlicek had an interesting career which I don't think has yet been quite replicated. He was drafted onto a super successful team (the Russell-era Celtics) and was the sixth man there for most of the rest of Russell's run, resulting in six titles. Then after all of the old guard retired, he became the focal point and made several conference finals as well is winning one title, in really his last really good season. Then he was kind of the old guard/veteran presence for a few more years with another conference finals and another Finals win. The closest I can think would be someone like Tim Duncan who took more of a backseat in his twilight years, but Duncan came out of the gate as a superstar, so that part of the equation doesn't really work (even if you want to say David Robinson was already there.)
  • It's just a bit weird because it's kind of how you would expect a successful career arc to look, but it rarely ever does.
• 29. Elgin Baylor - 407.7
  
  • Career - 356.9
    • 1959-1972
    • MNL/LAL
    • 104.2 Win Shares
    • 2.442 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (7 top five finishes: 1959 - 3rd, 1960 - 5th, 1961 - 3rd, 1962 - 4th, 1963 - 2nd, 1968 - 3rd, 1969 - 5th)
    • 10x All-NBA First Team Selection (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969)
    • 11x All-Star Selection (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970)
    • 10.6 Finals Win Shares (7 Finals losses - 1959 MNL, 1962 LAL, 1963 LAL, 1966 LAL, 1968 LAL, 1969 LAL, 1970 LAL)
    • 5.0 Conference Finals Win Shares (3 Conf. Finals losses - 1960 MNL, 1961 LAL, 1965 LAL)
  • Peak - 458.4
    • 1959-1963
  • Other achievements
    • NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player (1958)
    • Rookie of the Year (1959)
    • 1x All-Star Game MVP (1959)
    • 20,000 Point Club (23,149; 33rd all-time)
    • 10,000 Rebound Club (11,463; 27th all-time)
    • 22 retired by the Los Angeles Lakers
    • 1x Executive of the Year (2006)
    • College Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
  • For my money, Elgin Baylor is the best player to never win a title, with all due respect to Charles Barkley (which is a lot) and Karl Malone (which is none).
  • I would also say Baylor is the second-best player to never win MVP, after Jerry West. (I'm not counting George Mikan because the MVP only existed for his final season. And I know Scottie Pippen, who also never won an MVP, is the next guy on the list, but he's only slightly higher points-wise, and I'd rather build a team around Baylor - which is no slight to Pippen.)
  • Baylor's 1962 season is the stuff of legends. He was on active duty in the military, stationed at Fort Lewis in Washington State. He only got to play with the Lakers on weekends, where he would just have to fly coach to wherever they were playing (including home games). He managed to play in 48 games, where he averaged 38.3/18.6/4.6 for the season, and finished fourth in MVP voting and made the All-NBA First Team. (This is the official story I've gotten from multiple sources, however if you go through Baylor's game log, it looks like he was able to play most of November and December, while having to do the weekend thing for January-March, so it's possible his "active duty" status didn't kick in until January 1962. I'm still trying to dig further into that, but either way, quite an impressive year.)
  • Side note: 1962 was an absolutely wild year with the MVP voting - Bill Russell won averaging 18.9/23.6/4.5 for a 60-win Celtics team. Wilt Chamberlain finished second with 50.6/25.7/2.4 while playing 48.5 minutes per game (none of those are typos). Oscar Robertson recorded the first ever triple-double for a season with 30.8/12.5/11.4 and finished third. Baylor was fourth while serving active duty in the military. Jerry West was fifth with 30.8/7.9/5.4. Every guy was between 23 and 27 years old. Oh, and 29-year-old Bob Pettit finished sixth with 31.1/18.7/3.1 for an abysmal Hawks team. (This is why I use MVP Award Shares rather than MVP wins in this formula. Every one of those seasons deserves some sort of extra credit.)
• 28. Scottie Pippen - 413.1
  
  • Career - 338.0
    • 1988-2004
    • CHI, HOU, POR, CHI
    • 125.1 Win Shares
    • 0.715 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (2 top five finishes: 1994 - 3rd, 1996 - 5th)
    • 3x All-NBA First Team Selection (1994, 1995, 1996)
    • 2x All-NBA Second Team Selection (1992, 1997)
    • 2x All-NBA Third Team Selection (1993, 1998)
    • 7x All-Star Selection (1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997)
    • 8x All-Defensive First Team Selection (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999)
    • 15.6 Championship Win Shares (6 titles - 1991 CHI, 1992 CHI, 1993 CHI, 1996 CHI, 1997 CHI, 1998 CHI)
    • 5.0 Conference Finals Win Shares (3 Conf. Finals losses - 1989 CHI, 1990 CHI, 2000 POR)
  • Peak - 488.2
    • 1994-1998
  • Other achievements
    • 2x All-Defensive Second Team Selection (1991, 2000)
    • 1x All-Star Game MVP (1994)
    • 2x Olympic Gold Medalist (1992, 1996)
    • 5,000 Assist Club (6,135; 35th all-time)
    • 33 retired by the Chicago Bulls
  • Pippen, just by virtue of his most famous teammate, is never going to get the full credit he deserves for just how good he was: a legtimate MVP candidate, All-NBA First Team-caliber player who routinely finished top five in Defensive Player of the Year voting. (He was top five five times and finished second twice in 1995 and 1996 - behind Dikembe Mutombo and Gary Payton, respectively.)
  • Let me put it this way, and this is solely to praise Pippen and not to put any weight in the "GOAT debate," but Jordan doesn't win all six of those titles without him. Does he win like three or four of them with an average player in place of Pippen? Yeah. Maybe even five. But I think the 1993 Suns would've been almost impossible to beat without him.
  • Another way to put it (and I guess you can put this in the GOAT argument if you want), but I don't think LeBron ever consistently played with anyone who was as good as Pippen at his peak. It's a little tougher to quantify because Pippen's best statistical seasons are 1994-1995 when Jordan wasn't playing (obviously). In 1994 he averaged 22.0/8.7/5.6 with 2.9 steals and 0.8 blocks while leading the Bulls to 55 wins and finishing third in MVP voting and fourth in DPOY voting. But let's just use his 1996 numbers as an example then: 19.4/6.4/5.9 with 1.7 steals and 0.7 blocks, finishing fifth for MVP and second for DPOY. Dwyane Wade's 2011 Heat is probably the closest - 25.5/6.4/5.6 with 1.5 steals and 1.1 blocks, finishing seventh in MVP voting. That's pretty close, but Jordan got roughly five seasons of that type of Pippen play, while LeBron had maybe two or three from Wade. Anthony Davis in 2020 was also a monster (26.1/9.3/3.2/1.5/2.3, 6th in MVP, 2nd in DPOY), but he also didn't really sustain that for multiple years.
  • Pippen's post-Bulls years though, are the most fascinating to me. He was on the 1999 Rockets with Charles Barkley and Hakeem Olajuwon, and I always wonder if that might have worked out differently with a full season for them. (But maybe not, as they were all getting fairly old by then.) Buth the 2000 Trail Blazers was an absolutely stacked team who I think would've won the title if not for an epic Game 7 implosion in the Conference Finals where the lost a 15 point lead to the Shaq-Kobe Lakers in the fourth quarter. That team's starting lineup was Damon Stoudamire-Steve Smith-Pippen-Rasheed Wallace-Arvydas Sabonis, and they were bringing Detlef Schrempf, Jermaine O'Neal, Brian Grant, and Greg Anthony off the bench. That is an absolutely loaded team. I think we'd all feel quite a bit differently about Pippen if he'd managed to snag a title that year, even if it was more of a 2004 Pistons type title.
• 27. Charles Barkley - 420.7
  
  • Career - 372.3
    • 1985-2000
    • PHI, PHO, HOU
    • 177.2 Win Shares
    • 2.437 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (4 top five finishes, 1 win: 1988 - 4th, 1990 - 2nd, 1991 - 4th, 1993 - 1st)
    • 5x All-NBA First Team Selection (1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993)
    • 5x All-NBA Second Team Selection (1986, 1987, 1992, 1994, 1995)
    • 1x All-NBA Third Team Selection (1996)
    • 11x All-Star Selection (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997)
    • 4.6 Finals Win Shares (1 Finals loss - 1993 PHO)
    • 3.5 Conference Finals Win Shares (2 Conf. Finals losses - 1985 PHI, 1997 HOU)
  • Peak - 469.0
    • 1989-1993
  • Other achievements
    • SEC Player of the Year (1984)
    • 1x All-Star Game MVP (1991)
    • 2x Olympic Gold Medalist (1992, 1996)
    • 20,000 Point Club (23,757; 29th all-time)
    • 10,000 Rebound Club (12,546; 19th all-time)
    • 34 retired by the Philadelphia 76ers
    • 34 retired by the Phoenix Suns
    • College Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
  • One quick note before I go on a super long ramble: Barkley is officially listed at 6'6", but I've seen several sources say he's closer to 6'4". Regardless, he's the shortest player in the top 20 in rebounds in NBA history. Wes Unseld is listed at 6'7", Buck Williams and Jerry Lucas are listed at 6'8", everyone else is 6'9" or taller.
  • I know I've mentioned this in bits and pieces before, but here's my full Unified Theory of Understanding Modern Basketball through the Lens of Charles Barkley.
  • Alright, so Barkley gets drafted in 1984, has an incredibly successful career, and retires at the end of the 2000 season. At that point in time, he's really undeniable one of the top 20 players of all time. Shaq, Kobe, and Duncan all had just one title each. Garnett and Nowitzki had no titles. The next generation of stars who would pass him (LeBron, Curry, Durant) were in high school or middle school. Jokic was five years old. You could probably make an argument Barkley was top 15 at that point. (One of my long term goals for this project is to do a progressive/year-by-year ranking, but we'll see how long that takes if it actually ends up a reality.)
  • Barkley then immediately begins his broadcasting career, where he is hired by Turner Sports/TNT. "Inside the NBA" was an already existing show with Ernie Johnson as the host and Kenny Smith as an analyst, but adding Barkley instantly caught lightning in a bottle and it immediately became the "go-to" show for anyone who wanted to watch basketball, see highlights, and hear insightful and hilarious discussion. Literally anyone who had any interest in basketball watched this show from 2000-onwards.
  • Now, due to the nature of the show, and Barkley's congeniality, a lot of good-natured ribbing took place, especially between Kenny and Charles (or any guests and Charles). Kenny, who I would say has something of an ego (not like a crazy amount, but he's a prideful guy) didn't always take it well when he'd talk about his accomplishments and Chuck would follow up with "Like what? Getting Hakeem water on the bench?" And the only comeback to that (like, literally, the only thing you can criticize Barkley for in his entire career) was "well you ain't got no rings!"
  • Barkley, on the other hand, seems very secure in his career - he seems to embody that Captain Picard quote: "It is possible to commit no errors and still lose. That is not a weakness. That is life." Barkley did his best against Michael Jordan and Hakeem Olajuwon, came up short, and still held his head high because there really isn't a lot of shame in losing to those guys.
  • However, what did everyone see? One of the all time greats, getting roasted by Kenny Smith, of all people, a sixth man on a couple title teams who never made an All-Star Game. This goes on for ten years (Shaq joined the broadcast crew in 2011, which only exacerbated the problem because he had no insight to provide and backed up everything he said with "ringz Erneh").
  • Remember, LeBron, Curry, Durant, Bosh, Anthony... I mean, every star of that generation was watching that show at an impressionable age and thinking "the worst thing that could ever happen to me is not winning a title. I'll be damned if I'm going to get insulted by the likes of my generation's Kenny Smith after I retire."
  • Suddenly, it's not just about winning a ring being the most important goal. It is the only goal worth pursuing, every other accolade or "legacy" consideration be damned. And that's how we ended up with the Heatles and Durant on the Warriors. (There's a bit more to psychoanalyze with the Durant move(s), but I'll leave that for his entry.)
  • And there you have it, the last 25 years of basketball history, summed up because Charles Barkley became a TV broadcaster.
• 26. Nikola Jokic - 431.2
  
  • Career - 285.1
    • 2016-2023
    • DEN
    • 94.5 Win Shares
    • 2.738 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (4 top five finishes, 2 wins: 2019 - 4th, 2021 - 1st, 2022 - 1st, 2023 - 2nd)
    • 3x All-NBA First Team Selection (2019, 2021, 2022)
    • 2x All-NBA Second Team Selection (2020, 2023)
    • 5x All-Star Selection (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)
    • 5.0 Championship Win Shares (1 title - 2023 DEN)
    • 2.5 Conference Finals Win Shares (1 Conf. Finals loss - 2020 DEN)
    • 1x Finals MVP (2023)
  • Peak - 577.2
    • 2019-2023
  • Other achievements
    • 1x Adriatic League MVP (2015)
    • 1x Olympic Silver Medalist (2016)
    • 1x Western Conference Finals MVP (2023)
  • I haven't crunched all the numbers yet for this season - I have the career scores currently figured, but the peak scores are too complicated to keep track of until the actual offseason. But with another MVP and All-NBA First Team and just all-around stellar season, I can tell you Jokic has moved into at least 22nd place, and I'm guessing he'll probably be closer to 20th once I calculate everything.
  • I think there are three basic qualities that a player needs to have to be successful at the highest levels of basketball: height, athleticism, and intelligence. And I'm talking like, top 1% of the top 1% of the human population in those things. You can get by for a little bit with just one, but you'll probably max out in college. A good NBA player has at least two of the three. The greatest NBA players have all three. Jokic is obviously insanely smart and very tall, but he's also deceptively athletic. I don't think he can jump at all, but I once saw him play a four-overtime game. The guy has crazy endurance. Anyway, all that is to say, of all the currently active non-LeBron players, I think he's got the best chance of cracking the top ten. Though I don't think he'll ever be in the GOAT conversation, just because we'll never see him do like a windmill dunk, and it's hard to imagine the best basketball player ever not having superhuman athleticism.
• 25. George Mikan - 435.5
  
  • Career - 302.9
    • 1949-1954, 1956
    • MNL
    • 108.7 Win Shares
    • 6x All-BAA/NBA First Team Selection (1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954)
    • 4x All-Star Selection (1951, 1952, 1953, 1954)
    • 15.8 Championship Win Shares (5 titles - 1949 MNL, 1950 MNL, 1952 MNL, 1953 MNL, 1954 MNL)
    • 1.1 Conference Finals Win Shares (1 Conf. Finals loss - 1951 MNL)
  • Peak - 568.1
    • 1949-1953
  • Other achievements
    • 1x College Player of the Year (1944)
    • 1x Consensus College Player of the Year (1945)
    • 2x NBL champion (1947, 1948)
    • 2x All-NBL First Team Selection (1947, 1948)
    • 1x NBL MVP (1948)
    • 1x All-Star Game MVP (1953)
    • 99 retired by the Los Angeles Lakers
    • College Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
  • Keep in mind, Mikan is this high and he doesn't garner any points from MVP votes because the MVP didn't exist until his final season. He definitely would have had at least two wins, and almost certainly six top-five finishes if it had existed for his entire career. He also did all of this in a seven-season career.
  • Mikan also doesn't get any credit for his NBL feats, which included an MVP and two titles in his three seasons there. (Mikan was originally on the Chicago American Gears, but after a complicated story which I'm just not going to get into here, the team folded and the players were dispersed to the other NBL teams, and the Lakers got Mikan. They would win the NBL title in 1947 and 1948, jump to the BAA in 1949 and win the title, and then get folded into the newly formed NBA and won titles in 1950, 1952, 1953, and 1954.)
  • Essentially, Mikan four-peated, lost in the Conference Finals, and then three-peated. If it were up to me, I'd put this guy no lower than 12 on any list, but since I'm doing a math-based list and want to be fair, he can't get credit for things I don't have stats for.
• 24. Dirk Nowitzki - 440.3
  
  • Career - 403.5
    • 1999-2019
    • DAL
    • 206.3 Win Shares
    • 1.809 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (3 top five finishes, 1 win: 2005 - 3rd, 2006 - 3rd, 2007 - 1st)
    • 4x All-NBA First Team Selection (2005, 2006, 2007, 2009)
    • 5x All-NBA Second Team Selection (2002, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2011)
    • 3x All-NBA Third Team Selection (2001, 2004, 2012)
    • 14x All-Star Selection (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2019)
    • 3.6 Championship Win Shares (1 title - 2011 DAL)
    • 5.4 Finals Win Shares (1 Finals loss - 2006 DAL)
    • 2.6 Conference Finals Win Shares (1 Conf. Finals loss - 2003 DAL)
    • 1x Finals MVP (2011)
  • Peak - 477.1
    • 2005-2009
  • Other achievements
    • German Bundesliga MVP (1999)
    • 1x Teammate of the Year (2017)
    • 1x World Cup Bronze Medalist (2002)
    • 1x World Cup MVP (2002)
    • 1x EuroBasket Silver Medalist (2005)
    • 1x EuroBasket MVP (2005)
    • 20,000 Point Club (31,560; 6th all-time)
    • 10,000 Rebound Club (11,489; 26th all-time)
    • 41 retired by the Dallas Mavericks
  • Dirk rightfully gets a ton of credit for hauling a "no-business-being-there" team to the title in 2011 against an absolutely stacked Heat team. He was helped by an all-time choke job from LeBron James that year, but still, his best teammates were Tyson Chandler, Jason Terry, and a 37-year-old Jason Kidd.
  • And good god, did that man need that title to bump up his legacy. Before 2011, all Dirk had was blowing a 2-0 Finals lead in 2006 (which he was absolutely masterful in for that playoff run, by the way: his 5.4 win shares that postseason are the third-most of any single postseason, behind Tim Duncan in 2003 and LeBron James in 2012), followed by a 67-win MVP season the next year, where he promptly got "We Believe'd" by the Warriors in the first round in the first round in six games. Then a first round loss, a second round loss, and a first round loss the next three years. However, since he got his one ring, all of that is forgiven and forgotten and he gets to be a champion forever.
  • One thing that never gets mentioned with Dirk, though, is how he's in the 30,000 point club and sixth all-time on that leaderboard. LeBron, Kareem, Karl Malone, Kobe, Jordan, Dirk, Wilt. That's the 30,000 club. Durant will likely join next season as he only needs 1,076 more, but it's going to be a while before we see anyone else hit that mark. Harden and Westbrook are 4000+ away and not getting any younger. Curry and DeRozan are 6000+ away. Chris Paul and Lillard are 8000+ away. And that's every active 20,000+ point scorer. The next closest is Giannis at 18,502 points. Could he score 11,500 more in his career? Sure, but it's hardly a guarantee at this point.
• 23. Kevin Garnett - 462.1
  
  • Career - 415.3
    • 1996-2016
    • MIN, BOS, BRK, MIN
    • 2.752 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (5 top five finishes, 1 win: 2000 - 2nd, 2001 - 5th, 2003 - 2nd, 2004 - 1st, 2008 - 3rd)
    • 4x All-NBA First Team Selection (2000, 2003, 2004, 2008)
    • 3x All-NBA Second Team Selection (2001, 2002, 2005)
    • 2x All-NBA Third Team Selection (1999, 2007)
    • 15x All-Star Selection (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013)
    • 1x Defensive Player of the Year (2008)
    • 9x All-Defensive First Team Selection (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011)
    • 4.1 Championship Win Shares (1 title - 2008 BOS)
    • 2.4 Finals Win Shares (1 Finals loss - 2010 BOS)
    • 5.0 Conference Finals Win Shares (2 Conf. Finals losses - 2004 MIN, 2012 BOS)
  • Peak - 508.9
    • 2004-2008
  • Other achievements
    • 2x All-Defensive Second Team Selection (2006, 2007, 2012)
    • 1x All-Star Game MVP (2003)
    • 1x Citizenship Award (2006)
    • 1x Olympic Gold Medalist (2000)
    • 20,000 Point Club (26,071; 19th all-time)
    • 10,000 Rebound Club (14,662; 9th all-time)
    • 5,000 Assist Club (5,445; 55th all-time)
    • 5 retired by the Boston Celtics
  • Garnett is somewhat similar to Nowitzki in that they're all time greats who only won it all once, but that one win is all they needed because now they're champions and that's all we care about when we think of them.
  • Garnett, however, unlike Nowitzki, had absolutely abysmal teams in Minnesota. Nowitzki had a few pretty good squads/teammates in Dallas, but Garnett's Minnesota years were rough.
  • Here's the list of Hall of Famers Garnett played with during 14 seasons in Minnesota. Ready? Ok, here we go... it was newly-inducted Chauncey Billups. For two seasons. That's it.
  • Want to know the All-Stars Garnett played with during his time there? And I'm talking where they were a current All-Star (not future or former) in a season with Garnett as a teammate: Tom Gugliotta in 1997, Wally Szczerbiak in 2002, and Sam Cassell in 2004.
  • The instant he was put on a team with other Hall of Fame level players, he immediately won a title.
• 22. James Harden - 467.3
  
  • Career - 372.2
    • 2010-2023
    • OKC, HOU, BRK, PHI
    • 158.0 Win Shares
    • 3.655 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (6 top five finishes, 1 win: 2014 - 5th, 2015 - 2nd, 2017 - 2nd, 2018 - 1st, 2019 - 2nd, 2020 - 3rd)
    • 6x All-NBA First Team Selection (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)
    • 1x All-NBA Third Team Selection (2013)
    • 10x All-Star Selection (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022)
    • 2.4 Finals Win Shares (1 Finals loss - 2012 OKC)
    • 7.0 Conference Finals Win Shares (3 Conf. Finals losses - 2011 OKC, 2015 HOU, 2018 HOU)
  • Peak - 562.3
    • 2015-2019
  • Other achievements
    • 1x Sixth Man of the Year (2012)
    • 1x Olympic Gold Medalist (2012)
    • 1x World Cup Gold Medalist (2014)
    • 20,000 Point Club (24,693; 25th all-time)
    • 5,000 Assist Club (7,015; 20th all-time)
  • Look, this seems oddly high to me too, and I'm not exactly happy about it, but it's the direct result of half a decade of sportswriters saying, "look, this seems oddly high to me, and I'm not exactly happy about it, but this guy is a top 3 MVP candidate."
  • Harden was on an absolute bender of snagging MVP votes from 2014-2020. In those seven seasons, he finished top five six times, and of those six times, five of them were third place or better.
  • I get not wanting to put him this high because of how he generally leaves teams (although that is usually hilarious), but it's hard to ignore his impact on the game for half a decade and beyond.
• 21. David Robinson - 470.7
  
  • Career - 396.0
    • 1990-2003
    • SAS
    • 178.7 Win Shares
    • 3.123 Adjusted MVP Award Shares (5 top five finishes, 1 win: 1991 - 3rd, 1992 - 3rd, 1994 - 2nd, 1995 - 1st, 1996 - 2nd)
    • 4x All-NBA First Team Selection (1991, 1992, 1995, 1996)
    • 2x All-NBA Second Team Selection (1994, 1998)
    • 4x All-NBA Third Team Selection (1990, 1993, 2000, 2001)
    • 10x All-Star Selection (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001)
    • 1x Defensive Player of the Year (1992)
    • 4x All-Defensive First Team Selection (1991, 1992, 1995, 1996)
    • 5.3 Championship Win Shares (2 titles - 1999 SAS, 2003 SAS)
    • 4.1 Conference Finals Win Shares (2 Conf. Finals losses - 1995 SAS, 2001 SAS)
  • Peak - 545.4
    • 1992-1996
  • Other achievements
    • 3x CAA Player of the Year (1985, 1986, 1987)
    • 1x Consensus College Player of the Year (1987)
    • Rookie of the Year (1990)
    • 4x All-Defensive Second Team Selection (1990, 1993, 1994, 1998)
    • 1x Sportsmanship Award (2001)
    • 1x Citizenship Award (2003)
    • 2x Olympic Gold Medalist (1992, 1996)
    • 1x Olympic Bronze Medalist (1988)
    • 1x World Cup Gold Medalist (1986)
    • 20,000 Point Club (20,790; 44th all-time)
    • 10,000 Rebound Club (10,497; 33rd all-time)
    • 50 retired by the San Antonio Spurs
    • FIBA Hall of Fame Inductee (2013)
  • Okay, so, for those who weren't around from about 1990-1995, David Robinson was the exemplar for what we thought basketball was going to become in the coming decade plus. I cannot stress that enough. He was huge. He was ripped. He was likeable. He was doing things like putting up a quadruple-double. (A 34-10-10-10 with 2 steals to be exact.)
  • Robinson won Rookie of the Year in 1990, Defensive Player of the Year in 1992, finishes second in MVP voting to Hakeem Olajuwon in 1994, and then wins MVP in 1995. And there was a lot of talk in 1994 that Robinson deserved it over Hakeem - it was a very close call. This is to go along with a World Cup Gold Medal and an Olympic Gold Medal by 1992 (first player to ever get both).
  • And then, tragedy for the Admiral: he leads the Spurs to Western Conference Finals in 1995 as the #1 seed, and comes up against the 6th seeded Houston Rockets, where Hakeem proceeds to absolutely destroy him. Remember, they're guarding each other, so this is reflective of both their offense and defense, but in that series, Hakeem averages 35.3/12.5/5.0 with 1.3 steals and 4.5 blocks on 56% shooting. Robinson averages 23.8/11.3/2.7 with 1.5 steals and 2.2 blocks. Rockets win in six, and basically definitively shut down the conversation on who was better once and for all.
  • 1996 was another typically stellar season by Robinson's standards (he finished second in MVP voting), but goes out early in the playoffs again. Then he gets hurt six games into the 1997 campaign, and the second worst thing that could've happened to his legacy does: the Spurs absolutely tank, and then draft an even better player than him with the #1 pick in Tim Duncan.
  • Now, don't get me wrong, I'm sure Robinson is thrilled he has two rings. But he was a role player for the second ring, and he was very much option B for the first one. With the lockout, 1999 was a weird year to draw any conclusions from, but ultimately, we remember that as the ascendance of Duncan, not Robinson finally getting one.
  • I guess what I'm saying is, it's a little strange that he's clearly a top 25 player of all time, and yet we rarely think of him, because he was beaten by a better opponent, and because he was outshone by a better teammate.

Much like the Emo genre itself, finishing this series off is cathartic and bittersweet. I’ve put months and months of my spare time and effort into this project and I’m very proud of how it turned out. If even one person discovered something new that they now love through these articles, my goal has been reached. Before we continue, I want to thank everyone for all the kind words that have been said about this series. I love this genre and I really want everyone to know that all the waves deserve to be loved, including the criminally misunderstood Third Wave.
I’ll be keeping this key from the last post: 💎 next to a name means it's a hidden gem. 🎩 next to a name means it's one of the top releases of the entire wave.
The first section that we’ll cover today is Emo Proto-Revival. Now, just what in the Hell is that? To be honest, I don’t actually know. It’s a term thrown around to describe pre-Emo Revival bands that have a similar sound, a great influence on the Revival itself, feature Revival band members in older projects or otherwise just sound like they could be Emo Revival albums yet predate them. There’s naturally going to be some crossover with the Carrying the Second Wave section, given their goals of emulating the OG Midwest Emo sound. However, Proto-Revival usually has something more “modern” to set it apart, whether in production or in genre integrations. Math Rock in particular was a popular ingredient in the concoction for many of these bands, leading to the popularity of Math Rock influence in Fourth Wave Emo.

Parsing Through Proto-Revival to Bridge the Gap

Colossal - Brave The Elements (2003)

Admittedly, I could have put Colossal’s LP in this section as well and perhaps should have. However, I wanted to highlight just how unique their 2004 album was, even among other Proto-Revival releases. Their debut EP, on the other hand, is a bit more in line with what you’d imagine a Proto-Revival release would sound like: gorgeous guitar twinkles, fluctuating volume dynamics, strong trumpet presence and overall less Jazzy than their later work. However you characterize this band’s sound, you owe it to yourself as a fan of Emo to give them a listen, even if I’d be lying by saying there was any “Proto-Revival” when the genre’s dirt was still fresh.

Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A Start - And Nothing is #1 (2003)

How can I possibly categorize this release? Though the band was technically formed at the tail-end of the Second Wave, they did release a few songs pre-2003. Perhaps this means I should have put them in Part 1 of this series, either as a Second Wave Band or one strongly influenced by that sound. Regardless, Up Up Down Down is commonly (as common as this obscure band can be) referred to as a Proto-Revival sound and a small but profound influence on upcoming Emo Revivalists. Primitive twinkles can be found in the guitar playing while all of the good ol’ Midwest Emo elements are here. Uncommon time signatures and switches can also be heard by the discerning ear.
In addition to the pre-Third Wave releases, this band also came out with several EPs during this time period. Perhaps the best one would be released four years later…

Tamiroff - Bittersweet and Strange (2004)

Surprised to see them here? Faithful followers of this series will note that Tamiroff came out with their Demo in 2004, a Midwest Screamo affair. However, this band’s extremely limited discography is a microcosm of the influence of that particular subgenre as they found themselves coming out with an early Proto-Revival EP! Admittedly, I don’t know which record actually released first, but I’m willing to believe it was their demo.
There's the odd 2000s Post-Hardcore section here and there between the crashes and waves of Math Rock-laden Midwest Emo. This release accentuates the positives of traditional Midwest Emo, previews the future of the genre with twinkly Math Rock influences and showcases the Post-Hardcore tendencies that would lead into Polar Bear Club.

Special Noise - Special Noise (2005)

A noisy and dissonant take on Proto-Revival Emo, Special Noise enters with a guitarist who has actually experimented with his guitar's lower three strings, utilizing cool Mathy riffs without relying on the genre’s ever-present twinkles. The basement aesthetics are strong with this release, but that says nothing of each song’s individual quality. The band would come out with another EP in 2008 before calling it quits.

Everybell and Whistle - Everybody Wrestle (2005)

Recorded at an ill Nate Kinsella's commune warehouse space in Chicago with a makeshift drum kit and a guitar passed through two different amps to act as a bass, this record exemplifies the DIY spirit of Midwest Emo, especially during the early Revival and Proto-Revival period. The production values reflect the DIY recording approach to a tee, but that says nothing of the excellent musical quality found within the record.
Feeding off 90s Midwest Emo as much as Kinsella projects like Joan of Arc, the jangly riffs, volume dynamics and Hardcore kid-clean vocals define this 20+ minute aural jaunt.

Decmebers Architects - ,Apiary Ennui and Curiosas. The Brew Shakes (2005)

Forget ambition, what Nate Kinsella and Co were attempting with this album is nothing short of visionary, even if the towering heights they aimed for weren’t quite reached. Although this album was released in 2005, the LP was the final recording of this late 90s Midwest Emo project from 2001. Naturally, the guitar tones are quite gritty, matching the aesthetic of late Second Wave Emo. However, the experimentation here goes beyond what most Emo bands would call “experimentation,” including instruments like the turntable!
The Math Rock twinkles are there as expected, juxtaposed by harsh guitars, weird noises and interesting song structures. Even though this may not technically be Proto-Revival, it will be appreciated by anyone into that sound.

Saleontomorrow - Demo (2005)

Only three tracks in length, this release further cements the 00s British Emo scene as one of the most underrated. Saleontomorrow’s demo is slightly rough around the edges, but the cool Mathy song structures, impressive lead guitar riffs and careless vocals make for a breezy listen. Make sure you check out their compilation of unfinished songs as well.

Cowboys Aren't Indians - Cowboys Aren't Indians (2005)

Diamonds in the rough from Utah, the horribly named Cowboys Aren't Indians played chill yet active music in the Math Rock vein with Midwest Emo as a guide. The music tends to move by at a brisk pace thanks to the masterful and quirky guitar playing, the muted explosiveness of the drummer and the frankness of the vocalist.
With lofi production values and an emphasis on vocal-less sections of music, there almost seems to be a Post-Rock influence tucked away in there somewhere. After some years of inactivity, the band would release another EP in 2010. It seems the band was just at the wrong place at the wrong time to gain much notoriety.

Polara - Tempestade bipolar (2005)

Tonally, the band is reminiscent of Colossal, which seems to make sense as they were active at the same time, but they were separated by over 5,000 miles (almost 8,500 km) on different hemispheres! This could not have been possible without drawing from the same well of influence in old school Emo.
Polara executes quite differently from Colossal, keeping the riffs simpler and injecting a dose of lighthearted Indie into the concoction. The occasional hint of 90s Post-Hardcore pops up to give the music some weight. These Brazilians definitely did Emo proud with this release.

oh my god elephant - oh my god elephant (2006)

Had oh my god elephant released this EP in 2010 with slightly better production values, you’d be bombarded with this release on every hidden gem of the Emo Revival list out there. Instead, we received this masterful yet subdued Midwest Emo EP in 2006 with almost zero attention given. Although Emo was about as popular as it ever would be in 2006, basement-style Midwest Emo like this was completely out of vogue.
The band impressively fuses the Indie-leaning Emo sound of the late 90s with soft, mathy guitar riffs that keep the otherwise relatively slow music fairly lively. Whiny vocals and somewhat absurdist lyrics may turn off some listeners, but Emo Revival fans will greatly enjoy this effort.

The One Up Downstairs - The One Up Downstairs (2006)

Ok, calling this Proto-Revival would be disingenuous, even though it seemingly fits the bill with a 2006 release date. However, this is a Mike Kinsella project that predates even American Football! Proto-Proto Revival? I don't know, but this is the best place to put this for now.
These three tracks were recorded in 1997 but didn't see the light of day until almost a decade later. Though reminiscent of AF, the songs are slightly more upbeat in comparison, especially Rememories. If you like jazzier Emo or just want to check this intriguing release for its novelty, it's worth at least one spin.

Street Smart Cyclist - Demo 2006! (2006) 💎

SSC's legacy upon Emo history will never be appreciated enough. With only eight songs to their name spread across less than two years of activity, band members would go on to create Snowing and Boy Problems, two extremely influential Revival bands in their own right.
On this first three-song EP, the band shows off their immense musical talents with Hardcore-leaning Midwest Emo mixed with scathing Math Rock sensibilities. Production values are intentionally harsh, adding to the noisiness and musical chaos. The guitar and rhythm instruments are played with equal parts passion and complexity.

Pirouette - Sometimes Sad Isn’t Funny (2006)

Unexpectedly catchy, free-flowing and noodly, Pirouette’s debut EP displays the Proto-Revival sound exactly like you’d expect it. The guitarist, of course, is one of the great highlights of this release, utilizing a proficient mix of fun chord progressions and jangly guitar riffs. Although the vocal performance isn’t the cleanest, the vocal melodies in these songs are excellent and will worm their way into your ears and your heart.
The band was only around between 2006-2008, just in time to miss their signature sound exploding in the scene. They would come out with two more EPs, both excellent in their own right, and an almost-acoustic LP.

Ryerose - Ryerose (2006)

A release filled to the brim with such passion that it could rival Penfold, Ryerose is the brainchild of Craig Woods and, who else, Peter Helmis. Unlike the youthful explosiveness found in much of Helmis’ other work, Woods really seems to ground him with this melancholic, layered guitar approach. Vocals are also handled primarily by Woods, who sings similarly to other bands like Benton Falls or Mineral.
You can hear every ounce of blood, sweat and tears that was put into this project, featuring brilliant twinkles and disparate volume dynamics. This release might just be the best of a surprisingly robust discography from Helmis in 2006.

Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A Start - Worst Band Name Ever (2007)

The band's final album reflects their playful attitude toward Emo while simultaneously taking Emo music seriously. Utilizing more acoustic guitars than their first LP, the Math Rock influence is a bit more subtle but nonetheless quite present. Keen ears will hear all of the sly musical techniques the band makes use of on this very short 20 minute album.
This band exemplifies the Proto-Revival to a tee: a band with all the talent in the world and forward-thinking (ironically by looking back), only to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. This exact album could have made them them Emo legends in 2010.

Marquette - Waxing / Waning (2007)

After releasing a so-so EP in 2006, true Midwest Emo band Marquette would release this EP a year later and it is as serene as it is rough around the edges. Utilizing decent but definitely DIY production techniques, Waxing / Waning is filled to the brim with some of the coolest guitar playing in this entire wave. Although the vocal performance is more than serviceable, the sheer focus on extended instrumental passages, led by near-virtuosic dual guitar lines, showcases the true star of the show.
The band would fold after this release, but from the ashes, a couple of the ex-bandmates would start the underrated Emo Revival band Penpal. Though similar in style, the Slowcore and American Football influence was far more pronounced.

Avast! - Faultlines (2007)

Avast! was a Scottish Emo band that only existed for a short time in the mid aughts. However, we can hear the infamous British Indie influence on this, no matter how hard they tried to hide it; unlike Dartz!, TTNG and the like, Avast!’s Faultlines harken back to more classic Midwest Emo, even if it’s with a slightly more modern approach. This is the band’s sole release, but I’d recommend it to anyone who is interested in the description.

Look Mexico - This Is Animal Music (2007)

I don't know what kind of Animals they have in Florida, but it sounds remarkably close to some Chicagoland Emos from the mid to late 90s. Look Mexico’s debut album has Kinsella fingerprints all over it, from the twinkly riffs to that very specific late 90s Indie Rock x Midwest Emo timbre. The vocals are of course of a whiny nature, though all is produced and mastered quite well.
Unlike many other Proto-Revival artists on this list, Look Mexico continued releasing music until 2016, the end of the Revival. Unfortunately, they pivoted to a more Indie-leaning sound while eschewing the Emo influence. Had their music remained American Football-inspired, this band could be legendary in the scene.

Meet Me in St. Louis - Variations on Swing (2007)

If I’m being honest, this isn’t actually Emo Proto-Revival. In reality, this is a calculated mix of Post-Hardcore, Math Rock and Midwest Emo with ample Kinsella influences. Look, Proto-Revival wasn’t really a scene, it was just a bunch of disconnected bands taking influence from the same people at the same time, hoping to make awesome music. It just so happened that this led to the Emo Revival, but I think Meet Me in St. Louis exhibits enough Emo sensibilities on this record to make it on this list - much like fellow UK Post-Hardcore band Million Dead.
Ambitious guitar riffs, song structures, tempo shifts and time signature changes are sprawled across the varied musical landscapes found on this LP. The Midwest Emo elements help weave together the more elaborate and lofty techniques and influences here. Even if it doesn’t fit in with this section exactly, it’s more than worth a listen.

Street Smart Cyclist - Lint Traps (2007)

SSC employs a similar songwriting style to their first EP, though these three tracks are all acoustic and feature significantly less percussion. Galm's singing is still as off-kilter as ever, though reduced in aggression. It's unclear if these songs were always intended to be acoustic or if they were previewing a more traditional song to be released later, such as We Lack Science. An offbeat experimental release for sure, it should be heard at least once.

oh my god elephant - Fancy Cookies (2008) 💎

Prior to this album’s release, the band temporarily changed their name to Rainow Tornado, and boy does this album feel like one. From production to songwriting to instrumental virtuosity, this album trumps their 2006 EP in just about every way (save for personal taste) while somehow being significantly more obscure, quite the feat considering how unpopular their s/t EP is. Lengthy instrumental passages litter this record, putting you into a near-meditative state. This peacefulness is juxtaposed with the silliest, most irrational lyrical moments in Emo.
This album could very well be the logical extreme to the American Football sound, given the unremarkable but confessional vocals, spirited Math Rock riffs and overall lackadaisical pace. The band does well to step out from merely being a Kinsella clone, though, and this album is their magnum opus.

Pennines - Demo Feb 08 (2008)

From the UK Emo scene that brought bands like TTNG and saleontomorrow, Pennines is a Mathy Midwest Emo band that isn’t afraid to get playful with their songs. This demo is only two songs but shows the tremendous promise that the band possessed with the Indie guitar riffs, mathy twinkles and signature British Indie singing voice. If you like the Math Pop-influenced Midwest Emo scene of mid-late 00s UK, check these guys out! They have some later-released demos and a split with TTNG.

Good Luck - Into Lake Griffy (2008)

Into Lake Griffy is the expert result of merging hyper-energetic Pop-Punk with Math-infused Indie-leaning Midwest Emo. The first thing you'll notice is the neverending guitar riffage and blistering chord progressions, followed up by some of the catchiest vocals this side of the Third Wave. The drummer and bassist both manage to stand out distinctly in their own right, essentially acting as the backbone for the Midwest Emo volume elements.
At 13 songs and almost 40 minutes of length, this album will breeze by and no two songs will sound too similar. The band would release one more album in 2011, though it was more restrained than this record.

Little Lungs - Hoist Me Up! (2008)

Cute, catchy and mixed with obvious Pop-Punk influence, this fun and breezy EP features infectious female vocals, driving yet straightforward melodies and riffs, and the odd Math Rock element hanging around here and there. What else is there to say? At 12 minutes, this one deserves at least one listen.

Gentlemen - Demo (2008)

Featuring a few members of The Summer We Went West, Gentlemen’s sole release is a demo from 2008. This is Midwest Emo in the classic vein with a few Proto-Revival trappings. With nine songs and a total runtime of less than 20 minutes, this demo is worth a listen. Gentlemen had the potential to be a really cool Emo Revival band, but they stopped just short of the goal line.

It’s an Icicle - L’Chaim (2008)

Emos out of Fresno, whose music scene was on fire during the late 2000s, It’s an Icicle emerged from the burgeoning Mathy Midwest Emo movement, citing Algernon Cadwallader, other Kinsella projects and Math Rock bands like Giraffes? Giraffes! as their primary inspiration. With dingey production, constant riffing and complete formlessness, the band’s debut LP is a sign of the changing times where DIY Emo artists were forming the core sounds of the Emo Revival.
Before becoming a three-piece, the band released a couple of EPs as a duo. Though not quite as good as this album, they’re both super solid Emo releases in their own right.

Street Smart Cyclist - Final Mixes (2008) 💎

The final two songs of the band’s discography are an evolution of the tracks from their demo; the boys supercharge their Midwest Emo / Math Rock hybrid, sounding like hardcore kids playing freestyle Jazz. The riffs are twinklier and more intricate, the song structures are looser. Had the band stuck around, who knows how good their output could have been.
Proto-Revival to the core, they, directly and indirectly, shaped the upcoming Revival while having a unique sound all their own. The best way to hear the band's stuff is to listen to their Discography, released in a neat package in 2014.

Bad Times Ending - Bad Times Ending (2008)

Extraordinarily obscure Proto-Revival, I can only find one record of their existence and it’s the YouTube video from 4010 where you can hear it. Not much to say at only 17 minutes, but you’ll immediately notice the twinkling of the guitar, the sincerity of the vocals and the pretty good grasp on volume dynamics.

Instruments (Make Music) - Instruments (Make Music) (2008)

A band name so unsearchable that I am only 70% sure it even came out in 2008, the burgeoning UK Midwest Emo scene produces more Mathy goodness with this EP. It's a little quirky and littered with instrumental-only sections, but it fits in well with other similar releases from this time and place. If you like cool Math Rock riffs, look no further.
We have now reached our final section of this part and this series. We opened up the very first part by discussing Second Wave Emo artists who were still releasing Second Wave-inspired Emo in the Third Wave. Naturally, I will bookend this entire project by talking about Fourth Wave Emo artists who got their start sometime before 2009. Many of Fourth Wave Emo’s earliest classic albums actually came out in 2008 in particular, a landmark year for the genre. After reviewing everything else in this whole series, these releases are sort of the denouement of Third Wave Emo, showing how the underground / basement / DIY scenes all over the world kept its spirit alive. We’ve finally arrived at the finish line:

The Flames of Fourth Wave Emo Begin With a Spark

Algernon Cadwallader - Demo (2006)

Following up on projects like Halfway to Holland and Ryerose, Peter Helmis and Joe Reinhart reunite for a more traditional take on Midwest Emo. Their first four-song demo was released in 2006, featuring what can only be described as Kinsella worship. It’s been said to death, but Algernon exhibits copious amounts of Cap’n Jazz influence in their music, from the reckless abandon of the vocals and lyrics to the jangly, twinkly riffs. Although the band’s best and most memorable work was yet to come, this EP left the door ajar for the Emo Revival to later bust down.

TTNG - Hippy Jam Fest (2006)

TTNG actually released their first piece of music in 2003, a demo that showcased their mathy preclivities, though harsher than their future releases. Even this, their first proper EP, is a bit more rugged than their more Math-Pop-laden work later on, although the evolution into the band they’d become was well underway. Generous use of volume dynamics, irregular time signature usage, cool riffs and saidboi vibes are all here. The band would go on to be one of the most important UK Emo / Math Rock bands of all time, and we’ll see why later on in this list.

Empire! Empire! (I Was a Loney Estate) - When the Sea Became a Giant (2007)

The first outing for Emo Revival Juggernauts Empire! Empire!, the band’s legacy for crafting biting, poignant Midwest Emo begins with the opening salvo on the first track of this record. The bittersweet magnificence that defines the band’s sound is created with a heartrending guitar tone, emotionally raw vocals, abreactive lyrics and awe-inspiring song builds. While building off the legends of the genre such as Mineral, Empire! injects their own energy into their music, and it’s readily apparent even with their first EP.
The band would become legends in the genre with a cavalcade of releases, many of which being splits with fellow legends and hidden gems of the genre. Does this EP touch What It Takes to Move Forward? I mean, can anything? That said, the building blocks were there from the start.

By Surprise - Four on Seven in Eight (2007)

Despite leaving their indelible mark on the Emo Revival with a 2009 LP split with Hightide Hotel, the band is still a nightmare to Google. As such, this Indie-laden Midwest Emo release has very little information. There seems to be conflicting reports on this release date, but I personally believe the 2007 date.
With raw production, reckless yet catchy vocals, refreshing chord progressions and at less than 10 minutes, this is an easy listen to future underrated Revivalists.

Weatherbox - American Art (2007) 💎

After releasing two proof-of-concept EPs, Weatherbox's debut LP was released in 2007. Whether you consider this band Proto-Revival, Emo Revival or something else, it doesn't really matter. Warren's tortured voice, his world-weary lyrics and the deceptive complexity of the music provide for one Hell of a release from these San Diego natives.
At 50 minutes, this album is actually quite an easy listen. The variety of songs on offer, as well as the general flow of the record, transports the listener into the world of American Art seamlessly. Weatherbox would continue releasing music until 2014, right at the height of the Revival. Fortunately, they just released a new single this year!

Annabel - Now That We’re Alive (2007)

Humble beginnings for under-the-radar Emo Revival outfit Annabel, their demo EP Now That We’re Alive showed all the promise that this band possessed, even in their early days. A nice little variety of sounds punctuate this ultimately laid back and inoffensive release. I’d recommend giving their discography a shot if you enjoy this demo.

A Great Big Pile of Leaves - The Fiery Works (2007)

Slidey, bendy, mathy and just plain fun, A Great Big Pile of Leaves’ debut EP showcases all of the band’s strengths in a neat sub-20-minute package. AGBPOL managed to craft a slice of Emo all their own with their defining guitar techniques, catchy vocal melodies and syncopated rhythms. While somewhat poppy at times, they seem to be capitalizing more on Math-Pop than Emo-Pop.
The band would go on to release another EP before the Third Wave was up - and are still around to this day!

Everyone Everywhere - Pants (2007)

The debut EP from Philly-natives in Everyone Everywhere, the band’s signature approach to writing music is on full display with an airy combination Emo, Indie Rock, Post-Rock and Math Rock. The band would go on to release two criminally-underrated Emo Revival albums in the early 2010s, expanding off of this already-impressive debut.

Brave Little Abacus - Demo? (2008)

Monumental doesn’t even begin to cover what Brave Little Abacus’ contribution to the Emo scene truly means. Solidly an Emo Revival band, Brave Little Abacus’ ultra-experimental guide to creating Emo music is still influencing artists today, being the basis for much of the Fifth Wave. Chiptunes, strange samples, weird noises, all of this is mixed in with unfiltered vocal hysteria. Literally, I cannot describe to you what this sounds like, you have to hear it for yourself.
This debut EP is somehow more unhinged and more straightforward than their future work, both at the same time. Don’t know what I mean? Give this legendary band a spin to see for yourself.

Transit - This Will Not Define Us (2008)

Stalwarts of the Soft Grunge movement during Emo’s Fourth Wave, Transit began their career with a strong Emo / Pop-Punk hybrid. Although some variation of those genres would be a part of their primary playstyle for the duration of their run, nothing would quite sound like this record. Quick lead melodies and straightforward rhythms drive the record forward.

TTNG - This Town Needs Guns (2008) 🎩

TTNG, then known as This Town Needs Guns, released a self-titled compilation album in early 2008 with songs from their full-length split with Cats and Cats and Cats and other unreleased tracks. With just eight songs and without a designed sense of flow, this somehow manages to be the best TTNG record ever. This album includes a wonderful variety, from acoustic tracks to Math Pop jaunts to heavier Emo sections.
If you are a fan of Math Rock’s association with Midwest Emo, this album might just be the pinnacle of that sound. The twinkly riffs are impossibly clean and the subtly mathy song structures add sophistication and technicality to the project. This stands as possibly the best and most important British Emo releases of all time.

A Great Big Pile of Leaves - The Fiery Works II (2008)

While not utilizing quite as many guitar tricks as the band's debut EP, there is an admirable variety of songs on this short record. In particular, they embrace their inner Math-Pop band a ton. It's personal preference whether you prefer part 1 or part 2, but they both tickle that same spot in your brain that says, “Neat!”
Despite these respectable Emo releases, the band's best work was yet to come. Their sound was an injection of carelessness and vitality to the Emo Revival.

Algernon Cadwallader - Some Kind of Cadwallader (2008) 🎩

Some will say that the Emo Revival officially began with the release of this album, and I have no basis on which to argue. However, for the purposes of this series, I’m including everything from the year 2008, so here it comes at the tail end of Third Wave Emo! What more can I say about this record that hasn’t been recounted tirelessly by other Emo fans? Many will point to popular songs like Casual Discussion in a Dome or the title track being clones of the Cap’n Jazz sound, but if you listen to the entire album, you actually get an exceptionally solid and wonderfully varied work of art.
Algernon’s whimsical take on Emo consists of playful vocals, neverending guitar jangles, daring song structures and the perfect album flow. Surprising elements of Post-Rock can be found on this record, especially with a near-14 minute closing track. The music speaks directly to the yearning one feels deep inside for life to be simpler again.

La Dispute - Here, Hear (2008)

Following up on a forgotten debut EP that was entirely entrenched in a raw Post-Hardcore sound, La Dispute would pivot directions by the time their debut LP was released. Before that, the first of their Here, Hear EPs dropped, stripping away the frantic aggression and going into near-acoustic mode.
The vocals are exclusively even-keeled poetic spoken word while the rest of the band seemed content to create subdued mood music to accompany the artistic stories.

Balance and Composure - I Just Want to Be Pure (2008)

Before becoming a Soft Grunge powerhouse during Emo’s Fourth Wave, Balance & Composure (with an ampersand) released a demo EP, fusing the predominant sounds of the Second Wave ala Braid or Mineral and the Third Wave ala Taking Back Sunday and Brand New. The results are quite a fresh mix that shows how influential all Emo music has been over the years, even the dreaded 2000s era. This EP predates the band’s use of Post-Hardcore and occasional hint of Shoegaze, so it is somewhat simpler and more straightforward.

Hightide Hotel - Porch Luck (2008)

Like several other prominent Emo Revival bands, Hightide Hotel put out a small proof of concept EP, including one song that would later be used for their debut LP. What the band lacked in tightness they made up for in pure desire to create Basement Emo and all that it entails. Although not the band’s best release, it’s a solid roadmap to their early, unpolished sound while providing a true classic in the s/t track.

Tigers Jaw - Tigers Jaw (2008) 🎩

Progenitors to the Soft-Grunge movement that includes bands like Joyce Manor, Basement and Modern Baseball, Tigers Jaw's s/t is a masterful exploration of the intersection between Emo, Pop-Punk and Indie Rock. Their first album actually released in 2006, but was more of a subdued Indie and Slacker Rock record. Nonetheless, the band rerecorded a few of the tracks on that album to fit more closely with their new sound.
The vocals are often double-tracked or have tons of harmony, giving the otherwise chill and unassuming vocal melodies some richness and depth. And trust me, these words will get stuck in your head. There’s just a sincerity to the music, lying somewhere within the rhythm-oriented chord progressions and simple lead guitar melodies. This remains the band’s finest accomplishment.

TTNG - Animals (2008)

Extracting everything they could from both Midwest Emo and Math Rock, Animals is an ambitious concept album that pushes these genre classifications to the limit. Each song represents a different animal, so each song has a different flow and timbre. They capture the playfulness of a rabbit, the majesty of an Elk and the quiet nature of a Zebra, among others.
If this album had any sense of flow, it would be one of the top releases in this project. Regardless, this is a milestone Math Rock record and an integral part of the early Emo Revival.

Arrows - Modern Art & Politics (2008)

Criminally underrated Emos from Australia, Arrows debut album is perhaps their best work, seamlessly blending Midwest Emo with hints of Post-Rock, though done with a more modern Emo framework in mind. This album sounds like a slightly restrained Empire! Empire! release, perhaps only stopping short in terms of grandiosity. However, at 55 minutes and with calculated switches in volume dynamics, Arrows does a more than admirable job in that department.
The band would continue releasing albums until 2012, whereupon they’d appropriately been signed to Count Your Lucky Stars. However, after a promising split with Empire!, the band would cease to exist.

La Dispute - Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair (2008) 🎩

La Dispute's status as an Emo band is hotly disputed, but it doesn’t really matter to me either way. This band utilizes dynamic volume changes, has passionate vocals with cathartic lyrics and is tied to the Hardcore scene. And even though this album is equally indebted to Post-Hardcore, this album came out at the right time to help push Emo back to the glory days.
Spoken words and shouting are the methods Dreyer uses to punch the listener with raw emotion, heavily reinforced by the technical and varied instrumental accompaniment. Forget Emo - this is a must-hear album for anyone into heavier music.

La Dispute - Here, Hear II (2008)

Releasing the very same day as their acclaimed debut LP, the second volume in this EP series ups the ante from the first. The stories on offer are strong and are told in dramatic prose fashion and the tracks are quite memorable, thanks to the more varied instrumental approach. From Jazz to Post-Rock, this band's influences seem infinite.
A year later, they’d release the final Here, Hear in the miniseries. Fifteen years after that, they finally released another Here, Hear EP. They’re all excellent. Please check them out.

Glocca Morra - Museum Mouth (2008)

Legendary Twinkledaddies Glocca Morra formed in 2008 and managed to come out with a demo EP of sorts before the year had ended! Fortunately for us, this means more awesome Emo music to cover! Now, what’s a Twinkledaddy? Simple, really! Bands like Algernon and TTNG definitely fit, along with Revival bands like Snowing and The World Is a Beautiful Place, the latter of which coined the term jokingly.
With contemporaries like that, how could this not be awesome? Well it is, even if it’s only three proper songs and an acoustic song. Nonetheless, the band’s seemingly endless potential is showcased as soon as the first track. Despite the twinkling, this EP is a bit rough around the edges, giving it a tad of Punk cred (along with the singer’s gnarly voice).

Shapes Like Dinosaurs - Jurassic Geometry (2008)

Somewhat obscure Emo Revivalists Shapes Like Dinosaurs gave the burgeoning Emo Revival movement an early Christmas present with their debut LP, effortlessly encapsulating that Midwest Emo / Math Rock fusion that was about to blow up in the underground music scene. Despite hyperactive guitar and basslines, the tempo is quite passive, aided by the low-volume drum recording and simple vocal delivery. If you like some of the Proto-Revival releases on this list, you’ll probably really enjoy this one.

CSTVT - I Know What a Lion Is (2008)

Before releasing their landmark 2009 LP Summer Fences, three of the four first tracks on the album were previewed in this promotional demo. Castavet, later known as CSTVT, utilized Post-Rock extensively, shaping soundscapes and pulling great emotion from the listener. Midwest Emo is the meat and Post-Rock is the potato, the two genres complement each other perfectly. Although these tracks are amazing, they are only a sample of what was to come.
And there you have it folks! That’s all I’m ever going to write about this damn series again!

SIKE! IT'S BONUS TIME!

Okay, I lied. I wanted to include a list of bonus Emo releases that I either missed or forgot to include for one reason or the other. However, I ran out of space! Please wait for a very special bonus edition later this week!

Started this list 11 years ago, thought it was due for an update! These are, in my opinion, the best recordings of stripped down versions of all the songs (so far). Thought it might be useful for some of you newer fans who haven't yet discovered all of them. The highlights for me are Thom's Latitude, Cambridge & Zermatt shows. Feel free to add your own in the comments!
Pablo Honey You (1995, Televised - Thom & Jonny) Creep (1994, Acoustic Version - Thom) How Do You? Stop Whispering (1993, Acoustic - Thom & Jonny) Thinking About You (1993, Live - Thom) Anyone Can Play Guitar Ripcord Vegetable Prove Yourself I Can't Lurgee Blow Out (1994, Thom & The Posies)
The Bends Planet Telex (2010, Big Chill Festival - Thom) The Bends (1993, Radio - Thom) High and Dry (1993, Radio - Thom) Fake Plastic Trees (1995, Televised - Thom & Jonny) Bones (Nice Dream) (1995, Televised - Thom) Just (1994, Demo - Thom & Jonny) My Iron Lung (1995, Televised - Thom & Jonny) Bullet Proof... I Wish I Was (1995, KRCW - Thom & Jonny) Black Star (1995, KRCW - Thom & Jonny) Sulk Street Spirit (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny [one of many])
OK Computer Airbag (2010, Coachella - Thom) Paranoid Android (2002, Bridge School Benefit - Thom] Subterranean Homesick Alien (1995, Demo - Thom [one of a few]) Exit Music (For A Film) (1999, Tibet Benefit - Thom & Jonny) (2022, Zermatt - Thom) Let Down Karma Police (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) (2013, Jonathan Ross Show - Thom) Fitter Happier Electioneering Climbing Up The Walls No Surprises (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) (2005, London, Thom) Lucky (2002, Bridge School Benefit - Thom) The Tourist
Kid A Everything In Its Right Place (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom [the first of many]) Kid A The National Anthem How To Disappear Completely (2001, Paris - Thom & Jonny w/ accompaniment) Treefingers (2012 Debut, Thom, Jonny, Ed) Optimistic In Limbo Idioteque (2010, Glastonbury - Thom & Jonny) Morning Bell (2002, Bridge School Benefit - Thom) Motion Picture Soundtrack (1995, Demo - Thom & Jonny)
Amnesiac Packt Like Sardines In A Crushd Tin Box Pyramid Song (2010, Cambridge - Thom) Pulk/Pull Revolving Doors You And Whose Army? I Might Be Wrong (2010, Big Chill Festival - Thom) (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) Knives Out (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) Morning Bell/Amnesiac Dollars & Cents Hunting Bears (2012 Tour, National Anthem Outro) Like Spinning Plates (2003, Musique Plus - Thom) Life In A Glasshouse (1998, MPIE Soundcheck clip - Thom)
Hail to the Thief 2+2=5 Sit Down Stand Up Sail To The Moon (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) Backdrifts Go To Sleep [2003, Radio - Thom & Jonny) Where I End And You Begin We Suck Young Blood The Gloaming (2010, Big Chill Festival - Thom) There There (2009, Latitude - Thom) (2003, La Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) I Will (2003, La Resevoir - Thom) A Punchup At A Wedding (2005 Webcast - Thom) (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom & Jonny) Myxomatosis Scatterbrain (2003, KROQ - Thom & Jonny) A Wolf At The Door (2017, Italy - Thom & Jonny)
The Eraser The Eraser (2010, Cambridge - Thom) Analyse (2006, Mercury Prize - Thom) The Clock (2015, Le Trianon - Thom) (2006, Henry Rollins Show - Thom) Black Swan (2009, Latitude Festival - Thom) Skip Divided (2006, XFM - Thom) Atoms for Peace (2009, Latitude - Thom) (2015, Le Trianon, Paris - Thom & Flea) And It Rained All Night Harrowdown Hill (2009, Latitude - Thom) Cymbal Rush (2006, Henry Rollins Show - Thom, Jonny, Nigel)
In Rainbows 15 Step Bodysnatchers (2006 Debut, Koko - Thom & Jonny) (2022, Zermatt - Thom) Nude (1998, Live - Thom) (2005, London - Thom) Weird Fishes (2010, Cambridge - Thom) All I Need (2017, Italy - Thom & Jonny) Faust Arp (2007 Scotch Mist - Thom & Jonny) Reckoner (2008 Jonathan Ross Show - Thom) House of Cards (2005 Debut, London - Thom) Jigsaw Falling Into Place (2007 Scotch Mist - Early Band Version) Videotape (2006, The Basement - Thom)
In Rainbows Disc 2 MK1 Down Is The New Up (2005, The Basement - Thom) Go Slowly MK2 Last Flowers (Until The Hospital) (1997, NYC Soundcheck - Thom) (2005, London - Thom guitar) (2006, The Basement - Thom piano) Up On The Ladder (2008, 93 Feet East - Thom) Bangers & Mash 4 Minute Warning
The King of Limbs Bloom (2015, Le Trianon - Thom) (2019, Electric Lady Studios - Thom) Morning Mr Magpie (2002 Webcast - Thom) Little by Little Feral Lotus Flower (2010 Debut, LA - Thom) Codex (2011 NYC - Band Only) Give Up The Ghost (2010 Debut, Cambridge - Thom) Separator (2010 Debut, Cambridge - Thom)
Amok Before Your Very Eyes... Default (2015, Le Trianon - Thom & Flea) Ingenue (2013, Jonathan Ross Show - Thom) Dropped Unless Stuck Together Pieces Judge, Jury & Executioner Reverse Running Amok
Tomorrow's Modern Boxes A Brain In A Bottle Guess Again! Interference The Mother Lode Truth Ray There Is No Ice (For My Drink) Pink Section Nose Grows Some
A Moon Shaped Pool Burn The Witch Daydreaming (2022, Zermatt - Thom) Decks Dark (2022, Zermatt - Thom) Desert Island Disk (2015 Debut, Le Trianon - Thom) Ful Stop Glass Eyes Identikit The Numbers (2015 Debut, Le Trianon - Thom) The Present Tense (2009 Debut, Latitude - Thom) (2015, Le Trianon - Thom) Tinker Tailor Soldier Sailor Rich Man Poor Man Beggar Man Thief True Love Waits (2010, Cambridge - Thom)
Suspiria A Storm That Took Everything The Hooks Suspirium (2019, Electric Lady Studios - Thom) (2019, BBC Radio 6 - Thom) Belongings Thrown in a River Has Ended (2022, Zermatt - Thom) Klemperer Walks Open Again (2019, Electric Lady Studios - Thom) (2019, BBC Radio 6 - Thom) Sabbath Incantation The Inevitable Pull Olga's Destruction - Volk tape The Cojuring of Anke A Light Green Unmade (2019, Electric Lady Studios - Thom) (2019, BBC Radio 6 - Thom) The Jumps Volk The Universe is Indifferent The Balance of Things A Soft Hand Across Your Face Suspirium Finale A Choir of One Synthesizer Speaks The Room of Compartments An Audition Voiceless Terror The Epilogue
ANIMA Traffic Last I Heard (...He Was Circling Down The Drain) Twist Dawn Chorus (2019, Montreux - Thom) I Am a Very Rude Person Not the News The Axe Impossible Knots Runawayaway
A Light For Attracting Attention The Same The Opposite You Will Never Work In Television Again Pana-Vision (2022, Zermatt - Thom) The Smoke Speech Bubbles Thin Thing Open The Floodgates (2009, Los Angeles - Thom) Free In The Knowledge (2022, London - Thom) A Hairdryer Waving A White Flag We Don't Know What Tomorrow Brings Skirting On The Surface (2009, Los Angeles - Thom)
Wall of Eyes Wall of Eyes Teleharmonic Read The Room Under Our Pillows Friend of a Friend I Quit Bending Hectic You Know Me!
Confidenza The Big City Knife Edge Letting Down Gently Secret Clarinet Prize Giving Four Ways In Time Confidenza Nosebleed Nuptials Bunch Of Flowers A Silent Scream On The Ledge
OtheUnreleased (by chronological debuts) Banana Co. (1994, Itch EP - Thom) On The Beach (Neil Young) (2001, Acoustic - Thom) Follow Me Around (2009, Latitude - Thom) (2017, Italy - Thom & Jonny) After The Gold Rush (Neil Young) (2002, Bridge School Benefit - Thom) Feeling Pulled Apart By Horses (2005, London - Thom) I Froze Up (2010, Cambridge - Thom) (2002, Webcast Debut - Thom) Fog (2003, Le Resevoir - Thom) Gagging Order (2006, Koko - Thom & Jonny) The Rip (Portishead) (2007, Home Video - Thom & Jonny) Unravel (Bjork) (2007, Thumbs Down Webcast - Thom) Supercollider (2009, LA Debut - Thom) These Are My Twisted Words (2010, Cambridge - Thom) (2022, Zermatt - Thom) The Daily Mail (2010 Debut, Cambridge - Thom) Staircase (2010 Debut, NYC - Thom [and my own personal video :) ]) Rabbit In Your Headlights (2013, Piano - Thom) Daily Battles (2019, Colbert - Thom) Gawpers (2019, Paris - Thom) Plasticine Figures (2020, Fallon - Thom)

Piliavin put forward the cost–reward arousal model which aims to explain why people are less likely to help when others are present, considering various factors such as the perceived danger of the situation and the costs associated with helping.

Piliavin Subway Study (1969)

Also known as the "Good Samaritan" study. The aim was to focus on factors that influence whether people help a stranger in distress. The study was conducted on the New York City subway. A ‘victim’ staged an ‘emergency’ by collapsing. The observers recorded how many people helped, and how long it took them to help. Researchers wanted to look at things at what motivates people to step in.
Specifically, they wanted to investigate the following:

• Would an ill person get more help than a drunk person? (the type of victim)?
• Would people help others of the same race before helping those of different races?
• If a model person started helping the victim, would that encourage others to also help?
• Would the number of bystanders who saw the victim influence how much help was given?

The results showed that passengers were more likely to help the ill victim with the cane than the drunk victim. Race had little influence on helping behaviour, although same race helping was more common when the victim was drunk.
Males were more likely to help than females (60% of travellers were male, but 90% of first helpers were male.
There was no significant diffusion of responsibility. Help was generally offered quickly, often within the first few minutes.
The Piliavin study highlighted the importance of situational factors in determining whether people will help in an emergency.
Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon? (1969)

Real Life Test: CCTV Study (2020)

Richard Philpot and his team compiled a set of more than 200 real-life public conflicts from surveillance video in three cities: Lancaster, U.K.; Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Cape Town, South Africa.The video cameras tracked spots that hosted crowds of people, such as public transit stations, storefronts, and busy streets. To be included in the study, video clips had to show an aggressive incident without any police or emergency personnel present at the outset.
Philpot and his colleagues were surprised at just how often people stepped forward to defuse tense situations. At least one person in the vicinity came forward to help about 90% of the time.
The high intervention rate was very similar in the three urban locations studied, suggesting that it may persist across cultures to some extent. This suggests that humans have a strong desire to resolve conflicts and help those in need.
While the new research—contrary to some earlier reports—does not disprove the bystander effect, it does reveal that people intervene in certain dicey situations more often than we assume.
“The bystander effect is an individual measure,” he says—it gauges the chances that a single person will intervene to help someone else in trouble. What he and his colleagues did, on the other hand, was test the collective likelihood that anyone in a crowd would help, which will naturally be higher. The new work, Franco says, should be considered in light of decades of psychology research that confirms an individual bystander effect.
“There are various factors that go into people acting and reacting, but for the most part, if the crime is clear, and it’s a serious crime, in almost all cases people will intervene.” Explained Elizabeth Jeglic, a professor of psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City.
Would I be helped? Cross-national CCTV footage shows that intervention is the norm in public conflicts

Social Identity

Research has demonstrated that we are more likely to intervene when we see signs of common group identity with a stranger in distress.
In a 2005 study, Manchester United fans were more likely to help the stranger who had an accident when he wore the Manchester United shirt than when he wore a different team's shirt. Signs of shared identity with a stranger increased the likelihood of help being offered.
More importantly, in a second study using the same design, but this time making a more inclusive “football fan identity” salient, Manchester United fans were as likely to help the victim when he wore the Liverpool FC shirt as the Manchester United shirt—but helping levels remained low if the victim showed no signs of being a football fan.
The study demonstrates that being an in-group member is important for being helped in public places—but that the boundaries of who is seen as in-group are not fixed. The more open and inclusive the boundaries of the shared identity, the greater the range of people who are likely to be afforded care and protection.
Identity and emergency intervention: how social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior

The Black Sheep Effect

This willingness of in-group bystanders to challenge in-group anti-normative behaviour which threatens the positive identity of the wider group has been referred to as “the black sheep effect”. It explains situations where group members are prepared to be even more punitive towards a poorly performing in-group member than they are to an out-group member.
Lowe, Levine, Best, and Heim (2012) found that women are more likely than men to intervene to stop female–female fights—particularly when they fight in front of bystanders that include men.
"The women talked about feeling shame and embarrassment when watching women fight and worried male observers would see this kind of behaviour as an opportunity to sexualize or trivialize women in general."
Similarly, Stott, Hutchison, and Drury (2001) describe an intervention by Scottish football fans against a fellow Scot who behaved aggressively towards a Tunisian fan:
“Scottish fans feared that the actions of the in-group member would make people think that Scottish fans are no better than English football fans—who already have a reputation for racist and violent behavior. There is nothing more aversive and identity threatening for a Scot than to be mistaken for somebody who is English.”
Although an apparent contradiction of ingroup bias, people respond negatively to those who act in ways that threaten their group’s identity, particularly when they affiliate strongly with their group.
Conversely, shared group membership with a perpetrator may also result in a positive in-group bias, in which the adverse behaviour of an in-group member may be more readily justified or permitted than similar behaviour by a non-group member.
Identity and emergency intervention: how social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior

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Warning: these are incidents where bystanders did not intervene. Please skip if you are not in the right place to be reading right now.

The phrase bystander effect was coined in the 1960s after people watched or heard a serial killer stalk and stab a woman in two separate attacks in the Queens neighborhood of New York.
- Kitty Genovese, New York, 1964.
Though the number of people who saw or heard Genovese struggle was eventually disputed, her case still became symbolic of a kind of crowd apathy that psychologists and social scientists call the "Genovese syndrome."
There have been some more recent media cases:
- Richmond, California, 2009
Investigators say as many as 20 people were involved in or stood and watched the gang rape of a 15-year-old girl outside a California high school homecoming dance Saturday night in what authorities described as a 2½-hour assault. As many as 10 people were involved in the assault in a dimly lighted back alley at the school, while another 10 people watched without calling 911 to report it, police said.
Criminology and psychology experts say there could be a variety of reasons why the crime wasn't reported. Several pointed to a problematic social phenomenon known as the bystander effect. It's a theory that has played out in lynchings, college riots and white-collar crimes.
Criminologist Jack McDevitt says he believes the California gang rape was too violent -- and lasted too long -- to be the result of the bystander effect alone.
McDevitt, who specializes in hate crime research, says the male witnesses may have kept quiet out of fear of retaliation. In his research, witnesses who live in violent communities often fear stepping forward because snitching isn't tolerated.
Snitching could also bring dangerous consequences to their friends and family. "They don't believe the system will protect them from the offender," he said. "They think the offender will find out their name."
Police: As many as 20 present at gang rape outside school dance - CNN.com
Gang rape raises questions about bystanders' role - CNN.com
- Septa Train, Philadelphia, 2021
Passengers failed to intervene as a woman was raped on a train in Philladephia. Original reports stated that observers filmed the attack on their phones instead of helping.
Again, the story was proven to be not entirely accurate. The Delaware county district attorney said this portrayal of bystanders callously videoing the crime was “simply not true”.
While the alleged interactions with the victim took place over 40 minutes, starting with unwanted talking and then groping, the rape lasted about six minutes. Other riders were not on the train for the entire duration of their interaction, and might not have known what was happening.
Surveillance video from the train revealed two passengers raised their phones toward the assault, and that one of those provided their video to authorities.
But to dismiss the story would also be a mistake, say the people who actually live in the communities served by Septa and who ride its trains.
Septa passengers in Philadelphia and the suburb of Upper Darby didn’t find the notion of uncaring bystanders all that implausible, based on their own concerns about safety predating the rape. When presented with the fact that initial descriptions of uncaring bystanders appeared to be untrue, the consensus was that it made little difference.
“There’s no way you cannot see a sexual act,” said Victoria Evans, 38. “I would have rather taken my chances intervening than not saying anything.”
Evans, a certified nurse’s assistant, said that body language should have made people think twice about what they saw. “It would look uncomfortable. You can tell the difference. There’s no way nobody knew something was wrong.”
Why accounts of Philadelphia train passengers not intervening in a rape spread US crime The Guardian
- London Tube, UK, 2023
A 20-year-old woman was raped on a tube train in front of a horrified French tourist and his young son.
It was broad daylight, and there were other people in the tube carriage. She should have been safe. She’d fallen asleep, missed her stop, and ended up at the end of the Piccadilly line. But still, on a weekend morning in a bustling city, she should have been safe. And yet, hauntingly, she wasn’t….Something about this story, which unfolded in the space of just two tube stops, punches through all women’s comforting illusions about when and how we are safe.
How could anyone not intervene in a rape unfolding in front of them?
Yet the judge noted that the fact that the French father had returned to Britain to provide evidence that helped secure a conviction suggested it wasn’t because he didn’t care. Which leaves the uncomfortable and more morally complex possibility of a parent alone with a young child, facing someone evidently dangerous enough to commit an unthinkable crime, forced to decide whether intervening to help someone else’s daughter would put his own child at risk…
The whole thing stirs memories of a notorious attack on a woman on a train in Philadelphia in 2021, where initial reports suggested none of the other passengers came to her aid and some even callously filmed it on their phones. But later more nuanced versions emerged of a slowly unfolding horror that began with the attacker trying to strike up an unwanted conversation, then groping his victim, before finally progressing to rape...
Research suggests that far from standing around gawping, people who witness violent crime surprisingly often intervene to help – and not always the people you might imagine.
The 74-year-old Conservative MP (and former SAS reservist) David Davis reportedly stepped in to prevent two men viciously attacking a homeless man on the street in Westminster.
When the soldier Lee Rigby was brutally murdered on a London street in 2013, it was a 48-year-old cub scout leader called Ingrid Loyau-Kennett who got off a passing bus to help and ended up keeping Rigby’s agitated, blood-soaked killers talking. (When asked afterwards what had given her the courage to intervene, she explained that she used to be a teacher: someone used, perhaps, to imposing authority and quickly assessing overheated situations.)
The author of the article tells her own story:
"Now that I am also a middle-aged woman, that surprises me less than it did. A man confronting a violent man must be prepared to fight, with potentially lethal consequences, but an older woman intervening might sometimes be read as less of a threat.
Or perhaps we’re quicker to recognise the danger signs: the man staring wolfishly at a young girl on the bus, pressing too close, pestering her into a conversation she clearly doesn’t want to have. Which is, of course, how the Philadelphia attack started."
If a woman can be raped in broad daylight on a train, there are tough questions for all of us Gaby Hinsliff The Guardian

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Conclusion

There are obvious humanitarian norms about helping the victim, but there are also rational and irrational fears about what might happen to a person who does intervene. "I didn't want to get involved," is a familiar comment, and behind it lies fears of physical harm, public embarrassment, involvement with police procedures, lost work days and jobs, and other unknown dangers.
Rethinking the Bystander Effect in Violence Reduction Training Programs - Levine - 2020 - Social Issues and Policy Review

What to do: Distract, Delegate, Document, Delay, Direct

Kelly Erickson trains people in bystander intervention for Hollaback, a national organization that teaches people how to disrupt violence and harassment.
She said people can take simple actions to interrupt the violence.
“You can ask a clarifying question, like ‘woah woah what’s going on here?’ or ‘hey when you said this, what did you mean by that?’” Erickson said. “And then you’ll know if you need to step in with another intervention or perhaps it wasn’t what you thought it was. It also alerts others. When someone does something, other people are listening.”
Once other bystanders notice action, it starts to build a support system, it might encourage someone else to have the back of the person who is trying to intervene.
The five Ds are not a linear progression. They are tools to have in one’s toolbox for emergencies:

• Distract: Creating a distraction to de-escalate the situation, such as dropping your coffee or sounding an alarm. “You could tell yourself a joke and bust out in laughter. Erickson said this one is great for people who are comfortable being a fool in public.
• Delegate: Finding someone else to help, maybe even the person next to you. You start to create a bubble of safety around you and around that situation by getting others to help.
• Document: Creating documentation of the incident and then giving it to the person who was harassed. If the violence is ongoing, make sure to get the person being harassed/assaulted help before documenting the harassment. The victim should decide what to do with the documentation or how to tell their story.
• Delay: Checking in on the person who experienced harassment and ask them what they need.
• Direct: Setting a boundary with the person doing the harassing, and then turning your attention to the person being harassed. If you find that stepping in directly would cause an outcome that would escalate the situation, then try something else.

There exists a school of thought in football that says that the midfield is perhaps the most important part of the game and that if you can control the midfield, i.e. if you have the best players in those central positions, you will have the most important key to success. This line of thinking also suggests that we give too much emphasis on the goal scorers of the game - the Messis, the Ronaldos and the Mbappes. That's not because scoring goals isn't important - undoubtedly it requires supreme talent and undoubtedly it receives the most attention - but because games are ultimately won or lost in the battle for the midfield, the pivot between offense and defense in other words.
Some time ago, I had come across this particular tidbit about Barca:
With Xavi on the roster (not necessarily in the starting line-up), Barcelona made it to at least the Champions League semifinals a whopping 10 times (2000, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015). Since Xavi's retirement and despite having Messi at the height of his abilities, Barcelona made it to the semifinals of Champions League just once in 2019. Now to pin this decline on Xavi's retirement is too simple. But it is noteworthy that our midfield after 2015 never had quite the leadership that it had with Xavi there.
You can make a similar observation about Real Madrid and Toni Kroos or Luka Modric, who both have more Champions League wins with Madrid than for example Cristiano Ronaldo, suggesting perhaps that CR7 might be far more replaceable than a dominant midfielder.
And this observation doesn't end there. Most of the great teams of the past 40 years all had incredible central midfielders that controlled the play: Kante, Pirlo, Matthäus, Sammer, Platini, Zidane, Albertini, Donadoni, Makele, Deschamps, Essien, Snejder and many others were hugely influential without being omnipresent on the scoresheet.
I will admit that I am an optimist, but it would follow from this that Barcelona with so many quality midfielders still fairly early in their careers, particularly Gavi and Pedri, are perhaps on the right track.

The Fightplan series is back, as 2024 has proved a standout year for Ukrainian boxing, as Oleksandr Usyk captured undisputed status at heavyweight and Denys Berinchyk turned a superb boxing display to beatdown Emanuel Navarrete in San Diego to become the 135lbs WBO world champion. But the pick of the performances came for a legend of the amateur game to lay a marker down half way through the year for the performance of 2024 to recapture his own crown at lightweight, that performance coming from the great...
'Hi-Tech' 'The Matrix' Vasyl 'LOMA' Lomachenko
Vasyl Anatolyevich Lomachenko was born 17 February 1988 in the port city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky in the Odesa Oblast of South Western Ukraine. He was born into a sports obsessed family, his mother Tetiana a former gymnast turned instructor and his father Anatoly, an obsessed sports fan determined to see his son represent Ukraine in elite sports no matter what the discipline. Initially wanting the young Vasyl to become an ice hockey player, it was when he was taken to the boxing gym that Anatoly spotted the star potential his son possessed. He started training in boxing when he was 5 years old, with his father teaching him to fight as a southpaw despite 'doing everything with his right hand' which he believed would give him an advantage, as well as taking him to traditional dance classes and gymnastics lessons to help improve his balance, core strength, co-ordination and timing. His first amateur success would come at 16 years old, when Vasyl won the 2004 European Cadet Championships gold medal at 101 lbs. He took 8 months out from competing at competitions due to a growth spurt, but returned to claim a silver medal at the 2007 world championship at 125lbs, as well as winning gold at a nationwide Klitschko brothers tournament and at the Senior European Championships a year later at the same weight. Between 2008 to 2011, Lomachenko won 4 consecutive gold medals at the National Championships, as well as the 2010 Presidents Cup, and of course most notably, his success capturing the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games where Lomachenko also won the Val Barker Trophy for 'The Most Outstanding Boxer' at the games, before capturing another Olympic Gold medal at the London Games in 2012.
Now having competed at 132lbs for the last 4 years as an amateur, Lomachenko finished his amateur career with a staggering 395-1 record, having lost by just one point to Russian Albert Selimov, who he'd go on to beat twice, as well as holding amateur victories over notable fighters such as Félix Verdejo, José Carlos Ramírez, Óscar Valdez and Robson Conceição.
After his success at the 2013 World Series of Boxing, Lomachenko turned over to the pro game with big ambitious, with the goal to win a world title on his professional debut, and would only accept a deal on those conditions. After exhausting all options, Top Rank signed him to a deal where he could box in his second pro fight for the vacant WBO featherweight title which victory of 25-3 over José Luis Ramírez who he beat on his debut over 4 round for the WBO International title, securing his world title shot. This would come against 55 fight veteran with 41 wins, Orlando Salido, in a highly controversial bout with Salido missing weight by over 3lbs and no less than 52 low blows and repeated headbutts throughout from the Mexican ,who had rehydrated to over 147lbs, without any warning from the referee. Salido would win by split decision, in controversial fashion having only outlanded Lomachenko in one of the twelve rounds, with the broadcast team adding insult to injury with a patronising 'Welcome to professional boxing!' message to Lomachenko. Defiantly, Lomachenko would go on to capture the same title in his next fight, outworking the highly skilled and blisteringly fast enigma of Gary Russell Jr., before defending in a shutout win over 51-1 Thai Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo, not dropping a round despite an injury forcing him to box in final 5 rounds with just his right hand. The next years would be frustrating for Lomachenko, failing to get unifications with the other champions not wanting to risk losing to the elite champion with such little pro experience, as Lomachenko became disillusioned at being offered 'not interesting' match ups. Despite this, he'd carry on defending his title twice more before his knockout of the year contender as he knocked out Roman 'Rocky' Martinez in the 5th round with a vicious left uppercut and right hook combo, where he won the WBO world title at Super Featherweight. This would spark the beginning of his most dominant run of performances, resulting in 4 straight retirement victories at over Nicolas Walters, Jason Sosa, Miguel Marriaga and his schooling over an unbeaten Guillermo Rigondeaux, giving birth to his 'No-Mas Chenko' moniker.
Lomachenko then moved to his third weight class where he'd face the 44-3 WBA world champion Jorge Linares, over coming slight adversity for the first time, after a his first and only ever knockdown in round 6, Lomachenko would rally back to overwhelm Linares with relentless pressure and non stop flurries of punching culminating in a round 10 stoppage, become a 3 weight world champion in a record time of just 12 pro fights. His next matchup would be his first unification bout against the WBO champion Jose Pedraza, winning a one sided decision and twice dropping the champion, he'd make two defences of his titles over former world champion Anthony Crolla, battering him and twice dropping him inside 4 rounds, and coming out on top with an impressive display over former Olympic Gold medalist Luke Campbell, where Lomachenko picked up vacant the WBC world title, before being controversially elevated to 'franchise champion' and not being recognised as the official belt holder amongst the other sanctioning bodies.
Despite this, Top Rank moved quick to make one of the few super fights during the global pandemic, with a much anticipated bout in what was essentially an undisputed bout against IBF champion Teofimo Lopez following his statement win over Richard Commey. Despite his lack of experience at world level, Lopez boxed disciplined throughout using his clear power and athletic advantage to keep Lomachenko backed up and tentative to throw shots, and while Lomachenko had success in the second half of the fight, he lost a clear decision, many questioning his desire and motivation to continue in the sport. Lomachenko responded by choosing to face 2 Lopez inspired opponents, Masayoshi Nakatani, who gave Lopez his toughest matchup, who he stopped in 9 rounds and his world title opponent Richard Commey to make a statement of one upmanship to Lopez. After a lacklustre performance in a bad style matchup against Jamaine Ortiz, he go on to officially fight for undisputed honours over young talent Devin Haney, who had controversially become WBC world champion after Lomachenko had been elevated to the now mothballed franchise status. The fight was a close one throughout with plenty of swing rounds, with their stylistic differences leading to many debated scores online, but in the end Devin Haney won a much debated decision working behind the jab and landing telling body shots to make the difference over Lomachenko's aggression and output. But with Lomachenko standing intact and possibly even enhanced with his performance over Haney he performed another masterful display of one upmanship on both Haney and Lopez's former opponent George Kambosos Jr. with a punch perfect display, allowing Kambosos to land just 11% of his punches before stopping him in the 11th round, capturing the IBO and the vacant IBF world titles now as a two time lightweight world champion, with a 18-3 record with 12 knockouts and 7 victories over current, former or future world champions.
The Matrix
A masterful technician, while he certainly is by no means a flawless fighter, his amateur and professional success can not be denied with elite performances of world level opponents in almost every fight he's taken. his record may be looked on with revisionist eyes in future years, but Lomachenko has not been afraid to step up against younger and much bigger opponents with a similar talent level, even for his supreme talent an undefeated record would be invariably hard to maintain. Nevertheless, some of his greatest wins alone show peak levels scaled by Lomachenko, scaling the summit of weight classes on numerous occasions and making elite fighters look levels apart in his prime. With his elite levels footwork, creating of angles, dynamic reflexes and supreme timing with his own unique tricks of the trade sprinkled in, it will be interesting to see the future trajectory of the 36 year old Hall of Fame shoo in.
Fightplan
Core tactic Preferred range Mid range Primary mentality Aggressive Crisis mentality Reactive Advantage mentality Aggressive
Operating often with a size disadvantage, and very regularly with a reach disadvantage, Loma is an aggressive high output, high movement based fighter that operates best at mid to close range. Like Chocolatito, his lead hand is his key weapon but crucially for Loma it's often his dominant right hand from the southpaw stance. This where he generates the vast majority of his offensive, but will frequently stance switch either to break distance or maintain distance to or from his opponent, in a similar, but much more refined way to that of Teofimo Lopez. He's happy to hold his feet, but only if he's confident he's in an advantageous position to landed more punches than his opponent, otherwise he will pivot out, retreat with a high guard or look to slip-counter while advancing forward to maintain pressure and offensive. His lead hand is crucial as it allows him to be busy while not loading up on big power shots that expend energy, and his constant movement and changing of pace and offensive make him a nightmare to read, to land on and more important to match his work rate when 'The Matrix' is in full flow. Possessing high footwork, reflexes, agility, dexterity and hand speed will be vital in trying to replicate Loma's combinations, movements and offensive output in Leather while utilising good head and upper body movement with the added bonus pf guarding to say defensively alert and able to counter whilst fight aggressively
Long range tactic Heavily favour lead hand Medium work rate Ultra High combinations Follow up Approach/Wait Countermeasures Cover up/ Retreat
Often on the edge of long to mid range, Lomachenko has an extremely active jab, mostly used to back up his opponent or manipulate their guard to find openings. Often being the shorter man means his double or triple jabs are crucial to breaking range while also keeping his opponent occupied, but he's also happy to wait if he he can get a read on his opponent and find an opening he can exploit or to time their rhythm as he darts inside. Defensively, Lomachenko is less active preferring to ride out attacks in a high guard before responding with a better combination, or changing angle or distance to find an advantageous position.
Mid range tactic Favour lead hand Low work rate Medium combinations Follow up Wait/Approach Countermeasures Retreat/Counterpunch
Mid range is where you often see a calculated thinking fighter approach as Lomachenko looks to get a read on his opponent. He will often hold his hands low to bait an opponent into throwing and looking to change distance or angle before almost instantaneously throwing back once he finds how to best exploit the opening. He uses his head and upper body movement as he looks to work off and slip his opponent's jab to catch his opponent whilst they are defensively vulnerable. He uses his 'Matrix shuffle' to step outside and uses lateral shifts to change direction and confused his opponent and his often frame with his lead hand to either knock his opponent off balance or blind their vision and he steps off at an angle, make his movements extremely difficult to read and hard to pick up where he is all while putting himself in a dominant offensive position.
Close range Heavily favour lead hand Medium work rate High combinations Follow up Retreat/Wait Countermeasures Counterpunch/Retreat
At close range, Lomachenko will sense he's in an advantageous position and look to put together his punches in bunches off his lead right hand. He has a wicked uppercut that when he finds the range can be a vicious weapon as he's demonstrated on many occasions, particularly against Crolla, and a very effective lead right hook he will often counter with which is a lethal weapon as his hook will often land first up close, before taking a half step back to follow up with a combination and make it harder for his opponent to land. While he can be hittable up close, his work rate makes sure he's able to outlandish his opponent and his use of movement makes him less of a stationary target to be caught with a shot, but mostly, Lomachenko will be pressing to find openings as he moves rounds the target for angles to attack and capitalise on his success.
Thanks for everyone taking the time to continue supporting this series, and for all the new readers, I hope you can find my writings useful in building fightplans in Leather boxing manager and keep out my previous pieces below. Enjoy boxing in this great period for the sport and all success in every you do. TEEKAY
Video credits
https://youtu.be/eg24htCdBeA?si=jEpoTSPTD1N8XSto https://youtu.be/-NevXzAtXNY?si=U07r-ijKh26VQbK2 https://youtu.be/-NevXzAtXNY?si=pgCpqNsih67Ik_2u https://youtu.be/ApvDF65n-e0?si=AdGuNqtxKz0ZVi7J https://youtu.be/_nuH0NLnYzs?si=rkrKnYJiaunx9JSH
The Fightplan series
The Thinking Fighter https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mlmckn/the_thinking_fighter_gameplan/
The Thinking Fighter 2.0 https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mmc9z3/the_thinking_fighter_20_tactical_inside_boxing/
Moves like Junior (Roy Jones Jr.) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mpog3f/roy_jones_jr_gameplan/
The Kings of the Counters https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mq9zvo/the_kings_of_the_counters_countering_with/
The Magical Manny (Manny Pacquiao Machine Gun) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/mx3kjh/the_magical_manny_aggressive_defence_intricate/
Sweet Little Chocolate (Chocolatito) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n0n1jc/sweet_little_chocolate_effective_aggression/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Rigo's Rhythm (Rigondeaux)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n3dvoq/rigos_rhythm_staying_elusive_countering_with/
Magnificent Marvelous Master (Hagler)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n530c
Cinnamon Superstar (Canelo)
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/n786r1/canelo_fightplan/
The Spoiler https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/neezv9/the_boxerspoiler_fightplan_shutting_down_offence/ The GOAT of Boxing (Sugar Ray Robinson) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/nfb6fx/sugar_ray_robinson_fightplan_the_goat_of_boxing/
Golden Oscar Winner (de la Hoya) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/npb9sn/golden_oscar_winner_expert_outboxing_cunning/
Body Hunting Monster (Naoya Inoue) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/o4eukc/body_hunting_monster_crippling_body_punches/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Xu Can https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/o8lqn4/what_xu_can_do_speed_and_work_rate_kills/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
The Kronk Style https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/oc01wa/kronk_it_up_the_art_of_technical_aggression/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share
Julio Cesar Martinez https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/p5pee2/julio_cesar_martinez_the_little_mexican_firebrand/
Floyd Mayweather
https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/q7ci77/flawless_floyd_the_genius_ogf_mayweather_behind/
Khaosai https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/qngzvk/the_real_life_jimmy_sisphar_the_secrets_behind/
Usyk https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/rtt5sd/countering_with_movement_effective_outboxing/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share with
Dmitry Dictates the Distance (Bivol) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/x94pjl/dmitry_dictates_the_distance_an_in_depth_look_at/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Golden Global Great (GGG - Golovkin) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/yytuag/golden_global_great_the_boxing_skills_of_one_of/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Beterbiev https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/10mwljz/you_beterbelieve_in_artur_the_skills_behind_the/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Wilder Rangy Slugging https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/10s00f2/deontay_wilder_rangy_slugging_beware_of_the_right/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
(Shakur) Stevenson Steals The Show https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/11kl2vo/stevenson_steals_the_show_the_fluid_boxing_skills/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Teraji https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/11upcc7/comment/jcrp9v4/
Junto Nakatani https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/13l1hw8/junto_nakatani_young_japanese_phenom_the/
AJ (Joshua) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/1beqzts/comment/kww65s8/
Mini Monster (Ginjiro Shigeoka) https://www.reddit.com/LeatherTheGame/comments/1btyvbc/ginjiro_shigeoka_mini_monster_the_105lbs_ibf/?onetap_auto=true&one_tap=true