So yesterday that Beo rag posted about Kacey Musgraves being in town visiting Nut Hot as its an "institution for spice bags in Galway" and that she was set on "sampling the best in the west on the well loved takeaway ",in their words.....Kacey has now posted that she's in bed sick with food poisoning today.wonder will they do a follow up "article" 😂 Get well soon Kacey

TimHortonsNutritionGuide https://chat.openai.com/g/g-w4rBeoU8H-timhortonsnutritionguide
Sample Chat:
https://chat.openai.com/share/2dee8c8d-3d9f-4dd8-b3e9-04131a5cd49b

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beo_jHowU-I
This is the song in question - it took me about 15 times of humming it to google before it finally suggested 16 tons by tennesse ernie ford, which then allowed me to figure out who covered it. I knew who covered it because it was on a Brazilian based DNB album that featured the song in question.
It would have come out before '06 because my friend burned me a couple of CDs as it was not too long before Spotify started. I've looked on whosampled and out of the 6 songs that came up, none of them were drum n' bass.
Unfortunately I don't remember if the album/compilation/mix was all one DJ or if it was a compilation of multiple DJs who all did brazillian (samba) tunes, but I'm pretty sure i remember it being a seamless mix. I can even hear some of the other songs too - it was a mix of samples from old stuff like this as well as more modern samba sounding stuff (sambass). I hope this is enough info to go off of and thanks in advance for your help!

This a repost of my original Orthic adaptation to Spanish.
I had been editing that post for the last months to improve the brief word list, do some tweaks to the rules and post some clarifications. All of these changes have been also recorded on the changelog. (For clarity, I'm copying the whole changelog over to this repost and editing it here.)
After months of journalling, writing and reading this script, I think the system's mostly stable. I will still edit the content and changelog on this post if I find anything else to improve (or if I receive feedback to that effect).
Like the last time, I'm mostly using the ASCII encoding for Orthic at https://orthic.shorthand.fun/dictionary.
For the moment, I'm not carrying over the images or the samples. I will create new images and samples and look for a way to post them here.

Changelog

2023-08-30:

• add samples
• remove the seldom-used abbreviation tp for tampoco
• add the abbreviation fm for form[a]

2023-09-08:

• added samples for most abbreviations
• A before -ción can be omitted; O should be kept.
• corrected a couple typos
• corrected abbreviation for volv[er] (it should not contain a dot)
• ^msd for demasiado was moved from "ordinary style" to "advanced abbreviation", as it made use of mode 1 for words beginning with de-.

2023-10-22:

• Removed pues and -puest@ (they had little use, and ended in a backward movement, so they were awkward to join).
• Corrected oversight in the abbreviation pd: it was ambiguous for tenses pude and puede.
• Extended abbreviation of de- to di-.
• Added -go, -agio and others to "advanced abbreviations".
• Added per- and pro- to "advanced abbreviations".

2023-11-04:

• Added abbreviation cd cada (which is already in one of the samples, but wasn't added to the brief form list in an oversight.
• Added new abbreviation seem siempre.
• Corrected a typo and some formatting mistakes.
• Added a warning about the combinations IEMP and IEMB in advanced form.
• Removed sm -ismo and added the more general m -mo instead.

2024-02-08:

• Added prefix pre-
• Un, una, uno, unos, unas are now all distinct (gender marking should be retained in articles).
• Clarified U standing for IO, IÓ.
• Removed recommendations to make EEMP/EEMB and the MB ligature distinct (need for disambigation is rare, and best done using the usual Orthic methods).

2024-02-17:

• Removed images and samples
• Added abbreviation ent entre (a very common word and prefix) and removed nstr nuestr@ (somewhat less common, and traditional abbreviations ntro and ntra are just as understandable) and vstr vuestr@ (only used in Spain, but can be abbreviated like nuestr@).
• Removed abbreviation cm como, cómo (redundant with the m -mo ending)
• Simplified suffixes -andos, -endos, -indos (used everywhere) and -ándoos, -iéndoos (only used in Spain): all of them can be written ^s
• If a vowel with an accent mark is removed, the accent can be moved towards a consonant. The need for this should be vanishingly rare.
• The con dot can stand for cum-, com- before B, P, and also before U.

Basics

Blurb

• The straight ING sign stands for Ñ (N-tilde); the bent ING is unused.
• Word-initial LL can be written with a leading hairline (like L in initials) instead of a dotted L.
• Silent U's in gue, gui, que, qui, can be omitted.
• The acute accent can optionally be written as an apostrophe over the affected letter.
• An optional stroke through a letter represents any diacritic or modification other than an acute accent: Ü, Ç, À, È, Ò, Ł…

The word de is written as a dot above the line. In collocations like de la, only the second word is written, above the line.
The main rule for ordinary style: in any run of consonant letter + A/O + M/N/Ñ (where "consonant letter" is any letter besides A, E, I, O, U) leave out the vowel.

Longhand abbreviations

Longhand abbreviations can be "transcribed" into Orthic. These abbreviations can be used anywhere (even when regular grammar rules forbid it), but Orthic rules can't be applied to them to abbreviate them further.
All dots can be dropped if not needed. If a dot is omitted mid-abbreviation, write a break on the line instead: q.e.p.d q. e. p. d. (que en paz descanse)
Slashes can be written with a horizontal through them, or treated like dots: c.u c/u (cada unidad)
Superior letters (like the small, floating "st", "nd", "rd", "th" in English ordinals) are written on mode 2, not mode 1: 1.a 1.ª (primera).
Proper spelling rules require a dot before a superior letter, so you can write this dot if you need it. Both v.os and v.*.os are correct ways to write *v.*^os (vistos).

Inconvenient symbols

The letter ING with an optional stroke through it can stand for any inconvenient symbol (like @ in bienvenid@s, or the currency symbol in a list of prices), as long as it's obvious in context.

Ordinary style

Brief forms

The brief forms below can be categorised in three groups:

• Those with a @ symbol in the legend can be used for any grammatical gender. Gender markers in these words are optional (e.g. nosotras can be nsots or nsotas).
• Those with brackets [] are intended for many inflections of the word (usually verb inflections). These inflections are not optional, and should only be removed in set, joined phrases like eenvez una vez
• Some words are invariant (they cannot be inflected).

In all cases, extra letters can be added for plurals, derivatives and compound words.

• bn bien, buen, buen[o]
• ca cual (drop the E for the plural: casqeera cualesquiera)
• cd cada
• cnd cuando, cuándo
• cnt cuant@, cuánt@
• ct cuent[o], cont[ar]
• ^* de. If followed by a very common word, write the word above the line, replacing the dot, e.g. ^la de la
  • ^el stands for both de él and del. Use an accent mark if you need to disambiguate.
• ^sp después
• een un, un[o], un[a] (The U is written more steeply to save space)
  • The U is omitted altogether at the end of words like algna alguna, nengnos ningunos.
• ent entre, entre-
• f fue, fue[ra], fue[se]… (forms of_ ser_ and ir beginning with fue-)
  • f(^*) fui, fui[mos]… (the dot above the F may be dropped when not ambiguous)
• fm form[a]
• hb hab[er], hub[o]
• hr hora
• m muy
• mens menos
• ms mas, más
• mch much@
• n no
• nd nada, nad[ie]
• ns nos. See ot
• nte ante, ante[s], ante-
• ot otr@ (nsots nosotr@s)
• p para
• pc poc@ (tmpc tampoco)
  • Written pq when regular spelling rules require it: pqeto poquito
• pd pod[er], puedo
  • All forms are distinguished by last letters only, except: pdo pudo, pd puedo, pude pude, pde puede.
• pnt punto, punt[a], -punt[ar]
• pe pero
• pt part[ir]
• q que (xq porque, aunq aunque, cnq conque, con que, con qué )
• rd recuerd[o], record[ar]
• sb sobre
• seem siempre
• sl sol@ (write S vertically, to avoid confusion with re)
• tb también
• tbj trabajo
• td tod@
• teem tiempo
  • May be tem in some derivatives: tem.ero temporero.
• tnt tant@
• u usted (us ustedes; the E can be omitted in this word)
• vs vos. See ot.
• vt vuelt[a]
• v:v volv[er], vuelv[o]
• x por (xq porque)

Other vowels

Any omitted vowel can be written above the word to disambiguate. If near the end of a word, write it towards the middle of the word, or upwards (e.g. in pc(^o) , the O is written above the whole word).
You can drop E in es- and ex- before consonants. Other obvious vowels, mostly in the middle of the word, can be dropped.
If a vowel with an accent mark is removed, the accent mark can be optionally written over a consonant within the same syllable. This should only be used for very exceptional cases, like disambiguating que from qué in complicated sentences.
Final vowels outside of the brief forms above are usually kept, in keeping with longhand abbreviations and normal usage.

Endings

• b -ble, -bil, -bil- (amab^d amabilidad). The previous vowel can be often omitted.
• ba -aba. Can be extended to: bas -abas, bms -abamos, bais -abais, bn -aban.
• c -cia. Can be extended to cl -cial
  • -cía, -cio, -cío are written ce:a, cu, ce:o instead.
• ^d -dad, -tad, -edad, -etad, -idad, -itad.
• d -ado, -ido. Best used after a consonant; extra vowels can be omitted if the context allows it (e.g, pntd punteado, puntuado); but less legible cases are best written in full (e.g. paseado instead of pasd or pased).
  • Can be combined with r: dr -ador, dra -adora
  • For -ada, -ida, use da instead.
• m -mo
  • ms -mos
• mt -mento, -miento, -menta, -mienta
• .n -ción, -cción, -sión. An A before this suffix can be omitted; any other vowel should be kept.
• r -ar, -or. Can't be used after A, E, I, O, U, R. The first vowel is also removed on word-endings -ari@, -aría, -ará; -ori@, -oría, -orá
• st -ista
• .te -ante, -ente, -iente
• u, optionally dotted, can sand for -io and -ió near the end of a word, specially in word-endings -io, -ió, -ión, -ios, -ios@, e.g. ocuso ocioso
• y -oy (as in sy soy, vy voy, dy doy, sty estoy).
• ^a -iva, -tiva and ^o -ivo, -tivo, -ivo-, -tivo-
  • This can be generalised to any vowel, e.g. enclus^e inclusive.
  • This is also used for partitives ending in -av@: 12^o doceavo (compare 12.o 12.º (duodécimo or décimo segundo).
• ^* -ando, -endo, -iendo.
  • If used for a gerund, a pronoun after this suffix replaces the dot: crey^lo creyéndolo. There is one exception: Spaniard pronoun os is simply written ^s.
  • If used for a noun, the plural s, and any other inflections or suffixes, also replace the dot: sum^s sumandos,

Advanced abbreviations

In native words, Q can only occur in que, qui, so a single E or I can be omitted after the Q.
Be aware that the usual ligature for MB can be confused for EEMP or EEMB, which occurs naturally in words like siembro and septiembre.

de-

Normal words starting with de- can be written by omitting de, and writing the rest of the word above the line. A word written like this can't replace the dot for de: ^* ^fensa de defensa.
The following two words are written slightly differently for convenience:

• ^lnte delante; ^l.te and ^lte are slower and less legible.
• ^ms demás, same as de más (word derivation: ^msd demasiado)

Derivatives of words beginning with de- may use the mode 1 mid-word: a^ms además.
Words beginning with di- are also written in mode 1, losing the D, but keeping the (undotted) I: ^ejo dijo, mal^ejo maldijo.

The con- dot

Parallelling the English supplement, the word-beginning con- can be written as a dot on the line, close to the rest of the word. Before B, P or U, the dot stands for cum- or com-, instead. Writing com- as a dot in other circumstances isn't legible; e.g. comida should be cmda, not *da.
The word con can also be written as a dot on the line, close to the next word. That is, con partir and compartir are both written *.prter.
Compound prefixes are expressed through mode 2, like for English: ^s.exun desconexión, re.pose.n recomposición.

V-mode

In highly abbreviated writing, the V-mode can be extended to any two vowels (-tv*, -v*), and also be employed anywhere in the middle of the word: l^aeno l[iv]iano, n^e^d n[av]i[da]d, but not at the start.

G-mode

Suffixes -go and -agio can be written with a dot in mode 3 (to the right, and below the end of the last character):

• al_* algo, cae_* caigo, pn_* pongo, ten_* tengo, trae_* traigo, ven_* vengo
• sufr_* sufragio, pl_* plagio, naufr_* naufragio

Derivatives of these words replace the dot with the appropriate letters: al_een alguien, ten_a tenga. The U can be omitted in the word al_n algún, algun@.
Other suffixes:

• _e -age, -aje, (fusel_e fuselaje, ve_e viaje)
• _f -graf- (bole_fo bolígrafo).
• l_@ -log@ (common words can omit the L: seco_a psicóloga)
• l_e:a -logía (common words can omit the L: beo_e:a biología)

The letter G near the end of the word can be omitted outside of these list of prefixes, within caution.

Per-, pro-, para-, pre-

The prefixes per- and pro- can be written by sub-linear writing: _fe.nl profesional, em_snl impersonal . Note that this mostly reverses the English convention of using mode 1 for per-, pro-, peri-, and using mode 3 for de-, di-.
The word-beginning para- can be abbreviated as p. as per the abbreviation for para: p.farmac parafarmacia.
The word-beginning pre- can be abbreviated _e as in _eza pereza.

I'm headed to Da Nang, Hue, and Hoi An for a few weeks and would love any suggestions for what food we should try while we're there. We already have down the usual suspects (bun bo hue, banh canh, mi thit nuong, mi quang, banh beo and banh bot lot).
I'd also love to know if there are dishes/food that are hard to find outside of the region or are made differently in the North / South and if there are any specialties we should sample from a specific city.

Beryllium oxide ceramics (BeO ceramic)
Beryllium oxide ceramic is a structural ceramic material with excellent performance, featuring high thermal conductivity, high melting point, high strength, high insulation, high chemical and thermal stability, low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and good process adaptability, which is widely used in special metallurgy, vacuum electronics, nuclear technology, microelectronics and optoelectronics.
Properties of Beryllium Oxide Ceramics
Beryllium oxide has high thermal conductivity, high insulation, high melting point, high strength, low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, high chemical and stability, and good process adaptability, The biggest advantage of BeO is great high thermal conductivity-285W.(m/K), Therefore, BeO has been the mainstream ceramic material for the preparation of high thermal conductivity components in high-power semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, microwave electric vacuum devices and nuclear reactors.
Its excellent electrical properties are also important. The dielectric constant ε is a measure of the ability of a dielectric to store charge, often referred to as the capacitance, and is a characteristic parameter of ceramics. The dielectric loss angular tangent tanδ is part of the power loss of the ceramic in an electromagnetic field and is the key special parameter. Both are affected by chemical composition, bulk density, microstructure, as well as frequency and temperature. For beryllium oxide ceramics, it is usually the case that: as the dielectric loss angular tangent tanδ increases, ε does not change much. However, there are cases where the value of ε becomes slightly larger as the frequency increases; or ε becomes slightly smaller as the frequency increases. So, BeO has an advantage: low dielectric loss!
Production Processes of hyper-pure beryllia.
The methods of producing high-purity beryllium oxide are the beryllium sulfate crystallization method, alkaline beryllium acetate decomposition method and the hydrolysis complexation method.
(1) Beryllium sulfate crystallization method.
The beryllium sulfate crystallization method is a method to crystallize beryllium sulfate and leave the impurities in the solution before removing, the process varies depending on the purity of the raw materials used and the requirements for product purity. If the purity of raw material beryllium hydroxide is low and the product purity is high (BeO≥99.9%), the pre-purification method can be used to remove some impurities first, then evaporate the beryllium sulfate solution, cool the crystallization, and finally decompose and calcine the beryllium sulfate crystals to obtain high purity beryllium oxide of the required purity. Or without pre-purification process, only the beryllium sulfate recrystallization method is used to produce high purity beryllium sulfate crystals, and finally decompose and calcine them at high temperature to obtain the desired purity of high purity beryllium oxide. In the case of high purity of raw material beryllium hydroxide (equivalent to BeO≥99.0%) or low purity requirement of the product, only dissolve the beryllium hydroxide with sulfuric acid and carry out one evaporation crystallization to obtain high purity beryllium oxide of the desired purity.
(2) Alkaline beryllium acetate thermal decomposition method.
The alkaline beryllium acetate thermal decomposition method is to make industrial beryllium hydroxide react with acetic acid to make alkaline beryllium acetate, then sublimate under the condition of vacuum heating, then purify by distillation and thermal decomposition to make high purity beryllium oxide with high purity and dispersion.
(3) Hydrolytic complexation method.
The hydrolytic complexation method is to dissolve industrial beryllium hydroxide in sodium hydroxide solution, then, dilute hydrolysis to precipitate beryllium hydroxide, then dissolve by sulfuric acid, add chelating agent complexation, neutralization and precipitation, drying and calcination process to produce high purity beryllium oxide. The hydrolytic complexation process is simple and the equipment is less corrosive, but the product purity is low (BeO≥99.50%).
Applications of Beryllium Oxide Ceramics
Application Development Timeline
①1930s: BeO began to be used as a ceramic material, initially for crucibles for metallurgy and earlier for fluorescent lamp manufacturing.
②1940s: BeO ceramics were used in large quantities for certain reactors as moderators and reflectors.
③In the 1970s, BeO ceramics were more widely used in electronic devices and electronics industry.
④In the 1980s, the most important use of BeO ceramics was applied to the electronic ignition system of automobiles; in addition, it was also used in IC substrates for high-speed signal transmission, laser tubes on gyroscopes, automotive parts and braking devices, etc.
⑤ In the 1990s, with the rapid development of science and technology, communication technology and other fields, the application of BeO ceramics in areas such as communication and microelectronics industry has been expanding.
⑥In the 21st century, BeO ceramics are expanding their applications in the increasingly progressive development of electronic packaging materials and technologies because of their high thermal conductivity and excellent electrical properties.
1.High power electronic devices/integrated circuit field
The high thermal conductivity and low dielectric constant of beryllium oxide ceramics are the key reasons why this material can be widely used in the field of electronic technology.
(1) In the application of electronic substrates, compared to our more recognized alumina substrates, beryllium oxide substrates can be used at 20% higher frequencies with the same thickness and can operate at frequencies up to 44 GHz, often used in communications, live satellite, cell phones, personal communications, base stations, satellite reception and transmission, avionics, and global positioning systems (GPS).
(2) Compared with alumina ceramics, the high thermal conductivity of beryllium oxide ceramics can make the heat generated in high-power devices conduct out in a timely and effective manner, and can withstand greater continuous wave output power, thus ensuring the stability and reliability of the devices. Therefore, it is also widely used in broadband high-power electronic vacuum devices, such as the energy transfer window of traveling wave tubes, support poles and buck collection poles.
2.Nuclear technology material field
The development and utilization of nuclear energy is an important way to solve the problem of energy shortage today. The rational and effective use of nuclear energy technology can provide great energy for social production to supply electricity and heat. Some ceramic materials are also one of the important materials in nuclear reactors, for example, the neutron reflector and decelerator (moderator) of nuclear fuel is usually used by using BeO, B4C or graphite materials. Beryllium oxide can be used as neutron reducer and radiation protection material for atomic reactors. In addition, BeO ceramics have better high-temperature irradiation stability than metallic beryllium, higher density than metallic beryllium, higher strength and thermal conductivity at high temperatures, and beryllium oxide is cheaper than metallic beryllium. This makes it more suitable for use as reflector, reducer and dispersive phase fuel matrix in reactors. Beryllium oxide ceramics can be used as control rods in nuclear reactors, and it can be used in combination with U2O (uranium oxide) ceramics as nuclear fuel.
3.Refractory material field--the crucible can work at temperatures up to 2000°C.
Due to their high melting temperature (~2550°C), high chemical stability (alkali resistance), thermal stability and purity, BeO ceramics are used to melt glazes and plutonium. In addition, these crucibles have been successfully used to produce standard samples of silver, gold, and platinum, and the high "transparency" of BeO to electromagnetic radiation allows induction heating to be used to melt the metal samples in them.
Beryllium oxide ceramics are used as refractory materials for refractory support rods for heating elements, thus protecting shields, furnace linings, thermocouple tubes as well as cathodes, thermon heating substrates and coatings, etc.
4.Other fields
In addition to the above examples, there are many other applications of beryllium oxide ceramics.
①BeO can be added as a component to glasses of various compositions. Glass containing beryllium oxide can transmit X-rays, and X-ray tubes made from this glass can be used for institutional analysis and in medicine to treat skin diseases. Beryllium oxide affects glass properties, such as increasing the specific gravity, water resistance, and hardness of the glass, improving the coefficient of expansion, refractive index, and chemical stability. It can be used not only as a component of special glass with high dispersion coefficient, but also as a component of glass that transmits ultraviolet light.
②High-purity BeO ceramics have good heat transfer performance and can be used to make rocket head cones, etc.
③ BeO can be made with Be, Ta, Mo, Zr, Ti, Nb and other metals with a specific line (expansion) coefficient and special thermal properties of metal-ceramic products, such as Ford and General Motors in the automotive ignition device using a sprayed metal BeO liner.
Although BeO is a very toxic substance, its dust and vapor is a level of high toxicity, but it is preventable, and beryllium oxide ceramics as a sintered body is non-toxic, with the continuous development of related science and technology, the application scale of beryllium oxide products will be further expanded, we should not "talk about beryllium".
Coraynic is one of the professional Beryllium oxide ceramic supplier, with a complete industrial chain from high-purity beryllium oxide raw materials to beryllium oxide ceramics. With complete production facilities, professional testing equipment, Strict quality control instruments, Experienced R&D team, skilled production staff. We produce beryllium oxide ceramic substrates with excellent thermal conductivity, low dielectric constant and dielectric loss, reliable insulation performance, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal expansion coefficient close to that of silicon, and high reliability of packaging. Beryllium oxide ceramic clamping rod has low dielectric constant, low microwave loss, high strength and good thermal conductivity, high processing accuracy and good consistency, applied with traveling wave tube, supporting its spiral type structure and providing good heat dissipation channels. Beryllium oxide ceramic crucibles can be used for melting rare and precious metals, especially for applications requiring high-purity metals or alloys, and can be used at working temperatures up to 2000 C°. Due to its high melting temperature (2550 C°), high chemical stability (alkali resistance) thermal stability and purity, beryllium oxide ceramics can also be used for melting uranium and plutonium. Beryllium oxide ceramic cylinder, ceramic tile, ceramic plate, according to the different structure design for the traveling wave tube collection pole, receive electron injection and will be converted into heat energy to pass out, and can achieve multi-stage voltage reduction. Beryllium oxide attenuating ceramic is used in microwave electric vacuum devices such as traveling wave tubes, speed modulation tubes, etc. It is an indispensable key material in traveling wave tubes for total signal absorption, reflection reduction and selective suppression of various modes of spurious waves to ensure a given microwave parameter and improve the stability of the device.

Work Book (Phase - I)
Subjective:
Board Type Questions

1. What is the maximum number of electrons with clockwise spin that can be accommodated in a f subshell?
   
2. What is the restriction imposed on Rutherford model of an atom by Bohr’s model atom?
   
3. How much charge in coulombs is carried by the nucleus of an atom of oxygen?
   
4. Atomic number is defined in terms of protons usually and not in terms of electrons. Why?
   
5. For any given series in the spectrum of hydrogen, there is a wavelength limit beyond which the spectrum becomes continuous (not discrete). Explain.
   
6. An electric bulb emit light discontinuously in accordance with Planck’s quantum theory, but it appears to us as if light is being emitted continuously. Explain.
   
7. What is the shape of H3O+ ion? Explain your answer.
   
8. Is CaF2 linear or bent or neither of the two? Justify.
   
9. Out of NaCl and MgO, which has higher lattice energy and why?
   
10. Why NaCl gives a white precipitate with AgNO3 but CCl4 does not?
    
11. Arrange the following in order of decreasing bond angles:
    

CH3, NH3, H2O, BF3, C2H2

1. Why NF3 is pyramidal but BF3 is triangular planar?
   
2. IE2 for alkali metals shows a jump whereas IE3 for alkaline earth metals shows a jump. Explain.
   
3. The electron affinity of nitrogen is lower than that of carbon. Why?
   
4. Which main group element (s) has (have) a different number of outermost electrons than its (their) group number?
   
5. How is the electron affinity of a positive ion related to its ionization potential?
   
6. Does an element have a negative ionization potential?
   
7. Explain, strong electropositive elements are good reducing agents.
   
8. Potassium bromide contains 32.9% by weight of potassium. If 3.20 g of bromine reacts with 3.60 g of potassium, calculate the number of moles of potassium which combine with bromine to form KBr.
   
9. 9.7 × 1017 atoms of iron weigh as much as 1cc of H2 at STP. What is the atomic mass of iron?
   
10. Two bulbs B1 and B2 of equal capacity contain 10 g of oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) respectively. Which bulb will have grater number of oxygen atom and which have greater number of molecules?
    
11. Why are atomic masses of most of the elements are fractional?
    
12. What is meant by 1 gram atom of iron?
    
13. Round each of the following figures to four significant figures
    

(a) 12,345,670
(b) 2.35500
(c) 456,500
(d) 3.218 × 103
True/False

1. Isosters has different number of atoms.
   
2. Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of electric field is called stark effect.
   
3. The sp2 hybrid orbitals have equal s and p character.
   
4. The overlap of p – orbitals always leads to the formation of a π bond.
   
5. The increasing order of electron affinity of F, Cl and Br is F < Cl < Br
   
6. The ionic radius decreases with increase in nuclear charge.
   
7. In SI units A is the symbol for temperature on absolute scale.
   
8. Temperature in the Kelvin scale does not use the degree sign because it is an absolute scale and not a relative scale.
   

Fill in the Blanks

1. The mass of an atom M and its ion M2+ is…………………….
   
2. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is ……………….
   
3. Each molecular orbital whether bonding or antibonding can accommodate a maximum of…………………..electrons.
   
4. The bond order of He2+ is…………………….
   
5. Ca2+ ion has smaller radius than K+ ion because Ca2+ has……………….
   
6. The first ionization potential of nitrogen is……………than that of oxygen.
   
7. The weight of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4.5H2O is…………………..
   
8. A pure substance that contains only one kind of atoms is called……………..
   

IIT Level Questions

1. The nucleus of an atom can be assumed to be spherical. The radius of nucleus of an atom is given by 1.25 × 10−1 × A1/3 cm where A is the mass number of nucleus. Radius of the atom is 1📷. If the mass number is 64, what is the fraction of the atomic volume that is occupied by the nucleus?
   
2. Show that if the uncertainty in the position of a moving electrons is equal to its de-Broglie wavelength, then its velocity is completely uncertain.
   
3. The electron energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state works out to be −2.18 × 10−18 J per atom. Calculate what will happen to the position of the electrons in this atom if the energy of 1.938 × 10−18 J is applied to each hydrogen atom.
   
4. At room temperature, NO2 gas is paramagnetic in nature. When its is cooled below 0°C it acquires diamagnetic behaviour. Explain this observation on the basis of structure?
   
5. Explain why 📷 is linear but 📷 is a bent molecular ion?
   
6. First and second ionization energies of Mg(g) are 740 and 1450 kJ mol−1. Calculate percentage of Mg+ (g) and Mg2+(g), if 1 g of Mg(g) absorbs 50 kJ of energy.
   
7. Select paramagnetic and diamagnetic species among the following:
   

📷

1. If 12.6 g of NaHCO3 is added to 20.0 g of HCl solution, the residue solution is found to weigh 24.0 g. What is the mass and volume of CO2 released at NTP in the reaction?
   
2. 1 g of a metal, having no variable velency, produces 1.67 g of its oxide when heated in air. Its carbonate contains 28.57% of the metal. How much oxide will be obtained by heating 1 g of the carbonate?
   
3. Two oxides of a metal contain 63.2% and 69.62% of the metal. The specific heat of the metal is 0.117. What is the formula of the two oxides?
   

Objective:
Multiple choice questions with single correct options

1. Which of the following is smallest in size?

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) Na+

1. Which of the following transition of electron in H – atom will emit maximum energy?

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) All will emit same energy

1. Cathode rays can be deflected by

(A) magnetic field only (B) electric field only
(C) both type of fields (D) none of these

1. When the speed of electron increases, the specific charge

(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remain same (D) none of these

1. Which of the following is not characteristic of X – rays?

(A) Can ionise the gas
(B) Cause ZnS to fluorescence
(C) Deflected electrical and magnetic field
(D) Have wave length shorter than UV rays

1. If each H – atom is excited by giving 8.4 eV of energy, then number of spectral lines emitted is equal to

(A) One (B) Two
(C) Three (D) None

1. Calculate the radius of a nucleus of an atom of mass number 216. Given 📷

(A) 8.4 Fermi (B) 4.8 Fermi
(C) 7.8 Fermi (D) 10.2 Fermi

1. In Rutherford’s 📷 experiment thin foil of gold was used because gold is

(A) ductile (B) malleable
(C) cheap (D) not a coinage metal

1. The uncertainty in the position of an electron if it is moving with a velocity of 📷 accurate upto 0.011% will be

(A) 1.92 cm (B) 7.68 cm
(C) 0.175 cm (D) 3.84 cm

1. Potential energy of Li2+ electron is

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) 📷

1. Which one of the following ion has bond order value other than 2.5?

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) 📷

1. In 📷 ion, the formal charge on each oxygen atom and P−O bond order respectively are

(A) −0.75, 1.25 (B) −3, 1.25
(C) −0.75, 1.0 (D) −0.75, 0.6

1. Which of the following is most polar?

(A) C−O (B) C−F
(C) O−F (D) N−F

1. The structure of ICl2− is

(A) trigonal (B) trigonal bipyramidal
(C) octahedral (D) square planar

1. Which has net dipole moment?

(A) BF3 (B) CCl4
(C) BeF2 (D) SO2

1. Which force is strongest?

(A) dipole-dipole (B) ion-ion
(C) ion-dipole (D) ion-induced dipole

1. As the s-character of hybridized orbital increases, the bond angle

(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) does not change (D) none of the above

1. The bonds between P atom and Cl atoms in PCl5 are likely to be

(A) ionic with non covalent character
(B) covalent with some ionic character
C) covalent with no ionic character
(D) ionic with some metallic character

1. Which of the following species has 4 lone pairs of electrons in its outermost shell?

(A) I (B) O−
(C) Cl− (D) He

1. The compound in which carbon uses its sp3 hybrid orbitals for bond formation is

(A) HCOOH (B) NH2CONH2
(C) HCOH (D) CH3CH2OH

1. Which following set contains pair of elements that do not belong to same group but show chemical resemblance?

(A) Hf, Zr (B) K, Rb
(C) Be, Al (D) B, Al

1. The I. E. of Al is smaller than that of Mg because

(A) atomic size of Al > Mg.
(B) atomic size of Al < Mg.
(C) I. E. in Al pertains to the removal of p-electron which is relatively easy.
(D) unpredictable.

1. From the ground state electronic configurations of the elements given below, pick up the one with highest value of second ionization energies

(A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 (B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
(C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 (D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p5

1. r(van der Waal) is

(A) half the bond length
(B) twice the bond length
(C) half the distance between centres of nuclei of two non-bonded atoms of adjacent molecules in solid state
(D) none of the above

1. The correct arrangement of O, P and N in order of increasing radii is

(A) O < N < P (B) P < O < N
(C) O < P < N (D) N < O < P

1. Which of the following represents the incorrect order of ionic radii?

(A) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ (B) Na+ < Mg+ < Al+
(C) Br– < Cl– < F– (D) Br− > Cl− > F−

1. In which of the following binary compound the ratio, rcation/ranion is least?

(A) LiI (B) CsI
(C) LiF (D) CsF

1. Which of the following does not have any unit?

(A) Electronegativity (B) Electron affinity
(C) Ionization potential (D) Atomic radii

1. Which of the following oxide is most acidic?

(A) Na2O (B) Al2O3
(C) P2O5 (D) SO3

1. A sudden large jump between the values of second and third ionization energies of an element would be associated with which of the following electronic configuration?

(A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 (B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
(C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 (D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2

1. The volume of a gas at STP is 📷ml. Calculate the number of molecules present in the gas

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) 📷

1. The number of molecules in 100 ml each of O2, NH3 and CO2 at STP are

(A) NH3 > O2 > CO2 (B) NH3 < CO2 < O2
(C) NH3 < O2 < CO2 (D) The same

1. Haemoglobin contains 0.33% iron by weight. The molecular weight of haemoglobin is 67.200. Calculate the number of gram–atoms of iron per molecule of haemoglobin (Fe = 56).

(A) 0.2 gram–atoms of Fe (B) 0.4 gram–atoms of Fe
(C) 4 gram–atoms of Fe (D) 2 gram–atoms of Fe

1. Calculate the weight of BaCl2 needed for complete precipitation of BaSO4 from 30.5 ml of 0.1 M H2SO4 (Ba = 137.32).

(A) 0.635 g (B) 0.032 g
(C) 3.2 g (D) 0.42 g

1. Which of the following does not depend on temperature?

(A) Molality (B) Mole fraction
(C) Mole (D) All of the above

1. A solution contains ethanol and water. The mole fractions of ethanol and water in the solutions are 📷 respectively. The ratio of mole percentage of ethanol water is

(A) 0.50 (B) 0.25
(C) 0.80 (D) 0.20

1. What volume of a 0.8 M solution contains 100 millimoles of the solute?

(A) 50 ml (B) 12.5 ml
(C) 125 ml (D) 250 ml

1. Which of the following samples contains the smallest number of atoms?

(A) 1 gm of CO2(g) (B) 1 g of C8H18📷
(C) 1 gm of LiF(s) (D) 1 g of B4H10(g)

1. Density of water at room temperature is 1g/ml. How many molecules are there in a drop of water, if its volume is 0.05 ml?

(A) 1.67 × 1021 (B) 16.7 × 1021
(C) 6.023 × 1023 (D) 1.67 × 1023

1. The number of oxygen atoms required to combine with 14 gm of nitrogen to form N2O3 when 80% of nitrogen is converted to N2O3

(A) 3.6 × 1023 (B) 1.8 × 1023
(C) 0.36 × 1023 (D) 7.2 × 1023
Multiple choice questions with more than one option correct

1. The orbital which have lobe along the axis is/are

(A) 📷 (B) dxz
(C) 📷 (D) dxy

1. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to that of

(A) H (B) Li+
(C) Be2+ (D) H+

1. The energy of an electron in 2py orbital is

(A) greater than that of 2px orbital (B) less than that of 2px orbital
(C) equal to that of 2px orbital (D) equal to that of 2pz orbital

1. Which of the following is not true for Bohr’s model of atom?

(A) It explained the spectrum of H-atom
(B) It explained the spectrum of He+ ion
(C) It explained the spectrum of Li+ ion
(D) It explained the absorption spectrum only

1. If the velocity of a particle is doubled

(A) wavelength of the particle wave is halved
(B) momentum of the particle is doubled
(C) momentum remains unchanged
(D) frequency of the particle wave is doubled

1. The molecules (s) which show H – bonding is /are

(A) o–nitrophenol (B) Water
(C) HF (D) ethyl acetoacetate

1. Which possess fractional bond order?

(A) O2+ (B) O2−
(C) H2+ (D) N2

1. A, B & C are three substances. A does not conduct electricity both in the fused and solution states, while C conducts electricity only in the solution state, B conducts electricity both in fused and solution state. Which of the following statements (s) is / are true regarding A, B and C?

(A) A has polar covalent linkage (B) A has non – polar covalent linkage
(C) B is ionic in nature (D) C has polar covalent linkage

1. CO2 is isostructural with

(A) HgCl2 (B) SnCl2
(C) C2H2 (D) NO2

1. Which combination (s) given below is / are correct?

(A) HgCl2 – Linear (B) CIF3 – T shaped
(C) ICl4− - square planar (D) XeF6 – pentagonal bypyramidal

1. The properties which are common to both groups 1 and 17 elements in the periodic table are

(A) Electropositive character increases down the groups
(B) Reactivity decreases from top to bottom in these groups
(C) Atomic radii increase as the atomic number increases
(D) Electronegativity decreases on moving down a group

1. Which of the following pairs of elements have almost similar atomic radii?

(A) Zr, Hf (B) Mo, W
(C) Co, Ni (D) Nb, Ta

1. Chlorine atom does not differ from chloride ion in the number of which of the following?

(A) Electrons (B) Size
(C) Protons (D) Neutrons

1. Which of the following processes do not involve absorption of energy?

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) 📷

1. Which of the following show amphoteric behaviour?

(A) Zn(OH)2 (B) BeO
(C) Al2O3 (D) Pb(OH)2

1. Identify the correct statements among the following:

(A) 0.5 g-atom of oxygen contains 📷oxygen molecules.
(B) 0.5 g-molecule of oxygen contains 📷oxygen molecules.
(C) total electrons present in 0.5 g-atom of oxygen is 4NA.
(D) total electrons present in 0.5 g-atom of 📷 is📷.

1. The amount of CaO required to remove hardness of 106 litre of water containing 1.62 g of calcium bicarbonate per litre, is

(A) 5.6 kg (B) 560 kg
(C) 104 moles (D) 560 g

1. A 100 ml solution of 0.1 M HCl was titrated with 0.2 M NaOH solution. The titration was discontinued after adding 30 ml of NaOH solution. The titration was completed by adding 0.25 KOH solution. Hence,

(A) volume of KOH required for completing the titration is 16 ml
(B) millimoles of HCl = millimoles of NaOH + millimoles of KOH
(C) millimoles of HCl = millimoles of NaOH
(D) millimoles of HCl = millimoles of KOH
Match the Following

1. Match the items (or quantity) given in column – I with that of given in column – II

Column - I
Column - II
(i) Isobars
(a) de-Broglie
(ii) α-particles
(b) Bohr’s model
(iii) hydrogen spectrum
(c) positively charged particles
(iv) dual nature of matter
(d) same atomic mass

1. Match the items in column A with items in column B

Column - A
Column - B
(i) Methane molecules
(a) covalency
(ii) Sharing of electrons
(b) tetrahedral molecules
(iii) H2O
(c) pyramidal molecules
(iv) NH3
(d) polar molecule

1. Match the following

Column – A
Column – B
(A) F
(P) Least reactive in the group
(B) Cl
(Q) Form inter halogen compounds
(C) Br
(R) Most reactive in the group
(D) I
(S) Highest electron affinity

1. Match the following

Column - A
Column - B
(A) Compound
(P) Starch in water
(B) Mixture
(Q) Solid CO2
(C) Colloid
(R) Glucose
(D) Dry ice
(S) Sand in water
Comprehension
If a discharge is passed through hydrogen gas (H2) at low pressure, some hydrogen atoms are formed, which emits light in the visible region. The light can be studied with a spectrometer and is found to comprise a series of lines of different wavelengths. The lines become increasingly close together as the wavelength decreases until the continuum is reached. Sommerfield explained the splitting of lines by assuming that some of the orbits were elliptical, and that they processed in space around the nucleus. For the orbit closest to the nucleus the principle quantum number n = 1, and this is a circular orbit. For the next orbit n = 2, both circular and elliptical orbits are possible. To define an elliptical orbit a second quantum number k is required. The shape of ellipse is defined by the ratio of the major and minor axis. Thus,
📷
where, k is called azimuthal quantum number and may have values from 1, 2,…n. Thus for n = 2, n/k may have values 2/2 (circular) and 2/1 (elliptical orbit). The presence of these extra orbits which have slightly different energies from each other accounts for the extra lines in the spectrum revealed under high resolution. The original quantum number k now has been replaced by a new quantum number📷, where 📷= k – 1.
Read the above passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

1. When the principle quantum number n = 3, how many orbitals are possible in the valence shell of the atom?

(A) 8 (B) 9
(C) 3 (D) 4

1. Who introduced the concept of elliptical orbits?

(A) Bohr (B) Sommerfield
(C) de Broglie (D) Rutherford

1. For which of the following shells splitting of spectral lines does not occur?

(A) K (B) L
(C) M (D) All of these

1. The splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field is called

(A) Stark effect (B) Zeemann effect
(C) Thomson’s effect (D) None of these
A covalent bond, in which electrons are shared unequally and the bonded atoms acquire a partial positive and negative charge, is called a polar covalent bond. Bond polarity is described in terms of ionic character which usually increases with increasing difference in the electronegativity between bonded atoms. The polarity of a molecule is indicated in terms of dipole moment (μ).
Similarly in ionic bond, some covalent character is introduced because of the tendency of the cation to polarise the anion. The magnitude of covalent character in the ionic bond depends upon the extent of polarization caused by cations.
In general:
It’s a vector quantity and is defined as the product of distance between two heteronuclei and partial charge, developed on any of the two heteronuclei atoms. For example,
📷
Dipole moment μ = 📷x e
(i) Smaller the size of cation, larger is its polarizing power.
(ii) Larger the anion, more will be its polarisabilty.
(iii) Among two cations of similar size, the polarizing power of cations with pseudo-noble gas configuration (ns2np6nd10) is larger than cation with noble gas configuration (ns2np6) e.g. polarizing power of Ag+ is more than K+.
Read the above passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

1. The decreasing order of polarity of the bond in NH3, PH3, AsH3 and SbH3 is in the order

(A) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 (B) SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > NH3
(C) NH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > SbH3 (D) NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3

1. Which has maximum covalent character?

(A) LiF (B) LiCl
(C) LiBr (D) LiI

1. Which is highest melting point halide?

(A) NaCl (B) NaBr
(C) NaF (D) NaI

1. The correct order of decreasing polarity is:

(A) HF > SO2 > H2O > NH3 (B) HF > H2O > SO2 > NH3
(C) HF > NH3 > SO2 > H2O (D) H2O > NH3 > SO2 > HF
The successive energies required to create more highly charged ions, M2+, M3+ … which are the second, third… ionisation energies. The value of energies always increase with the degree of ionization. When electrons are removed from the same shell, then one less electron left to repel the others. The magnitude of the charge depends on the size of the orbital of electron. Electrons in smaller orbitals are on average close with each-other and have more repulsion. Thus with Be(2s2) the first two ionisation energies are 9.3 and 18.2 eV, whereas with Ca(4s2) the values are 6.1 and 11.9 eV.

1. Four elements have the following first ionization energies in kJmol−1: 762, 709, 59 and 558. The elements are Ga, Ge, In and Sn (not in order). Which of these elements has the ionization energy of 762 kJmol−1?

(A) In (B) Ga
(C) Sn (D) Ge

1. The correct order of arrangement of the first ionization energies of C, N, O and F (in decreasing values) is

(A) C > N > O > F (B) O > N > F > C
(C) O > F > N > C (D) F > N > O > C

1. Consider the first ionization energies of the elements whose electronic configurations corresponds to the following.

(i) [He]2s22p3 (ii) [He]2s22p4
(iii) [Ne]3s23p1 (iv) [Ar]3d104s1
Which of the above have highest ionization energies?
(A) (i) (B) (ii)
(C) (iii) (D) (iv)

1. Which of the following are isoelectronic species?

📷
(A) I, II and III (B) II, III and IV
(C) I, II and IV (D) II and I

1. Among the following ionization reactions, which one will have the maximum value of ionization energy?

(A) 📷 (B) 📷
(C) 📷 (D) 📷
Mole is a unit to express the quantity of a substance. The quantity may be in terms of collection of particles or mass of a substance or volume of a gas. A collection of 6.023 x 1023 particles represents one mole quantity. 1 mole of a substance also means its gram atomic mass or gram molecular mass. In case of gases, one mole of it occupies a definite volume under the given conditions of pressure and temperature. If temperature is 273 K and pressure is one atm., volume occupied by one mole of a gas is 22.4 litre.
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.

1. ‘Mole’ represents

(A) a definite quantity of a substance (B) a chemical unit
(C) volume of a gas (D) mass of substance

1. The number of electrons present in 4.2 g of azide ions, is: (where NA is Avogadro’s number)

(A) 2.1 NA (B) 2.2 NA
(C) 2.4 NA (D) 3.4 NA

1. Total number of neutrons present in 18 ml of water at 4oC and 1 atm pressure is (NA = Avogadro’s number)

(A) 10 NA (B) 8 NA
(C) 6 NA (D) 4 NA

1. A sample of CO2 occupies a volume of 224 ml at STP. Total number of O-atoms in the sample is

(A) 1.2 x 1022 (B) 1.2 x 1021
(C) 6.02 x 1021 (D) 6.02 x 1024

1. A sample of pyrolusite is found to contain 18 NA (where NA is Avogadro’s number) oxygen atoms. The weight of pyrolusite sample is

(A) 0.483 kg (B) 0.583 kg
(C) 0.683 kg (D) 0.783 kg
ANSWERS TO WORK BOOK
Subjective:
Board Type Questions

1. In a f subshell, 14 electrons can be accommodated, out of which 7 will have clockwise spin. This is because an orbital can accommodate two electrons with opposite spin.
   
2. Bohr’s atomic model imposed the following restriction on the Rutherford model of atom.
   

Not all orbtits are allowed, only those are allowed in which the energy of the electrons in quantized and angular momentum of electrons is an integral multiple of h/2π.

1. Atomic number of oxygen = 8

∴ no. of protons = 8
Charge on a proton = 1.602 × 10−19 coulombs
∴ Charge carried by oxygen nucleus
= 8 × 1.602 × 10−19 = 1.2816 × 10−18 coulombs

1. An atom may lose or gain electrons, but the number of protons remains constant till be same atom exists.
   
2. The difference of energy is maximum between the first and the second orbit. As the value of the principle quantum number increases, the difference between two successive orbits decreases, after a certain value, the energy levels are so closely spaced that they seem to all continuous.
   
3. The electric bulb emits light discontinuously but it appears to us to be continuously coming. This is because the rate of emission of photons of light is very high of the order of millions of photons per second (but the human eye can record discontinuity in events occurring only upto 16 times per second). This discontinuity in the case of the radiations of light coming from the electric bulb is too small to be recorded by human eye. Consequently light appears as if is being continuously emitted.
   
4. H3O+ has pyramidal shape because O is surrounded by 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair.
   
5. CaF2 is neither linear nor bent because it is an ionic compound and ionic bond is non directional.
   
6. MgO has a higher lattice energy because each ion carries two unit charges whereas in NaCl, each ion carries one unit charge.
   
7. NaCl is an ionic compound an hence gives Cl−ions in the solution which combines with Ag+ ions given by AgNO3 to form a white precipitate of AgCl but CCl4 is a covalent compound and does not give Cl− ions.
   
8. 📷
   
9. In NF3, N has the hybridization sp3 with one position occupied by lone pair of electrons but in BF3, B has the hybridization sp2.
   
10. The jump in IE are notices when the successive removal of electron occurs from different shells. In alkali metals (ns1) removal of I and II electrons occurs from n, (n – 1) shells respectively and thus shows a jump in IE2 values. This condition occurs during the removal of II and III electrons from alkaline earth metals (ns2).
    
11. Since nitrogen atom has half filled p-orbitals hence it gets extra stability and has little tendency to accept the electron. Therefore the electron affinity of nitrogen is lower than that of carbon.
    
12. The noble gases group 0 or 18, have valence 8 electrons.
    
13. The electron affinity of a positive ion is merely the addition of an electron to that of ion, therefore it is opposite of the ionization potential of the species with one lower positive charge.
    
14. No element has a negative ionization potential that is all elements require energy to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to form a gaseous ion.
    
15. Since loss of electron is oxidation and gain of electrons is reduction, the species which lose electrons easily are good reducing agents. The electropositive elements have greater tendency to lose electrons, therefore they are good reducing agents.
    
16. 4 × 10−2 mol
    
17. 55.9
    
18. 10 g O2 = 3.76 × 1023 atoms
    

10 g O3 = 3.76 × 1023 atoms
Both the bulbs contain same numbers of atoms but bulbs B1 contains more number of molecules.

1. Because atomic masses are the average of different isotopes of that element.
   
2. 1 g atom of iron means atomic mass of iron expressed in gram i.e. 56 g.
   
3. (a) 1.235 × 107 (b) 2.355
   

(c) 4.565 × 105 (d) 3.218 × 103
True/False

1. False 26. True
   
2. False 28. False
   
3. False 30. True
   
4. False 32. True
   

Fill in the Blanks

1. Approximately equal 34. Zero
   
2. Two 36. 0.5
   
3. Greater nuclear charge 38. Greater
   
4. 4.14 g 40. Element
   

IIT Level Questions

1. 1.25 × 10−13
   
2. Δv = v
   

i.e., velocity is completely uncertain.

1. The electron jumps to 3rd energy level.
   
2. Mg+ 68.35%; Mg2+ 31.65%
   
3. Paramagnetic species: Cr3+, Co3+
   

Diamagnetic species: Na+, Zn2+, Cl−, Cd2+, Sn2+

1. 8.6 g CO2 released Volume at NTP = 📷
   
2. 0.477 g
   
3. MO2 and M2O3
   

Objective:
Single Correct Questions

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. D
   
2. C 22. C 23. B 24. C
   
3. A 26. C 27. A 28. A
   
4. D 30. D 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. B
   
5. C 38. A 39. A 40. D
   

Multiple Correct Questions

1. A & C 42. B & C 43. C & D 44. C & D 45. A, B & D 46. A,B,C 47. A,B,C 48. B,C,D 49. A,C 50. A,B,C 51. A,C,D
   
2. A,B,C,D 53. C,D 54. A,C,D
   
3. A,B,C,D 56. A,C 57. B,C 58. A,B
   

Match the Following

1. (i)−(d), (ii)−(c), (iii)−(b), (iv)−(a)
   
2. (i)-(b); (ii)–(a); (iii)-(d); (iv)-(c)
   
3. (A)–Q & R, (B)–Q & S, (C)–Q, (D)–P & Q
   
4. (A) – Q & R, (B) – P & S, (C) – P, (D) – Q
   

Comprehension

1. B 64. B 65. A 66. B
   
2. A 68. D 69. C 70. B
   
3. D 72. D 73. A 74. B
   
4. B 76. B 77. B 78. B
   
5. A 80. D
   

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Discord Memes: http://surl.li/dwseu

GAMING

(Apex) http://surl.li/dwsex
(Valorant) http://surl.li/dwsft
(Warzone) http://surl.li/dwsfo